PME3006 First Midterm 04/06/2009-solution

1. (a) The main differences between the various forms of primary bonding are: Ionic-- The bonding is non-directional and involves electrons transfer. Covalent-- The bonding is directional and involves electrons sharing. Metallic-- The bonding is non-directional and involves electrons sharing. (b) Melting occurs when atoms are no longer held at the fixed positions in the crystal. This requires the atom to have sufficient kinetic energy, which is measured with the temperature, to overcome the bond energy. As a result, the higher the bond energy, the higher is the melting point of the material. 2. (a)

In general , the atomic radius R 1- 2 ( A) and the atomic packing factor is 0.74 (close - packed ), so the atomic density = 1 4 R3 3 0.74 1022 -10 23 atoms per cm3

(b) A plane:
Intercepts Intercepts in terms of a, b, and c Reciprocals of intercepts Reduction Enclosure

x a 2 1 2 2 1

y b 2 1 2 -2 -1 (1 1 0)

z 0 0

B plane:

x Intercepts Intercepts in terms of a, b, and c Reciprocals of intercepts Reduction Enclosure

y z b c a 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 not necessary (1 2 2)

3. (a) Unit cell of FCC:

Ga

z As X y

2 in lattice point 1/2 0 1/2 , the position of Ga is 1/2 0 1/2 the position of As is 3/4 1/4 3/4 (b) Because there are no atom on (300) plane, (300) diffraction cannot be atoms observed. 4. (a) In the figure below is shown a [110] direction for an FCC unit cell it cell,

LD110 =

2 2 1 = = 2a 2(2 2 R) 2 R

(b) In the figure below is shown a (110) plane for an BCC unit cell,

PD110 =

2 2 3 3 2 = = = 2 4 16 R 2 2a 2 2( R)2 8 2 R 3

2-4(a) (c) [Solution 1] Please check the solution of homework 2 [Solution 2] Also the HCP atom is arrange in the order of ABAB ABABwhich is similar to FCC crystal which is ABCABCABC ABCABCABC. Therefore the calculation of the c/a ratio in HCP crystal can also be calculated HCP from the FCC crystal which is easier. The figure shown below is the FCC crystal which shows the ABC arrangement. The c is twice the distance between AB plane, and a is the distance between two adjacent atoms which is (a is the lattice constant and is not the distance between adjacent atoms in plane A a). c can be calculated from simple geometry show below which is ( )a . So the c/a ratio can be calculated which is 1.633.
Lattice constant: a

a a

3 a 3

a C

a A

2a

2 a 2

FCC lattice attice

5. (a) Poissons ratio: =

lateral strain ' = axial strain

The lateral strain ' at any point is proportional to the axial strain at the same point by Poissons ratio. (b) Youngs modulus: Modulus of elasticity, when the material behaves elastically and also exhibits a linear relationship between stress and strain. The axial stress and axial strain will obey the equation = E . (c) Shear modulus: Modulus of rigidity, for many materials, the shear stress and shear strain at initial part behave linearly, the relation between and is = G . (d) Bulk modulus: The bulk modulus of a substance measures the substance's resistance to uniform compression. It is defined as the pressure increase needed to cause a given relative decrease in volume. K =
P

6. As = dt = ( 20mm )( 8.0mm ) = 502.7mm 2

average =
c =
P

P 110kN = = 219MPa As 502.7mm 2

= P 110kN = = 350 MPa 2 d / 4 ( 20mm )2 / 4

Apunch

7. Energy stored per unit volume: W =

12 1 2 1 X2 = E = E 2 2 E 2 2 L

1 X2 EA 2 Total energy stored: U=2W(AL)= 2 E 2 AL = L = EAL L 2 L

8. Please check the solution of homework 4-9 dH da

9. (a) [solution 1]The force required to stretch an atomic bond is F = dH is the change in energy of the bond when it is stretched by da

The corresponding stress is =

F 1 dH 1 dH = 2 = 3 2 a0 a0 da a0 d ( a / a0 )

d d 1 d 2H = = 3 The modulus E is E = d d ( a / a0 ) a0 d ( a / a0 )2
Which a can be regard as a constant for different atoms. Therefore the modulus E is approximately proportional to bond energy. [solution 2]

S=

=
E=

F 2 ao S ao

S ; ao

As the figure above shows, elastic modulus is directly proportional to the stiffness of the atomic bond that measures the steepness of the potential well. Since the atomic spacing does not change much from one solid material to the other, the steepness of the potential well is therefore proportional to the depth of the potential well; i.e., the magnitude of bond energy.

r (b) = G = G L

Gr G = Lr L

10. (a) The material with larger material index are lighter when the Youngs modulus are the same, and stiffer when the density are the same. In other words, the larger material index is, the lighter and stiffer is the material. (b) The ceramics located at the upper side of the line suggests that the density and elastic modulus of ceramics are larger and higher compared to those of foams. Under the requirements of the same stiffness and area for the panel of interest, the panel will be thinner if it was made with ceramics instead of foams, and the opposite is true if the panel uses foams.