Index

INDEX
Acceleration Horizontal; see Alignment—

Distance, 45 Horizontal
Effects of grade, 238, 850–852 Horizontal and vertical, general
Intersections, 658–680 considerations of, 283–284
Lateral, 131–135, 138–142, 166, Interchanges, 809–810
173–179 Intersections at grade, 559–745
Lanes, see Speed-change Lanes Local roads and streets, 386, 395
Rates, 43–44, 119–121 Sight distance; see Sight Distance
Vertical; see Alignment—Vertical
Acceleration lanes; see Speed-change
Lanes Alignment—Horizontal
Aesthetics, 233–235
Accelerometer, 135 Arterials, 449, 461–462, 475
Changes in, 233–235, 425, 449
Access control; see Control of Access
Collectors, 425, 428, 435
and Access Management
Combination with vertical
Access management ; see Control of alignment, 283–290
Access and Access Management Curves; see Curves—Horizontal
Design considerations, 141–191
Accessibility, 6–7 Design speed, 67–72, 141–167
Divided highways, 809–810
Accidents; see Safety Effect of grade on, 167–168
Friction factor, 133–140
Aesthetics General considerations, 132–140,
Alignment 233–235
Combination, horizontal and Interchanges, 809–810
vertical, 283–290 Intersections at grade, 559–745
Horizontal, 233–235
Local roads and streets, see Local
Vertical, 282–283
Interchanges, 751–752, 757, 759, Roads and Streets
762–764 Minimum radius, 142, 145
Landscaping, 292–293, 444, Offtracking, 206–211
870–871 Pavement widening; see Traveled
Medians, 341–343, 397, 438–439, Way
514, 517 Ramps, see Ramps
Recreational roads, 408, 413, 415, Recreational roads, 413–415
417 Residential areas, 395
Sideslopes, 332–333 Sharpest curve without
superelevation, 166–167
Alignment—Combinations of Safety, 103
Arterials; see Arterials Side friction factor, 133–140
Collectors, 423–428, 435
Coordination in design, 285–290
Freeways, 513, 535–536
General design controls, 284–285,
809–810
873
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AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
Sight distance, 228–232, 384–385, Vertical

395, 425–426, 435, 449, Vertical rise, total, 771–773
453–454, 475, 682–683; see
also Sight Distance Alleys, 400–401
Speed-change lanes; see Speed-
change Lanes Amenities, see Aesthetics
Spiral curves, 176–177; see also
Transitions Approach nose
Bullet, 701, 702
Superelevation; see Superelevation
Theoretical considerations, Curbs, 633
131–132 Offset, 633–635, 723–724
Transitions, see Transitions Superelevation, 647
Traveled way widening, 212–220 Taper, 647
Treatment; see Markings
Alignment—Vertical; see also
Profile Arterials, see also Divided Highways,
Arterials, 449–450, 461–462, Multilane Highways
475–476 Alignment, 449–450, 461–462, 475
Broken back, 234–235, 283 Bikeways, 500
Bus lanes, 504–505
Collectors, 425–427, 433, 435–436
Combination with horizontal, Bus stops, 501–504
283–290 Bus turnouts, 372–374, 504
Critical length of grade, see Borders and sidewalks, 483–484
Grades Characteristics, 13, 447–448,
473
Curves; see Curves—Vertical
Emergency escape ramps; see Clearances, 451, 452, 476, 485–486
Ramps Cross section, 453, 463–464,
Escape ramps, see Ramps 466–470, 486
General design controls for, Cross slope, 450, 459, 476
Curbs, 323–327, 477
282–283
Grades; see Grades Definitions, 7–13, 447, 457–458,
Grade separations, 771–773 473
Interchanges, 809–810; see also Directional lane usage, 495–498
Interchanges Divided, 458–473; see also
Divided Highways
Intersections, 283, 586; see
also Intersections Examples, 457, 484–485
Local roads and streets, 386, 395 Frontage roads; see Frontage
Railroad-highway grade crossings; Roads
see Railroad-highway Grade Grades, 235–247, 450, 461–463,
475
Crossings
Ramps; see Ramps Intersections, 470–471
Recreational roads, 413 Lane width, 452, 456, 459,
Safety, 103–104 476–477
Terrain, 235 Left turns, 458, 478–481, 492–494,
497
Traveled way edge, design of
smooth profiles for, 187–188 Level of service, 448, 474–475
Vertical curves; see Curves— Medians, 454–457, 460–461,
874
Index
469–470, 478–482 On overpasses, 769–770

Number of lanes, 450, 454–457, Passing lanes; see Passing Lanes
477–478 Right-turn, 717–720
Parking, 377–379, 477, 482–483, Speed-change lanes; see Speed-
495 Change Lanes
References, 506 Storage, 569, 573, 575, 718–719
Right turns, 492 Taper, 692, 719–726, 819–820
Rural, 447–473 Width, 316, 719, 720–727, 818
Shoulders, 452, 459–460, 477
Signal control; see Signal Control Average daily traffic (ADT); see
Speed; see Design Speed Traffic
Traffic control devices, 490–492;
see also Traffic Control Ball-bank indicator, 134–135
Devices
Transit facilities, 500–506 Barriers ; see Traffic Barriers, or
Ultimate development of four-lane, Noise
454–456
Benefit analyses; see Road User
Undivided, 457–458
Benefit Analyses or Economic
Urban, 473–506
Evaluation
Utilities, 490
Benefit/cost ratio; see Economic
Arterial systems
Evaluation
Characteristics, 447–448, 473
Minor, 9–12, 447 Bicycle facilities, 100–101, 318–319,
Principal, 8–12, 447 322, 325–326, 371, 375, 378, 393,
Rural, 8–10, 447–473 408, 433, 437, 443, 471–472, 477,
Urban, 10–12, 473–506 500, 559–560, 562, 630, 638, 692,
732
At-grade intersections ; see
Intersections Bicycle lane considerations , 101,
692, 732
Auxiliary lanes
At interchanges, 818–821 Borders
At intersections, 437–438, 480, Arterials, 466–467, 483–484, 486
692–693, 717–727 Collectors, 442
Bus turnouts, 372–374, 504 Freeways, 512
Climbing lanes; see Climbing Function, 361–362, 442
Lanes Local roads and streets, 403–404
Cross slope, 459, 652–653 Sidewalks; see Sidewalks
Definition, 818 Width, 361–362, 483–484
Left-turn, 341–342, 458–459,
478–481, 492–494, 496–497, Braking; see also Driver
573–576, 686, 711–713, Brake reaction time, 110–111
716–729 Distance, 111–113
Length, 718–720, 851, 853 Effects of grades; see Grades
Median lanes; see Median Lanes
Offset left-turn, 727
875
Bridges, see also Grade Separation 508

Structures General characteristics, 74
Clearances, 476, 765–768, 770 Highway factors, 81–82
Collectors, 430–431 Interchanges, 82–83, 751–752
Freeways, 510 Interrupted flow, 76
Local roads and streets, 389–390, Intersections, 76, 88, 686–692;
403 see also Intersections
Lighting, 294–296 Lateral clearances, 81, 315–316
Pedestrian accommodations, Level of service, 84–85; see also
361–365, 403; see also Level of Service
Pedestrian Facilities Parking, 377–379
Railings, 451, 768 Passing lanes, 254–257
Roadway width, 387–391, 403, Passing opportunities, 254–259
428–431, 437–438, 451, 485, PHF (peak-hour factor), 83
510 Ramps and ramp terminals, 82–83,
Structural capacity, 389–390, 869
430–431 Reverse-flow operations, 496–498
Roadside interference, 81–82, 89
Buses; see also Public Transit Shoulders, 318
Classification, 501–506 Terrain type; see Topography
Design vehicles, 15–20, 23–28 Trucks, 83, 249–251
Lanes, 504–505, 547–549 Two-lane highways, 247–251,
Park-and-ride facilities, 374–378 254–259
Stops, 472, 501–504, 547–554 Weaving sections, 82, 85–87; see
Turnouts, 372–374 also Weaving Sections
Arterials, 372–374, 472, 504 Width of lanes, 81, 315–316
Freeways, 372, 547–554 Work zones, 301–303
Capacity, see also Traffic Channelization
ADT, 58–66, 384, 394, 424, 434, Advantages, 627–629, 690–692
448, 474, 508 Definition, 690
Analysis, 74–88, 424, 448, 474, Design principles, 690–692
508, 559–560, 583 Examples, 562–583, 628, 630, 688
Applications, 74–75 Islands, 470, 627–643
Arterials, 448, 474 Median lanes; see Median Lanes
Climbing lanes, 251–254 Pavement markings; see Markings
Definition, 74 Safety, 105
Degree of congestion, see Warrants, 691
Degree of Congestion
Design, 75–81, 424, 448, 474, 508, Channels—drainage; see also
583, 759 Drainage
DHV, 61–63, 75, 448, 474, 508 Interceptor, 328–329
Effect of alignment and profile, 82, Linings, 329; see also Erosion
425, 449, 475 Control
Entrance terminal; see Terminals Medians, 329
Exit terminal; see Terminals
Flow rate, 61–63, 72–79, 448, 474,
876
Index
Classification, functional, 1–14 on freeways, 510

Access needs and controls, 6–7 on local roads and streets, 389,
Concept, 1–13 403, 418
Movement, 1–4, 7 on recreational roads, 418
Relationships between functional
classes, 4–5 Climbing lanes
Relationship to design, 13 Arrangements, 247–254,
Rural, 8–10 453–454, 462–463
Systems, 7–13 Beginning of, 250, 254
Urban, 10–12 Critical length of grade, 242–247
Cross slope; see Cross Slope
Clear zones, 322–323, 391–392, 403, Ending of, 250–251, 254
417, 431, 441, 467, 485–486, 511, Examples, 248, 254
870 General, 247, 453–454, 462–463
On multilane highways, 251–254,
Clearances 462–463
At tunnels, 355–360 On two-lane highways, 247–251
At walls, 765–767 Recreational vehicles, 253
Bridges, 389–390, 430–431 Shoulders on, 251, 252, 453
Curb, 326–327 Signing, 251
Divided highways, on left, 765–766 Taper, 250–251
Grade separation structures; see Trucks, 249, 252–254
Grade Separation Structures Warrants, 248–249
Guardrail, 764–767 Width, 251, 253
Horizontal, 322–323, 391, 403,
430–431, 441, 452, 765–767 Cloverleafs; see Interchanges
Luminaire supports (poles), 295
On arterials, 451, 460, 476, 485 Collector roads and streets
On collectors, 431–433, 440–441 Functional classification, 1–4, 9,
On curves, for sight distance, 12, 423
228–233, 683 General design considerations,
On local roads and streets, 389–392 423–445
Rail transit, 554–558 Rural, 9, 424–433
Sign supports, 298–299 References, 444–445
To building line, 526, 528 Urban, 12, 433–444
To bus transit facilities, 547–554 Parking on, 377–379, 437–438
To obstructions, 321–323,
391–392, 403, 417, 431, 441, Collector-distributor roads , 547,
467, 485–486, 511, 519, 870 747, 792–794, 807, 811–812, 814,
Turning roadways, 226–228 823–825, 845, 868; see also
Underpasses, 765–767 Interchanges
Vehicles in opposite directions,
passing maneuvers, 122 Congestion; see Degree of
Vehicles on curves, 587–625 Congestion
Vertical, 767–768
Connections ; see Ramps
on arterials, 451, 478
on collectors, 431, 440–441
877
Construction areas, 301–303 Drainage from shoulders, 319–321

Elements, 309–381
Contrasting surfaces Examples, 310–311, 333–335
Auxiliary lanes, 731 Freeways, 513–526, 519–522,
Curb and gutter, 326 526–530, 533–534
Islands, 632–633, 638–641 Medians, 463–470
Median lanes, 720–726 References, 380–381
Ramps, 844 Shoulders, 316–321, 477
Shoulders, 322 Superelevated, 132, 138–139,
Turnouts, 372 141–191, 334–335, 463–466
Two-lane rural arterials, 453
Control devices; see Traffic Control Typical, 309–312, 333–335, 457,
Devices 465–470, 513–516, 519–522,
526–530, 533–534
Control of access and access Tunnel, 357–359
management Ultimate four-lane, 454–457
Arterials, 88–95, 102–103, 471,
473, 486–488 Crashes; see Safety
Benefits, 102–105
Classifications, 90–91 Cross slope
Collectors, 423, 433 Arterials, 450–451, 459, 463–466,
Crossroad, interchanges, 753–754 475–476
Definition, 88–89, 507 Auxiliary lanes, 652
Design considerations, 88–95 Change in, 646; see also
Driveway control, 89 Superelevation, Runoff
Freeways, 507 Climbing lanes, 251, 254
Full, 89, 507 Collectors, 425, 428, 435
General, 6–7, 88–95, 447, 507 Crossover crown line; see Crown
Interchanges and intersections, Divided highways, 312, 459,
753–756 463–466, 475–476
Methods, 91, 486–488 Drainage, 312–314, 435, 475–476,
Operational features, 88–89 508–509
Partial, 89 Freeways, 508–509
Principles, 90 Intersecting roadways, 586
Safety effects, 91–95, 102–103 Local roads and streets, 387, 396
Signals, 90 Maximum, 313–314
With frontage roads, 471, 488, 498 Minimum, 166–167
Normal, 166–167, 313–314,
Control radii; see Radii 333–334
Parking lanes, 476
Crossover crown line ; see Crown Ramps; see Ramps
Recreational roads, 415
Cross section
Removing, for superelevation, 167,
Curbs; see Curbs
176
Divided highways, 454–457,
Rollover, control for
463–470
with frontage roads, 469 pavement crown, 309–314
shoulders, 319–321, 334–335
878
Index
Shape, 167 Offset from traveled way, 326–327,

Shoulder slope break, 319–321, 632–637
334–335 Placement, 326–327, 509, 631–637
Superelevated, 132, 138–139, Radii; see Radii
141–191, 387, 396, 428, 435, Ramps; see Ramps
450, 463–466, 475–476, 509 Shoulder, with and without,
Tunnels; see Tunnels 325–327
Turnouts, bus; see Turnouts Sloping, 324–326, 340, 632, 641,
844
Crosswalks, 99, 367, 370, 488–490, Turning roadways
623–624 Effect on traveled way/
roadway width, 226–228,
Crown 615–618
Crossover crown line, 309–314 Types, 323–325, 439
Cross slope; see Cross Slope Underpasses, 767
Freeways, 508–509 Utilities, 297
General, 309–314, 450, 652–653 Vertical, 323–327, 439, 632, 844
Pavement, 425, 652–653 Width, 324–327
Curves—Horizontal
Cul-de-sacs, 398–400 Broken back, 234–235
Compound, 205–206, 234
Curbs Design speed and curvature, 132,
Arterials, 459, 467–468, 477–481, 143–155, 156–165 (tables),
489
166, 192–198
Asphaltic concrete, 323–324 Design tables, 156–165
Bituminous, 323–324 Low-speed urban, 192–198
Collector streets, 439 Formula, 131, 133, 142–143, 195
Concrete, 323–324 Friction factors, 133–140, 143–166,
Configurations, 324–326
192–198
Considerations for pedestrians and Intersection; see Curves—
bicycles, 291–292, 325, Intersection
402, 489 Maximum curvature, 142–168,
Cross section, 326 192–198
Drainage, 286, 291, 323, 325, 500
Ramp; see Ramps
Driveway access, 439 Sight distance on, 128–130,
Extruded, 324 228–233
Freeways, 509 Spirals; see Transitions
General, 323–327, 392, 398, 439, Superelevation; see Superelevation
477, 509
Transitions; see Transitions
Granite, 323–324 Traveled way widening on; see
Gutter, 324–326 Widening
Islands; see Islands Turning roadways, 191–192,
Local roads and streets, 392, 398 198–206
Medians, 323–324, 438–439,
479–480, 633, 636–637 Curves—Intersection
Near overpasses, 770 Compound, 203, 205–206
879
Control radii for left turns, 694–700 Dead-end streets; see Cul-de-sacs
Encroachment; see Turning
Maximum curvature, 198–203, Deceleration
404–405 Adjusting speed approaching
Minimum designs for sharpest turn, intersections, 43, 45
199–203, 404–405, 587–618, turning roadways, 643
694–700 Braking, 110–114
Choice of design, 596–618 Lanes, 853–856, 863–864; see also
Oblique-angle, 570, 614–615 Speed-change Lanes
Passenger vehicles, 597–613, Length at auxiliary lane, 717–718
694–698 Rates, 43, 45, 111–113
Semi-trailers, 614, 694–697, Tapers, 853, 855, 856–860
699–700 Trucks, on grades, 235–254,
Single-unit trucks and buses, 613, 453–454, 462–463
694–698
Minimum radii, 199–203, 404–405, Decision sight distance, 50, 55, 111,
587–618, 694–700 115–117, 270, 449, 807, 810, 824,
Ramps; see Ramps 832, 845–846
Speed-curvature relations, 198–200 Definition, 115
Spiral, 203–205
Turning roadway, 191–192, Degree of congestion
198–206 Acceptable limits, 77–81
Alignment, 82
Curves—Vertical Definition, 75
Asymmetrical, 270 Design speed; see Design Speed
Broken back, 283 Freeways, 80
Crest, 270–276, 682, 771–773 Levels of service, 84–85
Design controls for, 272–276, Measures, 75–76
682–683 Multilane highways, 80–81
passing sight distance, Peak-hour factor, 83
275–276 Principles, 78–81
stopping sight distance, Ramps and ramp terminals, 82–83
272–275 Relation to traffic flow, 75–77
Drainage requirements on, 270, Signals, 77
273, 275–276, 278–279 Weaving, 82
General considerations, 269–270,
682 Delineators ; see Markings
Lengths, 270–283, 682
Design
Mimimum gradient, 270, 275, 279
Capacity; see Capacity
Parabolic, 270
Controls and criteria, 15–108
Ramps; see Ramps
bicycle facilities, 100–101
Sag, 276–282, 682
driver performance, 46–57
Sight distance on, 128–131,
economic analysis, 106
270–282, 461–462, 682
environment, 106
Turning roadway, 682
pedestrians, 96–100
Types, 269
references, 106–108
880
Index
safety, 101–166 Design speed

traffic characteristics, 58–74 Alignment—combinations,
vehicles; see Design Vehicles 283–286, 287–290
Elements of, 109–307 Alignment—horizontal, 131–235
alignment—combinations, Alignment—vertical, 235–283
283–286, 287–290 Arterials, 71–72, 448
alignment—horizontal, Channelization, 690–691
131–235 Collectors, 424–425, 434
alignment—vertical, 235–283 Freeways, 69, 507
decision sight distance, General, 67–72
115–117 Local roads and streets, 384,
drainage, 286, 291–292 394–395, 409–410, 419
erosion control and landscape Intersections, 569, 587, 629, 643,
development, 292–293 647, 652, 654–681, 682–683,
fencing, 301 686, 718, 720, 732, 736
grade separations and Ramps; see Ramps
interchanges, 747–871 Relation to
information centers, 293–294 average running speed, 67–68
intersections, 559–745 average trip length, 70
intersection sight distance, grades, lengths, 242–247
654–681 maximum grades, 239–242
low-speed urban streets, maximum relative profile
192–198 gradients, 170, 646–647
maintenance of traffic through Operating speed, 66–68
construction areas, 301–303 Recreational roads, 409–410
noise barriers, 300 Resource recovery roads, 419
passing sight distance, Running speed, 67–68
118–126 Sight distance, 110–115, 384–386,
references, 303–307 395, 425–427, 435, 449
rest areas, 293–294 Speed-change lane length; see
scenic windows, 293–294 Speed-change Lanes
sight distance, 109–128 Superelevation, 132–191, 192–198
stopping sight distance, Traffic volumes, 384–385, 424–426
110–114 Use of spirals, 176–183
traffic control devices,
298–300 Design vehicles, 15–46
traveled way widening on Bus (BUS), 16–17, 19–20, 23–28,
curves, 212–220 42–43, 613
turning roadways, 191–192 Characteristics, 15–18
utilities, 296–298 Control radii for left turns, 694–699
Period, 58–62 Definition, 15–18
Speed; see Design Speed Dimensions, 16–17
Vehicles; see Design Vehicles For profile design; see
Alignment—Vertical
Design hourly volume (DHV); see Height; see Height
Traffic Intersections, 587–625, 638–643,
654–681, 693–708, 715
881
Median openings, 693–708 Cross slope, pavement, 312, 459,

Minimum turning radius and paths, 463–466, 475–476
18–29, 31–43; see also Design Definition, 458
Vehicles—Intersections General features, 458–459
Overhang, 18, 43 Interchanges, 470–471; see also
Passenger car (P), 16–17, 19–21, Intersections
42, 597–599, 613 Lane widths, 459, 466–469,
Performance, 43–45 476–477
Recreational Vehicles; see Median openings; see Median
Recreational Vehicles Openings
Semitrailer; see Design Vehicles Median width, 460–461, 469–470,
Single-unit truck (SU) and truck 478–482
combinations, 16–17, Medians; see Medians
19–20, 22, 42, 600, 613, Operational problems, 469–471,
616–625, 638–643, 654–681, 478–482
693–708, 715 Profile, 461–462, 475
Track width, 18, 206–220 Right-of-Way; see Right-of-Way
Tractor-semitrailer combinations; Shoulders, 459–460, 466–469, 477
see Design Vehicles—Truck Stopping sight distance, 449, 462,
Combinations 475
Truck combinations (WB-12 to Superelevated cross sections,
WB-35), 16–17, 19–20, 29–37, 188–190, 309–314, 463–464
42, 587–625, 638–643, Widely separated roadways,
654–681, 693–708, 715; see 469–470
also Truck
Vehicular pollution, 43, 45–46 Drainage
Channels, 291, 310–311, 327–329,
Design volume ; see Capacity or 333–334, 341
Traffic Controls, 291–292
on vertical curves, 270–283
Detours , 301–303 Curb and gutter, 323–327, 398,
439, 477
Diamond interchanges; see Erosion; see Erosion Control
Interchanges Pavement, 312–314, 435, 475–476,
508–509
Directional; see also Interchanges Shoulders, 319–321
Distribution; see Traffic Storm frequencies, for design,
Lane usage, 495–496 291–292
Disabilities; see Persons with Drivers, 46–56
Disabilities
Alertness, 54–57
Brake reaction time, 50–53,
Divided highways (other than
110–113
freeways), 458–473, 478–482
Characteristics in relation to design,
Alignment; see Alignment
46–57
Clearances; see Clearances
Cross sections; see Cross Sections Comfort, 134, 277–278
Decision maneuver time, 115–117
882
Index
Error, 48, 53–56 Tree removal for safety, 403, 441

Expectancy, 53 Vehicular pollution, 43–44
General, 46–47
Guidance, 48–49 Erosion control
Height of eye and object; see Drainage channels, 291–292,
Height 327–329
Information processing, 49–53 General, 292–293, 393, 407, 444,
Older, 47 451, 500
Perception-reaction times, 50–53, Seeding and planting, 293,
110–113 331–333, 393, 407, 444
Performance, 46–56, 751–752 Side slopes, 293, 330–333, 453
Primacy, 53
Safety, 46–47, 54–56, 101–106 Escape Ramps ; see Ramps
Speed, effects of, 56–57
Tasks, 47–52 Esthetics; see Aesthetics
Driveways, 88–95, 352–353, 402, Fencing, 301

440, 486–488, 733–735
Formulas
Dual-divided freeways Braking distance, 111
e and f distribution, 152–154, 195
Advantages, 544–545
Arrangements, 544–546 Intersection sight distance, 663, 671
Cross section, 544–546; see also Length of superelevation runoff,
Cross Section 195
Design, 544–545 Middle ordinate, 229–231
Minimum radius, 142
Disadvantages, 545
Examples, 545–546 Offtracking, vehicle turning,
207, 209
Ecology; see Environmental Passing sight distance, elements of,
Evaluation 121–122
crest vertical curves, 275
Economic evaluation Railroad-highway grade crossing
General, 106, 750, 755–756 sight distance, 738–742
Motor vehicle operating costs, Side friction factor, 133
750, 756 Sight triangles, see Formulas—
Road user costs and benefits, 67, Intersection Sight Distance
750, 756 Spiral length, 177
Stopping, effects of grades on,
Emergency escape ramps , see 113–114
Ramps Stopping sight distance, 113–114
crest vertical curves, 271–272
Environmental evaluation horizontal curves, 229–230
Drainage channels, 286, 291–292 sag vertical curves, 276–282
Erosion control; see Erosion Traveled way widening, 212, 214
Control Vehicle operation on a curve, 131
General, 106 Weaving sections; see
Weaving Sections
883
Four-lane highways Lane width, 508–509

Capacity; see Capacity Levels of service, 508
Divided; see Divided Highways Maximum grades; see Grades
Superelevation runoff; see Medians, 513–516, 517
Superelevation On embankment, 529-530
Ultimate development of, 454–456 Outer separations, 512, 529–530
Undivided, 457–458 Overpasses; see Grade Separations,
or Grade Separation Structures
Freeways Pavement, 508
Alignment, 513 Profile control, 513, 535–536
Borders, 512, 516, 532–533 Ramps, 512, 525–526; see also
Bus facilities, 549–554 Ramps
Bus stops, 549–554 References, 558
Bus turnouts, 372 Reverse-flow, 541–544; see also
Capacity, 79–83 Reverse-flow Roadways
Clearances, vertical and horizontal, Rural, 512–516
510–511, 526 Safety, 507, 512–513
Classification, 8, 10–11, 13, Shoulders, 509
447, 507 Sideslopes, 516, 518–519
Collector-distributor roads; see Structures, 510
also Collector-distributor Superelevation, 509; see also
Roads Superelevation
Combination-type, 534–540 Terminals, 525–526, 844–867; see
Control of access; see Control of also
Access and Access Terminals
Management Terrain, 512–513, 535–536
Cross section, 519–522, 526–527, Transit facilities, 547–558; see also
532–534, 537–538 Public Transit
Curbs along, 509 Traveled way, 508
Definition, 507 Tunnels; see Tunnels
Depressed, 69, 517–524 Urban, 517–558
Design speed, 67–72, 507 Viaduct, 69, 509, 524–532,
Dual-divided; see Dual-divided 757–762
Freeways Volume, 508
Elevated, 69, 509, 524–532 Walls, 518–519
Examples, 514–515, 520, 522–524, Width, 508–509
530–536, 538–541, 543–546
544–546 Friction; see also Superelevation
Frontage roads, 512, 516; see also Ice and snow, 141–142
Frontage Roads Side friction factors
General design considerations, open highways, 133–137,
507–513, 517 143–145
Grades, 509–510 turning roadways, 191–192
Ground-level, 69, 513–514, urban streets, low-speed,
531–534 192–194
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV)
facilities, 547, 549
884
Index
Frontage roads passing sight distance, 125

Access control, with and without; Freeways, 509–510
see Control of Access and General, 235–247
Access Management Grade separations, see Grade
Arterials, 346–348, 466–469, 488 Separations
Cross street connections to, 758 Grates, 439
Cross sections with, 453, 516 Gutter, 439
Freeways, 343–346, 512, 516, Intersections, 475, 586
519–521, 526, 529–530, Local roads and streets, 386, 395,
532–534, 537–538 418
Functions, 343–346 Maximum
General, 343–346 on arterials, 450
Interchanges with, 782–783 on collectors, 425, 427,
Intersections with, 729–732 435–436
Means of driveway control, 343 on freeways, 509–510
Outer separation, 346–348; see also relation to design speed, 239,
Outer Separation 242
Problems with, 343–346, 729–732 Profile pertaining to intersections,
Two-way, 344–346 475, 586
Ramps; see Ramps
Functional classification; see Recreational roads, 411–413,
Classification, Functional Stopping sight distance, 114–115
Superelevation, 167–168
Grades Vehicle operations,
Arterials, 450, 462 passenger cars, 236, 586
Alignment coordination, 285–290, trucks, 236–239
586, 758–759 Weight/power ratio, 236–239,
At intersections, 586 242–247
Climbing lanes; see Climbing
Lanes Grade separations ; see also Grade
Collectors, 425, Separation Structures
427, 435–436 Arterials, 451, 488
Control for design, 239, 242 Distance to effect grade separation,
maximum, 239, 242 771–773
minimum, 242 Overpass versus underpass,
Critical lengths, 242–247 762–765
Effect on Pedestrian, 96–97, 362–365,
acceleration, 236–247, 586, 488, 759–760, 868–869
763 References, 871
capacity, 247–254, 474–475 Safety; see Safety
deceleration, 236–247, 586, Spacing, 758–759, 811
763 Span arrangements, 760–762
drainage, 395, 475, 482 Stage construction; see
intersection sight distance, 660, Stage Construction
662, 664–665, 667–668, Structures; see Grade Separation
672, 676 Structures
noise, 45–46 Warrants for, 749–750
885
With frontage roads, 488 391, 765–767, 770

Without ramps, 773–774, 809 Contribution to driver guidance, 49
Damage, as warrant for escape
Grade separation structures; see ramps, 261
also Grade Separations Design of, 104–105
Approaches to, 498–499, 809–810 Gores, 836–841
Arterials, 451, 488 Local roads and streets, 391, 403
Bridge railings, 339–340, 768, Location of luminaire supports; see
770 Lighting
Clearances, 451, 476, 510–511, Median; see Medians
765–773 Near mailboxes, 355
Curbs; see Curbs Near shoulders, 415
Design considerations, 498–499, Near sidewalks, 334
762–765 Placement, 391, 403, 765–767
Freeways, 507, 510–511
General, 498–499, 756–774 Guideposts, 632; see also Guardrail
Guardrail at; see Guardrail
Horizontal clearances, 765–767; Gutter; see Curbs
see Clearances
Long-span, 756–757 Headlight
Medians, 770–771 Glare, 459, 469–470
Overpasses, 762–765, 768–771 Height of, 274
Overpass versus underpass, Sight distance, 274, 276–277
762–765
Pedestrians, 363–366 Height
Railroads, 756–757 Eye, 127, 271, 274, 281–282, 410,
Shoulders, 764–765; see also 425, 657–658
Shoulders Headlight, 274
Sidewalks and pedestrian facilities, Object, 127–128, 271, 275,
96–97, 362–365, 488, 759–760, 281–282, 410, 425, 657
868–869 Vehicles, 16–17, 127–128
Types, 756–771
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV)
Underpasses, 762–768, 773; see
facilities, 547, 549
also Clearances
Horizontal alignment ; see
Grading; see also Erosion Control
Alignment—Horizontal
and Landscape Development
Grading design, 317–318, 869–870 Horizontal curves; see Curves—
Interchanges, 869–870 Horizontal
Stage construction; see Stage
Construction Indirect left turns , 709–716
Guardrail; see also Traffic Barriers Information centers ; see Rest Areas
and Bridges—Railings
Additional width for, 317–319 Interchanges
At underpasses, 765–767 Acceleration lanes; see Speed-
Clearance from pavement edge, change Lanes
886
Index
Adaptability, 751–752 Ramps in one quadrant, 747–748,

Alignment, 775–814 780–781
Approaches to, 809–810 Ramp metering, 869
Arterials, 498–499 References, 871
Capacity, 749 Route continuity, 811–812
Cloverleaf, 747–748, 780, Safety, 749–750, 755, 774
792–797, 807–808, 823–826 Semidirectional, 798–802
Collector-distributor roads, Signing and marking, 813
747–748, 792–794, 807, Single-exit design, 824–825
811–813, 823–826 Single-point urban, 747–748, 780,
Combinations, 803–806 787–791
Configurations, 747–748, 775–814 Site conditions, 752
Continuity, 808, 811–812 Site distance, 759, 807, 810
Deceleration lanes; see Speed- Spacing, 811
change Lanes Speed-change lanes; see Speed-
Definition, 747–748 change Lanes
Design considerations, 806–827 Split diamond, 782–785, 826
Design procedure, 749–750, Stage development, 755; see also
755–756, 762–765, 806–808, Stage Construction
814–827, 867–871 Three-leg, 747–748, 775–780
Diamond, 747–748, 763, 780, Trumpet, 747–748, 779–780
782–791, 803, 806–808 Two-exit design, 824–825
Directional, 747–748, 775–779, Type selection, 806–807
780, 798–802 Types, 747–748, 808, 826
Economic factors, 755–756 Uniformity, 811
Four-leg, 747–748, 780–802 Warrants for, 749–750
General, 747–748, 774 Weaving sections, 82, 85–87,
Grading, 869–870 792–793, 823
Landscape development, 869–870 Wrong way entry at, 683–686, 782,
Lane balance, 815–822 825–287
Lane reductions, 822
Lanes, basic number of, 814 Intersection design elements; see
Lighting; see Lighting Intersections
Major forks, 864–867
Models, 871 Intersections
Multiple-level, 800–802 Alignment, 392, 404, 432, 442,
Number of lanes, basic, 814–815 583–586, 629–630
Offset, 803 Angle, 392, 404–405, 432,
Operation, 749–750, 867–868 583–585, 681, 704–706
Overlapping routes, 813 Arterials, 470–471, 490
Partial cloverleaf, 747–748, Bicycles, 732
780–781, 794–797, 806–808 Capacity 75–77, 88, 583
Pedestrians, 868–869 Channelized, 227, 562–563,
Preliminary design, 806–808 566–569, 570–576, 625–643,
Profile, 809–810 690–692, 716–717, 727–732
Ramps; see Ramps Collectors, 432, 442
Continuous left-turn lanes, see
887
Median Lanes Safety, 101–106

Control devices; see Traffic Control Shoulders; see Shoulders
Devices, Signal Controls, or Sight distance, 654–681, 737–743
Signs Sight triangles, 655–658, 739, 742
Curb return radii, 405, 615–625 Signal control, effect of; see
Curves, 584–586; see Curves— Signal Control
Intersection Signs; see Signs
Definition, 559–562 Skew, 392, 404–405, 432,
Design, 392, 404–405, 432, 442, 571–573, 583–585, 681,
470–471, 490, 559–745 704–706
Examples Superelevation, 643–653; see also
four-leg, 569–575, 688 Superelevation
multi-leg, 575–577 Three-leg, 563–569, 687
roundabouts, 578–583 Traffic control devices; see
three-leg, 563–569, 687 Traffic Control Devices, Signal
Four-leg, 569–575, 688 Control, Signs
Frontage roads, 729–732 Transitions; see Transitions
Functional area of, 560–562 Turning movements, 490–494,
General, 392, 404–405, 432, 442, 660–680, 694–729
470–471, 490, 559–563, Turning roadways; see Turning
686–690 Roadways
Grades; see Grades Two-way left-turn lanes; see
Illumination levels, 406–407 Median Lanes
Islands, 625–643 Types, 559–583, 562, 686–690,
Lighting, 406–407, 443, 733 709–712
Local roads and streets, 392, U-turns; see U-turns
404–405 Wheelchair ramps, 732
Median lanes; see Median Lanes
Median openings; see Median Islands
Openings Approach-end treatment, 632–637,
U-turns, and indirect left turns, 701
709–716 Approach nose, 632–637, 701
Median width at intersections, offset, 632–641
460–461, 478–482, 693–708 Channelized; see Channelization,
Multi-leg, 575–577 Intersections
On curves, 584–585 Corner, 632–635, 638–643
Pavement edge design; see Turning Cross section, 632–633, 636, 637
Roadways Curbed, 227, 562–563, 566–569,
Profile, 586, 652–653 570–576, 625, 643
Railroad-highway grade crossings; Definition, 625–627
see Railroad-highway Grade Delineation, 632–637, 641
Crossings Divisional, 629–630, 633, 637
Ramp terminals, 844–848; see also intersection with, 629
Terminals Examples with; see Intersections
References, 743–745 Functions, 625–630
Roundabouts, 578–583 General, 625–630
Non-paved, 631–633
888
Index
Refuge, 630 Widths with curb and gutter, 326,

Shoulders adjacent to, 226–227 398
Size and designation, 626–627,
630–638, 642 Lengths
Types, 626–630 Auxiliary lanes at intersections,
717–726
Landscape development Curves
Collectors, 444 horizontal, 131–191
Erosion control; see Erosion intersection, 198–206,
Control 587–625, 638–653
General, 292–293 vertical, 269–282
Interchanges, 869–870 Design vehicles; see Design
Islands, 631–632 Vehicles
Local roads and streets, 407–408 Grades, 242–247
Noise control, 350–351; see also Median openings; see Median
Noise Openings
Sight distance, 109–131, 654–681
Land Use Spirals, 177–184
Management (controls), 471, Storage, 718–719
486–488 Superelevation runoff, 169–172,
Zoning, 394, 487 182–183, 646
Superelevation runout; see
Lanes Lengths—Tangent Runout
Climbing; see Climbing Lanes Tangent Runout, 173, 183–187
Different widths in combination, Vehicles, see Vehicles
477 Weaving Sections; see Weaving
Exclusive bus, 504–505 Sections
Exclusive HOV, 549
Left turn; see Auxiliary Lanes Levels of Service
on arterials, 450, 454–457 Definition, 84
477–480, 495–498 Design capacity; see Capacity
on collectors, 428, 437 Selection of, 84–85, 384, 394, 424,
on freeways, 814–822 434, 448, 474–475, 508
on local roads and streets,
387, 396–397, 415 Lighting
Parking lanes; see Parking Arterials, 500
Passing lanes; see Passing Lanes Benefits, 294, 500
Placement of vehicles within, 48 Breakaway, 295
Reduction, 301–303, 815–818, 821, Design, 294–296
822, 863–867 Freeways, 294
Right-turn; see Auxiliary Lanes Guide, 294
Turning; see Auxiliary Lanes General, 294–296, 303,
Two-way left-turn, 342, 397, 437, 406–407, 443, 500, 733
478–482, 716–717 Heights of luminaires, 295
Widths, 315–316, 387–389, 397, Interchanges, 295
415, 428–429, 437, 452, 459, Intersections, 295, 733
476–477, 508 Location of luminaire supports,
889
295–296 Special purpose, 408–420

Moveable bridges, 295 local service, 420
Minimum illumination levels, 294, recreational, 408–418
406 resource recovery, 418–419
Objects, 299 Urban, 393–408
Pedestrian, 97, 406 alignment, 395
Railroad-highway grade crossing, alleys, 400
295 bicycle facilities, 408
Signs, 299 border area, 403–404
Toll plazas, 295 clearances, 403
Tunnels, 295 cross slope, 396
Uniformity, 407 curb return radius, 405
Warrants, 406 curbs, 398
Work zones, 303 cul-de-sacs, 398–400
definition, 393–394
Local roads and streets design speed, 394–395
General, 383–384 design traffic volume, 394
References, 420–421 drainage, 398
Rural driveways, 402
alignment, 386 erosion control, 407
bicycle facilities, 393 general, 393–394
bridges to remain in place, grades, 395
389–390 horizontal clearance to
clearances, 389, 391–392 obstructions, 403
cross slope, 387 intersection design, 404–405
curbs, 392 landscaping, 407–408
design speed, 384 lane width, 397
design traffic volumes, 384 lighting, 406–407
erosion control, 393 medians, 397
foreslopes, 391 number of lanes, 396
intersection design, 392 parking lanes, 397
grades, 386 railroad-highway grade
horizontal clearance to crossings, 405–406
obstructions, 391–392 right-of-way width, 404
lane width, 387–389 sidewalk curb ramps, 402
number of lanes, 387 sidewalks, 400, 402
railroad-highway grade sight distance, 395
crossings, 392 superelevation, 387
right-of-way width, 391 traffic control devices, 396
sight distance, 384–386 turnarounds, 398–400
signs and markings, 393 utilities, 404
shoulder width, 387–389 vertical clearance, 403
structures, 389–390 width of roadway, 397
superelevation, 387 widths for bridges, 403
traffic control devices, 393
vertical clearance, 389 Loops; see Ramps
width of roadway, 387–389
890
Index
Mailboxes, 354–355 Medians

Arterials, divided, 454, 457,
Maintenance 460–461, 463–470
Interchanges, 755 Barrier, 338–339, 460, 517, 525,
Side slopes, 330–333 533–534
Traffic, during construction, Collectors, 438–439
301–303 Contrast, 575, 720–732
Crashes, 460–481
Major forks; see Interchanges Cross section, 463–470, 486, 515,
520, 522, 528–531, 533–534,
Markings 637
Approach nose treatment (gore), Curbs, 323–327, 439, 720–726
836–841 Definition, 341
Auxiliary lanes, 575, 717–726
Depressed, 341–342
Bridge, 451 Deterrent to wrong-way
Centerline, 298–299 movements, 683–686, 782
Collectors, 433, 443 Drainage channels, 329
Climbing lanes, 251, 453–454 End, shape or treatment of, 338,
Curbs, reflectorized, 323; see also
516, 632–637, 701, 704–706,
Curbs 726–727
Delineators, 299 Flush, 342, 397, 437, 439,
Edge lines, 299, 322, 844 478–482, 716–717, 726
General, 298–299 For ultimate development of
Islands, 625–629, 633
divided arterial, 454–457
Local roads and streets, 393, 407, Freeways, 513–516, 517, 525
418 Frontage roads, 729–732
Median lanes, 438–439, 479 General, 341–343
No passing, 123, 299 Islands; see Islands
Object markers, 299
Lane; see Median Lanes
Parking lanes, 379, 482–483 Local roads and streets, 397
Passing lanes, 254–257, 453–454 On overpass, 770–771
Pavement, 299, 490–492 Openings; see Median Openings
Pedestrian, 367, 369 Raised, 342; see also Medians—
Railroad-highway grade crossings,
Curbs
392–393, 405–406, 432–433, Slopes; see Side Slopes
472, 736 Summary, 341–343
Recreational roads, 418 Superelevated with, 188–190,
Resource recovery roads, 418 463–466
Shoulders, 322; see also
Transversable; see Medians—Flush
Markings—Edge Lines Types, 341–343, 463–466, 513–516
Turnouts for slow vehicles, 258 Variation in width of, 460–461,
Types, 299 478–482, 513–516
Work zones, 301–303 Width, 341–343, 438–439,
Mass transit, see Public Transit 460–461, 463–470, 478–482,
513–516, 517, 702–708,
712–716
891
at intersections, 460–461, With median lanes; see Median

478–482 Lanes
U-turns, design for, 712–716;
see also U-turns Multilane Highways; see also
Arterials, Divided Highways
Median barriers Climbing lanes, 251–254, 453–454,
Arterials, 479, 481–482 462–463
Curbs; see Curbs Cross slope, 459, 476
Freeways, 517 Intersections with, 470–471
General, 338–339 Pavement width, 452, 456–457,
Types, 338–339 459, 478
Safety, 457–461, 478–482
Median lanes Sight distance, 126
Left-turn; see Auxiliary Lanes Undivided, 457–458
Special designs for left turns,
573–576, 709–716 Noise, 348–352
Storage, 461, 470, 730–732; see Abatement criteria, 349–350
also Auxiliary Lanes Barriers, 300
Two-way left-turn, 342, 397, Design noise levels, 349–350
437, 478–482, 716–717 Design procedure to control,
Width, 477, 716; see also 348–351
Auxiliary Lanes From vehicles, 45–46
General considerations, 348–349
Median openings Human reactions, 348–349
Above minimum designs for left Landscaping, effect on, 350–351
turns, 706–708 Location, effect on, 350–351
Bullet nose, 701, 704–706 Physical measurement, decibels,
Control radii, 438, 694–706 348–350
Design for cross traffic, 438, Reduction design, 350–352, 512,
460–461, 478–481, 693–706 518
Designs for left turns, 438,
460–461, 478–481, 693–708 Nose; see Approach Nose
Emergency crossovers, 514–515
General, 460–461, 478–482, Offset; see Clearances
693–694
Intersections, 341 One-way roadways; see Divided
Length (and shape), 438, 693–708 Highways
Minimum length, 438, 701–706
On arterials, 460–461, 478–482 One-way streets, 495–496
On collector roads and streets,
Operating speed, 66
438–439
Semicircular, 701 Outer separations
Shape of median end, 701, 704–706 Arterials, 468–469, 498
Skew, effect of, 704–706 Definition, 346–348
Space between, U-turns, Designs, 348
714–716; see also U-Turns Drainage, 347
Freeways, 512, 529–530
892
Index
Frontage roads, 343–348, 467–469, Tapers, 256–257

498, 516, 729–732 Transitions, 257
General, 346–348 Traffic control devices, 257
Width, 346–348, 729–732, 824
Passing sections
Overpasses; see Grade Separation Frequency, 125–126
Structures Lanes; see Passing Lanes
No-passing zones, 123
Parking Shoulder driving, 258–259
Central business district, 379, 483 Shoulder use sections, 259
Curb, 377–379, 437–438, 482–483, Sight distance, 118–126
495 Transitions, 256
Design, 377–379, 437–438, Turnouts, 257–258, 322
482–483, 495
Lanes, 377–379, 437–438, Passing sight distance
482–483, 495 Arterials, 449, 453–454
Lane width, 378–379 Collectors, 425–427, 435
on arterials, 482–483 Criteria for design, 118–122
on collectors, 438 Definition, 118
on local roads and streets, Design values, 122–125
396–397 Effect of grade, 125
On-street, 377–379, 437–438, Elements of, 119–122
482–483, 495 Frequency and length, 125–126
Park-and-ride facilities, 374–378 Height of eye, 127
Residential areas, 397, 437–438 Height of object, 127
Rest areas; see Rest Areas Local roads and streets, 384–385,
Shoulders, 477 395, 410–412
Measuring, 128–131
Passenger cars Multilane highways, 126
Acceleration, 43–44, 670–680 On horizontal curves, 232–233
Design vehicles; see Design On recreational roads, 410–412
Vehicles On vertical curves, 275–276
Traffic, composition of, 63–64 Relation to stopping sight distance,
Turning path, 18–21, 597–599 386, 426–427, 449
Paths, 21–41; see also Turning or

Passing lanes Turning Roadways
Definition, 254–255
Examples, 256 Pavement; see also Traveled Way
General, 254–257 Contrasts; see Contrasting Surfaces
Length, 256 Cross slope, 309–314; see also
Location, 255, 453 Cross Slope
Need for, 255, 453 Edge design, 405, 587–625,
Number of lanes, 255 638–653
Operational benefits, 256 Edge lines, 299, 322, 844
Shoulders, 256 General, 309–316
Sight distance, 255 Lane widths; see Lanes
893
Markings; see Markings 618–627, 630, 632–633,

Railroad-highway grade crossings, 638–641, 690–692
392–393, 405, 432–433, 472, Crossing distance, effect of radii
484, 735–743 on, 615, 618, 623–625
Recreational roads, 415 Crosswalks; see Crosswalks
Skid resistance, 314–315 Depressed freeways; see Freeways
Surface (types), 314–315, 412 Disabled, 96, 99–100, 363,
Widening on curves, 206–220 365–371, 375, 402, 407, 435,
Widths 440, 554, 732
divided intersections, 569–570 Grade separations; see Grade
lane, 315–316, 387–389, 397, Separation Structures
415, 428–429, 437, 452, Interchanges, 868–869
459, 476–477, 508 Pedestrian overpasses, 96, 363–365
ramps; see Ramps Pedestrian underpasses, 96
turning roadways, 220–226, Protective screens, 364–365
587–625, 638–643, Ramps, 365–371, 554; see also
842–844 Sidewalk Curb Ramps
Separations; see Grade Separation
Peak-hour factor (PHF), 83; see also Structures
Capacity Sidewalks; see Sidewalks
Signals, 488–490
Peak-hour traffic Signs, 367
Composition, 63–64 Spacing of separated crossings on
Design, 59–66 freeways, 363–364
Directional distribution, 62–63 Stairs (stairways), 364, 554
Future, 65–66 Warrants, 362, 363–365
General, 59–62 Width, 364–371
Maximum, 59–61
Thirtieth highest, 60–62 Perception-reaction Time , 50–53,
110–111
Pedestrians; see also Pedestrian
Facilities and Sidewalks Persons with disabilities, 96, 99–
Capacity (walkway), 98–99 100, 363, 365–371, 375, 402, 407,
Characteristics, 96–97, 99–100 435, 440, 554, 732
Crosswalks, see Crosswalks
Definition, 96–97 Planning
Disabilities, persons with, 96, Comprehensive, 74, 433, 759,
99–100, 363, 365–371, 375, 762–763
402, 407, 435, 440, 554, 732 Freeway, 507–508
General, 96–97 Functional classification; see
Safety, 96–97, 471 Classification, Functional
Walking speeds, 97 Land use, 5, 7, 65, 91, 353, 383,
423, 471, 486–488
Pedestrian facilities; see also Transportation improvements, 474,
Pedestrians 500–501
Arterials, 471–472, 488–490 Ultimate development of four-lane
At-grade crossings, 559–560, 615, divided arterials, 454–456
894
Index
Pollution Control, 45–46, 348–352; Lighting, 294

see also Noise Local roads and streets, 392,
Vehicular emissions, 43–46, 74 405–406
Protective devices, 472, 484,
Public transit 736–737
Buses, 15–20, 23–28, 372–378, Sight distance, 392, 405–406,
472, 501–506, 547–554 432–433, 443, 736–743
Bus lanes, 504–505, 547–549 Surface types, 743
Bus stops, 472, 501–504, 547–554 Traffic control, 392, 405–406,
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) 432–433, 443, 472, 484,
facilities, 547–554 736–737
Joint use of right-of-way, 548, Widths, 392, 405–406, 433, 443
554–558
On arterials, 372–374, 472, Rail transit, see Public Transit
501–506
On freeways, 372, 547–557 Ramps
Rail, 547–548, 554–558 Alignment, 827–836
Rapid transit, 554–557 Approach nose, 836–841
Stairs, ramps, and escalators, 549 Button-hooked, 826
Station location and spacing, 554, Capacity, 82–83
557 Clearances, 842, 844
Turnouts, bus, 372–374, 472, 504, At structures, 764, 844
547–554 Horizontal; see Clearances
Components, 827
Profile; see Alignment—Vertical Compound curves, 830–831
Connection to frontage roads,
Radii 782–784, 826, 831–832
Curb return, 405, 615–625 Contrasting surface, 844
Intersection, 198–211, 405, Crossover crown line, 836
587–625, 638–643 Cross section, 842–844
Islands, ends of, 701; see also Cross slope, 834–836
Islands Curbs, 839, 844
Minimum, 142–168, 192–206 Curvature, 830–832, 833
Minimum radius curves without Definition, 827–828
superelevation, 166–167 Design speed, 67–72, 792–793,
Minimum turning, 18–43, 694–700 827, 829–830, 833, 834, 839,
Minimum turning for left turns, 842
694–700 Diagonal, 827–828
Tables, 145, 156–165, 179, 197, Direct connection, 798–802,
201 828–829, 834
Distance between successive ramp
Railroad-highway Grade Crossings terminals, 847
Alignment and profile, 735–736 Emergency escape, 259–269
Arterials, 472, 484 Entrances and exits, 82–83,
Collectors, 432–433, 443 343–346, 525–526, 815–821,
Design, 392, 405–406, 432–433, 824–827, 836–841, 844–867,
443, 735–743 Examples, 828
895
Gores, 526, 836–841 Recreational roads , 408–418

Grades, 832–833
Lane reductions; see Lanes Recreational vehicles, 15–20, 38–41,
Left, 845 43, 410
Lengths, 832–833 Climbing lanes for, 239, 247–249
Loop, 792–797, 798, 800, 803–808, Effects on volume, 247–249, 252–
827–832 254
Metering; see Ramp Metering On grades, 239–247
Number; see Interchanges—
Configurations Resource recovery roads , 418–419
Outer connection, 828
Partial cloverleaf, 792, 794–797 Rest areas, 57, 293–294, 472–473
Pedestrians; see Pedestrian Definition, 293
Information centers, 293–294
Facilities
Profile, 832–833, 845–846 Scenic overlooks, 293–294
Radii; see Radii
Retaining walls, 468
Right turns, 829
Effect on traffic operations, 315
Semidirect, 798–802, 828–829, 834
Lateral clearances; see Clearances
Shapes, 827–833 Need for, 331, 465, 468, 518, 530
Shoulders, 836, 838–389, 842–844
On depressed freeways, 350–351,
Sidewalk curb, 365–371, 402, 440,
511, 518–522
489
Sight distance, 232, 519
Sight distance, 827, 832
Slip, 344–346, 542, 548, 832 Reverse-flow roadways, 496–498
Speed-change lanes, 654, 848–864 Advantages, 496–498
Spiral curves; see Transitions Cross section, 541
Superelevation, 834–836 Examples, 542–544
Terminal design, 82–83, 798, 829, Terminals, 542–543
836–841, 844–867; see also
Terminals Right-of-way
Traffic control, 683–686, 829, 834 Arterials, 453, 466–469, 486
Tapers, 849–855 Collectors, 432, 441
Traveled way widths, 842–844 Drainage, 286, 291–292
Types, 827–828 Freeways, 512, 519–522, 526–530,
Vertical curves, 833 532–534
Weaving; see Weaving Sections Interchanges, 753
Wheelchair, 365–371, 402, 440, Local roads and streets, 391,
489 404
Widths, 220–228, 842–844 Two-lane highways, 452
Wrong-way entry, 683–686 Utilities, accommodating, 296–298,
490
Ramp metering, 869 Width, 391, 404, 432, 441, 453,
486
Rapid transit; see Public Transit
With frontage roads, 468–469, 486,
Recovery area; see Clear Zones 516, 528–529, 532–533
896
Index
Roadside 168, 175, 178–181, 183, 187,

Access control; see Control of 192–193, 198, 269–270, 277,
Access and Access 284, 395, 425, 435, 573
Management Auxiliary lanes, 494, 562, 686, 717
Borders and sidewalks; see Bicycles, 100–101, 472, 482
Borders, Sidewalks Borders, 403, 441–442, 483, 512,
Clear zones; see Clear Zones 532
Driveways, 89–95, 352–353, 402, Bus stops, 504
440, 486–488, 733–735 Causal factors for crashes, multiple,
Erosion control, 292–293, 331–333, 101
393, 407, 444, 451, 500 Climbing lanes, 247, 249–252
Fencing, 301 Clear zones, 104, 417
Mailboxes, 354–355 Collectors, 423–424, 425, 428–429,
Recovery areas; see Clear Zones 432, 434, 435, 441–442, 443
Seeding and planting; see Erosion Consistency/uniformity of design,
Control 101
Sideslopes, 330–333 Control of access, 81, 88–95, 102,
Sight distance; see Sight Distance 352, 402, 434, 458, 471, 487,
753
Roadway, definition, 309 Curbs, 291, 323–324, 327, 398, 509
Curves, horizontal, 103, 142–143,
Roadway width, 315–316, 387–389, 168, 175, 178–181, 183, 192–
397, 415, 428–429, 437; see also 193, 198, 284, 513
Lanes Curves, vertical, 187, 269–270,
277, 284, 513
Road user benefit analyses; see Decisions, frequency of, 101, 103
Economic Evaluation Divided highways, 103
Driver errors, 53–56, 103, 115
Roundabouts; see Intersections
Driver expectancy, 53, 101
Rounding Driveways, 81, 102, 352–353, 402,
Island corners, 632–637 733
Shoulders, 317, 320 Day versus night, 294
Side slopes, 317, 320, 330–333 Emergency escape ramps, 259–269
Freeways, 507, 509, 512, 513, 514,
Route continuity, 811–812 519, 532, 554
Frontage roads, 343–345
Runoff; see Superelevation General, 101–106
Grade, 103, 242–247
Runout, superelevation; see Tangent Grade separations, 747, 749–750,
Runout 755, 575, 765, 773
Guardrail, 104
Safety Interchanges, 747, 749, 753, 781,
Arterials, 452, 458, 459, 460–461, 809, 811, 813, 847, 853, 870
471, 472–473, 477, 478, 481, Intersections, 102–105, 192–193,
482, 483, 487, 488, 489, 491, 198, 460–461, 470, 488, 491,
492, 494, 497, 504 492, 494, 559–560, 562, 578–
Alignment, 103–106, 142–143,
897
581, 584, 686, 717, 733, 781 Trucks, 241–243, 261–262

Lane width, 315, 452, 459 Turning roadways, 192–193, 198,
Left-turn prohibition, 492 562
Lighting, 105, 294–296, 443, 733 Two-way left-turn lanes, 342
Local roads and streets, 383, 391, Tunnels, 359
394, 395, 398, 402, 403, 417 Undivided highways, 458
Low-volume roads, 316, 383–384, Work zones, 301–303
424
Mailboxes, 354–355 Scenic overlooks; see Rest Areas
Maneuvers, traffic, 55
Median barrier, 103, 338–339, 514, Service volumes, 75, 84–88
519
Median openings, 460–461 Shoulders
Adjacent to
Medians, 103, 342–343, 460–461,
470, 478-482, 513, 532 climbing lanes; 251–252, 453
Older drivers, 47 islands, 632–637
One–way roadways at intersections, passing lanes, 256
470 Arterials, 452, 459–460, 477
Continuous, 318–319
Parking, 378
Pavement skid resistrance, 314–315 Contrasting surfaces, 322
Pedestrians, 97–100, 363–366, 472, Cross section, 316–321, 477
489, 492, 504 Cross slope, design values,
Rail transit, 554 319–320
Cross slope, maximum slope break;
Ramps, 837, 847, 853
Range/variance of speeds, 102 see Cross Slope
Relation to geometric design, 103 Curb, 323–327
Relation to operations, 76 Curb, along outer edge, 318–321
Responsibility, 101 Definition, 316
Divided highways, 459–460
Rest areas, 293–294, 472–473
Reverse-flow operation, 497 Driving, 258–259
Roadside design, 104, 299, Freeways, 508–509
328–333, 391, 417, 428–429, General characteristics, 316–318
442, 514, 519, 870 Graded width, 316–318
Intermittent, 318–319
Roadside development, 81
Roadside maintenance, 519 Left shoulder, divided highways,
Roundabouts, 578–581 459–460, 508–509
Rumble strips, 104 On structure, 319, 451, 459
Shoulders, 103, 318–319, 452, 477 Paved, 258–259, 316–322, 452–453
Ramps; see Ramps
Sight distance, 105, 109, 232
Slope breaks, 334 Safety, 102–104
Speed, 56, 67–71, 101–104, 512 Sidewalks; see Sidewalks
Speed-change lanes, 853 Six-lane highway, 459–460
Traffic barriers, 103, 104, 337–340, Stability, 321–323
Superelevation; see Cross Slope
514, 519
Traffic control devices, 105, Turning roadways, 226–227
298–300, 491 Turnouts; see Turnouts
Useable width, 316–317, 452
898
Index
Use sections, 259 Criteria for measuring, 127–131

Vertical clearance; see Clearances Decision, 115–117
Width, 226–228, 251, 258, Definition, 109–110, 115, 118
318–319, 387–389, 415, 429 Design for, 109–131, 654–683
With guardrail, 319, 429 Design speed, in relation to,
109–131, 453, 654–681
Sideslopes General, 109
Channels, drainage, 327–329 Headlight, 276–280
Collectors, 428–429 Height of eye, 127
Earth slopes, 330–333 Height of object, 127–128
Erosion prevention; see Erosion Horizontal curves, 128–131,
Control 228–233, 682–683
Freeways, 516 Interchanges; see Interchanges
General, 327, 330–333, 453 Intersections, 583–586, 654–683;
Local roads and streets, 391, 417 see also Intersections
Regions, 330–331 Left turn from major road, at
Right-of-way, 453 intersections, 678–680
Roadside recovery area, 331, 391, Local roads and streets, 384–386,
417, 428–429, 516 395, 410–411
Rock slopes, 333 Measuring and recording, 127–131,
Rounding, 317, 320, 330–333 228–231
Safety, 328–333 Multilane highways, 126
Sight distance; see Sight Distance No control, intersections with,
Treatment to avoid snowdrifting, 658–660`
328, 332, 334 Passing; see Passing Sight
Distance
Sidewalks Railroad-highway grade crossings,
Along roadways, 735–743
Rural, 361–362 Recreational roads, 410–411
Urban, 361–362, 400–402, 440, Signal control, intersections with,
483–484, 488 675, 678
Location, 400–402, 440, 444, Skew, 681
483–484, 488–490 Stop control, intersections with,
Overpasses, 431 660–670, 678
Pedestrian, 99, 105, 365–371; see Stopping; see Stopping Sight
also Pedestrians or Pedestrian Distance
Facilities Turning roadways, 228–233,
Underpasses, 765–767 682–683
Warrants, 361–363 Underpasses, 280–282, 759
Widths, 364, 402, 440 Vertical curves, 128–131, 269–282,
682
Sidewalk curb ramps, 365–371, 402, Yield control, intersections with,
440, 489 670–677
Sight distance
Sight triangles, 655–658
Arterials, 449, 453, 475
Collectors, 425–426, 435–436
899
Signal control Six-lane highways, 460, 467, 517

Arterials, 490–492
Capacity with, 72–80, 86, 490–492 Skid-resistance; see Pavements
Effect on intersection design,
81–82, 299–300, 442, 470, Slope, terms, 330
489–492, 560, 575, 653–654,
675, 678, 782 Stopping curbs ; see Curbs
Installation guidelines for,
Speed
299–300, 490–492 Curve speed, 134–135
Lane arrangement, 299–300
Design, 67–72; see also Design
Lane-use control signals, 497
Speed
Location, 299–300
Effect on drivers, 56–57
Pedestrians, 99–100, 490–492
Function, 3
Plan development, 299–300 General, 66
Principles, 105, 299–300
Operating, 66
Ramp terminals, 846
Pedestrian, walking, 97
Warrants, 300, 443
Relation of traffic volume to
Signs, 298–299 average running, 67
Running, 67
Arterials, 451
Bridges, 389 Safety, 243
Climbing lanes, 251 Spot, 67
Collectors, 433, 443 Trucks, on grades, 236–239,
Construction, 301–303 243–247
Detours, 302 Speed-change lanes
Escape ramps, 266
Acceleration lanes, 525, 692–693,
General, 298–299
848–853, 856–863
Intersections, 578, 654–681
Bus turnouts, 372
Islands, 633, 638
Deceleration lanes, 525, 692–693,
Local roads and streets, 393, 407, 848–849, 853–860, 863–864
418
Definition, 692–693, 848
Location, 298–299
General, 560, 692–693, 848
Passing lanes, 257
Intersections, 692–693
Railroad-highway grade crossings,
Length, 525, 848–856, 860–864
392, 405, 432, 443, 472 Ramps; see Ramps
Ramps, 837, 846
Taper, 692–693, 848–864
Warrants, 692–693
Reference, 298–299
Width, 848–864
Resource recovery roads, 419
Relationship to design, 298–299 Spirals; see Transitions
Reverse-flow facilities, 496–498
Shoulder use sections, 259 Spline
Types, 299 For ramps, 834
For runoff, 188
Single-point urban interchange; see For vertical curves, 653
Interchanges
900
Index
Stage construction, 514, 521 188–190

Grade separation structures, 755, Ball-bank indicator, 134–135
756–762 Collectors, 428, 435
Interchanges, 751–752 Design rates, 147–166, 176, 182,
Ultimate development of four-lane 192–198, 643–653
divided arterials, 454–457 Development of finalized
e distribution, 146–155
Stop control Distribution of e and f, 138–140,
Intersections, 660–670 192–198
Ramp terminals; see Ramps Effect of grades, 167–168
Freeways, 509
Stopping sight distance General considerations, 132–140
Arterials, 449, 457–458, 461–462 Intersection curves, 198–206,
Barriers, noise, 300 584–585, 643–653
Brake-reaction time, 110–111 maximum rate, 643–653
Braking distance, 111–113 runoff, 646–647
Collectors, 425–426 Limiting rates, 141–142, 147–166,
Deceleration rate, 113 176, 182, 192–198, 643–653
Design values, 112 Local roads and streets, 387, 396
Effect of grade, 113–115 413–415
General, 109–110 Low-speed design, 192–198
Height of eye, 127 Maximum rates, 141–142,
Height of object, 127–128 147–166, 176, 182, 192–198,
Intersections, 654–655, 682–683; 643–653
see also Intersections—Sight Outer cross sections, 310–311,
Distance 334–335
Local roads and streets, 384–386, Ramps; see Ramps
395, 410–411 Rates for design, 147–166,
Multilane highways, 126, 457–458 192–198, 643–653
Measuring and recording, 127–131 Recreational roads, 413–415
On horizontal curves, 228–232 Runoff, 169–172, 173–176, 182,
On vertical curves 195, 646–652
Crest, 270–275, 682 definition, 168
Sag, 276–280, 682 design, smooth profiles,
Perception reaction time, 110–111, 187–188
682 design with medians, 189–190
Recreational roads, 410–411 length, 169–172, 182,
Trucks, 114 195–198, 646–653
Wet pavement, 113 location with respect to end of
curve, 173–176
Structures; see Grade Separation low speed urban streets,
Structures 192–198
methods of attainment,
Superelevation
Accelerometer, 134–135 184–187, 647–651
multilane highways, 188–190
Arterials, 450, 463–466, 475
with medians, 189–190
Axis of rotation with medians,
901
Runout, tangent, 173 Single-lane free-flow, 849–860

Sharpest curve without, 166–167 Superelevation, 646–653, 834–836
Side friction factor, 133–137
Tables, 156–165 Terrain, 235, 242–247
Theoretical considerations,
131–132 Topography
Typical cross sections, 311 Effect on
Turning roadway terminals, alignment, 233–235, 282–290,
646–653 425, 435, 447, 461–462,
Urban streets, low speed, 192–198 469–470, 513
climbing lanes, 242–254, 453
Surface; see Pavement design speed, 448
grade separation structures,
Systems ; see Classification 747, 752, 762–764,
771–773
Tangent runout, 173, 183–187 interchange design, 747,
749–753, 781
Tapers location, 235, 469–470, 486
Auxiliary lanes, 719–726, 818–821, passing lanes, 254–257,
848–864 453–454
Beyond offset nose, 702–703, widely separated roadways,
726–727, 836–839 469–470
Climbing lanes, 250–251 warrants for grade separation,
Construction zones, 301–303 749–750
Intersections, 719–726
Median lanes, 719–726 Traffic
Passing lane, 256–257 Average daily (ADT), 58–66,
Speed-change lanes, 692–693, 384, 394, 424, 448
848–864 Characteristics, 58–74
Turnouts, 258 Composition, 63–64
Control devices, 49; see also
Terminals Traffic Control Devices
Alignment and curvature, 191–192, Current, 58
198–206, 845–846, 856–860 Design hourly volume (DHV),
Capacity, 82–83; see also Capacity 61–62, 75–76, 448, 474
Definition, 844 Design traffic conditions, 225–226
Distance between, 847 Design year, 61–62, 424–425,
Distance from structure, 846 433–434, 448, 474
Elevated freeways, 525–526 Directional distribution, 59–63,
Entrance, 82–83, 837–839, 841, 496–498
845, 849–853, 856–863 Flow, 72–81
Exit, 82–83, 643–645, 836–841, General considerations, 2, 58
844–845, 853–860, 863–864 Generated, 2–3
Gore areas, 836–841 Highest hourly volume (HV),
Multilane free-flow, 860–864 59–63
Shoulders, 842–844 Lane assignment, 497
Sight distance, 832, 845 Maintenance during construction,
902
Index
301–303, 455–456 Adjustment factors

Maximum annual hourly, 60 Compound curves, 184, 203,
Passenger car, 64 205–206
Passenger-car equivalency, 84 Definition, 168–169
Peak-hour, 59–62 General, 168–169
Projection, 65–66 Intersection, 198–206
Seasonal fluctuation, 61 Minimum grades, 190–191
Speed, 66–74 Runoff, superelevation; see
Thirtieth highest hourly volume Superelevation
(30 HV), 59–62 Runout, tangent, 173, 183–187
Truck, 63–64; see also Trucks Spiral curves, 176–183, 203–205,
Volume, 58–66, 384, 394, 424, 233–234
434, 448, 474, 508, 751 Traveled way widening, 212–220
Turning roadways, 191–192,
Traffic barriers 203–206
Bridge railings, 339–340, 757, Types, 168–169
768–770 Two-lane and four-lane sections,
Curbs, 323–327, 333–334 257
Crash cushions, 335–336, 340, 837
General, 103–104, 335–336, 486 Traveled way, 309–316, 343–346
Longitudinal, 337–339 Definition, 309
Median, 338–339 Edge design, 187–188, 587–625
Roadside, 318–319, 337, Ramp width, 842–843
417, 428 Traffic conditions, 220–226
Turning roadways, 220–226
Traffic control devices Widening on curves, 206–220
Arterials, 71, 490–498 Width; see Width
Collectors, 433, 443–444
General, 298–300 Trucks; see also Design Vehicles
Intersections, 73–74, 653–654, Acceleration
690–691 on grades, 235–238
Markings; see Markings Climbing lanes, 247–254, 453–454,
Reverse-flow roadways, 541–544 462–463
Railroad-highway grade crossings; Combination, 15–20, 29–37
see Railroad-highway Grade Control grades, 239–242
Crossings Critical length of grade, 242–247
Sight distance at intersections, Deceleration on grades, 235–238
relationship to, 658–680 Definition for operational analysis,
Signals; see Signal Control 64
Signs; see Signs Height of eye, 127
Minimum turning radius, 18–20,
Traffic regulation, 490–494 31–37
Off-tracking, 29, 206–227
Transit; see Public Transit Operating characteristics on grades,
235–247
Transitions
Single unit, 15–20, 22
Advantages, 2–3, 176
903
Stopping sight distance, 114 Stopping sight distance,

Weight/power ratio, 236–239 682
Superelevation, 643–653
Tunnels Terminal design, 646–651
Alignment, 357 Widths, 220–228
Clearances, 357–359
Costs, 356 Turnouts
Cross section, 357–359 Bus, 372–374, 472, 504, 549–554;
Design considerations, 355–357 see also Buses
Examples, 359–361 On two-lane roads, 257–258, 322
General, 355–356
Grades, 357 Two-lane highways
Lighting, 357 Arterials, 447–454
Sidewalks, 357–359 Climbing lanes, 242–251
Types, 385 Collectors, 424–433
Ventilation, 357 Passing lanes, 125–126, 254–257,
453–454
Turning; see also Design Vehicles Passing sight distance, 24 (table)
Definition, 15–18 118–126,
Design vehicles, 597–625 Shoulder driving, 258–259
Indirect left turns, 709–713 Shoulder use sections, 259
Lanes; see Auxiliary Lanes Turnouts, 257–258, 322
Movements, 492–494;
see also Intersections Ultimate development; see Stage
Operation on curves, 206–220 Construction
Radius, minimum, 18–43,
587–596 Underpasses; see Grade Separation
Simultaneous left turns, 727, Structures
729
Speed, 18 Undivided multilane highways,
Track width, 206–220 457–458
Turning roadways Utilities

Approach nose, 646–651 Adjacent to clear zones, 452
Curvature, 198–206, 830–832 General, 296–297, 404, 441–442,
Design, 191–192 490
Edge design, 587–625 Location, 296–298
Effect of curb radii, 615–625 Rural, 298
Free-flow, 643 Urban, 297–298
General, 587
U-turns
Islands, 638–643
Designs for, 709–716
Pavement edge design,
Median openings, 713–716
587–625
Spacing, 714
Radii, 587–596
Special designs, 711–714, 716
Right-angle turns, 596–625
Shoulders, 226–228
904
Index
Vehicles; see Design Vehicles, Borders, 403–404, 442, 483–484

Recreational Vehicles, Trucks, and Bridges and drainage structures; see
Turning Bridges
Climbing lanes, 247–254; see also
Vertical alignment, see Alignment— Climbing Lanes
Vertical Collectors, 428–429, 437, 440
Extra allowance for operation on
Vertical curbs ; see Curbs curves, 206–220
Gutter, 325–326
Vertical curves; see Curves— Lanes, 315–316; see also Lanes
Vertical Local roads and streets, 387–389,
397, 403, 415
Viaducts; see Freeways—Elevated,
Medians, 341, 456, 460–461,
and Freeways—Viaduct
478–479, 513–517, 525
Walkways; see Sidewalks Median lanes, 720–726; see also
Median Lanes
Warrants Pavement; see Pavement
Climbing lanes, 248–254 Ramps, 842–844
Grade separations, 749–750 Right-of-way, 391, 404, 432, 441,
Interchanges, 749–750 453, 466–469, 486; see also
Passing lanes, 254–257, 453 Right-of-way
Pedestrian grade separations, Shoulders, 226–228, 251, 258–259,
363–365 318–319, 387–389, 415, 429; see
Shoulders, 316–319 also Shoulders
Sidewalks, 361–363 Sidewalks; see Sidewalks
Track, 206–220
Weaving sections Traveled way, 315–316, 387–389,
Capacity, 85–87, 823 397, 415, 428–429, 437, 452,
Cloverleafs, 792–793, 823 459, 476–477, 508, 842–844
Definition, 82, 823 Turning roadways; see Turning
Design volumes, 85–86 Roadways
Examples, 87
General, 823 Work zones, 301–303
Length, 847–848
Multiple, 87 Wrong-way entry
Simple, 86–87 Design to discourage, 683–686,
Types, 86–87 782, 825–827
Widening Zoning; see Land Use

Design values, 214–218 Access control, 486–488
To introduce divisional islands,
629–630
Traveled way, on curves, 206–220
Width
Arterials, 452, 459, 466–469,
476–478, 485
905

Index

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INDEX

Acceleration Horizontal; see Alignment—

Sight distance, 228–232, 384–385, Vertical

469–470, 478–482 On overpasses, 769–770

Bridges, see also Grade Separation 508

Classification, functional, 1–14 on freeways, 510

Construction areas, 301–303 Drainage from shoulders, 319–321

Shape, 167 Offset from traveled way, 326–327,

safety, 101–166 Design speed

Median openings, 693–708 Cross slope, pavement, 312, 459,

Error, 48, 53–56 Tree removal for safety, 403, 441

Driveways, 88–95, 352–353, 402, Fencing, 301

Four-lane highways Lane width, 508–509

Frontage roads passing sight distance, 125

With frontage roads, 488 391, 765–767, 770

Adaptability, 751–752 Ramps in one quadrant, 747–748,

Median Lanes Safety, 101–106

Refuge, 630 Widths with curb and gutter, 326,

295–296 Special purpose, 408–420

Mailboxes, 354–355 Medians

at intersections, 460–461, With median lanes; see Median

Frontage roads, 343–348, 467–469, Tapers, 256–257

Paths, 21–41; see also Turning or

Markings; see Markings 618–627, 630, 632–633,

Pollution Control, 45–46, 348–352; Lighting, 294

Gores, 526, 836–841 Recreational roads , 408–418

Roadside 168, 175, 178–181, 183, 187,

581, 584, 686, 717, 733, 781 Trucks, 241–243, 261–262

Use sections, 259 Criteria for measuring, 127–131

Signal control Six-lane highways, 460, 467, 517

Stage construction, 514, 521 188–190

Runout, tangent, 173 Single-lane free-flow, 849–860

301–303, 455–456 Adjustment factors

Stopping sight distance, 114 Stopping sight distance,

Turning roadways Utilities

Vehicles; see Design Vehicles, Borders, 403–404, 442, 483–484

Widening Zoning; see Land Use

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