EDUCATION IS THE FOUNDATION FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA Education is a potent tool in the emancipation and empowerment of women.

The greatest single factor which can incredibly improve the status of women in any society is education. It is indispensable that education enables women not only to gain more knowledge about the world outside of her hearth and home but helps her to get status, positive self esteem, and self confidence , necessary courage and inner strength to face challenges in life. Apparently it also facilitates them to procure a job and supplement the income of family and achieve social status. Education especially of women has a major impact on health and nutrition as an instrument of developing a sustainable strategy for population control. Moreover educated women can play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus there is no denying fact that education empowers women. Indeed the different organs of the United Nations and experts on womens liberation argue for womens education as the basic step to attain equality with men. One of the recommendations of National Policy on Education (1986) by the Government of India is to promote empowerment of women through the agency of education and it is considered to be a land mark in the approach to womens education of illiterate. The National Literacy Mission is another positive step towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15-35 years. Women education has assumed special significance in the context of Indias planned development, as it is incorporated in every Five-year plans as the major programme for the development of women. Universalization of elementary education. enrolment and retention of girls in the schools, promotion of balwadies and crutches, raising number of schools and colleges of arts , science, and professional for girls , politechniques, girls hostels, multipurpose institutions and adult education programmes are some of the steps being taken by both central and state governments in India to boost-up womens education WOMENS EDUCATION: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES In spite of the forceful intervention by a bastion of female privilege, feminist critics, constitutional guarantees, protecting laws and sincere efforts by the state governments and central government through various schemes and programmes over the last 62 years and above all, the United Nations enormous pressure with regard to the uplift of the plight of women in terms education is still in the state of an enigma in India for several reasons. The 2001 Census report indicates that literacy among women as only 54 percent It is virtually disheartening to observe that the literacy rate of women India is even much lower to national average i.e. 65.38 .The growth of womens education in rural areas is very slow. This obviously means that still large womenfolk of our country are illiterate, the weak, backward and exploited. Moreover education is also not available to all equally. Gender inequality is

reinforced in education which is proved by the fact that the literacy rate for the women is only 54% against 76% of men as per 2001 Census. According to the Table the pre-Independence time literacy rate for women had a very poor spurt in comparison to literacy rate of men. This is witnessed from the fact that literacy rate of women has risen from 0.7 % to 7.3 % where as the literacy rate of men has risen from 9.8 % to 24.9 % during these four decades. During the post-independence period literacy rates have shown a substantial increase in general. However the literacy rate of male has almost tripled over the period e.g. 25% in 1951 and 76 % in 2001.Surprisingly the female literacy rate has increased at a faster pace than the male literacy during the decade 1981 -2001. The growth is almost 6 times e.g. 7.9 % in 1951 and 54 % in 2001. From this analyze one can infer that still the female literacy rate (only half of the female population are literates) is wadding behind male literacy rate (three fourth of the male population are literates).The rate of school drop outs is also found to be comparatively higher in case of women. This higher rate of illiteracy of women is undoubtedly attributing for women dependence on men and to play a subordinate role. The lack of education is the root cause for women exploitation and negligence. Only literacy can help women to understand the Indians constitutional and legislative provisions that are made to strengthen them. Thus promoting education among women is of great important in empowering them to accomplish their goals in par with men in different spheres of life. THE ROOT CAUSES FOR LOW LITERACY AMONG WOMEN IN INDIA Women education is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. No single factor or cause can be held responsible for very low literacy rate of women in India. Subsequently it is associated with combination of many factors including social, cultural, economic, educational, demographic, political and administrative and so on. The following are the some of the important factors which could be attributed for the present poor state of affairs of womenfolk in education. The Lower Enrolment: The lower enrolment of girls in schools is one of the foundational factors which stand as stumbling block for women empowerment in India. Reliable sources indicate that more than 50 % of the Non-Starters (those who have never been to school) are girls. According to the latest statistics, two out of every ten girls in the age group of 6-11 are still not enrolled in schools. Higher drop-out rate among girls from schools: The incidence and prevalence of drop outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas seem to be quite high. According to available sources, occurrence of drop-out and stagnation amongst girls is nearly twice that of boys all over India

Girl Child as Second Mother: In many families girl children play the role of second mother by shouldering the responsibilities of household work such as looking after the sibling, fetching water, collecting firewood, bringing fodder for cattle, cleaning and cooking etc. In rural India especially in poor families this traditional sex role makes girl child handicapped and conditioned by the attitude of mother and the family and discourages girl child to go school as it becomes secondary Bonded Labor System: This social evil is a quite discouraging phenomenon which stands as barrier for girls education in rural areas for the underprivileged families of washer men and agricultural labor, scheduled caste and scheduled tribes. Cast System as a Barrier; Children belonging to low caste families are forced to learn skills and work ways and not encouraged to go to school due to various factors in the sphere of strict instruction /threat from high caste communities for their selfish motives of keeping them as domestic servants and child laborers in the farms or factory. Dowry as cordon: Dowry system and other social practices act as main causes of the neglect of the girl child and discrimination against girl child including the deprivation of right of education. In many families especially poor and down-trodden think that if their daughters are educated more, they have to accumulate more assets and properties to provide as dowry in large proportion at the time of marriage, so prefer rather to either stop their children with average education and so on but never higher education. This prevails more in underprivileged families and communities Child Labor Practice: A large segment of child population in India is engaged in child labor practices. According to UN sources India is the most child labor populous nation in the globe with more than 50 million child laborers indulged in beedi works , carpet making , bricks, mining , quarrying ,glass, bangles, match and fireworks, gem polishing ,handloom works. Zari, embroidery, coir industry, domestic works, construction etc. In most of these industries girl children are preferred for high productivity and low cost. Poor School Environment for girls: In general the school environment for girls in India is not really interesting and encouraging. The subjects taught in schools are also not related to the environment of girl children. The methods of teaching are mostly out dated, rigid and uninteresting. There are still hundreds of schools with poor basic amenities such as drinking water, latrine and toilet facilities, improper building, and inadequate number of teachers especially female teachers preferable for any parents for safety of their girl children from different types of exploitation and abuse.

Female age at marriage: There is high association of female literacy with female age at marriage. By and large the female age at marriage of 18 ( recently 21 years ) as prescribed by various legislations not at all followed in India .It is very much ignored and neglected by the families of parents with low literacy and illiteracy background. This obnoxious practice discourages female children to continue their schooling and higher education as they enter into family life at the early age which is not advisable from the physical and mental health point of view and also of social development. Inferiority, subservience and domesticity: The female child in Indian culture especially in rural, tribal and poor families is expected to develop the qualities of inferiority; subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development Poverty as a Barrier: In much poverty stricken families, children especially girls are considered as economic assets as they bring income for livelihood as well to save from economic crises due to death or incapacity of parents (sick/ handicapped/aged) Ineffective Law Enforcing Machinery: Indian constitution and various legislations pertaining to education to children assure free and compulsory education all children of this nation but unfortunately the enforcement machinery fail to discharge its duties and responsibilities to the satisfaction of the public interest and welfare of women Demographic Factors: The high population growth rate, rapid urbanization, migration etc also attribute immensely for the poor literacy level of women and girls in India Poor Political Will and Conviction: Government officials, policy makers, politicians etc of our country have neither political will nor conviction for the empowerment of women in general. REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR IMPROVING THE LITERACY LEVEL OF WOMEN IN INDIA The following measures can be considered for bringing phenomenal change in the plight womens education and empowerment in India The Ministry of Education both at Centre and State level should work out strategic steps to stop firmly the ongoing high drop outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas with the serious involvement of voluntary organizations in every locality to realize zero drop-out among girls. The poverty stricken families can be identified through proper research and necessary poverty alleviation services is provided to strengthen the income thereby to enable the families to send their children to schools and colleges

without much financial difficulties. Bonded Child labor and Child labor practice must be abolished with strict administrative measures and the relieved children form bondage should be integrated into schools with suitable defense social mechanism. Appropriate steps should be taken by the educational authorities with the participation of communities in order to bring the girl children to the main stream of education and development at every level including family and community. The female child in every Indian family irrespective of socio-economic status should be molded to overcome the challenges of inferiority; subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. Every family irrespective its socio-cultural and economic background can take it a challenge to bring up their girl children as dignified human being with empowerment in physical, mental, economic and social dimensions of life. The Midday meal scheme and other educational supportive services like free text books, Note books , Fee uniforms , Free Bicycles, Free bus , scholarships Free bus pass and so on as done in the state of Tamil Nadu can be provided in all states and union territories to lift up the literacy level among girls As social evils like dowry, child marriage , caste system and other practices deprive rights of education for children belonging to poor and underprivileged families and communities, they should eliminated through well-designed packages of mass awareness programmes and social welfare measures with full support of public, political parties, NGOs and government agencies. The electronic and print media can play significant role in building a good and positive image about girls and women in general in the society by giving no focus for such advertisements and news fetching commercial gain at the cost of depicting women as an object. This would help in changing the societys attitudes towards girls and their roles to treat every girl or woman as human being with self respect and dignity. Government, voluntary sector and philanthropic organizations and individuals should come forward to provide free education for poor girls and provide free hostel facilities for girls studying in schools and colleges in every state of India. This will certainly encourage children of poor families to pursue good and higher education without many impediments The schools of social work, departments of women studies, Women Universities and other educational institutions in hand with NGOs and social service organizations such as Rotary Clubs, Lions Clubs, women lib organizations associations can work together to improve the educational status of the womenfolk in this country on mutual respect and understanding. The parents of children belonging to poor, underprivileged families must be specially educated with proper social formula to help them to understand the significance of education for their girl children as foundation for empowerment Government, NGOs and public should work hand in hand to implement the minimum age at marriage (21and above) Awareness should be created to institutionalize it as a traditional practice cut a crossing castes, religions, community etc. Government officials, policy makers, political parties and others should have adequate political will and conviction to empower women in India without

double standard mind The law enforcing machinery should be made really effective with efficient monitoring vigilant system to implement the constitutional and legislative provisions and administrative measures to assure free and compulsory education for all children of this nation without any gender discrimination. Possible revenue sources for nonprofits Government Schemes Donations - corporate, foreign funding agencies, charitable trusts, individuals Fund-Raising Drives - on own or with "channel partners" e.g. schools, associations, ladies clubs. Selling Products - made by self, made by others (obtained free or at a discount), old / new goods, jumble sales Events e.g. dramas Weekend Activities for families - in or by a nonprofit Providing Volunteers to other organizations - ongoing or eventbased Rendering Services e.g. making clothes for a shop; keeping an area clean; tending a garden; distributing flyers Teaching Skills e.g. folk-dance to kids group; how to provide support Training e.g. for corporate personnel e.g. team-building skills Getting "Adopted" e.g. by a corporate, Rotary Publishing Newsletters or doing research in some form How a business can help nonprofits Consulting services (management, advertising, marketing, promotion, legal, taxation, financial, strategic planning, project design, system development etc.) Financial support (capital costs, feasibility studies, small business start-up costs, credit facilities for purchase of assets, sponsorships, travel grants, deficit finance etc.) Donate equipment (machinery, furniture, computers, office equipment and other infrastructure) Donate products (educational, health care, construction, raw materials, etc.)

 Donate used material (furniture, equipment, stationery, etc) \ Donate products that cannot be sold (e.g. soiled rolls of tissue or

paper kitchen towels, torn packaging, etc.) In-kind gifts (could be any products other than the companys line of business)
Loan talent /executive sabbatical (paid time off to perform

volunteer work) Public relations services (NGO branding through corporate approaches) Technical assistance Use of corporate services/facilities (financial and administrative support services, meeting space, mailing services, computer services, printing and duplicating etc.) Extend dealerships of products to NGOs Have marketing partnerships for NGO products Sponsor salaries of NGO professionals for a certain period PROJECT PROPOSAL Please write the project proposal in a narrative form, keeping the given headings. The bullet points under each heading should not be used as questions to be answered directly but are meant as guidelines to make sure all the required information is included. 1. Profile of Implementing Organization (not more than 300 words) Nature of implementing organization (NGO or community group) seeking an award Previous relevant experience for the proposed activity Track record in community based work/experience with participatory approaches. Details of the organization: history, governance and funding of the lead organization, i.e. when established, how structured and organized, number of staff (Male /Female) and their expertise, membership, and total annual budget. Capacity to carry out the proposed activity (other ongoing projects, staff capacity etc.).

2. Justification for Support - Linkages with (not more than 300 words) What are the principal reasons why the project activity is needed? Clearly identify the problem the project aims to solve. How is the proposed activity linked to the objectives of the donor's areas of support? What are the global and local significance of the proposed projects intervention Explain how the donor's resources would be used towards achieving the solution to the problem 3. Context/Baseline (not more than 300 words) Context of the activity, location, background, duration. Please include photocopy of map of the project area. Describe how the problem was identified (consultations/case study/survey? Assess and describe existing conditions of the project area. Give reference to other studies if available. 4. Project Objective and Proposed Activity (not more than 600 words)

Nature of the proposed activity Immediate objectives Expected project deliverables Description of the proposed activities required in order to realize the projects objective, clearly indicating the sequence of activity (with time frame, responsible party etc.) Target beneficiaries in terms of socio-economics, geography and gender, should be elaborated Strategy for development of indicators to assess project progress and achievements. The indicators should be specific, measurable, attainable, reliable ad time bound (SMART). Project work-plan matrix with indicators and monitoring schedule 5. Project Strategy (not more than 600 words) The strategy of how the proposed activity will be carried out should include: . Institutional mapping/identification of stakeholders (such as government departments, academia, consultants, private sector, local communities) Consultation with key stakeholders during project implementation Role of recipient organization Role of partner organization Provision for dialogue and networking with NGOs and community groups Relationship, if any, to other development projects. Relationship to other NGO or private sector activities. Gender perspective (how are women included)

How will the project be sustainable after grant funding is ended /post project strategy/exit strategy?

6. Technical Feasibility (not more than 300 words) Description of technical details and requirements Experience from similar projects Technical expertise with the NGO Technical assistance required from the donor's programme Identification of local expertise; NGO, Govt. departments and academia etc. and how it will be utilized by the project 7. Anticipated Results (not more than 300 words) Indicate impacts on participants/beneficiaries: Related to human such as health, social, economic and financial impacts Related to environment such as land, water, air Demonstration value, value as a learning experience, any other anticipated results Potential risks/bottlenecks and how to address these 8. Reporting, Monitoring and Evaluation (not more than 300 words) The mechanisms that will be used to monitor and evaluate the project, the schedule for when these monitoring actions have to be carried out and who is responsible, the resources allocated for substantive review meetings among stakeholders, how the work plan and budget will be updated. Reporting: assess capacity to prepare narrative and financial reports Evaluation: plan for project evaluation, how are the stakeholders included in M&E? 9. Communication and Visibility Strategy (not more than 300 words) What type of communication material and reports will be prepared What are the strategies for communication lessons learned How will the project work with the media 10. Budget (narrative description not more than 600 words) Projected total project costs and proposed sources of funding What the community and/or NGO will contribute to the project, in cash, in kind and/or in services. Funds already obtained from or committed by other sources (if any) and the names of those sources. Amount requested from the donor Balance to be sought from other sources (if any) and the names of potential sources.

 Baseline, national investment into local area; schools, health infrastructure, type of road, govt., budget for specific activity, allocations in annual development plan (P&D/PSDP) Opening of separate bank account & maintaining financial record. Project budget itemized in table form including budget line for audit costs. In-kind donations for nonprofits By closely managing corporate partnerships, nonprofit organizations can ensure that they receive the goods and services they need. Corporations are usually more willing to donate products and services than hard cash to nonprofit organizations. Nonprofits, however, are generally less keen to receive their donations in kind, because they fear getting the wrong products at the wrong times (Exhibit 1). Yet our research suggests that carefully managed in-kind donations can do a lot to help nonprofitsespecially international relief organizationsnarrow the gap between their aims and their resources. The trick is to create long-term partnerships between nonprofits and donor companies and to make the benefits for both sides explicit. This approach gives nonprofits more control over what they receive and when they receive itin effect, allowing them to look a gift horse in the mouth. An in-kind gifts market value can be more than double the value of a cash donation from the same donor, since the gifts cost to the donor is only the products marginal cost, which might be only half of its market price. Moreover, many corporations have spare capacity that they could put to use for nonprofits at a negligible extra cost to themselves; for example, transportation or shipping companies may have spare container space; IT consultancies, temporarily underutilized communications engineers. Why should a corporation use its resources in these ways to benefit a nonprofit? Is it possible to change the basic fact that the recipient of a gift usually isnt in a position to discuss, let alone dictate, the terms of the donation? To build a more equal and businesslike partnership in which donors assume the role of suppliers and nonprofits the role of customers, nonprofits must offer the donors something valuable in return. One important benefit that corporations can derive from their in-kind gifts is the ability to meetand be seen to meettheir corporate social responsibilities: donations in kind can easily (and more creatively than cash) be communicated externally for the purposes of public relations. Companies can also benefit internally because employees take satisfaction in working for good causes. The first step in creating mutual value of this kind is to determine the benefits of an in-kind donation for the nonprofit and the corporate donor. A timber company, for example, might at the same time support both a social and an environmental cause by providing construction materials to help repatriated or resettled refugees build new homes for themselves and by donating timber grown outside the area of settlement to ensure that scarce local vegetation wasnt cleared. The

donors reward might be positive publicity triggered by press releases from the nonprofit organization. Similarly, an automotive company could gain valuable exposure for a new product line by donating vehicles to a relief agency working under the media spotlight. But nonprofit organizations must solve the problems associated with in-kind donations. In some cases, companies use nonprofits to dump inadequate, second-rate productssay, a shipment of tents that couldnt withstand high humidity in a refugee camp. Sometimes the cost of transporting and maintaining in-kind donations is too high. Whats more, the timing and size of the donations are often hard to control; if donated field kitchens, for example, dont arrive on time, the relief organization must spend hard cash to buy substitutes. For in-kind donations to work, a nonprofit organization must adopt an integrated approach involving not only its donations and fund-raising unit but also the departments that oversee its operations and manage its resources (Exhibit 2). First, the operations unit needs to specify its requirements for the products and services it needs. Next, the resource-management and fundraising units should together break down the operational budget into categories suitable for in-kind donations and provide minimum product specifications and the like. These units should then rank potential target companies, which ought to be approached with a business idea that spells out exactly what benefits the nonprofit organization has to offer them. (Local information about human-rights and business issues could help a company act in a socially responsible way, for instance, or the nonprofit might offer courses in handling problems that arise when the companys people work in unfamiliar cultures. It could also help get the media interested in the joint project.) In one example of the kind of partnership we recommend, a telecom company provides equipment and expertise for an international aid organizations field operations; among other things, the company installs telecom equipment in emergency warehouses. For the aid organization, the value is substantial, since telecommunications invariably presents a problem in such conditions. For the telecom company, the project helps to keep up the spirits of employees in an economic downturn. It is important to draw up a business contract, which should include details about the resources required and what both parties are expected to deliver. The nonprofits resource-management unit should estimate the total cost of using the donationadministration, transport, maintenance, and repairsto see if it is truly worthwhile for the organization (Exhibit 3), as well as coordinate the logistics and procure any needed items that are not being donated. Finally, most donors understandably want feedback on the progress of a project and their involvement in it. Such informationprovided, for example, through field visitsmust be delivered in cooperation with the people who run operations. Successful Fund Raising a Good Fund Raiser:

Must Believe in the cause Should be Innovative Should be an Effective Communicator Should be Persistent and Determined

Income of Voluntary Organizations:

1. Donations:

Individuals, Companies, Trusts/foundations, Government, Foreign agencies, Charity cash box, etc.; Internet 2. Other Forms of Income Interest/Dividends: On short/long-term investments; Sale of products: usually prepared by beneficiaries of the organization Rent: If the organization leases out its property like office space, hall, etc. Membership fees/subscriptions (Entrance fee being in the nature of capital receipt, is not to be treated as income.)

Types of Donations/Grants i. ii. iii. iv. v. Corpus General Earmarked Matching Returnable

Corpus/Endowment It is a capital receipt and therefore not treated as income. Donor must express the intent in writing that the donation is towards corpus. Corpus donation should preferably be invested in long-term deposit and only the interest used. General Purpose For general activities of the organization, including establishment expenses, programming, etc. Earmarked For specific programs/projects only. It could be earmarked by the donor as corpus or otherwise Matching or Challenge Grant Donor agrees to give 50% of the amount required for a programme/project provided the organization raises the balance. Returnable Grant It is like a loan for two or three years to be returned after the program becomes self-sustaining. Sources of Funding
1.

Individuals Foundations, Trusts and Donor Agencies Corporations Government Religious institutions

Individuals According to Giving USA 2005 (The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the year 2004), Americans contributed $ 248.52 billion to charity, Individuals donated an estimated $ 187.92 billion (75.6%). Bequest giving was estimated at 19.80 billion (8%) Foundations contributed $ 28.80 billion (11.6%) and Corporations $ 12 billion (4.8%).

Indian Survey: According to a national survey covering around 28 percent of urban India and concluded in August 2001 by Sampradaan: 96% of upper and middle class households in urban India donate to a charitable cause. The total amount donated is Rs. 16.16 billion. In terms of average annual donation, Christians in India take the lead, followed by Hindus/Jains; Sikhs; and Muslims. Christians also give the highest average annual donations to other (non-religious) organizations (Rs. 301 per year). The most popular purpose for which money is donated is to relieve distress of victims of calamity, 21% donating for this purpose. Important Reasons for Giving (According to the Survey):
i.

ii.
iii.

iv.

Feeling of compassion (68%). Feels good (48%). Religious beliefs and practices (46%) Believed in the cause or the organization (29%).

2. Foundations, Trusts & Funding Agencies According to a study by Charities Aid Foundation ( India ) and Voluntary Action Network of India, it is estimated that an aggregate Rs. 25,717 million (1997-98 data) comes into India by way of foreign funds to the voluntary sector. The study also revealed that, out of 18,700 organizations registered under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 12,000 filed nil returns in 1998. In other words, only 6,700 organizations are recipients of foreign funds. The same study estimates funds from government sources to voluntary organizations to be around Rs. 2,000 million. The bulk of foreign funds from bilateral and multilateral agencies are channeled through government and are, to that extent, indistinguishable from government funds.

 Only the funds of foreign funding agencies like Oxfam, Ford Foundation etc., flow directly to private voluntary efforts, albeit with government permission. In the year 2000, India received foreign contributions aggregating Rs. 4,000 crores.
2.

Corporations Corporate giving in India during the year 2000 was estimated to be Rs. 2000 crores. Action Aid & IMRB Study: According to a study of Indian companies with stated and unstated policies on philanthropic activity, conducted by the Indian Market Research Bureau & commissioned by ActionAid India , 83% of the survey companies saw themselves as major players in everything from rural community development to running projects for the disabled to upgrading infrastructure facilities for the underprivileged.

A. Reasons for Adopting a Philanthropic Policy:

a) 70% believe they have an obligation towards society upon whose

resources they are drawing; b) 50% felt concern for a specific group; c) 40% felt concerned for the underprivileged; d) 23% cited benefits to the organization. B. Benefits Perceived by the Surveyed Companies
a) Satisfaction (in fulfilling social obligations) 45% b) Improved credibility (with general public and the Government) 28% c) Builds confidence and pride in staff 19%

d) Tax benefits 09% C. Factors Influencing Corporate Giving/Partnerships: a) Is the project for the community in which the industry operates? -Is there scope for the company in projecting a caring-sharing image about itself? -Is there any tax benefit?

b) Is it a long-term investment for the company? (e.g., economic growth

of the community leading to increased consumerism or a better educated or technically skilled community leading to a better workforce for the company) c) Is there a possible link between the companys philosophy and goal and the project? (E.g., pharmaceutical company supporting a community health program or a housing development corporation supporting a project for low- cost housing). D. The Right Approach: a) Never approach a company CEO with a begging bowl. b) Approach the CEO with a business proposal - a social investment strategy in areas where there is a major societal concern. c) Appeal to the Bottom Line d) The fund raiser has to appeal to the CEOs business sense that his business is more likely to thrive in a healthy society and environment and it would make good business sense for the company to adopt a philanthropic policy. 3. Government There is no reliable information available on the volume or the specific areas in which Government disburses funds for welfare or development purposes. Government Schemes: The Central and State Governments, have several schemes for assistance to voluntary agencies in areas of Human Resource Development, Welfare of Women, Children and marginalized communities, Health, Family Welfare, etc.
4.

Religious Institutions Some temple trusts in the city of Mumbai are parting with some of their funds for educational purposes. Example: Mahalaxmi Temple Trust, Mumbadevi Temple Trust and Siddhi Vinayak Trust. In South India , Tirupati Devasthanam has also devoted some of its funds to secular activities like establishing colleges and hospitals.

Methods of Fund Raising: A. Face-to-Face Solicitation B. Direct Mail C. Legacies & Bequests

D. Special Events E. Payroll Deductions F. Cause-related Marketing USEFUL TIPS Fund-raising is an art, not a science. Bring your own creativity to it and remain flexible. Recruit staff with commitment first, techniques second. Say what you mean; mean what you say. Make the donor feel he is an insider - that he owns the organization. He will defend and support his institution. Write copy as if from one person to another person; not from an organization to a donor. Make sure you see and read mail from donors. It is the way to know what they are thinking about you. In every piece of mail and all publications, including Annual Reports always provide the opportunity to give. The person answering your phone represents your organization. Please do not fund raiser if your organization is unable to cope with opening the mail and answering it properly! Tell the truth and facts always - credibility is important in fund-raising. Tell your donors how their money helped to make a difference. Emotion, rather than reason, leads to charity. Induce action; always use a reply envelope. Be specific; speak of specific cases or individuals - avoid generalities. Long words put donors to sleep and sleepy people cannot write cheques. Use more photographs one picture is worth a thousand words. Do not write about a huge problem, which an individual cannot solve through his donation. Aim for something within the reach of an individual. Talk about sponsoring a child and not 10,000 children.

A fund-raising communication should be one that: Catches the eye

 Warms the heart, and Stirs the mind. Directory of Donor Organizations it consists of 4 types of data: I.
II. III.

IV.

Indian Trusts and Foundations -Foreign Donor Organizations Organizations giving Scholarships/Fellowships CSR- Corporate Social Responsibility Organizations

The various types of donor - ngo relationships The range of donor-recipient positions that exists includes the following:
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

Laissez-faire: Funded NGOs should be trusted to do as they say, and not harassed by donors. This view is possibly less common than in the past, and can be seen as a rationalization of the minimalist position given below. Some church donors seem to take this position. Minimalist (defensive): Donor information demands can distract and undermine the effectiveness of NGOs in their work and therefore should be minimized. This view seems relatively widespread, especially amongst donor NGOs. Minimalist (self-interested): Donors are overwhelmed with the practical tasks associated with funding (identification, appraisal, approval, disbursement and documentation) and do not have enough time to read and make use of information about project activities and impact so they do not bother asking for much more than they already receive. This implicit rationale seems to be very common. Apologetic/realist: Donors have obligations to their own donors and thus must ask for information from the NGOs they fund, though they feel/know that this can be a burden on the funded NGO. Again this seems to be fairly common rationale. Facilitator: Information is needed from funded NGOs so that other NGOs can learn from their experiences. A related rationale is the need to support development education in the donors own country. This rationale, especially the former, is not widely used. Interventionist: The process of requesting information can have a positive impact on NGOs' institutional development (defined as above

vii.

in terms of increased responsiveness). This is uncommon but a rationale that needs much more attention. Hard-line: Funded NGOs have signed a contract and therefore have an obligation to produce the goods, which in this case is information

Organizational Structure of a Nonprofit - an example 1. Founders ensuring delivery to beneficiaries / beneficiary groups 2.Office Team - can be volunteers also; person can fill multiple roles till org grows, fundraiser Liaison person - with government, corporate, donors, sponsors, banks, etc. project / campaign manager and an assistant volunteer co-coordinator marketing person if org selling products human resource manager - after the org grows Volunteers or part-time staff or free / paid service providers accountant strategy advisors and evaluators communicator - reply to phones, letters, emails, marketing / mba students - to document processes, experiences, learnings, write articles, add info to website, newsletter speakers - to go to various forums e.g. Rotary Clubs, PTAs, Ladies Clubs, Beneficiary Groups public relations / publicity delivering the actual services to the beneficiary group Tax Exemption for Ngos and Deduction for Donors Tax Exemptions 1. General Scheme The Income Tax Act, 1961, which is a national all-India Act, governs tax exemption of not-for-profit entities. Organizations may qualify for taxexempt status if the following conditions are met: The organization must be organized for religious or charitable purposes; The organization must spend

85% of its income in any financial year (April 1st to March 31st) on the objects of the organization. The organization has until 12 months following the end of the financial year to comply with this requirement. Surplus income may be accumulated for specific projects for a period ranging from 1 to 5 years; The funds of the organization must be deposited as specified in section 11(5) of the Income Tax Act; No part of the income or property of the organization may be used or applied directly or indirectly for the benefit of the founder, trustee, relative of the founder or trustee or a person who has contributed in excess of Rs. 50,000 to the organization in a financial year; The organization must timely file its annual income return; and The income must be applied or accumulated in India. However, trust income may be applied outside India to promote international causes in which India has an interest, without being subject to income tax. 2. Corpus Donations Corpus donations or donations to endowment are capital contributions and should not be included to compute the total income of the organization. 3. Business Income Under amendments to Section 11(4A) of the Income Tax Act 1961, a not-forprofit organization is not taxed on income from a business that it operates that is incidental to the attainment of the objects of the not-for-profit organization, provided the entity maintains separate books and accounts with respect to the business. Furthermore, certain activities resulting in profit, such as renting out auditoriums, are not treated as income from a business. 4. Disqualification from Exemption the following groups are ineligible for tax exemption: all private religious trusts; and charitable trusts or organizations created after April 1, 1962, and established for the benefit of any particular religious community or caste. But note that a trust or organization established for the benefit of "Scheduled Castes, backward classes, Scheduled Tribes or women and children" is an exception; such a trust or organization is not disqualified, and its income is exempt from taxation. Tax Deduction for Donors The Income Tax Act, section 80G, sets forth the types of donations that are tax-deductible. The Act permits donors to deduct contributions to trusts, societies and section 25 companies. Many institutions listed under 80G are government-related; donors are entitled to a 100% deduction for donations to some of these government funds. Donors are generally entitled to a 50% deduction for donations to non-governmental charities. Total deductions taken may not exceed 10% of the donor's total gross income. The following are examples of governmental charities listed in

section 80G, contributions to which entitle the donor to a 100% deduction: the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund; the Prime Minister's Armenia Earthquake Relief Fund; the Africa (Public Contributions India) Fund; and the National Foundation for Communal Harmony. As to those entities not specifically enumerated in section 80G, donors may deduct 50% of their contributions to such organizations, provided the following conditions are met:
the institution or fund was created for charitable purposes in India; the institution or fund is tax-exempt; the institution's governing documents do not permit the use of income

or assets for any purpose other than a charitable purpose; the institution or fund is not expressed to be for the benefit of any particular religious community or caste; and the institution or fund maintains regular accounts of its receipts and expenditure. Note that donations to institutions or funds "for the benefit of any particular religious community or caste" are not tax-deductible. A notfor-profit organization created exclusively for the benefit of a particular religious community or caste may, however, create a separate fund for the benefit of "Scheduled castes, backward classes, Scheduled Tribes or women and children." Donations to these funds may qualify for deduction under section 80G, even though the organization, as a whole, may be for the exclusive benefit of only a particular religious community or caste. The organization must maintain a separate account of the monies received and disbursed through such a fund. In-kind donations are not tax-deductible under Section 80G. Receipts issued to donors by not-for-profit organizations must bear the number and date of the 80G certificate and indicate the period for which the certificate is valid. The Income Tax Act contains a number of other provisions permitting donors to deduct contributions. Under section 35AC of the Act, donors may deduct 100% of contributions to various projects, including 1) construction and maintenance of drinking water projects in rural areas and in urban slums; 2) construction of dwelling units for the economically disadvantaged; and 3) construction of school buildings, primarily for economically disadvantaged children. Furthermore, under section 35CCA of the Act, donors may deduct 100% of their contributions to associations and institutions carrying out rural development programs and, under Section 35CCB of the Act, 100% of their donations to associations and institutions carrying out programs of conservation of natural resources. A weighted deduction of 125% is also allowed for contributions to organizations approved under section 35(1)(ii) (a scientific research institute or a university, college or other institution) specifically for "scientific research," and for contributions

made under section 35(1)(iii) specifically for "research in social science or statistical research." NATIONAL POLICY ON THE VOLUNTARY SECTOR Voluntary Action Cell Planning Commission Government of India May 2007 Government of India Planning Commission (Voluntary Action Cell) NATIONAL POLICY ON THE VOLUNTARY SECTOR - 2007 1. Preamble 1.1 This Policy is a commitment to encourage, enable and empower an independent, creative and effective voluntary sector, with diversity in form and function, so that it can contribute to the social, cultural and economic advancement of the people of India.
1.2 The voluntary sector has contributed significantly to finding innovative

solutions to poverty, deprivation, discrimination and exclusion, through means such as awareness raising, social mobilization, service delivery, training, research, and advocacy. The voluntary sector has been serving as an effective non-political link between the people and the Government. This policy recognizes the important role that the voluntary sector has to play in various areas and affirms the growing need for collaboration with the voluntary sector by the Government, as well as by the private sector, at the local, provincial and national levels. 2. Scope of the Policy 2.1 In the Policy, voluntary organizations (VOs) mean to include organizations engaged in public service, based on ethical, cultural, social, economic, political, religious, spiritual, philanthropic or scientific & technological considerations. VOs include formal as well as informal groups, such as:
i.

Community-based organizations (CBOs); non-governmental development organizations (NGDOs); charitable organizations; support organizations; networks or

ii.

federations of such organizations; as well as professional membership associations. To be covered under the Policy, VOs should broadly have the following characteristics: They are private, i.e., separate from Government, They do not return profits generated to their owners or directors, they are selfgoverning, i.e., not controlled by Government, They are registered organizations or informal groups, with defined aims and objectives.

3. Objectives of the Policy 3.1 The specific objectives of the policy are listed below: 3.1.1 To create an enabling environment for VOs that stimulates their enterprise and effectiveness, and safeguards their autonomy; 3.1.2 To enable VOs to legitimately mobilize necessary financial resources from India and abroad; 3.1.3 To identify systems by which the Government may work together with VOs, on the basis of the principles of mutual trust and respect, and with shared responsibility; and, 3.1.4 To encourage VOs to adopt transparent and accountable systems of governance and management. The following paragraphs describe how these objectives are to be achieved. 4. Establishing an Enabling Environment for the Voluntary Sector IV.1 The independence of VOs allows them to explore alternative paradigms of development to challenge social, economic and political forces that may work against public interest and to find new ways to combat poverty, deprivation and other social problems. It is therefore crucial that all laws, policies, rules and regulations relating to VOs categorically safeguard their autonomy, while simultaneously ensuring their accountability. IV.2 Voluntary organizations may be registered as societies, as charitable trusts, or as non-profit companies under Central or State laws. Some States have adopted the Societies Registration Act (1860), with amendments, while others have independent laws. Similarly, laws relating to charitable trusts vary across States. Over time, many of these laws and their corresponding rules have become complex and restrictive, thus leading to delays, harassment and corruption. As the nodal agency for interface between the Government and the Voluntary

Sector, the Planning Commission will encourage State Governments to review prevailing laws & rules and simplify, liberalize and rationalize them as far as possible. In order to facilitate registration of non-profit companies, the Government will examine measures to simplify procedures under section 25 of the Companies Act (1956), including those for license, registration, and remuneration to memberemployees. IV.3 The Government will also examine the feasibility of enacting a simple and liberal central law that will serve as an alternative all-India statute for registering VOs, particularly those that wish to operate in different parts of the country and even abroad. Such a law would coexist with prevailing central and state laws, allowing a VO the option of registering under one or more laws, depending on the nature and sphere of its activities. IV.4 There has been much public debate on the voluntary sector, particularly its governance, accountability, and transparency. It is widely believed that the voluntary sector must address these issues through suitable self-regulation. The Government will encourage the evolution of, and subsequently accord recognition to, an independent, national level, self-regulatory agency for the voluntary sector. IV.5 At the same time, there is need to bolster public confidence in the voluntary sector by opening it up to greater public scrutiny. The Government will encourage Central and State level agencies to introduce norms for filing basic documents in respect of VOs, which have been receiving funding by Government agencies and placing them in the public domain (with easy access through the internet) in order to inculcate a spirit of public oversight. IV.6 Public donation is an important source of funds for the voluntary sector and one that can and must increase substantially. Tax incentives play a positive role in this process. Stocks and shares have become a significant form of wealth in the country today. In order to encourage transfer of shares and stock options to VOs, the Government will consider suitable tax rebates for this form of donation. The Government will also simplify and streamline the system for granting income tax exemption status to charitable projects under the Income Tax Act. At the same time, the Government will consider tightening administrative and penal procedures to ensure that these incentives are not misused by paper charities for private financial gain. IV.7 International funding of voluntary organizations plays a small, but significant part in supporting such organizations and their work in the country. An organization seeking foreign funding must be registered under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act. This law prescribes stringent screening norms that often restrict the ability of VOs to avail foreign funds. When approved, there are problems like funds must be held in a single bank account, thus presenting enormous difficulties to VOs working at different locations. The

Government will review the FCRA and simplify its provisions that apply to VOs, from time to time, in consultation with the joint consultative group to be set up by the concerned Ministry (as suggested under Para 5.4). IV.8 The Central Government has framed guidelines for bilateral agencies to give direct assistance to voluntary organizations for projects of social and economic importance. It controls access to such funds and their utilization, both through the FCRA and through regulation by the Department of Economic Affairs. This system needs to be simplified in consultation with the joint consultative group to be set up by the concerned Ministry (as suggested under Para 5.4). IV.9 The Government will encourage all relevant Central and State Government agencies to introduce pre-service and in-service training modules on constructive relations with the voluntary sector. Such agencies should introduce time bound procedures for dealing with the VOs. These would cover registration, income tax clearances, financial assistance, etc. There would be formal systems for registering complaints and for redressing grievances of VOs. 5 Partnership in Development 5.1 The voluntary sector can play an important role in the development process, particularly through community participation. VOs can offer alternative perspectives; committed expertise; an understanding of the local opportunities and constraints; and perhaps most importantly, the capacity to conduct a meaningful dialogue with communities, particularly those that are disadvantaged. It is therefore essential that the Government and the Voluntary Sector work together. Where feasible, such partnership may also include other entities such as panchayati raj institutions, municipalities, academic institutions, and private sector organizations. 5.2 Partnership between Government and VOs implies identifying shared goals and defining complementary roles. It must be based on the basic principles of mutual trust and respect, with shared responsibility and authority. These principles must be explicit in the terms and conditions of the partnership. They must also be evident in the formal and informal systems of collaboration. 5.3 This Policy recognizes three instruments of partnership, viz., (i) consultation, through a formal process of interaction at the Centre, State and District level; (ii) strategic collaboration to tackle complex interventions where sustained social mobilization is critical over the long term; and (iii) project funding through standard schemes. The Government will ensure that these three instruments of partnership are given due attention in Annual Plans prepared by Ministries and States. The action that will be taken in respect of each of the three instruments is discussed in the following paragraphs.

5.4 The Government will encourage setting up of Joint Consultative

Groups / Forums or Joint Machineries of government and voluntary sector representatives, by relevant Central Departments and State Governments. It will also encourage district administrations, district planning bodies, district rural development agencies, zilla parishads and local governments to do so. These groups will be permanent forums with the explicit mandate to share ideas, views and information and to identify opportunities and mechanisms of working together. The Government will introduce suitable mechanisms for involving a wide cross-section of the voluntary sector in these Groups / Forums. 5.4.1 The expertise of the voluntary sector will also be utilized, by including experts from VOs in the committees, task forces, and advisory panels constituted by the Government from time to time to help address important issues. 5.5 The country faces a number of complex problems that require adaptive, multi-sectored solutions where sustained social mobilization is particularly important. These include poverty alleviation, skill promotion, entrepreneurship development, empowerment of women, population stabilization, combating HIV/AIDS, managing water resources, elementary education and forest management, to name a few. Such areas urgently require strategic collaboration between the Government and VOs, through national level programmes that are long-term in duration, and utilize multiple strategies, methodologies and activities to achieve their objectives. The Government will identify national collaborative programmes to be implemented in partnership with VOs. Each national collaborative programme will involve a finite set of reputed, medium or large VOs with a proven track record, and the ability to work on a reasonably large scale. The Government will ensure that such national collaborative programmes are given due importance in Plan documents. 5.6 The third instrument of partnership between the Government and the voluntary sector is project funding. A large number of Government agencies operate schemes for financial assistance to VOs. These schemes usually deal with activities such as surveys, research, workshops, documentation, awareness raising, training, creation and running of public welfare facilities, and so on. Project grants are a useful means for the Government to promote its activities without its direct involvement. They are also a valuable source of support to small and medium VOs. Nevertheless, there are legitimate concerns regarding the effectiveness of grant-in-aid schemes. Out-dated design of funding schemes, arbitrary procedures, selection of unsuitable VOs, poor quality of

implementation, and misuse of funds are some of the reasons for the possible defeat of the objectives of such funding. Concerned Government agencies would be encouraged to ensure proper accountability and monitoring of public funds distributed to VOs.
4.6.1 Some Central agencies have achieved good results by decentralizing

the process of project funding. Rather than administering various schemes directly, they appoint regional or State level intermediary organizations to do so on their behalf. This allows for closer interaction for better selection and monitoring of VOs. Intermediaries could include umbrella VOs, professional or academic institutes, State Government agencies, or multi-stakeholder standing committees. The Government will review the experience of such decentralized funding and make suitable recommendations to Central agencies. 4.6.2 5.6.2 There is reason to believe that accreditation of VOs will lead to better funding decisions and make the funding processes more transparent. Further, accreditation may provide incentives for better governance, management and performance of VOs. No reliable accreditation system is in place at present. The Government will encourage various agencies, including those in the voluntary sector, to develop alternative accreditation methodologies. It will allow time for such methodologies to be debated and gain acceptability in the voluntary sector, before considering their application to Government funding of VOs. 6. Strengthening the Voluntary Sector
6.1 The Indian society has a well-established tradition of philanthropy. While a

regime of tax concessions facilitates donations to charitable organizations, there is considerable untapped potential to channelize private wealth for public service. The Government will support and encourage existing, as well new, independent philanthropic institutions and private foundations to provide financial assistance to deserving VOs. It will also promote a dialogue among public and private grant makers so that they may take advantage of the best practices in grant making and fund-raising strategies. 6.2 6.2 Accountability to all stakeholders and transparency in functioning are key issues in good governance. The voluntary sector is expected to set its own benchmarks in these areas. Since VOs vary in their objectives and activities, it would be impractical to expect uniform norms for accountability and transparency. The Government will encourage support organizations, and VO networks & federations to facilitate discussion and consensus building on these issues. It will also encourage such agencies to advise and assist VOs to adopt norms that they find acceptable and useful. The Government will recognize excellence in governance among VOs by publicizing best practices.

6.3 6.3 Training is a crucial requirement for people working in the voluntary sector. However, this is often neglected on account of limited availability of good quality training courses that are reasonably priced. The Government will support and encourage organizations that train aspirants to enter the voluntary sector, as well as those already working in the sector. It will make available physical facilities currently available with its training institutes as a measure of such support. 6.4 Innovation in institutional, technical and social approaches to development problems is an essential ingredient of voluntary action. The Government will encourage and recognize innovative & pioneering work. a. Databases of VOs working in different fields and at different levels are useful for communication within the voluntary sector, as well as between the voluntary sector and the public & private sector. The Government will commission suitable agencies to prepare and update such databases. b. Information on Government policies and programmes is often difficult for VOs to access. The websites of various Government agencies will be re-designed to provide links to key documents and databases, including those related to project funding schemes. c. The Government will encourage involvement of volunteers in public services, such as, at family welfare centers, primary health centers, hospitals, schools, vocational training centers, sanitation campaigns, etc. This National Policy on the Voluntary Sector-2007 is the beginning of a process to evolve a new working relationship between the Government and the Voluntary Sector, without affecting the autonomy and identity of VOs. Once you have decided to start an NGO First of all you have to go the office of Charity Commissioner/Asst charity Commissioner's office and you have to prepare by laws according to the Performa The procedure is as follows: You have to conduct meeting of the proposed NGO. In the meeting you have to mention aim, objective, president, vice president, treasurer, advisor, member etc. You have to pass the resolution of forming NGO and all member must sign on it with date and proposed name of NGO Thereafter you have to go to Charity Commissioner/Asst charity commissioner's office and buy the form (it cost 5 or 10 RS). Thereafter according to the Performa you have to complete following documents:
a. power of attorney in the name of president/secretary

b. Consent letter of all members/trustees

c. Resolution d. by laws of NGO as Performa (Draft an MOA) e. NOC from the premises owner of the address in which NGO to be registered f. Declaration of all movable and immovable assets of NGO on 20 RS non judicial stamp g. other document as required Thereafter, you have to apply to the same office under Registration of Societies Act 1860 and Public Trust Act of respective states (In Maharashtra it is Bombay Public Trust Act 1950 /section 25 of the companies act. You should get your registration certificate within 1 months of Society and within 2 months of Trust and you will get registration number if you want tax exemption, as soon as you get registration number, apply to Income Tax department for tax exemption under section 80(G) . In case of Foreign Funding then one needs to Apply for FCRA Once the procedures our completed then you need to take care of the Other Important Departments Of the NGOs like Fundraising Marketing techniques Strategy Management Monitoring and evaluation Accounting guide

Introduction to Types of NGO Registrations Methods

In India nonprofit / public charitable organizations can be registered

as trusts, societies, or a private limited nonprofit company, under section-25 companies. Non-profit organizations in India (a) exist independently of the state; (b) are self-governed by a board of trustees or managing committee/ governing council, comprising individuals who generally serve in a fiduciary capacity; (c) produce benefits for others, generally outside the membership of the organization; and (d), are non-profit making, in as much as they are prohibited from distributing a monetary residual to their own members. Section 2(15) of the Income Tax Act which is applicable uniformly throughout the Republic of India defines charitable purpose to include relief of the poor, education, medical relief and the advancement of any other object of general public utility. A purpose that relates exclusively to religious teaching or worship is not considered as charitable. Thus, in ascertaining whether a purpose is public or private, one has to see if the class to be

benefited, or from which the beneficiaries are to be selected, constitute a substantial body of the public. A public charitable purpose has to benefit a sufficiently large section of the public as distinguished from specified individuals. Organizations which lack the public element such as trusts for the benefit of workmen or employees of a company, however numerous have not been held to be charitable. As long as the beneficiaries of the organization comprise an uncertain and fluctuating body of the public answering a particular description, the fact that the beneficiaries may belong to a certain religious faith, or a sect of persons of a certain religious persuasion, would not affect the organizations public character. Whether a trust, society or section-25 company, the Income Tax Act gives all categories equal treatment, in terms of exempting their income and granting 80G certificates, whereby donors to nonprofit organizations may claim a rebate against donations made. Foreign contributions to non-profits are governed by FC(R)A regulations and the Home Ministry. CAF would like to clarify that this material provides only broad guidelines and it is recommended that legal and or financial experts be consulted before taking any important legal or financial decision or arriving at any conclusion. Formation and Registration of a Non -Profit organizations in India 1) Trust 2) Society 3) Section-25 Company Additional Licensing/ Registration 1. Trusts A public charitable trust is usually floated when there is property involved, especially in terms of land and building. Legislation: Different states in India have different Trusts Acts in force, which govern the trusts in the state; in the absence of a Trusts Act in any particular state or territory the general principles of the Indian Trusts Act 1882 are applied. Main Instrument: The main instrument of any public charitable trust is the trust deed, wherein the aims and objects and mode of management (of the trust) should be enshrined. In every trust deed, the minimum and maximum number of trustees has to be specified. The trust deed should clearly spell out the aims and objects of the trust, how the trust should be managed, how other trustees may be appointed or removed, etc. The trust deed should be signed by both the settler/s and trustee/s in the presence of two witnesses. The trust deed should be executed on nonjudicial stamp paper, the value of which would depend on the valuation of

the trust property. Trustees: A trust needs a minimum of two trustees; there is no upper limit to the number of trustees. The Board of Management comprises the trustees. Application for Registration: The application for registration should be made to the official having jurisdiction over the region in which the trust is sought to be registered. After providing details (in the form) regarding designation by which the public trust shall be known, names of trustees, mode of succession, etc., the applicant has to affix a court fee stamp of Rs.2/- to the form and pay a very nominal registration fee which may range from Rs.3/- to Rs.25/-, depending on the value of the trust property. The application form should be signed by the applicant before the regional officer or superintendent of the regional office of the charity commissioner or a notary. The application form should be submitted, together with a copy of the trust deed. Two other documents which should be submitted at the time of making an application for registration are affidavit and consent letter.

What is Trust Deed? The instrument by which the trust is declared is called instrument of Trust, and is generally known as Trust Deed. It is well settled that no formal document is necessary to create a Trust as held in Radha Soami Satsung vs. CIT- (1992) 193 ITR 321 (SC). But for many practical purposes a written instrument becomes necessary under following cases
i.

ii.

iii.

When the trust is created by a will irrespective of whether the trust is public or private or it relates to movable or immovable property. This is because as per Indian Succession Act, a will has to be in writing When the trust is created in relation to an immovable property of the value of Rs.100 and upwards, in case of a private trust. In case of public trusts, a written trust deed is not mandatory, even in respect of immovable property, but is optional. Where the trust/association is being formed as a society or company, the instrument of trust; i.e., the memorandum of association, and Rules and Regulations has to be in writing. A written trust-deed is always desirable, even if not required statutorily, due to following benefits : d. a written trust deed is a prima facie evidence of existence of a trust ; e. it facilitates devolution of trust property to the trust; f. it clearly specifies the trust-objectives which enables one to ascertain whether the trust is charitable or otherwise;

g. it is essential for registration of conveyance of immovable property in name of the Trust; h. it is essential for obtaining registration under the Income-tax Act and claiming exemption from tax; i. it helps to control, regulate and manage the working and operations of the trust; j. it lays down the procedure for appointment and removal of the trustee(s), his/their powers, rights and duties; and k. it prescribes the course of action to be followed under any eventuality including dissolution of the trust.
3. Types of Instrument of Trust Trust deed, where a trust is declared intervolves; i.e., by settling

property under Trust. A will, where a trust is declared under a will; A memorandum of association along with rules and regulations, when the association/institution is being formed as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. . A memorandum and articles of association where the association /institution is desired to be formed as a Company. 3. Trust Deed-Clauses a person drafting the deed of a public charitable trust has to bear in mind several enactments, particularly the Indian Trusts Act, any local enactment relating to trusts, like the Bombay Public Trusts Act for the State of Maharashtra and the Income tax Act. Such a person has also to keep in mind the relevant judicial pronouncements dealing with the scope of "charitable purpose" and accordingly decide whether a particular purpose is charitable or not. An instrument of Trust or association/institution created or established should contain inter alia the following clauses: 0. Nothing contained in this deed shall be deemed to authorise the trustees to do any act which may in any way be construed as statutory modifications thereof and all activities of the trust shall be carried out with a view to benefit the public at large, without any profit motive and in accordance with the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 or any statutory modification thereof. 1. The trust is hereby expressly declared to be a public charitable trust and all the provisions of this deed are to be construed accordingly. The Trust Deed generally contains the following clauses: 2. Preamble 3. Trust name by which Trust shall be known 4. Place were its office shall be situated 5. Author or settler of the trust

6. Names of the Trustees 7. Beneficiaries 8. The property settled, for Trust In case of immovable property, it should contain full description of the property sufficient to identify it 9. An express intention to direct the trust property from the trustees 10. The objects of the Trust 11. Minimum and maximum number of Trustees 12. The procedure for appointment, removal, replacement of trustees 13. Trustees rights, duties and powers 14. Administration of trust 15. Provision for maintenance of accounts, auditing etc. 16. Clause enabling, spending and utilization of the Trust funds or corpus. 17. Bank Account operations 18. Borrowing money on security for the purpose of the Trust 19. Investment of the Trust funds and dealing with Trust properties 20. Alienation of immovable property of the Trust 21. Amalgamation clause 22. Dissolution of Trust 23. Irrevocable nature of the trust.

MODEL TRUST DEED OF A PUBLIC CHARITABLE TRUST THIS DEED OF TRUST executed on this _______________________ day of __________________ year 20____, _______________________ BETWEEN __________________________________________ (Party of the first part) hereinafter called " SETTLOR OF THE TRUST" ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ AND _____________________________________ . 1. SHRI. 2. SHRI. 3. SMT. S/O. SHRI S/O. SHRI. W/O SHRI. , of ____________ & , of ____________ & , of ____________

(Hereinafter called " The Trustees" which expression shall unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof be deemed to include the survivors or survivor of them and the trustees or trustee for the time being of these presents and their heirs, executors and administrators of the last surviving trustee, their or his assignees) of the other part;

WHEREAS the party hereto of the first part is possessed of the sum of Rs. ___________/- (Rs. __________ only) as his absolute property and he is desirous of creating a Religious/ Charitable/Educational Trust for the benefit of the humanity at large. AND WHEREAS each of the parties hereto of the "Other Part" has individually and jointly has agreed to act as Trustees of the Trust, proposed by the party of the first part. AND WHEREAS nothing contained in this deed shall be deemed to authorize the trustees to do any act which may in any way be construed statutory modifications thereof and all activities of the trust shall be carried out with a view to benefit the public at large, without any profit motive and in accordance with the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 or any statutory modification thereof. AND WHEREAS the trust is hereby expressly declared to be a public charitable trust and all the provisions of this deed are to be constituted accordingly. NOW THIS INDENTURE WITNESSTH AS FOLLOWS : 1. SETTLEMENT The party of the first part, the settler, does hereby settle the sum of Rs._______ /- (Rs. __________ only) in Trust, with the name and for the objects hereinafter stated, by delivering the said amount in cash which the party of the other part, the Trustees, have accepted the receipt of which they do hereby acknowledge, to hold the same in and to the Trustees with the powers and obligations as provided hereinafter. 2. NAME The name of the Trust shall be "____________________________". 3. PLACE The principal office of the Trust shall be situated at ______________________ or such other place as the Trustees may from time to time decide. The Trust may also carry on its work at any other place or places, as decided by the Trustees. 4. OBJECTS

A. Educational to run, maintain or assist any educational or other institution for coaching, guidance, consoling or vocational training or to grant individual scholarships for poor, deserving and needy students for elementary and higher education. b. Medical to run, maintain or assist any medical institution, nursing home or clinics or to grant assistance to needy and indigent persons for meeting the cost of medical treatment.

c. Relief of the poor to give financial or other assistance in kind by way of distribution of books, notebooks, cloths, uniforms, or meals for the poor and indigent and to the persons suffer due to natural calamities. d. Other objects of general public utility

I. to acquire property for the sole use for public good by making it available for public purposes as for example, housing a library clinic, crche and/or as a community ball to be available for public use as training classes, seminars, discourses and other public functions for benefit of the community in general. ii. To undertake any other activity incidental to the above activities but which are not inconsistent with the above objects. PROVIDED the Trust may assist/donate the other TRUST to carry out the various objects mentioned in the objects clause in such manner and to the extent the Trustees may decide upon from time to time. 5. FUNDS the Trustees may accept donations, grants, subscriptions, aids or contributions from any person, Government, Local authorities or any other charitable institutions, in cash or in kind including immovable property without any incumbrance, but the Trustees shall not accept any receipt with any condition or terms inconsistent with the objects of the Trusts. While applying such receipts to the objects, the Trustees shall respect the directions, if any, by the granter. Any receipt with specific direction to treat the same as part of the corpus of the Trust or separate fund shall be funded accordingly. 6. INVESTMENTS

I. All monies, which shall not immediately required for current needs shall be invested by the Trustees in eligible securities and investments, or in banks. Such investments shall be in the name of Trust or Trustees. ii. iii. That the trustees shall invest the trust fund, carry on any business with the trust fund and/or enter into partnership on behalf of the trust, as they may deem fit. That the trustees shall manage the trust fund and investments thereof as a prudent man would do the same. They shall recover all outstandings and meet all recurring and other expenses incurred in the upkeep or management thereof.

iv. That the trustees shall receive and hold the income of the trust on behalf and for the benefit of the beneficiaries under the trust.

5.

POWER OF TRUSTEES That the trustees shall have the following powers: to manage all the assets and/or properties of the trust including the conduct of business; to appoint employees and to settle the terms of their service, remuneration and termination; to look into the management of the trust; to invest the funds of the trust, in bank or in the purchase of company shares or securities or other movable and movable and immovable properties; to sell, alter, vary, transpose or otherwise dispose or alienate the trust properties or any investment representing the same for consideration and to reinvest the same; to pledge or mortgage the trust properties for raising loans; to open the bank accounts in the name and on behalf of the trust and to operate the same; To enter into a partnership on behalf of the trust with any other party or parties; To pay all charges, impositions and other outgoings payable in respect of the trust properties and also to pay all cost of the incidental to the administration and management of the trust properties; To file suit on behalf of the trust and to refer to arbitration all actions proceedings and disputes touching the trust properties and to compromise and compound the suits filed; To accept any gift, donation or contribution in cash or in kind from anyone for the objects of the trust; To seek legal opinion of lawyers and/or Chartered Accountants as and when required; To nominate their representatives for any of the aforesaid purposes. The number of the trustees shall not be less than two but not more than five. In case of any difference between the trustees, the opinion of the minority shall prevail. . Every trustee will be at liberty to nominate or appoint attorneys or agents and to delegate all or any of the duties and powers vested in him to such attorney or agent, and to remove such attorney or agent and reappoint other or others in his place. No trustee shall be responsible or liable for any loss or any act of omission or commission by his constituted attorney or agent or

employees or other trustees unless occasioned by his willful neglect or default. Any of the trustees may retire on giving one months notice in writing to the other trustee(s). If any trustee dies or retires or becomes incapable or unfit to act, the continuing or surviving trustee or trustees shall appoint a successor in the place of such trustee. If at any time the number of the trustees is less than two, the existing trustee shall appoint one or more trustees. Upon the appointment of a new trustee the trust properties shall vest in the new trustee jointly with the continuing or surviving trustees, with the duties and power of the trustees set out hereinabove in this deed. If the trust is determined by efflux of time, the corpus of the trust shall be divided amongst the beneficiaries in the shares as fixed by the trustees.

17. BANKING ACCOUNT All income, subscription and pecuniary donations for the general purposes of the Trust and the income, investments and all other moneys from time to time forming part of the general revenue of the Trust shall on the same being received be paid into a banking account with any scheduled bank for the purpose of the Trust. The bank accounts shall be operated by the Managing Trustee along with any one of the remaining Trustees. 18. ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT The Trustee shall keep proper books of account of all the assets, liabilities and income and expenditure of the Trust and shall prepare an Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet for every year as on the last day of March. The accounts of every year shall be audited by a Chartered Accountant or a firm of Chartered Accountants who shall be appointed for that purpose by the Trustees and the audited accounts shall be placed at a meeting of the Trustees, which shall be held before the end of the succeeding year. 19. IRREVOCABLE This Trust is irrevocable. 20. AMALGAMATION the trustees may amalgamate the trust with another Charitable Trust or Institution having similar objects with prior permission of the Charity Commissioner/Court/any other law as may be applicable for the time being.

21. WINDING UP In the event of dissolution or winding up of the Trust the assets remaining as on the date of dissolution shall under no circumstances be distributed amongst the Trustees but the same shall be transferred to some other similar Trust/Organization whose objects are similar to those of this Trust with the permission of the Charity Commissioner / Court / any other law as may be applicable for the time being. The Trustees shall be indemnified against all losses and liabilities incurred by them in the execution of the Trust and shall have a lien over the funds and properties of the Trust for such indemnity. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The Parties hereunto have signed and delivered the presents on the day and year first hereinabove written. SETTLOR WITNESS: 1. TRUSTEE ____________ 1. 2. TRUSTEE ____________ 2. 3. TRUSTEE ____________

Registration Procedure -Society According to section 20 of the Societies Registration Act, 1860, the following societies can be registered under the Act: charitable societies, military orphan funds or societies established at the several presidencies of India, societies established for the promotion of science, literature, or the fine arts, for instruction, the diffusion of useful knowledge, the diffusion of political education, the foundation or maintenance of libraries or reading rooms for general use among the members or open to the public, or public museums and galleries of paintings and other works of art, collection of natural history, mechanical and philosophical inventions, instruments or designs. Legislation: Societies are registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, which is a federal act. In certain states, which have a charity commissioner, the society must not only be registered under the Societies Registration Act, but also, additionally, under the Bombay Public Trusts Act. Main Instrument: The main instrument of any society is the memorandum of association and rules and regulations (no stamp paper required), wherein the aims and objects and mode of management (of the society) should be enshrined. Trustees: A Society needs a minimum of seven managing committee members; there is no upper limit to the number managing committee

members. The Board of Management is in the form of a governing body or council or a managing or executive committee Application for Registration: Registration can be done either at the state level (i.e., in the office of the Registrar of Societies) or at the district level (in the office of the District Magistrate or the local office of the Registrar of Societies). (2) The procedure varies from state to state. However generally the application should be submitted together with: (a) memorandum of association and rules and regulations; (b) consent letters of all the members of the managing committee; (c) authority letter duly signed by all the members of the managing committee; (d) an affidavit sworn by the president or secretary of the society on non-judicial stamp paper of Rs.20-/, together with a court fee stamp; and (e) a declaration by the members of the managing committee that the funds of the society will be used only for the purpose of furthering the aims and objects of the society. All the aforesaid documents which are required for the application for registration should be submitted in duplicate, together with the required registration fee. Unlike the trust deed, the memorandum of association and rules and regulations need not be executed on stamp paper.Section-25 Company According to section 25(1)(a) and (b) of the Indian Companies Act, 1956, a section-25 company can be established for promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity or any other useful object, provided the profits, if any, or other income is applied for promoting only the objects of the company and no dividend is paid to its members. Legislation: Section-25 companies are registered under section-25 of the Indian Companies Act. 1956. Main Instrument : For a section-25 company, the main instrument is a Memorandum and articles of association (no stamp paper required) Trustees : A section-25 Company needs a minimum of three trustees; there is no upper limit to the number of trustees. The Board of Management is in the form of a Board of directors or managing committee. Application for Registration : 1.An application has to be made for availability of name to the registrar of companies, which must be made in the prescribed form no. 1A, together with a fee of Rs.500/-. It is advisable to suggest a choice of three other names by which the company will be called, in case the first name which is proposed is not found acceptable by the registrar. 2. Once the availability of name is confirmed, an application should be made in writing to the regional director of the company law board. The application should be accompanied by the following documents:
Three printed or typewritten copies of the memorandum and articles of

association of the proposed company, duly signed by all the promoters with full name, address and occupation.

 A declaration by an advocate or a chartered accountant that the

memorandum and articles of association have been drawn up in conformity with the provisions of the Act and that all the requirements of the Act and the rules made there under have been duly complied with, in respect of registration or matters incidental or supplementary thereto. Three copies of a list of the names, addresses and occupations of the promoters (and where a firm is a promoter, of each partner in the firm), as well as of the members of the proposed board of directors, together with the names of companies, associations and other institutions in which such promoters, partners and members of the proposed board of directors are directors or hold responsible positions, if any, with description of the positions so held.
A statement showing in detail the assets (with the estimated values

thereof) and the liabilities of the association, as on the date of the application or within seven days of that date. An estimate of the future annual income and expenditure of the proposed company, specifying the sources of the income and the objects of the expenditure. A statement giving a brief description of the work, if any, already done by the association and of the work proposed to be done by it after registration, in pursuance of section-25. A statement specifying briefly the grounds on which the application is made. A declaration by each of the persons making the application that he/she is of sound mind, not an undercharged insolvent, not convicted by a court for any offence and does not stand disqualified under section 203 of the Companies Act 1956, for appointment as a director.

3. The applicants must also furnish to the registrar of companies (of the state in which the registered office of the proposed company is to be, or is situate) a copy of the application and each of the other documents that had been filed before the regional director of the company law board. 4. The applicants should also, within a week from the date of making the application to the regional director of the company law board, publish a notice in the prescribed manner at least once in a newspaper in a principal language of the district in which the registered office of the proposed company is to be situated or is situated and circulating in that district, and at least once in an English newspaper circulating in that district. 5. The regional director may, after considering the objections, if any, received within 30 days from the date of publication of the notice in the newspapers, and after consulting any authority, department or ministry, as he may, in his discretion, decide, determine whether the license should or

should not be granted. 6. The regional director may also direct the company to insert in its memorandum, or in its articles, or in both, such conditions of the license as may be specified by him in this behalf. Comparison among Trust, Society and Nonprofit Company Trust Statute/Legisla Relevant State tion Trust Act or Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950 Jurisdiction Deputy Registrar/Charity commissioner As trust Society Societies Registration Act, 1860 Registrar of societies (charity commissioner in Maharashtra). As Society In Maharashtra, both as a society and as a trust Memorandum of association and rules and regulations No stamp paper required for memorandum of association and rules and regulations. Minimum seven managing committee members. No upper limit. Governing body or council/managing or executive committee Section-25 Company Indian Companies Act, 1956 Registrar of companies

Registration

As a company u/s 25 of the Indian Companies Act. Memorandum and articles of association. and regulations No stamp paper required for memorandum and articles of association. Minimum three trustees. No upper limit.

Registration Document

Trust deed

Stamp Duty

Trust deed to be executed on nonjudicial stamp paper, vary from state to state Minimum two trustees. No upper limit.

Members Required

Board of Management

Trustees / Board of Trustees

Board of directors/ Managing committee

Mode of Succession on Board of Management

Appointment or Election

Appointment or Election by members of the general body

Election by members of the general body

Role of NGOs in Environmental Conservation and Development

At the beginning of the 21st century environmental issues have emerged as a major concern for the welfare of people. In India, the concept of environment protection can be seen starting from the period of Vedas. As per Rig-Veda O mother earth let thy bosom be free from sickness and decay, May we through long life, be active and vigilant and serve thee with Devotion --Rig-Veda Moreover, father of Nation, Mahatma Gandhi also focused his work on environment along with freedom movement, equality and social justice. As per Father of the Nation The earth provides enough to satisfy every mans need, but not for every mans greed. -Mahatma Gandhi The past few years have witnessed a sweeping change in the attitudes, approaches and policies of the United Nations system with regard to relations with NGOs and their participation in the work of the UN. While this has been most visible in the recent series of UN world summits and conferences measures to strengthen cooperation with NGOs are being taken across the entire UN system and in virtually all areas of its activity: policy research and analysis; policy dialogue and normative work; monitoring and advocacy; operational development activities humanitarian work, particularly responding to emergencies and to the needs of refugees;

promoting human rights, democratization, disarmament and peace; and information dissemination and raising public awareness of the issues and challenges on the UN's agenda. Today, in the context of UN reform, virtually all UN system departments, agencies, programmes and funds are engaged in fundamental reviews of their relations with organizations of civil society. In some cases, the functions of NGO liaison offices are being recast from public relations and information to a role more integrated with the substantive programme of the agency concerned. Guidelines for working with NGOs are being developed or updated, and more enabling and pro-active approaches to cooperating with local and regional NGOs are being developed for the UN system's regional and country offices. Many UN agencies and bodies now hold periodic consultations with NGOs on substantive issues, policy questions and programme strategies. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) ECOSOC is a structure of coordination with 54 Member States, with focus on the economic and social work of the United Nations system. It administers nine functional commissions, five regional commissions and five standing committees, as well as relations with NGOs. ECOSOCs functional commissions are on crime prevention and criminal justice, human rights, narcotic drugs, social development, science and technology for development, sustainable development, the status of women, population and development, and statistics. A range of the UNs economic and social programmes, funds and agencies report to ECOSOC including the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); UN Childrens Fund (UNICEF); UN Development Programme (UNDP); UN Population Fund (UNFPA); the World Food Programme (WFP); and specialized agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); World Health Organization (WHO); International Labour Organization (ILO); UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); UN Industrial Development Organization

(UNIDO); and the Bretton Woods Institutions (World Bank and the International Monetary Fund). The World Trade Organization (WTO) also participates in ECOSOC sessions. Non-governmental organizations have been active in the United Nations since its founding. They interact with the UN Secretariat, programmes, funds and agencies, and they consult with the Member States. NGO work related to the UN comprises a number of activities including information dissemination, awareness raising, development education, policy advocacy, joint operational projects, and providing technical expertise and collaborating with UN agencies, programmes and funds. This work is undertaken in formal and informal ways at the national level and at the UN. Official UN Secretariat relations with NGOs fall into two main categories: consultations with governments, and information servicing by the Secretariat. These functions are the responsibility of two main offices of the UN Secretariat dealing with NGOs: the NGO Unit of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), and the NGO Section of the Department of Public Information. The following are the formal rights and arrangements for the participation of NGOs in consultative and roster status with ECOSOC and its subsidiary bodies. The provisional agenda of the Economic and Social Council shall be communicated to organizations in general, special and roster status. NGOs with general status have the right to place items on the agenda of ECOSOC and its subsidiary bodies.
Organizations with general and special status may designate

authorized representatives to sit as observers at public meetings of ECOSOC and its subsidiary bodies. Those on the roster may have representatives present at such meetings concerned with matters within their field of competence.

 Brief written statements can be submitted by organizations in general and special status and can be published as UN documents and circulated to members of the council or subsidiary body. These statements will be circulated by the Secretary-General in the relevant UN working languages and also may be translated into any of the official languages of the UN upon request by a member government. NGOs on the roster may be invited to submit written statements.
The ECOSOC Committee on NGOs shall make recommendations to

ECOSOC concerning which NGOs in general status make an oral presentation during the session; NGOs in special status may also address ECOSOC, provided there is no ECOSOC subsidiary body with jurisdiction in a major field of interest to the council and to an organization in special status. No provision is made for NGOs on the roster to address ECOSOC Commissions and other subsidiary organs of ECOSOC may consult with NGOs in general and special status; such consultations may be arranged on the request of the NGO. Organizations on the roster may also be heard by the commissions or subsidiary organs on the recommendation of the UN Secretary-General and at the request of the commission or other subsidiary organ. A commission of ECOSOC may recommend that an NGO with special competence in a particular field undertake studies or investigations or prepare papers for the commission. NGOs shall be able to consult with officers of the appropriate sections of the Secretariat on matters of mutual interest or concern. Such consultations shall be upon request of the NGO or the SecretaryGeneral. The Secretary-General may request organizations in general, special and roster status to carry out studies or prepare papers. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the worlds largest-and most broadly based--multilateral organization for grant-based technical cooperation. It works to build developing countries capacities for sustainable human development by promoting and supporting efforts to alleviate poverty, manage natural resources to benefit both people and the environment, improve governance and create opportunities for people to improve their lives. UNDPs policy of working with agencies other than government dates back some 20 years. This policy gained impetus in the mid-1980s when a specialist unit was established to interface with NGOs. Since then, UNDPs collaboration with civil society organizations (CSOs) has expanded and diversified significantly, particularly within the framework of SHD. Over the years, UNDP has gradually strengthened its staff capacity to work with CSOs. It has simplified rules and procedures, in addition to developing policies and strategies to facilitate UNDP-CSO collaboration. The strategy paper entitled UNDP and Organizations of Civil Society: Building Sustainable Partnerships, approved in 1993, provided the framework for UNDPs cooperation with CSOs. Based on the lessons learned in the process of its implementation, UNDP has adopted a number of measures aimed to improve the way in which UNDP works with CSOs. Briefly, they include the following.
A policy statement on strengthening partnerships between UNDP and

CSOs reiterates the importance that UNDP places on people-centered and participatory processes and provides a framework for collaboration with CSOs. A new policy on Information Disclosure was approved in 1997. All relevant documents pertaining to UNDPs programming cycle are now available to the broader public upon request, thus improving UNDPs transparency and accountability to its partners, especially within civil society. Work is ongoing to assess our capacity to implement this policy systematically and cost-effectively.

 Procedures for NGO Execution have been prepared, which will guide UNDP country offices and other concerned parties in how to select and apply the NGO Execution modality to UNDP-supported projects. These procedures have been reviewed by the UN Office of Legal Affairs.
UNDPs Policy Document on Governance re-asserts UNDPs

responsiveness and accountability toward the public and private sectors as well as the significance of fostering peoples participation. A CSO dialogue was conducted as part of UNDPs recent International Conference on Governance at the UN in New York with 200 CSO representatives, along with fora for ministers, parliamentarians and mayors. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is providing leadership and encourages partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life of future generations. UNEPs basic aim is to provide coherence and strengthen the varied environmental activities taking place throughout the world by the systematic functions of United Nations. UNEP was conceived as a catalyzing agency for the entire United Nations family to help focus on environmental issues, monitor trends and facilitate coordinated international action to safeguard the environment. It has been described as the environmental conscience of the United Nations system given its mandate to motivate and inspire, raise environmental awareness and increase action, and to coordinate the environmental work of all the UN organizations and agencies. One of the most important strategies for implementing the work programme will be the identification of strategic partnerships with Major Groups. This has been done with the realization that there are growing knowledgeable and increasingly active NGO communities, private sector and other Major Groups

on environmental and natural resources management issues. The involvement of these groups will receive increasing attention. UNEPs Policy on NGOs and Civil Society UNEP has endeavored to enhance partnerships with NGOs by means of: Institutionalizing NGO/Major Groups participation in project implementation and evaluation; continually reviewing mechanisms for cooperation with NGOs/Major Groups with a view to keeping abreast with global and regional trends and needs; encouraging and, where feasible, supporting the participation of NGOs/Major Groups in policy development, and bringing proposals for broader participation and access to the attention of the Governing Council whenever necessary; Co-fundraising with individual NGO/Major Groups partners to finance agreed projects and programmes. Moreover, there is a crucial vehicle for cooperation with the United Nations family is the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS). The UNEP has been encouraging in environmental issues while awarding with different outstanding names such as Sasakawa Environment Prize, The European Better Environment Award for Industry is a biennial award presented in 2000 by the International Chamber of Commerce, In 1987, Global 500 Roll of Honor to encourage individuals and community action in defense of the environment. Since its inception, 634 individuals and organizations worldwide have received the Global 500 award in the adult category. UNEP launched its Global 500 Youth Environment Award during World Environment Day celebrations held during UNCED in 1992. The award is intended to recognize the contribution made by young people who have distinguished themselves in

the field of environmental protection. UNEPs Global Ozone Award is presented to individuals and organizations for activities in the four categories of science, technology, policy and implementation and nongovernmental organizations which are highly involved in raising awareness and catalyze solutions. GONGO Collaboration Though social development has emerged as a very important sector in 21st century there are no institutionalized mechanisms of collaboration of the Government and NGOs.The need of the hour is to evolve long term, sustainable and institutionalized collaboration between the Government and NGOs. NGOs in any country all over the world including international development agencies seek collaboration with government and development organizations for the below mentioned causes: to access technical or managerial resources; to gain legitimacy or recognition; to gain institutional support to adapt a programme to their area; to acquire appropriate solutions to development problems; to enhance peoples participation in government programmes; and to promote greater accountability and transparency, and
To promote reforms in public services systems.

In initial formation stages NGOs needs governmental resources and linkages for better organizational services for the needy people. In the later stages, when there is relative stability of funds and a sufficient pool of experience to draw upon, the NGOs priorities may change: it may be motivated to make larger scale impacts or inform public policy through its work. Secondly, the

ideology and the quality of leadership strongly influence the motivation of the agency in working with the government. Government agencies on the other hand work with NGOs to: Enhance peoples participation in their programmes; to extend coverage of programmes to areas and groups that are poorly served by government staff; to test and replicate innovative approaches; and to achieve greater cost effectiveness. Therefore, behind a NGOs interest in working with the government, or conversely, the government extending an invitation to NGOs, lays a certain degree of convergence in their development objectives and certain needs. The Benefits of Network Membership When the effective partnership or networks exists between the GO-NGO and the donor agencies, there will be fruitful benefits for the both sides. The most commonly cited benefits for network members are: Access to information Effective network or partnership will facilitate the tremendous needy recourse information to NGO. Information is the key for social transformation. Especially in networking organizations, diverse information will be available on different issues regarding finance, functions and other relating to the social development. Expertise Collaboration is itself platform for diverse knowledge on social development. NGO network or GO-NGO networks provides professional knowledge and

expertise to NGO. This will help to NGOs to change as the professional organizations. Financial Resources NGOs will get tremendous accessibilities to financial resources through the effective networks. Most NGOs attach greatly to their independence from government. They see themselves as voluntary organizations for social development. Affiliation with the government and other developmental agencies is the final end for NGOs to get financial assistance. Increased efficiency These kinds of networks enhance the NGOs efficiency in the global competitive development sector. NGOs need to maintain continuity in increased efficiency. Efficient NGOs will exist in the competitive development world and the competency will come through the collaborations with different developmental organizations. Increases Impact Availability Networking some of organizations with government and donor agencies is the key for the effective functions of the organizations. Networks or collaborations increase the impact availability to member organizations in the network or partnership.

Solidarity and Support NGOs will get the solidarity and support of the members and other developmental organizations. In the present development circumstances solidarity is the big asset for any NGO. Solidarity is a main concept for speedy activities of the organization. But support even could be obtained

from people. Here solidarity can be obtained from partners and other collaborators. International Scenario of 21st Century NGOs Democratization, globalization and the rise of new market economies are having profound impacts on NGOs in various countries. In Latin America and South Africa, where civil society was often focused on the struggle for democracy, NGOs have been able to refocus on development and the environment. In China, Russia or Central Asia where there is little tradition of NGOs, there has been a growing recognition of the positive contribution they can make. But, like it or not, NGOs are experiencing a paradigm shift. The environment in which they evolved and boomed is now mutating. Some trends are in their favor, others not. Anti-globalization protests, underpinned by a groundswell in public support, have come to define the latest wave in public concern for social and environmental issues. Working collaboratively with the private sector is an increasingly popular route for NGOs. As early as 1998, a survey of 133 US NGOs found that while many rated their current relationship with corporations as antagonistic or nonexistent, most foresaw the development of cooperative relationships in future. Major environmental groups like Conservation International have long established corporate partnership programs, but even traditionally more hostile groups like Environmental Defense in the US and Amnesty International in the UK have established collaborative relationships with leading businesses. Greenpeace, often seen as one of the more hostile groups, declared at a London conference in 2002 that Greenpeace is a companys best ally, able to help bring companies into port before the storm. Companies need Greenpeace in order to win. There is also anecdotal evidence that growing numbers of companies are keen to engage in strategic dialogue with NGOs, both in western developed countries and in other parts of the world where NGOs have not traditionally had a strong role (e.g. Japan).82 That said, and while partnerships between NGOs and business are an evolving trend in the

world of corporate social responsibility, not everyone is convinced that NGOs get a good deal from these relationships. However interest in partnerships endures indeed grows. One reason: pressure from funding sources. For example, the Avina Foundation in Latin America has programs that provide matching funding to NGOs that can raise money from the private sector. And Oxfam America was only able to access funding from the Ford Foundation with the involvement of Starbucks in a project helping a community cooperative in Mexico to improve the quality of fairly traded coffee. Government departments, including the Department for International Development in the UK and the Canadian International Development Agency, also now have programs specifically promoting NGO business engagement. Amnesty International, Save the Children and CARE, are also expanding their remit from addressing human needs and political and civil rights to include a greater focus on human, economic and social rights. This requires such organizations to engage the underlying power relationships that result in these unmet needs, leading them into greater engagement with other powerful actors, including the private sector. Finally, 21st century NGOs, NGO-like organizations and CSOs play an increasingly vital role in democratic and democratizing societies and the challenges they address are growing, and will continue to do so. Governments and business may resist their advocacy, but there is now real interest in the potential roles NGOs can play in developing and deploying solutions as a result, a new market-focused opportunity space is opening up, but this often requires solutions that are not simply based on single-issue responses. Sustainable Development The concept of sustainable development is widely used term and still being developed. Sustainable development does not focus solely on environmental issues. More broadly, sustainable development policies encompass three general policy areas: economic, environmental and social. In support of this, several United Nations texts, most recently the 2005 World Summit Outcome

Document, refer to the "interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development as economic development, social development, and environmental protection. It could also be called equitable and balanced development. It should balance the interests of different groups of peoplei[ix], within the same generation and among generations. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) elaborates further the concept by stating that "...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature; it becomes one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. In this vision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development. 1. Global Warming and Climate Change Millennium Development Goals International Community at present is working for the MDGs for better future:

Poverty and Hunger Education Gender Child Mortality Maternal Health HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases Environment, water and Sanitation Aid Trade, Growth and Global Partnership

Global warming can be explained in terms of the carbon cycle (its transfer and transformation in the environmental system) is perturbed by human activities. This perturbation results in an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over time. This increase results in increased absorption of solar radiation and this led to increase in radiation absorption increases the

temperature of the atmosphere and then increased temperature alters the climate and alteration of climate produces unacceptable loss of value. Thus, many people consider that Global Warming is the greatest environmental threat of the 21st Century. However, during the 80s and early 90s scientists argued about the causes and effects of global warming. In the late 1990s scientists reached a consensus that global warming was a cause for concern. Global climate change is occurring and something must be done. We have the technology to make necessary cuts in GHG emissions. Countries must be allowed to continue developing, but must do so in a sustainable manner. This presents a great opportunity for private industry. With the assistance of NGOs and governments, countries can develop in a sustainable manner and private business can benefit simultaneously. In the ongoing conference on Global Warming, stated that the United States and Saudi Arabia are the Worlds worst climate sinners in the world (UN Conference in Bali, December 3-14, 2007).

Capacity Building of the NGOs

Voluntary Organizations or Non Governmental Organizations are playing a very key role in the development of the Nations alongside several Governmental, Quasi Governmental, International Developmental Agencies and Private Sector Institutions. 21st Century is witnessing a revolutionary development of Information Technology, IT enabled services and IT lead development. IT and IT enabled services are transforming the lives of the people, including the poor, deprived and the marginalized sections of the society. While the gains of IT are visible and very evident including Business Process outsourcing and Knowledge Process Outsourcing, the inroads being made by the NGOs in catalyzing the social change is like a silent revolution, fast spreading in to the nook and corner of the under developed and developing parts of the World. The growth of NGOs sector or Nonprofit making organizations sector is equally prevalent both in the developing and Developed Countries of the World. While the growth of Nonprofit making

organizations in the developed Countries is for charity, solidarity and developmental assistance, it is for catalyzing the processes of change and development in the developing Countries. The Govt. Of India through successive five years plans has been promoting and emphasizing on the need for involvement of NGOs in the process of development. The Planning Commission of India has been playing a very proactive role in involvement of the NGOs in the process of development. The commission has been emphasizing on the need of coordination between Govt. Departments and NGOs. The World Bank time and again has made it very clear that the NGOs are to be involved in various ways in the projects funded by the Bank. The Bank also has emphasized on the Capacity Building of NGOs in a phased manner, which is a prime requirement of an NGO. Similarly DFID, CIDA other International Developmental Organizations and several other Developmental Agencies viz Aga Khan Foundation, Ford Foundation and Bill Gate Foundation are also emphasizing the need for Capacity Building of NGOs, while the growing and upcoming NGOs greatly welcome the proposal of Capacity Building of the NGOs, the very well established and one person based NGOs are apprehensive that any process of change in their organizations may be detrimental to the secrecy and privacy of the organizations. Several Developed Nations more so USA, Canada etc have formulated both promoting and regulatory policies for effective monitoring of the functions of the NGOs. It is unfortunate that in India with its vast number of NGOs functioning in the length and breadth of the country the Govt. are yet to evolve monitoring mechanism. It is very pertinent point to mention that wherever any fraud or misappropriation by any NGO is brought to the light either by the media, or any functionary then only the malfunctioning is revealed. If the monitoring mechanism are evolved and initiated the functioning of the NGOs will improve. The policies and laws governing the NGO sector also need to be reoriented so as to achieve the Govt. NGOs, and people coordination. NGOs have grown in number as well as in their activity in the last one decade. It is estimated that nearly 10 lakhs NGOs are working

in various States of the Country. The activity is more in the States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. It is seen that drought prone areas, back ward areas, and areas with preponderance of the poverty will have more number of NGOs as well as more activity by the NGOs. NGOs are also more in number where there is good coordination between the Govt.and the NGOs or where there is total neglect from the Govt. or deterioration of governance. While the voluntary social work is as old as India, the phenomenon of growth of the NGOs can be seen in the last two decades. There are vast range of activities being implemented by the NGOs viz., Advocacy, Awareness creation, Motivation, Promotion of Literacy, Health, Child Labor Elimination, Environmental Conservation & Development, Waste Lands Development, Water Shed Development, Joint Forest Management, Child Welfare, Senior Citizens Welfare, Youth Welfare, SC Welfare, ST Welfare and Welfare of minorities and other weaker sections of the society. It is also observed that several NGOs during the recent years are focusing their activities more on maintaining the Old Age Homes and also working for relief after Natural Disasters viz Tsunami & Katrina etc. The Govt of India has set up various agencies such as CAPART; Waste lands Development Board etc to promote the activities of the NGOs, which are mainly aimed at rural based activities. Several Ministries have come up with various schemes for providing grant in aid to the NGOs. They have also displayed the details of grant in aid, formats for application for grant in Aid, details of inspection mechanism on the websites. Contrary to the struggle, the NGOs were facing for accessing of information a few years ago; all the details are now readily available. The CAPART has been publishing the details of sanctioned projects to the NGOs in their publications at regular intervals. CAPART over the years has evolved sanctioning procedures as well as monitoring mechanisms of the projects of the NGOs. Similarly through internet and by browsing the websites of various Funding Agencies such as World Bank, DFID, UNDP, Ox form, Plan International etc one can have the full details of funding available to the

NGOs from various agencies. Thanks to revolutionary developments that were possible due to the growth of IT, at the click of the button one can have information regarding various details of Developmental organizations functioning in various Countries of the World. The Govt of India has been funding NGOs to the tune of Rs. 10,000 crores per annum for the last a few years. The grant in Aid by each Ministry is being increased from time to time. The States like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan are proactive in accessing the grant in Aid from the Govt of India. The NGOs are involved in various activities such as Literacy Campaign, Watershed Campaign, Women Empowerment Campaign Joint Forest Management Campaign, which are essentially joint action on the part of the Govt, the NGOs and the local level committees. The role of the reputed and renowned NGOs in taking up relief measures, providing social, medical and economic rehabilitation to the victims of the Natural Calamities Disasters like floods, earth quakes, and drought conditions is very much applauded from all corners of the Countries. It is also observed that several National and International NGOs have contributed their might in providing tremendous support, timely interaction and played a significant and vital role of coming in to the rescue of the victims of the unpredicted, un precedent, ever experienced and most dreadful Natural Disaster i.e.,. TSUNAMI. Moreover, in the absence of the participation of the NGOs in such situation, The Govts, machinery would not have been successful in carrying out the relief measures. In fact, there have been several complaints through print and electronic media by the victims that they are still to be attended by the Government for providing rehabilitation. Some of the NGOs have even diverted their finances towards providing relief measures to the victims of the TSUNAMI and reduced such quantum in their regular programmes The NGOs should not only depend on the Governments funds. The organizations should raise the funds from the donors, by taking up productive activities of innovative articles/ material and the sale proceeds of such materials should be better utilized for sustenance of the

organization. If necessary let the organizations gather the financial sources by benefit shows, lotteries etc and several other innovative approaches of fund raising. While the NGO sector is emerging as fifth estate, several limitation and ills are prevalent in many of the NGOs. A few of the ills that are prevalent in the NGO sector are
1) Majority is working in the urban areas which are adversely affecting

the aims of working in the rural areas and thus the main object of community based activities is not fulfilled. 2) Most of the organizations are being maintained with one person show and second commandant is not appearing
3) Unqualified personnel, kith & kin of the founders of the organizations

are working instead of qualified professionals and subject matter specialists. 4) There are no specific job charts for the functionaries in the organization. 5) The most important and essential requirement of any organization is to prepare a Plan of Action of their activities which is lacking with most of the NGOs.
6) For the sake of applying for sanction of grants either from the inland

Governments or from the Oversees Countries, the NGOs are starting the activities without minimum infrastructure facilities and even without sufficient accommodation or minimum healthy environment. 7) In most of the NGOs, there are no well defined mechanism of coordination between the Governments and the NGOs. 8) Even, there is no coordination among the NGOs itself.

9) They do not have exchange visits, exchange of views for improving their activities for better service provisions. 10) That there is no conscious attempt and efforts for multi sectoral

coordination and convergence with the Govt. Departments & the People Institutions. 11) There is limited information regarding the sources of funding as

well as developmental approaches and concepts. 12) There are not many knowledgeable functionaries working in the

organizations. Need for Capacity Building There is every need for capacity Building of the NGOs keeping in view of the fast changing developments due to globalization and liberalization. There is also need for Capacity Building keeping in view of fast economic growth and increased activity and role players in the area of social development. There is imminent need for Capacity Building in the era of competition, need for higher quality and standards of services and professional approaches of the organizations. In the situations of operation of market forces, Capacity Building is required for protection, sustainability and success of the organizations against the decay or degradation of the organizations. Capacity Building: Capacity Building of the NGOs can be defined as improving the skills, (managerial & technical) infrastructure, physical and financial resources of the organizations so as to make them as professionally run organizations providing high quality and standards of the services with sustainable funding and delivery mechanisms on a long term basis with improved results of the Integrated Natural and Human Resources Development. Aim of Capacity Building: The basic aim of Capacity Building is to reorient the thinking of the CEOs of the NGOs towards long term vision based organizational building and sustainable development. Important areas of Capacity Building 1) The NGOs are required to view their position vis-a-vis the other organizations, the Govt Departments, and the People Institutions and carve out a niche which is in harmony with several institutions so as to focus on long term and sustainable development. 2) Planning is one of the very important areas of Capacity Building of the NGOs. The NGOs are required to prepare long term plans based on

their vision, matched with short term plans as well as annual action plans. 3) The planning process may be taken in to account, the Local Resources available both Human, and Natural Resources as well as the Financial Resources and evolve long term plans from which short term plans and annual plans can be prepared. 4) It is advisable to prepare Annual Action Plans on participatory basis, through Micro Planning so as to prepare Integrated and Holistic Plans taking in to the view of the Govt Schemes, People Resources, Voluntary Contributions, and programmes of local bodies and other NGOs. 5) There is need to focus on community based activities than institutions based activities. 6) There is need to bring in managerial principles in to the NGO work so as make the organizations professional in their work. 7) It is advisable to focus on integrated and holistic development than the sectoral approach being followed as of now. 8) It is advisable to diversify and expand the activities in many areas of integrated development than focusing on only in one or other areas of development. 9) The CEOs of the NGOs must be qualified professionals having academic knowledge, experience and expertise in more than one areas of the development. 10) Similarly the functionaries must also be trained professionals in the areas of their work. 11) There is need for training plans, HRD policy and plans for each NGO. 12) Based on the annual action plan the functionaries are to be trained professionally, and detailed job charts are to be given to them. 13) The NGOs are required to run their organizations like professional companies with their non profit motive intact. 14) From the adhoc approaches of funding, they are required to reorient themselves, by introduction of managerial principles in the organization and making them as professionally run organizations. 15) GIS and GPS based approaches are required to be used for scientific functioning of the organizations. 16) Quality of delivery mechanisms and standards of services being provided are required to be improved. 17) Activities being implemented must be as per the Action Plans with all flexible mechanisms, on rolling dynamic plans and implementation approaches. 18) The donor service reporting must also be improved in a phrased manner 19) Internal self assessment of the activities must be done. 20) The NGOs must be open to external evaluation and assessments.

21) Communication skills of the functionaries must be improved. 22) IT enabled services must be introduced more so in Education, Training, IEC Financial Management and Monitoring & Evaluations. 23) NGOs are required to work in close coordination with the officials, other NGOs social workers and other stake holders in their areas of operations. 24) They must make the information readily available, except professional secrecy more so in the areas of implementation of the Information Act. 25) They must also keep their activities for social audit and evaluations by the people. 26) Visits to the other projects, exchange of views, experiences sharing etc must he done aimed at Capacity Building. 27) Whenever opportunities arise it is advisable to participate in seminars, workshops etc., both in and outside the Country. 28) NGOs must use local resources; go for low-cost approaches followed by cost effective approaches and cost approaches. 29) There must be definite plan of action of mobilization of local resources, community resources, Govt resources, and from the National and International donor agencies and Philanthropists. 30) Net working, with Self Help Groups, local bodies and village local institutions must be done. 31) NGOs must also work in close coordination with IT and other industries and utilize the resources of Corporate Social Responsibility. 32) The resources of Banks, World Bank, various trusts, insurance and other companies must also be used. 33) There should be more emphasis on need based, peoples based activities and fund based activities must succeed people based activities. Ultimately NGOs are required to work in collaborations with other institutions on a long term sustainable Development model for the good of the society for which Capacity Building of the NGOs is the imminent need of the hour.

Emerging Scenario of Social Development in 21st Century

The International community especially several Governments recognize the valuable role of non-government organizations (NGOs) and works with them to deliver welfare services for social development and it is not a new phenomena. Voluntary organizations have grown tremendously in numbers as well as in activities during the last 2-3 decades all over the World. There are approximately 4 million voluntary organizations in the world. In India, including the Self Help Groups federations etc., there are about a million. UN

bodies such as viz. International Labor Organization (ILO). United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF), The United Development Program (UNDP), THE United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIOFEM) are actively contributing to the growth of social development. Whether it is USA, Canada, India, South Africa, Mexico, Zambia or Indonesia thousands of not to profit organizations are involved in a variety of activities of social development. Multilateral development banks such as African Development Bank, Asia Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International American Development Bank and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation are also actively working for the social development. Along with the multilateral development banks, international foundations also contributing their efforts to social development like The ASIA Development Trust (Japan), W.K. Kellogg Foundation (USA), Ford Foundation (UK), Bernard Van Leer Foundation (NT land), Foundation CODESPA (Spain), The John D. and Catherine T. Macarthur Foundation (USA), Rockefeller Brothers Foundation (USA), Welcome Trust (UK), Foundation de France (France), Foundation Roi Baudouin (Belgium), the Soros Network of Foundation and Aga Khan Foundation (SWZ), ICFE (India-Canadian Environment Facility), Miseries, Plan International, Save the Children, OXFAM International, Action Aid and Christian Childrens Fund and so on. Government of India also has taken number of initiatives after independent to social development. Indian Government primarily focused on agriculture sector during the 1950s. Further, India focused on industrial revolution for rapid development process in 1960s. And poverty alleviation programmes were initiated in 1970s and 80s. Moreover, Government of India broadly focused on Human development during 1990s and in the last decade of 20th century and rights based campaign in the 21st century. Thus, social development is emerging as a very important sector alongside Information Technology. Some of the major International NGOs and Voluntary Organizations are working for the social

development in the world viz Catholic Institute For International Relations, Center For Strategic and International Studies, Centre For International Environmental Law, Christian Aid, Foundation For International Environmental Law (Field), International Coalition For Development Action (ICDA), International Institute For Sustainable Development, Oxfam, People's Forum 2001, Swiss Coalition Of Development Organizations, The Gaia Foundation, World Business Council For Sustainable Development, World Vision International. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are core canons for human development. The above mentioned international organizations, foundations, multilateral banks, religious trusts and service clubs and membership associations are broadly working for the Environmental restoration, Organic farming, Rural development, poverty Alleviation and Livelihoods, Education, Health, Renewable energy, Appropriate building technologies, Innovative urban planning, Arts and culture. According to Indian NGOs Funds-Report (2004-05), worldwide so many developed nations are funding for the social development. Most of the funding from donor countries directly goes to leading developmental organizations such as NGOs, Trusts and NPOs. There are only a few top donor countries mentioned here. The US leads in the list of donor countries followed by Germany and UK. Rs (In crores) S.No 1. 2. 3. Name of the Country U.S.A Germany UK Funds released 1927 931 764

There are number of developmental organizations, trusts and foundations working for the cause of social development. Some of international level organizations or foundations are financially helping in large amount for the social development. Here, the leading and top donor agencies mentioned. Rs (In crores)

S.No 1. 2. 3.

Name of the Country Foundation V.E. Ferrar World Vision International; Gospel for Asia

Funds released 183 123 110

Under the Foreign Contribution Registration Act, the NGOs number doubled during the period of 1993-94 to 2002-03.

Year wise registered NGOs for Foreign Aid Year Registered Associations in FCRA 1993-94 1994-94 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 15,039 15,723 16,740 17,723 18,489 19,834 21,244 22,924 24,563 26,404

Several thinkers such as Amartya Sen have focused on social development and elaborately dealt of how education, health, sanitation and environment are very important for survival and development of Human kind. There are a few important areas of social development. These are as follows:

 Create an economic, political, social, cultural and legal environment that will enable people to achieve social development; Eradicate absolute poverty by a target date to be set by each country; Support full employment as a basic policy goal; Promote social integration based on the enhancement and protection of all human rights; Achieve equality and equity between women and men;
Attain universal and equitable access to education and primary health

car
Ensure that structural adjustment programmes include social

development goals Increase resources allocated to social development; Strengthen cooperation for social development through the UN. There is also sector wise improvement for foreign aid registration for the developmental organizations for the social development especially for the NGOs. The table gives the sector wise information on fund distribution through the foreign gives. Sector wise Distribution of Foreign Aid for NGOs

Social Sector Rural Development Establishment Expenses Education Relief and Rehabilitation

2002-03 (in crores) 486.50 673.77 275.74 265.85

Health

186.65

Numbers of NGOs have increased in between 1995-96 to 2004-05. The increase of NGOs number is indicating the importance of NGOs in social development increasing day by day. According to the Indian NGOs Funds Report (2004-05), NGOs Registered/Reporting and amount of money received is shown below.

(In Rs crores) No. of registered No. of Associations (end March) Reporting Associations Amount of Foreign Contribution Received

Year

1995-96

16,740

10,950

2169

2000-01

22,924

14,598

4535

2001-02

24,563

15,598

4871

2002-03

26,404

16,590

5047

2003-04

28,351

17,145

5106

2004-05

30,321

18,540

6257

United Nations has been playing a very proactive role for social development for decades. Several organizations such as UNICEF, UNEP, UNESCAP, UNDP, & UNESCO are very actively contributing for the growth of social development. Several convention of UN on women, children, disabled, youth, and senior citizens have been held by UN Agencies resulting in primitive laws, policies, programmes, and schemes for welfare of various sections of the society. Global Major Funding Agencies NGOs mostly depend upon funding from individual donors, foundations, corporations and governments. Critics charge that funding sources can seriously affect NGO policy, making these organizations potentially the creatures of special interests. Such charges challenge NGO legitimacy especially when funds come from "outside" - including rich foreign governments, corporations or foundations. UN and Agencies UN agencies such as UNESCO, UNICEF, ILO, and WHO, UNIOFEM are the major funding sources for NGO in social development. UNESCO and Funds for NGOs UNESCO is a UNs internal part and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was founded on 16 November 1945. For this specialized United Nations agency, it is not enough to build classrooms in devastated countries or to publish scientific breakthroughs. Education, Social and Natural Science, Culture and Communication are the means to a far more ambitious goal to build peace in the minds of people. At present,

UNESCO is functioning as a hub of ideas and a standard-setter to forge universal agreements on emerging ethical issues. The Organization also serves as a clearinghouse for the dissemination and sharing of information and knowledge while helping member states to build their human and institutional capacities in diverse fields. It also promotes international cooperation among its 192 Member States and six Associate Members in the fields of education, science, culture and communication. UNESCO is working to create the conditions for genuine dialogue based upon respect for shared values and the dignity of each civilization and culture. This role is critical, particularly in the face of terrorism, which constitutes an attack against humanity. The world urgently requires global visions of sustainable development based upon observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which lie at the heart of UNESCOs mission and activities. Through its strategies and activities, UNESCO is actively pursuing the Millennium Development Goals, especially those aiming to:
halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing

countries by 2015 achieve universal primary education in all countries by 2015 eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2015 Help countries implement a national strategy for sustainable development by 2005 to reverse current trends in the loss of environmental resources by 2015. UNESCO also contributes for the social development funds by NGOs in all over the world. UNESCO cooperates with intergovernmental organizations, in particular the United Nations and its organizations and other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). UNESCO also cooperates with

intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and so far it has signed agreements with 87 International Government Organizations. UNESCO maintains close collaboration and operational relations with a number of multilateral organizations, including the European Union Institutions, particularly the European Commission and Multilateral Development Banks. Since its inception, UNESCO has recognized that non-governmental organizations and foundations which have concerns close to its own play an important role in international cooperation in the service of peoples. For more than a halfcentury, UNESCO has woven a valuable tapestry of cooperative relations with a number of such organizations in its fields of competence, thereby enabling it to work with civil society in achieving its objectives and to disseminate through them its democratic and ethical ideals. Currently, UNESCO is enjoying official relations with 305 international NGOs and 27 foundations and similar institutions which are working in the fields of competence of the Organization. In addition to this formal framework, the Organization has been carrying out a range of activities hand in hand with NGOs, not only at international and regional levels, but also at national level. Since its foundation, UNESCO has given great importance to partnership with civil society organizations, in particular NGOs. The role of civil society representatives is increasingly important in every sector of daily life, and partnership with civil society organizations is becoming indispensable for governmental organizations in pursuing their strategic objectives. In front of the impressive vitality of the non-governmental organizations, the steady growth in their number and their increasing role, UNESCO was led to review its relations with them with the aim of finding new synergies and cooperative arrangements that would be more suited to the challenges of the 21st century.

NGOs and Its Relations with UNESCO

There are different forms to maintain relations with NGO. The following are explains the type of relations with UNESCO. Operational relations: Established in response to the need to extend cooperation between UNESCO and NGOs and to back up the Organization's efforts to achieve a more active presence in the field, operational relations are aimed at achieving a flexible and dynamic partnership in the implementation of UNESCO's programmes. NGOs maintaining operational relations with UNESCO are valued partners owing to their active presence and concrete action in the field, the expertise they represent, and their ability to channel the concerns of the people. Formal relations: Formal relations are aimed at sustained cooperation with UNESCO in its fields of competence both upstream and downstream from the Organization's programming and priorities. Admission is granted to international NGOs that are widely representative and expert in their field of activity, and are recognized as having a genuinely international structure and membership. Formal relations are themselves sub-divided into two types, consultative or associate, depending on the role and structure of the NGO itself. The management of programmes undertaken by UNESCO is the responsibility of programme Sectors within the Secretariat. Questions relating to such programmes can be addressed to the Section for nongovernmental organizations (ERC/RPO/NGO) which will forward them to the relevant departments. Additional information may also be obtained from NGO focal points in UNESCO programme sectors. UNICEF and NGOs Focus areas of the UNICEF UNICEFs Drought Mitigation Project in Madhya Pradesh: 2001-2003

Large tracts of India are prone to droughts. 68 percent of Indias land mass is drought-prone to varying degrees, of which about 50 percent is chronically drought-prone. As per Government of Indias estimate, there are one or two years of droughts every five years in semi-arid and arid regions of India. Every year, GoI spends millions on relief for creating employment, providing water supply, food grains and fodder to mitigate the impacts of droughts. With a view to enhance drought proofing, GoI has accorded high priority to its watershed development program. This is evident from the fact that GoI has developed a perspective plan of 20 years (2002-03 to 2021-22) for treating around 88.5 mha of land with a total investment of Rs. 727.5 billion. UNICEF Water and Environmental Programme in India 1996 1998 The water and environmental sanitation (WES) programme in India is the longest running and one of the most prominent WES programmes that UNICEF supports in countries around the world. Although the amount of UNICEF financial support in relation to total government expenditures is small, UNICEF has played an important and catalytic role in developing, testing and advocating key technological and institutional changes that influenced government policy and investment priorities to expand WES services to the Indian population. These included large-scale government investments in rural water supply and sanitation and the adoption of new drilling techniques, contributions to the implementation of a successful hand pump-based rural water supply programme and exponential increases in water supply coverage. International Funds for NGOs The following is a list of some of relief funds approved by the Treasurer, under subsection 78(21) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 or subsection 30-85 (2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. This list has been prepared from information supplied by the Australian Taxation Office.
ADRA (Adventist Development and Relief Agency) Overseas Aid Fund

 AESOP Foundation

African Enterprise Aid and Development Fund Agios Ministries 'Heart Reach Australia' Overseas Aid Fund Air Malayan Nursing Scholarship Fund Anglican Trust Fund for Development
APACE Overseas Development Assistance Fund APCM Overseas Aid and Relief Fund

APHEDA Overseas Project Fund Archbishop of Melbourne's International Relief and Development Fund Archbishop of Sydney's Overseas Relief and Aid Fund
Asian (Vic) International Aid Fund

Asian Aid Org Ltd Developing Countries Aid Fund Assisi Aid Projects India Inc Association for India's Development Australia Inc Association of Apex Clubs of Australia Overseas Aid Fund Austcare Distribution Fund Australian Aid for Lebanon Appeal Australian Baptist World Aid Inc Overseas Aid Fund Australian Doctors International Relief Fund Australian Foundation for International Credit Union Development International Projects Fund Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia and the Pacific Lt

 Australian Himalayan Foundation Ltd - Overseas Aid Fund

Australian ICEE Developing Countries Relief Fund

Australian Jesuit Mission Overseas Aid Fund Australian Kokoda Track Foundation Fund Australian Lasallian (Asia/Pacific) Developing Countries Aid Fund Australian Lions Foundation Australian Lutheran World Service Australian Marist Centre Overseas Aid Fund Australian Red Cross
Australian Rotary Foundation Trust

Australian Ryder-Cheshire Overseas Aid Fund Australian Salesian Mission Overseas Aid Fund Australian Volunteers International Donations Account Australian Children's Fund Inc Bible Society In Australia Inc Overseas Literacy Development Fund
BODHI Australia Overseas Relief Fund

Burnet Institute Bushikori Christian Centre - Orphan Support Aus Inc Cambodian Aid Public Fund
Campaigners for Christ PNG Overseas Aid Fund

Care Australia Project Fund Caritas Australia Overseas Aid Fund

 CBMI (Australia) Overseas Development Fund

Christian Brothers Foundation Overseas Aid Fund Christian Childrens Fund of Australia Ltd Christian Nationals Developing Countries Aid Fund Church Missionary Society Overseas Society Churches of Christ Overseas Aid
CMS Overseas Aid Fund

Columbian Overseas Aid Fund Compassion Overseas Aid and Development Fund Co-Operation in Development Australia CoptiCare Relief Fund Cranio-Maxillo Facial Overseas Aid Fund Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Overseas Aid Fund Divine Life Society Australia Inc Overseas Aid Fund Divine Word Missionaries Incorporated Aid Fund Dominic Ryan Peace Project Foundation Limited Overseas Relief Fund Equal Health Australian Health Professionals Overseas Aid Fund Every Home for Christ Overseas Aid Fund Family Planning Australia Incorporated Overseas Aid Fund For Those Who Have Less - Action Aid Aust. Ltd Special Overseas Aid Fund Foresight (Australian Overseas Aid & Prevention Of Blindness) Fund

 Franciscan Missionary Union Aitape Diocese PNG Development Fund

Fred Hollows Foundation Inc. Overseas Aid Fund Friends of Hogar de Cristo (Australia) Friends of Ermera GK ANCOP Australia Development Fund Global Development Group Overseas Relief Fund Grace Ministries Overseas Aid Fund Habitat for Humanity Australia Overseas Aid Fund Hamlin Fistula Welfare and Research Ltd Relief and Aid Fund Health and Development Aid Abroad Relief Fund Helping Children Smile Hope Worldwide (Australia) Overseas Aid Fund Indian Aid Incorporated Overseas Indian Child Labour Overseas Aid Fund Indigo Foundation Relief Fund International Childrens Aid Limited - Overseas Aid Fund International Children's Care (Australia) Inc Relief Fund International Christian Aid Relief Enterprises Overseas Aid Fund International Needs Overseas International Womens Development Agency Overseas Aid Fund Interplant Australia Overseas Aid Fund

 Interserve Overseas Aid Fund John Fawcett Foundation Fund Katoke Trust for Overseas Aid King Solomon Island Learning Centre Relief Fund Philippines Leprosy Mission Australia Marie Stopes International Australia Overseas Development Fund Medicines Sans Frontieres Australia Overseas Fund Melbourne Overseas Missions Fund Inc Mercy Ships Australia Relief Fund Missionaries of St Andrew Anglican Aid Abroad Mission World Aid Overseas Fund Muslim Aid Australia Inc Overseas Aid Fund
NCCA Christian World Service Overseas Program NCCA Christian World Service Refugee Resettlement Fund NCWA Overseas Development Assistance Fund

Nepal Australia Overseas Aid Fund Nicaraguan Assistance Fund

NTA Overseas Relief Fund

Oblate Mission Indonesia Operation Smile Australia Overseas Aid Fund Opportunity International Australia Ltd Orthopedic Outreach Fund

 Overseas Specialist Surgical Association of Australia Relief Fund Oxfam Australia Overseas Aid Fund Oz Green Global Rivers Environmental Education Network (Australia) Incorporated The Pioneers Ministries Foundation Palms Overseas Fund Plan International Australia Overseas Aid Account
PLC Sydney Overseas Aid Fund

Project Adoption Project Vietnam Inc Quaker Service Australia Inc Overseas Aid Fund RedR Australia Overseas Aid Fund Reledev Australia Limited Overseas Aid Fund Rotary Australia Overseas Aid Fund
SAACID - Australia Incorporated

Salvation Army (Australia) Self Denial Fund (For Overseas Aid) Samaritans Purse Australia Overseas Aid Fund Save the Children Fund Australia Save the Children Fund (Western Australian Division) Inc
SFI Overseas Aid Fund

Simaid Trust Sisters of Mercy Overseas Aid

 St Joseph Australian Peruvian Mission Associates Inc Tear Fund (Australia) Developing Countries Aid Fund The Catholic Mission United Nations Children's Fund Vellore Christian Medical College and Hospital Support Fund War Child Australia Relief Fund Water aid Australia Overseas Aid Fund World Families Australia Incorporated Sponsorship Programme World Relief Overseas Aid Fund World Vision of Australia Overseas Aid Fund World Youth International Benevolent Trust WWF Australia Youth Off the Streets Limited - Overseas Relief Fund The government of India is working for the social development through Ministries and various government departments such as mentioned below: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry of Education Ministry of Environment Ministry of Human Resource Development Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources Ministry of Rural Development

 CAPART Khadi and Village Industries Commission Ministry of Science and Technology and so on

In India, some of the business houses are also working for the social development along with the governmental organizations through the establishment of special social development wings in their business, such organizations are as follows: Dr. Reddys Foundation Byrraju Foundation Indian Oil Corporation Reliance group of Industries
Indian Tobacco Company

Modi Charitable Trust LANCO Lights Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Sri Aurobindo Memorial Fund Tata Energy Research Institute J.R.D Tata Trust
Infosys Foundation

ICICI

 State Bank of Hyderabad Andhra Bank BHEL ECIL NTPC GAIL Hindustan Petroleum GMR Constructions L&T HSBC HAL WIPRO ACCENTURE Reliance TATA Birla Group Ambuja Cement Raymonds ACC Cements Indian Railways

 HMT Hindustan Zinc Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Singareni Calories ING Vysya Ban ONGC Nagarjuna Fertilizers Chemicals Limited Infosys Coca-Cola SBI Satyam Computers Larsen and Turbo In India National literacy Mission, National employment guarantee scheme, waste lands development board, Eco development board, several National commissions viz., woman commission, commission for disabled etc., have to a great extent contributed in promoting social development. The Government of Indias budget allocation for the cause of social development in 2006-2007 is given below: Rs crores Name of the Programme Rural Water Supply Rural Housing Budget Allocation 3,749 2,260

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Prarambik Siksha Kosh Mid Day Meal Scheme Drinking Water &Sanitation Rajeev Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission Rural Sanitation Campaign Rural Health Mission Integrated Child Development NREG Programme SGRY Programme JN National Urban Renewal Mission National Social Assistance Programme SC/ST Development Minorities Development

10,041 8,746 4,813 213 4,680

720 8207 4,087 11,300 3000 6,250 1,430 9,690 200

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme 128 Irrigation Farm Credit Rural Infrastructure Development Plantation Micro Finance Horticulture and Fisheries 4,500 175,000 4,000 100 4,863 150

Rural Development a integral part of social development is being given fillip by Government of India in a great manner. The financial outlays, programmes and schemes have been tremendously increased to this sector.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT and BASIC SERVICES Government of Indias some of the elements of social development and its achievements given in below table: S.No Indicators Keral a 1. 2. Sex Ratio (women/1000 men) Infant mortality rate 1,058 16.30 902 86.7 0 3. 4. 5. Total fertility rate (/women) Girls School enrollment rate (6-17 yrs) Rural girls never in School (10-12 yrs) 1.96 90.80 0.00 3.99 6.40 31.7 0 6. Rural Women Never in Schools (15-19 yrs) 7. Skilled delivery care 94.00 1.60 49.3 0 22.4 0 8. Immunization Coverage rate 79.70 21.2 0 9. Poorest 20% of household that prefer a public health facility Throughout the World not to profit organization sector has tremendously grown. There is growth in the organizations as well as the activities. Several International funding Agencies (Developmental Agencies) have emerged over the years viz. DFID, CIDA, SIDA, CARE, Action Aid, CCF, Oxfam, plan International and many such organizations are funding the projects of social development. The nonprofit organizations are playing very important role in the Americas economy. In 2004 NPOs contributed about 5 per cent of the 55.70 9.50 32.80 42.00 42.30 38.70 2.85 66.20 26.60 933 67.60 U.P. India

GDP to America economy. Atr present, there are 783,436 registered nonprofit organizations working for the social development. Employment in the nonprofit sector is growing more rapidly than in the business sector. The American Association of Fundraising Counsel (AAFRC) reported the following national totals: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. Funding Sources Individuals Foundations Bequests Corporations Amount 152.07 24.50 16.02 10.86 % of the total amount 75.0 12.0 7.8 5.3

DFIDs national programme in India supports nationwide initiatives of the Indian Government, civil society and the private sector in these three areas. The National Programme has a focus upon the provision of services and propoor economic growth. DFIDs main focus on poverty-reduction strategies is concentrated at state level. DFID especially is funding in these areas such as Health, Education and promoting pro-poor and building partnerships. There are more than four million Nongovernmental organizations in the World. In India including self help groups federations, various committees etc., there are one millions NGOs actively working for the cause of social development. NGOs in several parts of the World are involved in a variety of activities viz advocacy, awareness creation and motivation, unionization, social mobilization, providing various services, infrastructure creation, rural roads, sanitation, environment, empowerment of poor, women, children, youth & disabled and several others activities. Many of the international development organizations are focusing on disaster management, and relief work, earth quakes, tsunami, Katrina etc., several organizations are working against arms, prevention of land mines disasters and rehabilitation of victim of land mine disasters. The work of DIANA against land mines is well known. There are several International celebrities such as Aga Khan of Aga Khan

Foundation, Bill Clinton, and Anna Hazarded who are relentlessly working for the cause of social development all over the World. World Bank has been focusing on poverty reduction, resources development and social development for several decades. The Bank has been a very active supporter of NGOs working for the causes of social development. Several other International development agencies such as FAO, UNEP, ADB, JAICA, UNIDO etc., have been supporting the NGOs working for the cause of social development. Several embassies all over the World are supporting the cause of social development by funding NGO projects. Several universities and learning centers are also funding NGO projects and social development. Several religious institutions all over the World viz church based organizations, Temple based, mosque based gurudwara based or another religion association based organizations have been focusing on education, health, sanitation, disabilities environment and self employment of people all over the World. The work of the Puttaparthi Sai Baba trust in various walks of life likes educational institutions, Hospitals, rural drinking water, water conservation & harvesting, florosis control and many other areas is very wall known. Similarly several other religious trusts are supporting the cause of social development viz, Mahesh Yogi Trust, Art of living of Ravishankar, Mata Amritamayis Trust, Chinajiyar Swamis Trust, Ganapathi sachandananda Trust, Swami Ram Dev Trust, etc. Several visionary industrialists in India and in several countries of the World have started their social development outfits such as TATAs Trust, Birlas Trust, Ambanis Trust, Reddy Labs, Nagajuna fertilizes etc. Another fast emerging area is corporate social responsibility. Several corporate companies have been supporting social development through their social development out fits. Micro Soft, Infosys, DELL, and many other Multinational companies are working for the cause of social development. In India and in other countries several public sector undertaking are also working for the cause of social development viz NTPC, BHEL, HP, ECIL, & ONGC etc., by supporting appropriate interventions through several NGOs in the sector. Government of India is funding NGOs to

a tune of nearly Rs. 10,000 crores per annum. Several ministries have displayed the details on their websites. CAPART, wastelands development board, KVIC etc., are very well known for their support to social development through NGO sector. Social development is offering employment opportunities to the professionals working in the sector. Several colleges, universities, Government institution and NGOs Institution are offering several courses to the social workers working in this sector. There are lakhs of jobs being provided by NGOs corporate social responsibility institutions and religious trusts all over the World. The information, education & Communications campaign is offering millions of dollars of International Business. Information Technology is playing a great role in social development. IT and IT enabled services can revolutionize the process of social development and social change. GIS & GPS are playing a very important role in resources development all over the world. There are several linkages of social development with environment & Natural resources development. Environmental conservation & development, integrated watershed development in promoting the cause of social development in a big way. There are several polices being brought in by Govt. of India through planning commission, various Ministers, and various organization for the cause of social development. The resources from International development agencies through FCRA, Exemption under 35 AC of Income tax etc., are being promoted, supported and regulated in a big manner by Government of India. Challenges for Social Development Some of the important social problems like poverty, ignorance, overpopulation and rural backwardness are of a general nature and, in varying degree, they are influenced by factors like squalor and bad housing, malnutrition and physical and mental ill-health, neglected childhood, family disorganization and a low standard of living. For a long time, society has remained apathetic to these conditions, but with the awakening of political

consciousness and the enthusiasm of organizations and workers to improve social conditions, there is a possibility of developing programmes which could gradually remedy the present situation. The economic programmes of the Five Year Plan will mitigate these problems to some extent, but the gains of economic development have to be maintained and consolidated by wellconceived and organized social welfare programmes spread over the entire country. It is proposed to consider some of the more important problems of social welfare which need the special attention of both State and private welfare agencies. The principal social welfare problems relate to women, children, youth, the family, under-privileged groups and social service. The social health of any community will depend a great deal upon the status, functions and responsibilities of the woman in the family and in the community. Social conditions should give to the woman opportunities for creative self-expression, so that she can make her full contribution towards the economic and social life of the community. Problems relating to health, maternity and child welfare, education and employment. Some problems of women have to be dealt through social legislation, but other problems pertaining to health, social education, vocational training, and increased participation in social and cultural life, provision of shelter, and assistance to the handicapped or maladjusted call for programmes at the community level. As women have to fulfill heavy domestic and economic responsibilities, adequate attention has to be paid to the need for relaxation and recreation both in the homes as well as in the community. The welfare agencies have catered to some extent to the needs of the widow and the destitute woman, but the quality of the service rendered by them and the nature of their work needs to be surveyed. Considering the numbers involved, the needs of children should receive much greater consideration than is commonly given to them. There is a growing demand for child health services and educational facilities. The standard of child welfare services in the country can be improved if the rate of increase in population is reduced. Problems relate to family planning, children's health, infant mortality, education, training and

development have been discussed elsewhere in this report. Malnutrition is perhaps the major cause of ill-health and lack of proper growth of the child. The feeding of the child in the early years is the responsibility of the family, and is dependent upon economic conditions and traditional food habits. The nature and extent of malnutrition has to be determined, and resources have to be found to supplement and improve the diet of children through schools and community and child welfare agencies. The problem of children's recreation and development outside educational institutions has received some attention during recent years, but play activities of children are considerably restricted in urban areas on account of the environmental conditions, lack of adequate space, and, to some extent, neglect of this vital need of the child by the family and the community. Not enough is known about the work of private agencies for the welfare of destitute and homeless children. The juvenile courts and children's aid societies have so far touched a fringe of the problem of children's welfare. Certain special aspects may be briefly mentioned. The existing facilities for handicapped and deficient children are far from adequate and suitable agencies have to be created. Hospitals provide treatment for polio, congenital deformities, fractures, bone disorders and other diseases, but there is a need to extend existing services and provide special institutions and care for disabled and crippled children. At present deficient children attend educational institutions together with normal children and seldom receive treatment and special training to enable them to overcome their handicaps. The subject needs to be studied carefully. The problem of juvenile delinquency has already received considerable attention and many of the States have special legislation. Juvenile delinquency may often be the result of poverty and many offences may be traced to the connivance or support of adults. The youth constitute the most vital section of the community. In recent years, young people have had to face and have been increasingly conscious of problems such as inadequate educational facilities, unemployment, and lack of opportunity for social development, national service and leadership. The problems of health,

education and employment of youth have been considered as aspects of national problems in these fields. Social welfare is primarily concerned with the improvement of services provided for the benefit of youth by welfare agencies with the object of promoting development of character and training for citizenship and for physical, intellectual and moral fitness. It is necessary to encourage initiative among youth so that through their own organizations, they can develop programmes of youth welfare and national service. Ways must also be found to give opportunities to youth for active participation in constructive activity. Such training and experience will equip them for shouldering the responsibilities of leadership in different spheres of national life. Traditionally, the family has been left largely to its own resources to deal with most of its problems, although in some cases it may be assisted by the larger community groups (such as caste) to which a family may belong. General problems relates to health, education and employment. Questions relating to status and rights, property, inheritance, etc., are the subject of social legislation. The gradual break-up of the joint family and the emergence of the small family have increased its economic problems and burdens. Family responsibilities have now to be borne at a comparatively younger age by the head of the small family than happened in the joint family. This creates the need for greater guidance and assistance in dealing with family problems. The increasing complexity of the social situation and handicaps arising from physical disability, ailment or unemployment render it more difficult for the family to provide a sense of security to its members. This fact suggests a number of problems which, along with other problems such as divorce, desertion, and treatment of mal-adjusted members of the family, need to be studied carefully if welfare agencies are to develop suitable methods of treatment for guiding and assisting those in need. There are a number of under-privileged communities such as the scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and other backward classes including criminal tribes. The problems of poverty, ill-health, and lack of opportunities for development affect them to a larger extent than many other sections of the society. The

main problems to be considered under the description of social vice are prostitution, crime and delinquency, alcoholism, gambling and beggary. These problems have existed for a long period, although necessarily their nature and extent vary according to the prevailing social and economic conditions. Some of them have to be dealt with largely by local communities, and the approach and treatment have to be varied from place to place. The character and magnitude of these problems of social defense have to be determined carefully before the value and efficacy of the existing agencies and programmes could be assessed. Social legislation deals with many of the social evils with a view to controlling and even eradicating them, but its actual implementation needs to be watched. Among the practical problems to be resolved are the demarcations of the relative roles of State and private agencies, determination of the machinery of enforcement, estimation of the resources required, examination of methods, development of correct programmes, and creation of public opinion in favor of an objective and dispassionate approach to the problems of social vice. As the social structure becomes more complex, the State is called upon to play an increasing role in providing services for the welfare of the people. The Central Government, the various State Governments and local self-governing bodies, each in its own sphere, have to ensure that they have at least the minimum administrative machinery for dealing with social "problems. What form this machinery takes will depend on their particular circumstances and requirements, but it is certain that without the necessary machinery they will not be able to pursue their programmes. Training for Social Work The contribution which social services make will depend to a considerable extent upon personnel and leadership. A general understanding of the philosophy and history of social work, the structure and functions of society, the nature and extent of social problems, the methods and techniques of social work, and of the details of the programmes and how best their results

may be assessed, will help improve the quality and efficacy of all services organized by State and private agencies. The training of social workers should of course include knowledge of conditions prevailing in fields in which they are to work, and social workers must possess the spirit of service and the character and energy to execute programmes despite handicaps and limitations and with such resources-as may be readily available. There are several schools of social work in India and the setting up of some other institutions on similar lines is being contemplated in some of the States. There are important problems involved in these institutions which require specially qualified and experienced personnel, careful selection of candidates for training, special training for fields in which there is scope for employment, and adequate opportunities for field-work experience. Trained social workers are needed in large numbers for rural areas. It should be possible for the existing schools of social work to draw students from rural areas and to arrange for their training in the field in selected centers organized by rural welfare agencies. Universities and colleges in or near rural areas could also develop training programmes for rural development. Agricultural colleges could introduce intensive social welfare courses and field-work 'programmes as part of their curricula. Similar institutions with greater emphasis on social anthropology could be created in tribal' areas. It is not possible for many voluntary organizations in the country to employ highly trained personnel for their ordinary programmes and activities. It is, therefore, necessary to arrange for training at the community level for field workers, instructors and supervisors. The existing schools of social work, specialized social service agencies, social welfare agencies functioning at the national and State level should provide opportunities for such training. Arrangements for ` in-service' training should also be made by the larger voluntary organizations which have worked in the field of social welfare for many years. Further, arrangements have to te made for the training of voluntary workers who will be needed in large numbers during the coming years. It is especially desirable that voluntary administrative and field

personnel should be given some elementary training in social work. The emergence of State social services and of large central organizations to deal with important social problems and the lack of opportunities for higher training in the social sciences within the country indicate the need in selected cases for training and study abroad in specialized fields. It is necessary that persons who go abroad for training should first have sufficient knowledge and experience of Indian conditions and problems.

Suggestions for Social Development There are several important issues which require detailed deliberation in social development. The Issues are:1. Considering the fast growth of social development sector in 21st

century there is need for Government of India to take a proactive role for multisectoral coordination and convergence of various role players involved in social development for which several Ministries of Govt. of India are required to be sensitized.
2. Need for greater transparency and Accountability in the sector. The

worlds leading human rights, environmental and social development international organizations such as Action Aid International, AMNESTY International, and Green Peace International, Oxfam International, Save the Children International and World YWCA have today publicly endorsed the first global accountability charter for the non-profit sector to act as responsible players for social development. International NGOs play an increasingly influential role. Global public opinion surveys show higher trust in NGOs than in government and business. In addition to an internal desire to be transparent and accountable, the accountability charter also seeks to demonstrate that NGOs deeply

value public trust .In an unprecedented step, international civil society organizations have come together to demonstrate their commitment to transparency and accountability. This initiative builds on the individual, national and sectoral initiatives taken by international NGOs to set standards of accountability and codes of conduct.
3. Need for greater respect, appreciation and support to the social

workers. The reason for this they are the key actors for the overall development. Every part of social development sector depends upon their ability and responsibility. Efficient and effective social workers will be made by the concerned NGOs. NPOs, NGOs and other developmental organizations and foundations are needed to respect and appreciate the social workers. The lack of social workers and the continuous high turnover of social workers weaken the quality and availability of the service given to clients especially for the poor. The lack of competent personnel may lead to the loss of the basic social rights intended in the constitution. Reasons for the lack of social workers are low pay, lack of leadership and heavy workload. In order to improve the availability of social workers and their quality work it is suggested that social workers should have the opportunity to participate in continuing education and supervision of work.
4. Need for further primitives policies of activities self groups, micro

credit & market avenues for the productivity self help groups. NGOs can promote the policies for self help groups and micro finance. There is strong relation between the self help groups and micro credit system at present scenario. In India self help groups are extensively working as primary tools towards poverty alleviation and empowerment. National and state government initiatives, as well as NGOs efforts, have used SHGs to implement poverty alleviation programmes in Andhra Pradesh since 1979. Micro credit is emerged as strong weapon to eradicate poverty through self sustainable with the help of NGOs,

micro finance institutions and banks. At present scenario of social development with relation to
5. Need for clear distinction and clarity of Micro Credit & Micro Finance.

Mainly SHGs are the prime clients for the Micro and Micro Finance. Banks or financial institutions need to clarify the difference between these two things, because banks are main sources for the micro credit or finance. Micro credit and micro fianc, often used synonymously, is very popular terms in recent developmental activities. This is creating huge confusion and misunderstanding in developmental activities. Professor Muhammad Yunus mentioned this problem with some sarcasm in his address to the International Seminar on Attacking Poverty with Micro Credit, held in Dhaka on 8 and 9 January 2003: The word micro credit did not exist before the seventies. Now it has become a catchword developmental practitioner. In the process, the word now means everything to everybody. Micro credit caters commercial needs of poor for enabling them to raise their income levels and improve standard of living. Micro credit means more emphasis on loans while micro fianc also includes support services where you open up channels for thrift, market assistance, technical assistance, capacity building, insurance, social and cultural programmes. So where there is micro finance is credit plus, there only micro credit is credit. Micro credit financial requirements are generally not meant for economic development activities, but for consumptive needs like it education of a child, medicinal requirements etc. Here quantum are quite low, needs are very emergent, and there is hardly any difference between the consumptive purpose and productive purpose.
6. Need for coordinating Agencies & mechanism both at Govt. of India

and at various State Govt. levels. Need for coordinating Agencies and mechanism both at Government of India and at various State

Government level. Coordinating agencies and mechanism helps in brining the all NGOs together and facilitate for better work in social development with the help of government machineries. Moreover, these instruments helps to form networks at all level including international, national, state and local level. This body can also coordinate NGO movements in each country.
7. Need for enabling policies both by centre and states. The social

problems of contemporary India are the result of a complex nexus between the factors of exclusion and inclusion rooted in history, values, and cultural ethos. Many of these problems could not addressed by the development strategy launched since independence. Recent policies of globalization have further undermined the role larger societal norms as well as the state apparatus that could counter exclusionary forces. The agenda of social development has remained unfinished, keeping social tensions simmering. During the 7th five-year plan, polices were helped to achieved the targeted social development goals, in terms of establishment of social infrastructure, especially in rural areas. The 8th five year plan identified human development as its main focus, with health and population control listed as two of six priority objectives. It was emphasized that health facilities must reach the entire population by the end of the 8th plan. The plans also identified people initiative and participation as a key element. With the enactment of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992), Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) were revitalized and a process of democratic decentralization ushered in, with similar provisions made for urban local bodies, municipalities and nagar palikas. Today, however, in the policy debate, ongoing orthodox economic liberalism is giving way to concerns regarding social consequences of globalization, as it affects the poorest and the marginalized sections of the population. Thus, a number of highly important and far-reaching social

policy measures have been brought on to the development agenda, in the form of the right to information act, rural employment guarantee act, the rural health mission among others.
8. Need for capacity building of Govt. Officials, NGOs and gross root level

activists and stake holders of social development. Several international and national conferences identify an effective leadership role of the NGOs as social development channels. Capacity building can be defined as development, fostering and support of infrastructure, resources and relationships for NGOs and related systems and services, at Member States, organizational, inter-organizational, and regional and systems levels, contributing to the peaceful, socially distributed and sustainable development of our societies. Capacitybuilding programmes broaden and strengthen the professional expertise and accelerate progress in the organization activities weather it government or nongovernmental organization. Capacity buildings main goals are to increase the individual capacity of present and future developmental professionals and leaders and to support the development of institutions and programmes all over the world especially in the social development sector.
9. Need for process documentation, Action research, Monitoring &

Evaluation and social audit. The word documentation includes both records and documents. Records are recorded information, regardless of the medium or characteristics, made or received by an organization that is useful in the operation of the organization. Documents explain what an organization plans to do and how it will be accomplished as well as instruct employees how to perform tasks. In this regard professional organizations need to maintain quality and effective documentation along with the action research, monitoring and evaluation and social audit. Action research is very important component for the effective functioning of the organization. Action

research finds out the achievement and failures of the organizations activities. With the help of action research findings, NGOs and other developmental organizations can reform or modify their ongoing developmental projects, if there are any insufficient methods or policies, social audit is also one of the important elements for the social development. NGOs are the prime players to enhance the awareness about the social audit within the NGOs and other governmental organizations.
10. Need for further promotion of participatory approaches of the

development. Participatory approach of the development facilitates the local communities play a central role in the planning, implementation and funding of activities within participatory developmental programmes. The exact composition of any given programme should be determined in conjunction with them. It is important to ensure that programme activities:
a. Do not provoke conflict between resource users (where conflict is

unavoidable, conflict resolution mechanisms should be specified early on);

b. do not further isolate marginal households (that may not be able to

participate in activities which demand a labor or financial contribution); c. do not undermine viable indigenous soil and water conservation techniques; d. are informed by an understanding of existing management practices (e.g. they do not immediately promote group activity if there is no history of communal working); e. are feasible given current capacity within the community and external organizations; and

f. Take into account underlying climatic, hydrological, soil and land

use characteristics. Participatory approaches are more important to succeed the developmental programmes. Participatory approach also enables the social capital for social development.
11. Need for sharing of knowledge, innovative approaches, and people

centered approaches. Here, sharing of knowledge is very important component in every aspect of development field. This concept of sharing of knowledge leads to innovative methods in development sector with development organizations. People centered approach, at present, is very much needed in the field of social development. These above components considered as critical elements for speedy social development. NGOs and other developmental organizations need to develop an innovative approach for social development with the help of sharing of knowledge concept. To get access of sharing of knowledge and to develop innovative approach, NGOs and other developmental organizations need to get extensive trainings on various issues such as Organizational Development, Capacity Building of Organizations and other related to social development. Moreover, NGOs are considered by international developmental organizations and banking as the prime actors for social development.
12. Need for savings, economy of resources and no cost, low cost and cost

effective approaches. There is interrelation between the above concepts such as savings, economy of resources and no cost, low cost and cost effective approaches in social development. Developing the society with all minimum needs required the tremendous savings in all sections of the society. Especially in rural areas, women self help groups savings are reached at maximum level. This saving came from only marginalized sections of the society. In this scenario, NGOs and other developmental organizations efforts utilized cent percent with no cost and low cost effective approaches. Thus, for overall social

development need the above concepts. Here, NGOs and other voluntary or developmental organizations need to enhance the awareness on above issues for better social development.
13. Need for exchange visits, study tours, & National and International

exposure. Exchange visits and study tours at national and international exposure will broaden and strengthen the organizational capacity in various aspects such as management skills, developmental methods and interaction with developmental professionals in the field of national and international and so on. Moreover, tours and visits also give knowledge in the different areas of social development from different nations especially from developed countries. The developed nations technological knowledge will help in faster the social development in developing countries. 14. Need for planning by NGOs working in the sector. As earlier

stated by international developmental organizations, NGOs are the critical players in social development. Because, NGOs works in the every aspect of society and they works from grass roots level to international level. So, NGOs can draw the plans for social development effectively.
15. Need for introduction of managerial inputs to the NGOs working in the

sector. For the effective programme implementation and policymaking, NGOs need to acquire the knowledge of effective managerial inputs for the NGOs in the different areas of social development. In the present scenario of social development, every programme of poverty alleviation in rural as well as urban areas and infrastructure development such as roads, drinking water, schools and health centers etc., are implemented and monitored by NGOs. Thus, for effective implementation or benefits reaching to the poor are depends up on NGOs effectiveness.

16. Need for sustainable development approaches. Need for collaboration

among peoples institutions, NGOs and Government Institutions. The international community has recognized the vital importance of cooperation between government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in addressing the social and human development related issues. The importance of government-NGO cooperation was stressed in the recent global and regional conferences concerning the social development. To respond to these mandates, international developmental organizations formulated the process of governmentNGO collaboration for social development especially in the area of poverty alleviation programmes. Moreover, World Bank also is stressed on the Government and NGO collaboration for rapid social development in recent international conferences.
17. Need for Multisectoral coordination and convergence of various role

players in the sector. Multi sector coordination and convergence is the effective method for rapid social development. Governments across the world are grappling with appropriate policies to optimize the benefits associated with convergence through multi sectoral coordination. Convergence has emerged as a global phenomenon as a result of digitization which has allowed traditionally distinct services to be offered across interchangeable platforms. These technological trends have been accelerated by the liberalization of markets allowing for the social development.
18. Need for integrated Micro Planning at village level and Holistic

development. Integrated Micro planning is the most important concept for the developmental and governmental organizations. In this aspect, every resource of the village utilized for the overall development of the village through the micro planning. In this process, natural resources and human resources utilized for overall development with the help of NGOs and government organizations.

19. Need for creation of the Model Villages. Model villages especially

created for the utilization of information and communication technology. In the previous years, ICT was utilized for the development of corporate industries and other large size multinational corporations. Now, in the globalized era, ICT is reaching to the every corner of the globe including villages. If ICT need to utilize properly in village development, villages need to be developed as model villages so as to accept the access of developed technologies. NGOs and other developmental organizations need to be developed the facilities in rural areas with coordination with the government organizations.
20. Need for non exploitation, lack of corruption, and lack of hypo critic

approaches by a few black sheep in social development. As late Prime Minister of India, Rajeev Gandhi noticed that exploitation and corruption are the major hurdles for the path of Indias development. This is indicating that the high intention and impact in the social development. NGOs and other developmental organizations and charities and every social group are need to work for the non exploitation, lack of corruption, and lack of hypo critic approaches for the better society and social development. The inter-relationship between the various activities has to be emphasized and the necessary co-ordination assured both in the Central Government; and in the States. One aspect of this co-ordination would be to secure that legislation relating to social problems follows broadly similar principles. In cases where grants-in-aid are given by a State authority to a private agency, it is desirable to lay down general directions for improving the content of the programmes and their administration. A measure of supervision and inspection should also be provided in order to maintain standards of efficiency. A major responsibility for organizing activities in different fields of social welfare, like the welfare of women and children, social education, community organization, etc., falls naturally

on private voluntary agencies. These private agencies have for long been working in their own humble way and without adequate State aid for the achievement of their objectives with their own leadership, organization and resources. Any plan for the social and economic regeneration of the country should take into account the service rendered by these private agencies and the State should give them the maximum co-operation in strengthening their efforts. Public cooperation, through these voluntary social service organizations, is capable of yielding valuable results in canalizing private effort for the promotion of social welfare. One of the most important tasks of the State is to conduct a survey of the nature, quality and extent of service rendered by voluntary agencies in different parts of the country, to assess the extent of financial and other aid that they are in need of in order to develop their programmes of work, and to coordinate their activities. A sum of Rs. 4 crores has been provided as grants-in-aid to voluntary social service organizations for strengthening, improving and extending the existing activities in the field of social welfare and for developing new programmes and carrying out pilot projects. It is envisaged that this fund of Rs. 4 crores should be administered by a board to be set up by the Central Government to which a great deal of administrative authority will be devolved. The board should be predominantly composed of non-officials who have actual experience of field work in promoting voluntary welfare activities. Information Technology and IT enabled services for NGOs Social Development has become a very important sector in 21st century. NGOs corporate sectors, social outfits, individual philanthropy, International development organizations, and charitable organizations have become very important areas of development. One of the emerging trends in social development is to make the NGOs as professional organizations.

To enable the NGOs to become professional organizations capacity building of NGOs, in the areas of building up the organizations, creating infrastructure, managerial skills, financial management, technical expertise, subject matter specializations, Management information system, impact assessment, social audit, stake holders satisfaction and stake holders participation in decision making are required. To enable the NGOs to be able to re-orient their approaches, and become professional organizations, Information Technology has a very important role to play. IT & IT enabled services will enable the NGOs to prepare a long term plan including geographical areas of operations, projects to be implemented, various subjects being handled and application of Geographical information systems (GIS) and Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS) in the areas of Integrated Watershed Development and Natural Resources Development. One of the important applications is that, analysis of socio economic data of communities in the villages in which the NGOs are functioning is to be takeup. Even the Household survey in the areas of operation and participatory assessment, of the poverty prioritization of Watersheds in the villages, the IT enabled services are to be utilized. In order to implement rights based campaigns in the areas of Human rights, child rights, women rights, Disabled rights, youth rights and the right of the senior citizens it will be highly useful in terms of the provisions of various acts like Right to Information Act, legislation schemes and programs which are available for various sections of the society as per IT enabled services. In the areas of demographic trends, analysis of poverty ratios, analysis of literacy rates, analysis of development indicators, IT enabled services are highly useful in achieving Millennium Developmental Goals. Information Technology will be very handy in planning for development indicators in any area of operations. In the Joint Forest Management, Integrated Watershed Development, Wastelands Development, Satellite Based GIS and GPS will be highly useful and their applications will enable us to implement the watershed development on a scientific basis.

Similarly in Disaster Management and in taking necessary precautions against cyclones, Tsunamis, Katrinas and other natural disaster IT enabled services are of the great use. In the areas of agriculture and Animal Husbandry, weather forecasting deciding appropriate crops to be grown, market intelligence and the International trends of agriculture, the Information Technology has a very important role to play. Similarly under self help groups in the areas of saving thrift, loaning, marketing of the products, financial management etc., Information Technology has a very great role to play. In education, in promoting education for all more so, education of the disabled and areas of Integrated Education Inclusive Education and special education for the children such as visually impaired hearing impaired, and mentally handicapped Information Technology has a great role to play. Information Technology enable creation of educational packages for various categories, where-in education has been childe friendly and accessible, so as to enable the child to learn in a very fast manner. In the management of the organizations, with particular references to Human resources Management and in evolving training plans, Information Technology has an important role to play. In addition, services such as, Payroll package, MIS and financial management of the organizations, Information Technology can be of great help. In the training programs for Capacity Building to give skills to various functionaries in the organization, technical expertise, sharing of knowledgeable information, success stories, case studies, etc., the Information Technology has a very important role to play. Regarding information, Education and communication, the campaign of publicizing the activities of the organizations through websites etc., Information Technology has tremendous role to play. In addition, in the project formulations, management information systems, impact assessments, social audit, in judging the stake holders satisfaction, in communication with various organizations, instantaneously, through Email and in learning about work of various organizations internationally, IT has a great role to play. Further, in promoting multi secotral coordination and convergence between

Government and the NGOs in communication with donor agencies, in donor services reporting, documentation of the projects implementation, appraising the donors regarding the stages of implementation of projects, distance education and training, e-Governance, e-Commerce and e-Impact assessments, Information Technology has a great role to play. While the organizations and functionaries are busy with their day to day activities, happenings all over the world in terms of the conferences, workshops, seminars and deliberations that are being happening and to enable the organizations to have information at the door steps, IT has a great role to play. In resources mobilization in the areas of individual philanthropy, Government funding from international donor agencies and corporate, IT applications are of immense values. Ultimately, Information Technology and IT enabled services will enable the NGOs to become professional organizations, knowledge based organizations with appropriate capacity building, Government and NGO collaboration, multi sectoral coordination, convergences and making the organizations to be very powerful, productive organizations on the path of the sustainable organizations and sustainable development.
Opportunity for NGOs of Mumbai

Khar Education Society www.khareducationsociety.org - a pioneer institution in the field of education for last 75 years celebrates its Platinum Jubilee year (2008 -09) As part of its celebration, it has organized a Fun N Trade Fair on 11th, 12th and 13th of April 2008. Khar Education Society invites Non Government Organizations to get involved in this celebration. The following are various options for NGOs to participate: I. II. Sell: Creative and innovative products made by the beneficiary . Note: Product prices could be prominently displayed Collect material: Can collect materials from visitors as donation in kind - clothes, books, toys, one-side used paper, etc. that are used by the NGOs in their on-going projects (Note: You need to inform to the organizers in advance to make announcement) &n bsp;

III. IV.

V.

Donation boxes: can be used to collect funds while showcasing their work through posters, PPT, Documentary, puppet shows, street plays, open forum, discussion etc Volunteer data bank: Can create a volunteer data-bank by marketing the issue, strategies in addressing the issue and motivating the general public for volunteerism Khar Education Society would be providing a large size classroom to be shared by 2-3 NGOs (depending on the applicant organizations profile and space requirement) As of now we have reserved 8 class rooms. Participation Fees: The registration charges would be Rs.1000/- for all three days from 10. 30 am to 8 pm. and Rs.1000/- towards refundable deposit. The society will be providing __1__ tables and ____1_ chairs to each NGO. (Additional tables and chairs are available from contractor) The entries will be strictly on first cum first basis. However, the decision on acceptance of entries will lies with the organizing committee. Mode of payment: only by cheque in favor of Khar Education Society before 7th apr.2008

The following suggestions can help participants to make best use of this opportunity and derive maximum benefit from this event. a. For participation: Those who don't make products can sell products printed with their name e.g. caps, t-shirts b. For product sales: Availability of a pricelist handout with terms could be useful for those who want to buy in future or in bulk c. For awareness: Brochures and a photo album of activities to browse there itself could have a greater impact d. Conduct a survey to educate visitors: Surveys can turn out to be more meaningful if it educates people about any particular social or civic issue e. Interact with visitors: There should be at least one person whose sole job would be to engage the visitor into a con variation about the organization f. Get people involved: It seems a good opportunity to also convey volunteering requests and material requests g. NGO beneficiaries to interact with visitors: Where possible, each NGO should also have a beneficiary at the stall so that visitors can realize the value of their support. NGO's as Knowledge Based Professional Organizations Voluntary Organizations, NGOs not to profit making organizations are doing yeoman service of helping poor and the needy all over the World. As the growth of Information Technology 8v IT enabled services have revolutionized the development of nations, its impact on catalyzing and influencing the

process of development by the NGOs can also be seen. In the area of globalization and liberalization, it is an open world, with open competitions in the global village, where in the NGOs are required to reorient their approaches, and convert their organizations as Professional Organizations. One of the very important ways of achieving the goal of converting NGOs as professional organizations is through the process of making the NGOs as "Knowledge Based Professional Organizations". Needless to say the functionaries of the NGOs in the "knowledge based professional organizations" are required to be molded as knowledge workers, and acquiring knowledge being regular, continuous and endless the organizations are required to be learning organizations and live and organic organizations on the path of sustainable development. For NGOs to become "knowledge based professional organizations" they are required to evolve Long term, Short term and Annual Plans. They must access the information regarding planning for NGOs, through internet of various professionally managed NGOs across the globe, and analyze the best models available and arrive at a suitable, locally relevant model of planning. Analysis of functioning of International NGOs will give insights to upcoming NGOs and also provide knowledge regarding the status of functioning of International NGOs. For NGOs involved in advocacy, social mobilization and unionizations of people, analysis of best practices available all over the World and replicating or implementing the best practice will save time and resources of implementing a methodology based on the rich experience gained by others. One of the important areas is to prepare a Human Resources Management and Development Plan as well as Training Plan. Replication of best practices available will enable the upcoming NGOs to grow better and offer the Best quality services, to the satisfaction of stake holders. Other important area is Capacity Building of the NGOs. Analysis and implementation of best practices for building the capacities, in the areas of infrastructure, technical expertise, managerial skills, resources mobilization, stake holders participation, impact assessment, stakeholders satisfaction of the services being offered will enable NGOs build their capacities in various spheres of management of NGOs. The most impart area for NGOs is the knowledge required regarding individual philanthropy, different methods of fund raising and International donor agencies. Once the methodologies of accessing of funds are available to the NGOs they can easily access funds and successfully run the organizations. The NGOs also should be aware regarding individual philanthropy; charities of faith based organizations, corporate social responsibility and arrive at implementation of resources mobilization plans. Similarly the areas of multisectoral coordinations and convergence are also required to be known to the NGOs. Analysis and implementation_ of the best practices of net working can enable the organizations to grow at a faster pace and also offer good quality services. In the areas of Education, IT enabled packages of Education, Games, Recreation, Animation and creative approaches will enable NGOs to implement child friendly education practices. Analysis of success stories and failure stories of implementation of projects

of various organizations will enable the NGOs to learn from the experiences of other organizations. It will enable NGOs not to commit the same pitfalls of a few NGOs. In the areas of Natural Resources Management 8s Development including prevention of pollution, pollution control and treatment, GIS and GPS based packages will be of immense value and a scientific and professional approach can be followed by the NGOs. In Agriculture, In Animal Husbandry Dairy Development and Human Development based on the forecast of weather and rainfall patterns local level planning and implementation of the projects can be done. By keeping the professionals of the organizations with up to date knowledge in their subject matter specialization, will enable NGOs to convent them as professional organizations. Analysis of the expertise of other organizations in MIS, impact assessment, social audit, indicators of development will enable NGOs to offer high quality services and achieve the god of satisfaction of the clients. In the areas of Human Development indicators, millennium development goals, International Conferences on Environment and social development the knowledge of the current scenario across the globe will enable NGOs to be functioning with current and up to date knowledge. Analysis of areas of own expertise and experiences over a period, and replication of approaches will enable NGOs to become professional organizations. The most important area is research fun dings in any field of activities. If the research funding is put in to practice NGO functioning will be very dynamic and suiting to the current need in the World. Ultimately the need of the hour is for the NGOs to become "knowledge based professional organizations", knowledge being power and knowledge workers being assets to the organizations, organization with knowledge will progress prospers and the apposite unfortunately have to perish in the long run.