2004 IEEE Intemational Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004)April 2004 Hong Kong

A Novel Theory of EHV Parallel Connection

Reactor Interturn Protection Based on
Equivalent Inductance
Xin Zhentao, Yin Xianggen, Chen Deshu, Yang Jingchao

Abstract- In this paper the faults of EHV parallel

connection reactor are introduced in brief. Then, the paper
proposes a novel protection theory of interturn fault based
on equivalent inductance, and sets up the computer
protection model based on energy loss function. According to
the protection model, this paper simulates the interturn fault,
external fault, no-load operation fault etc. with EMTP
program, the simulated results display that the protection
algorithm is effective.
Index Terms-EMTP; equivalent inductance; interturn
protection; reactor;
I. INTRODUCTION
ECENTLY in China, accompanying by the fast
Rd evelopment of power system, there appeared more
and more EHV transmission interconnection lines.- The
following are the traits of these long distance EHV
transmission interconnection lines: the distributing
capacitor is very large, and the capacitive reactive power
is obvious. In order to compensate for capacitive reactive
power, restrain system's overvoltage, control potential
distributing capacitive current, and improve success
percentage of reclosing, it is suggested that parallel
connection reactors should be installed at one or two ends
of the transmission interconnection lines. The intertum
fault of reactors is a common kind of intemal faults.
When the number of shorted tums is small, the
unbalanced current of three phases caused by one shorted
turn is possibly quite little, and protective relaying devices
don't easily measure the current. What's more, when
interturn faults occurred, the faulted current in reactor is
penetrating current. And so no matter how large the
number of faulted turns is, longitudinal differential
protection gives no response to the interturn faults [ 11. In
some existing intertum protections, compensating voltage
needs importing, the importing result is that caused
inconveniences in actual applications. Therefore, it is
necessary that we put forward a novel theory of intertum
fault protections with high sensitivity [2].
11. MICROCOMPUTER
PROTECTION MATHEMATICAL MODEL
OF REACTOR
A . Mathematical model of reactor
Because resistance of reactor is very small, so it is
reasonable to ignore reactor's resistance. The
mathematical model of reactor can be expressed as the
following [ 13.
U = N -4 (1)
dt
Where, U is the terminal voltage of parallel connection
reactor, N is the coil number of parallel connection
reactor, 4 is the flux of parallel connection reactor.
Multiplying the both sides of (1) with i , we can
obtain the following equation.
Ui = Ni-d4 (2)
dt
Where, i is the current of parallel connection reactor.
When reactor's resistance is ignored and internal
faults of parallel connection reactor don't occur, (2)
comes into existence forever even if reactor operates
under the conditions of without load, serious saturation,
exciting magnetizing inrush current and external faults etc.
If reactor has intemal faults, for example interturn fault or
internal grounding fault, (2) doesn't come into existence,
which means Ui # Ni-d4 . In order to ensure (2) to come
dt
into existence, we import a compensating flux A $ , (2)
can be expressed as the following modified type.
Where, U ' and I ' respectively delegate the voltage
and current of reactor after faulting.
Using (2) and (3) the following equation can be
gotten.

This work was supported in part by EHV Transmission Company of

Hunan province in China.
Xin Zhcntao Xin is with the Collcge of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Tcchnology (HUST),
Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China (Email: ghost-xzt@sina.com)
Yin Xianggen, Chen Deshu and Yang Jingchaog are all with the
College of Electrical & Electronic Engineering of HUST, Wuhan,
430074, P. R. China (Email: xgyin@mail.hust.cdu.cn).

0-7803-8237-4/04/$17.0002004IEEE
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2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong

The above transformation from (2) to (4) is based on We can turn from identification of AL to
such an essential: when internal faults occur, the identification of A W and consider A W as the criterion
equivalent inductance of reactor must change because of of judging the internal faults of reactor. Two dissolving
the existing leakage flux. We can import AL to ensure ( 2 ) schemes can be gotten with the different dealing of L ,
to come into existence. So, if internal faults occur in and get the two expressions A w l and AW2 of A W .
reactor, it can be judged by measuring the change of
imported AL which keeps the equivalent inductance L B. TheJirst scheme: considering L as unknown variable
changeless.
Rearranging (7) and (S), the following can be gotten.
Integrating both sides of (4), we can get an energy
expression about one integrating interval T in order to u(k-I)A/i(k-I)~ + 'kAtikAt
identify A L . k=l
2
, ,
zd(k-l)Ati(k-l)At 4-' k A t i k A t

k =I
2

The discrete expression of the left parts of (5 is the In the above equation, W2 and Wl all can be gotten
following equation. from sampled values.
C. The second scheme: considering L as known variable
Because L is known, so we can directly compute

1[u'i*dt 2 =
k=l
'(k-l)Ati(k-l)At
' * 2

The following are gotten from (5) and (6):

, ,
+ 'kAti!&t
At = W,
(6) out W, with known variable L and sampled values i .
The equation is as below.

L L
k=l

1 -2
Defining AW = -AL(i ( T ) - i'&) is energy loss 111. SIMULATING AND COMPUTING SYSTEM MODEL OF
2
function, and its expression is as the following. MICROCOMPUTER PROTECTION
Simulating system model of EMTP is showed in
1 .2 32
Aw=-AL(i(~)-i(o)) (9) Fig.2. System parameters are as below: Em=500 L 10°kv,
2
En= 500L40°kv , ZmO=J9.77H, Zm+=j28.73H,
W, is all the energy of one integrating interval time ZnO=j28.73H, Zn+ =j68.18H.
after faulting, Wl is all the energy of one integrating Line parameters are as below: R0=0.2437 Rlkm ,
interval time before faulting, because parallel connection R1=0.02 Rlkm, L1=0.2782 Rlkm, L0=0.9511 Rlkm,
reactor is approximately a complete inductance, so C1=0.0132 Rlkm, C0=0.009 Rlkm, La=Lb=Lc=6.42H,
measuring the change of AL , which judge if internal L0=1.66H.
faults of parallel connection reactor occur, can be turned Em Zm
n
z1 1=200km Zn En

I"
U
to the measuring of A W . The sketch map of principle is
showed in Fig. 1.

Reactor
Lc

Fig.2 Power system model for simulation

3
Iv. COMPUTING AND SIMULATING
Fig.] Sketch map of intcgrating interval The change of impedance is a basic data when one turn

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2004 IEEE Intemational Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong

intertum fault occurs according to [l]. The values of By comparing waves of different integrating
impedance changed on different faulted positions. The intervals, it is found that the wave of energy loss function
change range of impedance when one turn intertum fault I AW I is the most perfect when integrating interval
occurs is 4.8%-12.2%, it is calculated out according to T = 0.01s .
the design file of reactor [2]. It is pointed out that the
change of impedance is not more than 10% when one turn B. The identiJication of sampling interval
interturn fault occurs in three-phase parallel connection In order to identify the influence of sampling rate,
reactor according to [2]. In order to simulate the extreme different sampling interval results are simulated, waves of
condition of internal fault in reactor, 4% is taken as the I AW I of sampling interval At = 5E -5s and
change~.percentage of impedance when one turn interturn At = 1E -4s are showed in Fig.4.
lAwll
fault occurs. Because of the very small active power loss
of parallel connection reactors in 500kv transmission lines,
for example 0.4% [3], the resistance influence is ignored
in the simulating of reactor, adopting the change of
impedance to simulate the internal faults occurring.
A. The identification of integrating interval
In order to identify the influence of energy loss
function 1 A W I of different integrating interval time T,
simulated results of different integrating interval time T
are showed in following Fig.3, in which At is sampling
interval.

i i I x 104
500 1000 1500 2000
Y 4"s lAw21 t (x5e-5s)

-1 5

z1
(v

-0 5
t (xse-ss)

0- ~ ~ ~~ _______
( b ) T = 0 . 0 1 ~, A t = l E - 4 ~
500 1000 1500 2000 Fig.4 Waves of different sampling intervals
t (x5e-5s)
(a) T = 0.005s , At = 5E - 5s By comparing the waves of different sampling
~ x 10' IAw1I intervals, the conclusion can be made that different
sampling intervals have little influences on the wave of
energy loss function. In order to reduce computing time,
improve the calculating speed of computer and simplify
the hardware, integrating interval time is taken as
T = 0.01s , sampling interval is taken as At = 1E -4s.
In order to verify the algorithm of different working
conditions, waves of I A W I are showed in Fig.5 and Fig.6
I when reactor operates without load and external fault
500 1000
occurs
[Awl I
2.5; 1 1 I

I , I
500 1000 1500
.. .-5 I Aw2 I t (X?pe"%S)
6; I" .., I I I

(c) T = 0.015 ~At, = 5E - 5s

Fig.5 Wave of reactor no-load operation
Fig.3 Waves of diffcrent intcgrating intervals

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2004 IEEE Intemational Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004)April 2004 Hong Kong
Fig.6 Wave of reactor extemal faults
According to the simulated results, the operating
criterion of I AW, I can be set as 1 Awlse, I= 5x106, the
criterion of I AW, I can be set as I AW2,,, I= lx104 .
When the two energy loss function values are above
setting criterion, the protection equipment sends out trip
command. Adopting two energy loss fbnctions to be
operating criterion adds the reliability of protection. What
is more, when reactor operates without load, in order to
avoid wrong operation caused by magnetizing inrush
current, monitoring current of intertum protection is set
according to inverse time principle. The logic chart is as
in Firr.7.
Fig.7 Logic diagram of protection
v. CONCLUSION
The novel theory of EHV parallel connection reactor
intertum protection based on equivalent inductance has
the following features:
(1) According to the self-parameters of inductance
and electric values, two criterions can be gotten, and the
reliability of protection is enhanced.
(2) The operating criterion of protection can be
adjusted according to the value of energy loss function, so
it overcomes the disadvantages of conventional
protections.
(3) The mathematical model of microcomputer is
based on U = N -4 , this equation still come into
dt
existence under the condition that system load is varying,
so this theory can avoid the change of system load and
system swinging.
It is obvious that the novel theory proposed in paper is
expected to be tested in the future field experiment and
verify the reliability and feasibility.
420
VI. REFERENCES
WANG Weijian, The Principle and Application of Relay Protection
of Main Equipment, 2nd ed., Beijing: China Electric Power Press,
200 1,P.47 1.
WU KE-yu, DU XIAO-qing, “Analysis of theory and test in EHV
parallel connection reactor intertum protection,” Inncr Mongolia
electric power (in China), vol. 20, pp.33-34,2002,
WANG Meiyi, Application o f Relay Protection of Power System
Network, Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 1999,P.213.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Xin Zhentao was bom in Nanyang, Henan
province, China on February 26, 1976. After
getting master degree in 2001,he entered into
Huazhong University of Science & Technology
(HUST) on September 2001 Now he conducts
his study as Ph D. candidate in the field of relay
protection and control in Huazhong University
of Science & Technology HIS research intercst
is in main instrument protection, fault location
and power system automation
Yin Xianggen Graduated from the Department of Electncal Engineenng
of HUST and received his Bachelor, Master and PH.D degrce in 1982,
1984 and 1989 respectively. Now he is a professor of the HUST and a
member o f the CSEE
Chen Deshu Graduate from the Department of Electrical Engineenng of
the Huazhong University in 1952, and from the Department of Electncal
Engineenng of Harbeen University in protective relaying as a graduate
student in 1955. Chcn joined the Huanan institute and Huazhong
University of Science and Technology (HUST) in 1952 and at present
Porf Chen is vice president of the society of Electrical Engineenng o f
Hubei Province, China, and vice chairman of the protective relaying
subcommttee of CSEE.
Yang Jingchao Received bachelor degree in engineenng from
Zhengzhou Institute of Science and Technology in 1988, now he is a
doctor candidate of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
(HUST).