Date: 2006-01-03

Draft IEEE Guide for Protecting Power Transformers

Introduction

Mohindar S. Singh, Chair

Pratap G. Mysore, Vice Chair

Contents

ANNEX A (Informative) Application of the transformer through-fault current duration guide to the protection of power transformers ANNEX B (Informative) Transformer Failure Statistics ANNEX C (Informative) Transformer Protection Settings Guide Error! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined. ANNEX D (Informative) Thermal overload protection (THOL)

ANNEX E (Informative) Internal Phase Shift and Zero Sequence Compensation in Modern Relays

ANNEX F (Informative) BIBLIOGRAPHY

Draft Guide for Protecting Power Transformers

1. Overview

1.1 Scope

1.2 Purpose

2. References

3. Definitions

3.1 Device Numbers

4. Philosophy and Economic Considerations

. Relaying Theory & Applications

Protective

5. Types of Failures in Transformers

6. Relay Currents

6.1. Minimum internal faults

6.2. Maximum internal faults

6.3. Through faults

6.4. Performance of CTs

6.4.1. Internal faults

6.4.2. External faults

6.4.3. CT connections

6.5. Reasons for mismatch

6.5.1. Unbalance caused by CT ratios

6.5.2. Magnetizing inrush

Figure 1: Typical magnetizing inrush current wave

6.5.3. Magnetizing current during over-excitation

7. Electrical Detection of Faults

Figure 2: Protection for a delta-wye transformer

7.1. Fuse Protection and Self Powered Flash Interrupters

Table 1: Currents for a typical distribution transformer

7.2. Differential Protection

IOP I OP I I

7.2.1. Differential Protection Using Time Overcurrent Relays

7.2.2. Differential Protection Using Percentage Differential Relays

IRT I RT I RT I RT k I k I Max I k I I I

7.2.3. Differential Protection Using Percentage Differential Relays with Inrush Restrain

7.2.3.1. Harmonic Restraint

I OP

SLP I RT

K I

K I

I OP

K I

K I

Second and fifth-harmonic restraint

I OP

SLP I RT

K I

K I

I OP

SLP I RT
n

K I

K I

Even-harmonic restraint

I OP

SLP I RT

K I

K I

Second-harmonic blocking

I OP

SLP I RT

I OP

K I

K I

K I

Second and fifth harmonic blocking

I OP I OP

K I K I

7.2.3.2. Wave shape recognition methods

Low-current detection method

DC blocking method

7.2.3.3. Relay blocking logic

7.2.4. Unit Generator Transformer Sets

7.2.5. Generator Station Service

7.2.6. Multiple Winding Transformer Differential

7.2.7. Parallel Transformers

7.2.8. Effect of Overexcitation on Differential Relays

7.2.9. Differential Protection of Autotransformers Using High Impedance Relays

7.2.10. Current Transformer Requirements

7.3. Overcurrent Relay Protection

7.3.1. Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent

7.3.2. Tertiary Winding Overcurrent

7.4. Ground Fault Protection

7.4.1. Faults in Delta-Connected Transformer Windings

7.4.2. Faults in Grounded Wye-Connected Transformer Windings

7.4.3. Case Ground

7.4.4. Impedance Grounded System

7.4.5. Ground Relays also used for Sensitive Ground Fault Protection

7.5. Fault Detection for Special Purpose Transformers

7.5.1. Regulating Transformers

7.5.1.1. In-Phase Type

7.5.1.2. Phase-Shifting or Combined Phase-Shifting and In-Phase Regulating Transformers

7.5.2. Combined Power and Regulating Transformers

7.5.3. Grounding Transformers

7.6. Backup and External Fault Protection

7.6.1. Overcurrent Relays

7.6.2. Negative Sequence Relays

7.6.3. Fuses

7.6.4. Breaker Failure

7.6.5. Dual Input Relays

7.6.5.1. Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Relay

7.6.5.2. Voltage Restraint Overcurrent Relay

7.6.5.3. Impedance Relay Controlling an Overcurrent Relay

7.6.5.4. Overcurrent-Directional Relay

7.7. Temperature Relays

7.8. Miscellaneous Relays

8. Mechanical Detection of Faults

8.1. Gas Accumulator Relay

8.2. Gas Detector Relay

8.3. Pressure Relays

8.3.1. Sudden Oil-Pressure Relay

8.3.2. Sudden Gas/Oil Pressure Relay

8.3.3. Sudden Gas Pressure Relay

8.3.4. Static Pressure Relay

9. Thermal Detection of Abnormalities

9.1. Thermal Relays for Winding Temperature
9.1.1. Causes of Transformer Overheating

9.1.2. Undesirable Results of Overheating

9.1.3. Hot-Spot Location

9.1.4. Modern Refinements heat transfer Overloading Guide

9.2. Other Means of Thermal Protection

9.2.1. Top Oil Temperature

9.2.2. Fuses or Overcurrent Relays

9.2.3. Thermal Relays for Tank Temperature

9.2.4. Overexcitation Protection

9.3. Testing Thermal Relays

10. Fault Clearing

10.1. Relay Tripping Circuits

10.2. Circuit Breakers

10.3. Remote Tripping of Circuit Breakers

10.3.1. Transfer Trip Schemes

10.3.2. Fault Initiating Switch (High-Speed Ground Switch)

10.3.3. Disconnecting Switch

10.4. Circuit Switcher

10.5. Fuses

10.6. Self-powered re-settable fault interrupters

10.7. Other Practices

11. Re-Energizing Practice

12. Gas Analysis

Key Gas

Associated Fault Type

Condition 1

Condition 2

Condition 3

Condition 4

Doernenburg Ratio DR-1 DR- 2 DR- 3 DR- 4

Definition RR - 1 RR -2 RR -3

13. Special Protective Schemes

13.1. Overall Unit Generator Differential

13.1.1. Configuration

13.1.2. Problem

13.1.3. Solution

Figure 26: Special differential relay connections for over-all protection of unit generator

13.2. Unit Transformer of Three Legged Core Form Type

Figure 27: Grounding transformer in differential zone (external fault condition shown)

13.3. Grounding Transformer inside the Main Transformer Differential Zone

13.3.1. Configuration

13.3.2. Problem

13.3.3. Solution

13.4. Unbalanced Voltage Protection for Wye-Connected Three-Legged Core-Type Transformers

13.4.1. Configuration

13.4.2. Problem

13.4.3. Solution

13.4.4. Relay Setting

13.4.5. Alternative Solution

13.5. Differential Protection of Single-Phase Transformers Connected in ThreePhase Banks

Figure 28: Protection of wye connected core type transformers with no delta for unbalanced voltage conditions

Figure 29: Differential protection of a bank of three Single Phase Autotransformers with a tertiary. Two cts on each phase of tertiary.

13.6. Differential Protection of a bank of three single phase Autotransformers with Tertiary

Figure 30: Alternate Differential protection of a bank of three single phase autotransformers with a tertiary

13.7. Differential Protection of Single-Phase Transformers in a Three-Phase Bank with a Spare Transformer

14. Other Considerations

ANNEX A (Informative) Application of the transformer through-fault current duration guide to the protection of power transformers

Table A1: Summary of Through-Fault Protection Curves

Minimum Nameplate kVA (Principal Winding)

Table A2: An Application Example of the Thermal Mechanical Limit Curves For a Three-winding Transformer

H Winding

X Winding

Y Winding

ANNEX B (Informative) Transformer Failure Statistics

Col No.

Title

Definition

Table B.1:

Table B.2:

Table B.3:

Table B.4:

Table B.5:

Table B.6:

Table B.4:

Table B.8:

Table B.9:

Table B.10:

ANNEX C (Informative) Transformer Protection Settings Guide

C.1.

CT Ratio Selection, Phase Shift Correction, & Some Settings Examples

Specifications of Power Transformer: 110 MVA 230kV (Y) - 13.8kV ( ) 600/5 6000/5

Figure C.1: CT ratios and connections for the 110 MVA 13.8 / 230 kV transformer CASE I - CT Ratio Selection Procedure(Electro-Mechanical Relays) 1. Phase Shift Correction

2.

CT Selections for HV and LV sides

it is easier to start from LV side of the power transformer as its CTs are connected in Y:

(i) Ideal I (HV) sec = I (LV) sec = 3.84A (ii) Ideal CT (HV) current = Ideal I (HV) sec 2.21A = 276A 3 = 3.84A 2.21A = 125 3 = 2.21A

(iii) Ideal CT (HV) Ratio = I (HV)

(The ratio of 125:1 or 625:5, as shown above, provides a perfect match for I (LV) sec with no current flowing to the operating coil, but 625/5 ratio CTs are not normally available) (iv) Select 600/5 CT ratio of for HV side

(v) New I (HV )sec = (276A

600)

3 = 3.99A

(vi) % error = 100% = 100%

{ [ I (HV) sec I (LV) sec] { [ 3.99 3.84] 3.84}

I (LV) sec}

= 3.7% (this is acceptable)

3.

Minimum Pickup Setting

Id 4. Percentage Slopes Consideration (A) Slope 1:

20%

1A

In determining the percentage slope 1, the following should be factored in for the consideration of maximum system unbalance: i) Spill current as a result of CT mismatch:

ii) Spill current as a result of CT transformation error:

iii) Spill current as a result of voltage regulation by tap changer:

a + b + c =3.83% + 5% + 11.5% = 20.33% iv) Set the slope 1 to 30% to allow some margin for the calculated 20.33% error. (B) Slope 2: Slope 2 slope 1 70%

CASE II - CT Ratio Selection Procedure(Micro-Processor Relays) 1. Phase Shift Correction

IA

2.

CT Selections for HV and LV sides

125% of I (LV) = 1.25 Select 6000/5

4,602A = 5,753A

125% of I (HV) = 1.25 Select 400/5

276A = 345A

C.2.

Formula for calculating the spill current

VR

kV new kV old kV new kV old kV new kV new

VR(Voltage Regulation) R I R I b b I1=I2 . I I

R I R I

I I

I I

R I R I

I I

R I R I I

R I R I

R I R I

ANNEX D (Informative) Thermal overload protection (THOL)

D.1. General theory

D.2.

Winding Temperature Monitoring on Transformer with OLTC

D.3.

Limitations of Traditional Winding Temperature Indicator

An Example

D.4.

Protection

D.5.

Digital Relays for Transformer Thermal Winding Protection

HVu

HVR

I HV I HVR

HVt

HVu

HVi

w HVi

HVu HVR HVt HVi

t t t

I HV I HVR t
w

D.6.

Measuring Temperature with Imbedded RTD Sensors

ANNEX E (Informative) Internal Phase Shift and Zero Sequence Compensation in Modern Relays

E.1. An Example

E.2. Reasons for using internal compensation

E.3. Differential Current Compensation Connections

IA IB IC

IA IB IC

I A I B IC I A I B IC Matrix From Table

E.3.1. Table E.1 is not All Inclusive

E.3.2. Magnitude Compensation

E.3.3. Zero-Sequence Compensation

No additional accommodation for zero-sequence.

2.

Always remove zero-sequence currents from all three-phase inputs.

3.

Allow the user to enable zero-sequence removal from an input with Wye compensation.

4. instead of wye compensation.

ensation that results in no phase shift

IA IB IC

IA IB IC

I I I

I
IA IB IC

IA
IA IB IC

IB

IC
IA IA IA IB IB IB IC IC IC IC IC IC

IA IA IA

IB IB IB

IA IB IC IA IA IA IB IB IB

IA IB IC IC IC IC

E.4. Examples

internal

internal

ANNEX F (Informative) BIBLIOGRAPHY

F.1. General Information Books and Standards

F.1.1.

F.1.2.

Others

F.2.

Phase-shifting transformer protection

F.3.

Fault detection General

F.3.1.

F.3.2.

Electrical

F.3.3.

Numerical

F.3.4.

Fuse protection

F.4.

Pressure and gas analysis

F.5.

Overvoltage