>>>> GRAMATICA | = verbos = artigos © SUDStANtV0S —— * adjetivos e pronomes =m # AdVErbio$ memento 1 preposigdes ee ® conjungoes ® alguns falsos cognates smn = twoword verbs ~ expressdes idiomaticas: ® principais verbos irregulares: os 18 20 23 30 33 38 39 40POOP eee eee eee VEVUUY Infinitive ‘to open. fame tog " to speak Tempos Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future (Futuro do Presente) ‘Simple Conditional (Futuro do Pretérito) Present Continuous Simple Past sit _ do plural (I ewe). anes Traducao opened abrir Verbos worked... trabalhar Regulares gone ee Verbos spoken : Irregulares Exemplos finitive sem to agian . * Na 3" pessoa do singular (he, she e it) He sPet Topen : — - — ——— rae v. regular = inf. sem to + ed — y. irregular — formas variadas esa (capes liste) ov é i He opened = will + infinitive sem to Twill speak * Pode-se, em_contextos muito formais, I shall speak usar shallaa 1 pessoa do singular ¢ He will speak i He will. open. = would + inf. sem to Twould speak * Pode-se, em contextos muito formais,, I should speak usar should na 1* pessoa do singulane He would speak Plural Te wey. i He is speaking We are speaking They are opening . ‘Twas speaking ‘You were speaking Hommesmaking, + gertindioFEE ono gs TV AT He has spoken had + partieipio pasado He had spoken cities eicriciantacisaieaisccisn BOMBA REN estoy males errr meal gsr cal ‘casement isaratntonticiaicoumnimainicasan Lal nave pene ES ee Conditional Perfect would have + participio passado isi ideaimasdataiiicindies BEMREB TE aCe! , “ester ey pans genie nn don peak i ci ihc Observagées: Exemplos: Tam studying Thad met = I'd met He is going = He's going You have spoken = You've spoken We are sleeping = We're sleeping fell come He has written = He's writtenPORE VUE VE VEVYYVUVUVUUDV VEU Oe FESumo tebrico — ingles Simple Present Regras Exemplos to pass (pasar) — he passes to wash (lavar) ~ he washes Verbos terminados em s, sh, ch, x, 2 0: acrescen- to catch (pegar) ~ he catches ta-se es na 3* pessoa do singular (he, she, it). to box (encaixotar) — he boxes to buzz (zumbir) ~ he buzzes to ery (chorar) — he cries to supply (fornecer) ~ he supplies to obey (obedecer) — he obeys to pay (pagar) — he pays Verbos terminados em y precedido de consoante: troca-se oy por i e acrescenta-se es. Se oy for pre- codido de vogal, segue-se a regra geral. Simple Past (Verbos Regulares) to ery (chorar) - cried to reply (responder) - replied to stay (ficar) — stayed ‘Verbos terminados em y precedido de consoante: troca-se oy por i + ed. ‘Verbos monossilabicos terminados com uma s6 to fit (ajustar)~ fitted consoante precedida por uma s6 vogal (terminagao _to plan (planejar) - planned em cvc ~ consoante/vogal/consoante) dobram a mas to fail (falhar) - failed mal adeno walked, ‘Verbos oxitonos de duas ou mais silabas, termina- to emit (emitir) — emitted dos em cve (consoante/vogal/consoante): dobra-se to oceur (ocorrer) ~ occurred aconsoante final e acrescenta-se ed. consoante final antes de acrescentar ed. sli — s ee eesbE o-ns rAT Atengao: os principais verbos oxitonos com duas sflabas para es quais se dobra a ultima con- soante sao: to confer = P ; ' “orp coo al a controlled a ee oe Gertindio “to see (ver) — s¢ i acrescentar 0 sufixo ing. to agree (concordar) ~ agreeing Mas nos verbos terminados em ee usamos a regra = Formas Interrogativas e Negativas ———=_— Sa Sawa Seam a aa a Exemplos: Af: He comes here. Af: He wrote a letter. Int.: Does he come here? Int.: Did he write a letter? ‘Neg.: He does not come here. Neg.: He did not write a letter.FO OOOH VUE VEU UUUUUY Fesumo teérico ingles! Af: He is working now. AE: He will arrive sdon. Int: Is he working now? Int.: Will he arrive soon? Neg: He is not working now. Neg.: He will not arrive soon. = Contracoes "are not — aren't. ‘does not — doesn’t shall not — shan't ‘was not wasn’t have not— haven't would not - wouldn't Observacdes: © Forma Interrogativa - Negativa v6 i of + sujeito + verbo Exemplos: He comes here. + Doesn't he come here? He wrote a letter. + Didn't he write a letter? He is working now. — Isn't he working now? He will arrive soon. > Won't he arrive soon? ‘© Imperativo Negativo Exemplo: to drink (beber) Afe Drink. Af: Let's drink. Neg.: Don't drink. Neg.: Let's not drink. E possivel o uso de do/does/did + infinitive no afirmativo quando queremos enfatizar ‘uma aco. Principalmente quando o outro orador expressou uma diivida sobre a referida aco. Exemplos: A: “You didn't see him.” B: “I did see him.” “I know that you didn't expect me to go, but I did go.” te Simple Present e Present Continuous Simple Present. Present Continuous Ex: Peter goes to school every day. “Exs.: It is raining now. Advérbios: always, never, often, seldom, Listen! The bell is ringing. sometimes, usually, generally, coossionaly Advérbios: now, at this moment, at pee - going Barking dogs never bite. Advérbios: tomorrow, next year, next week, Birds fly, raga fiber aa neal ie," tobelieve- crer, acreditar to want — querer to remember ~ lembrar-se de E=Simple Past e Past Continuous ‘#80, the day before yesterday, formerly, ete. the phone. 2) Apes habituais no passodo Conjunedes: when, while, as. “E> Present Perfect b) Acées passadas ee nae indeterminado, Advérbios frequentemente read) usados neste caso: ways, ever, fet p> cx. Exs.: I have alre: ly visited London? > Ee Present Perfect Continuous Ltinui daETAPA FéSumo tedrico ~ ing Simple Future e Going To < Simple Future Going to Acdes futuras indicando intengdo sem preme- Agées futuras indicando intengao premedi- ditagdo. Expressa incerteza quanto a realiza- tada. Mostra um sentimento de certoon, cdo da acdo, Ex.; She is going to travel next week. Ex. will write to you as soon as possible, Future Continuous e Future Perfect Future Continuous Future Perfect Aciio ou acontecimento que estard ocorren- Agdo que estaré completa antes de um certo do em um certo momento no futuro, tempo ou de uma outra ago no futuro. Exs.: She will be sleeping by 10 p.m, Exs.: He will have left for London by April. She will be sleeping when T get there. He ‘aye left when you arrive there. Gerundio e Infinitive Usa-se 0 Gerindio depois. a) de preposigées. ‘Exs: He insisted on seeing her. Tam tired of working. b) das expresses: can’t stand — néo suportar He is used to getting up early. : Teel like going home. ©) dos seguintes verbos: to avoid ~ evitar to finish ~ terminar to practice ~ praticar to consider ~ considerar | to keep —continuar,manter | to stop — parar de to delay ~ atrasar to imagine ~ imaginar to suggest ~ sugerir to deny —~ negar to mind ~ incomodar-se to enjoy — apreciar to postpone ~ adiar Exs.: Stop talking, will you? ‘Do you mind closing the window? Observacao: Praca ete© RE eo oo - Tr CONDITIONAL SENTENCES “Gee San SoG, "a EGS Tae REST” initiate Exemplos: Tit rains, Twill stay at home. (Se chover, ficarei em casa.) Ihit rains, stay at home. (Se chover, fique em casa.) lit rained, I would stay at home. (Se chovesse, eu ficaria em casa.) Mit had rained, I would have stayed at home. (Se tivesse chovido, eu teria ficado em casa.) Atencdo: If I were you, I would only wear long hair. (Se ou fosse ‘Vocé, 86 usava cabelos longos.) tT THERE TO BE (HAVER, EXISTIR)ee UU UU UU UUUUUUU DUO LUUEUUUU GS Ee: GREE tesumo tedrico - inglés ma: a Exemplos: There is a cigarette in that box. 4 ‘There are cigarettes in that box. ‘There was a queue at the station. ‘There were queues at the station. There will be a party next Saturday. Compare: ‘There appears to be a ghost in the building site, ‘There appear to be some ghosts in the building site. nui Exemplos “May Tuse your phone? — a Sones lee bares vata = 2 en CT cot Possibilidade It can be true, se Saas abide cit Eeasan ai rer ST Te ST must — = marae Sony tire (dever, precisar) You have worked hard all day; you must be wii aint tate AO ci LI LS Se conselho ‘You ought to (should) read this book. Jembranga de um dever_ We ought to (should) finish our work. EAs ata proibigao__ mA on skis “no necessidade You need not bring your hooks tomorrow. Observagoes: © As formas negativas ¢ interrogativas so formadas sem a necessidade de outros auxilia- res. Exs.: Af: They may come soon. Af: He can speak English. Int: May they come soon? Int: Can he speak English? ‘Neg.: They may not come soon. Neg.: He cannot (= can’t) speak English. * A forma might expressa a idéia de possibilidade remota. Ex.: John might come, but I think he won't. © Pode-se também usar a forma might como uma forma polida de fazer um pedido. ‘Ex.: Might I borrow your ear? ‘ Para exprimir uma possibilidade no passado, deveros usar: 9 have + past participle sci iissresuro ecco - ri TAT Exs.: They may have gone to the party yesterday. (Eles podem ter ido a festa ontem.) ‘They might have gone to the party yesterday. (Eles poderiam ter ido a festa ontem.) * Could ¢ o passado de can, e nos tempos em que este nao é conjugado, empregamos to be able to (expressando habilidade, capacidade). Exs.: She can speak English (simple present). She could speak English, but she wasn't able to impress Tom Cruise (simple past). She will be able to speak English (simple future). ‘¢ Must 6 substituido por to have to nos tempos em que nao é conjugado. Exs.: He must study hard (simple present). He had to study hard (simple past). He will have to study hard (simple future). aa gira cementite emit ea oragéo. 'b) O sujeito da “question tag” deve ser um pronome pessoal. c) Quando a “question tag” for negativa, usa-se a contracao do verbo auxiliar com not. Si wegativa, E Exemplos: ‘The truth is out there, isn't it? Gilda is putting the blame on me, isn’t she? She isn’t that seary, is she? Big storms can destroy a city, can't they? Julia won't come every year, will she? You like a warm bath, don’t you? Peter studies environmental issues, doesn’t he? Peter doesn't study ballet, does he? ‘Martians didn't invade the White House, did they? It killed lots of people, didn’t it? ‘There are squirrels in the natural reserve, aren't there? Everybody knows it, doesn’t he? Somebody's got to settle this dispute, hasn't he? ‘That was a terrific idea, wasn't it? Nothing works here, does it? Tam imposing, aren’t I? Get out of here, will you? Don't yell at me like that, will you? Let's fall in love, shall we?POPU V SOV VVUVUVUUUUVUUUVEEeeYD FeSumo tedrico ~ inghes : a (resposta curta). 'A “short answer” consiste do sujeito na forma pronominal mais o verbo auxiliar (na forma eduzide og astiver pa nespthye spicata seit Exemplos: lie Is Peter a lawyer? Yes, he is. Does Mary live in London? Yes, she does. Do you study French? No, I don't. Who finished the exercises? Peter did. m Sao oragées adicionais anexas a uma dada declaracéo. Utilizam-se verbos auxilia- ‘res no mesmo tempo que o verbo da sentenca principal, que est4o complementando. ‘Additions to Remarks a) so + verbo auxiliar + sujeito ‘b) sujeito + verbo auxiliar + too __ ¢)sujeito + verbo auxiliar +as well st sc WSTSG RRs FE b) nor + verbo auxiliar + sujeito ¢) sujeito + verbo auxiliar + either (acgative) abasic ‘Exemplos: He studies German and so do I. I won't travel by ship and neither will they. He studies German and I do too. Twon’t travel by ship and nor will they. He studies German and I do as well. I won't travel by ship and they won't either. (Ble estuda alemao e eu também.) (Bu nao viajarei de navio e nem eles.) Peter is reading a book and so is Mary. Peter is reading a book and Mary is too. Peter is reading a book and Mary is as well. (Pedro esta lendo um livro e Maria também.) Observagao: Contrary additions: She likes opera, but I don’t. (Ela gosta de épera, mas eu nao.) He slept late yesterday, but I didn't. (Ele dormiu tarde ontem, mas eu ndo.) She isn’t going to the party, but I am, (Bla néo vai a festa, mas eu vou.) He didn’t go to the party, but I did. (Ele nao foi a festa, mas eu fui.) Estfutura Geral da Voz Passiva = Sujeito + To Be + Participio Passado 4) O sujeito da voz passiva ¢ 0 objeto da voz ativa. = ‘p) O verbo auxiliar to be é usado no mesmo tempo que 0 vt ‘bo principal da voz ativa.14 aR Fesumo tebrico ~iNGiES EME. TARA ‘Exemplos: = Ativa: They broke the window. Ativa: You must shut these doors. Passiva: The window was broken. Passiva: These doors must be shut. Ativa: People have seen wolves in the streets. Passiva: Wolves have been seen in the streets. Observagées: © O agente da passiva (sujeito da vor ativa) nao deve ser mencionado a menos que ele seja importante para o entendimento da sentenca passiva. Ex.: Hemingway wrote that book. ‘That book was written by Hemingway. ‘* Quando o verbo tem dois objetos (direto e indireto) so possiveis duas formas de passiva. £ mais comum que o objeto indireto (geralmente pessoa) torne-se 0 sujeito da passiva. Ex.: They offered flowers to the queen. objeto objeto direto indireto 1°) The queen was offered flowers. 2°) Flowers were offered to the queen. © Oadvérbio de modo, na vor. passiva, € colocado imediatamente antes do particfpio passa- do. ‘Ex.: He opened the door quietly. ‘The door was quietly opened. a © Construgdes com a voz passiva: as sentencas do tipo “People think/say/consider/know... that” admitem duas formas de passiva. Ex.: People said that he was jealous of her. 1!) Tt was said that he was jealous of her. 2) He was said to be jealous of her. Atengdo para as tradugdes: ‘It was said that... Dizia-se que... It is said that Diz-se que.. It was thought that... Pensava-se que... Tt is known that. Sabe-se que... ‘Tt was supposed that... ‘Sup6s-se que. Oc ccemaperys moms eee Direct Speech (dscurso direto: temos entre axpas as is de quem fala, He said, “I have lost my umbrella.” Reported (Indirect) Speech (discurso indireto); contamos o que aconteceu com as ‘nossas proprias palaBUVUUUUEVEVVUUVVEVUVYUYVUYVUYUUUVULEVUVUYVuUUYD [Ears “ite fesumo teérico — inglés aE 15) Mudanca do Tempo Verbal # __..... Direct Speech Indirect Speech ‘Simple past Past perfect , Present perfect Simple future me Exemplos: DS: He said, “I like to dance.” DS: He said, “Ann will be in Paris on Monday.” IS: He said that he liked to dance. _1S: He said that Ann would be in Paris on Monday. Atengao: Quando temos um objeto indireto na oragio introdutéria, usamos 0 verbo to say no discurso diretoe fo tell no discurso indireto, objeto ae Lembre-se também de que a palavra that pode ser omitida. ‘Exemplos: DS: She said to me: “I have seen a ghost.” IS: She fold me (that) she had seen a ghost. DS: She said to him: “I left my pens at home.” IS: She told him (that) she had left her pens at home. Mudanca de Advérbios e Demonstrativos Indirect Speec! Direct Speech __ Indirect Speech h that day the day before ayear ayear the next day a week } ago a week } before ete. ete. the following. Exemplos: DS: He said, “She is coming this week.” IS: He said (that) she was coming that week. DS: She said, “My father died a year ago.” IS: She said (that) her father had died a year before.esumo tecnico =inglés DS: She said to me: “I was here yesterday.” ‘ IS: She told me (that) she had been there the day before. DS: “Tl do it tomorrow”, he promised. IS: He promised (that) he would do it the next day. Questions in Indirect Speech Perguntas no discurso direto devem ser introduzidas por “to ask”, ao passarem para o discurso indireto. As regras de mudanga do tempo verbal, dos pronomes, etc., conti- nuam as mesmas. Exemplos: DS: He said: “Where is the station?” IS: He asked where the station was. IS: He asked me where I lived. DS: He said: “Why are you crying, Mary?” IS: He asked Mary why she was erying. Se a pergunta nio iniciar com adjetivos ou pronomes interrogativos, deve-se usar if ou whether no discurso indireto. Exemplos: DS: He said: “Does Peter live here” __DS: They said to me: “Did you do the exercises?” IS: He asked if Peter lived there. IS: They asked me if I had done the exercises, Indirect Commands Ordens no discurso direto devem ser introduzidas pelos verbos to tell, to order, to command, ete, 0 imperativo do discurso direto transforma-se em infinitivo no discurso indireto. DS: He said: “Get your coat, Tom.” DS: He said: “Don't move, boys.” IS; He told Tom to get his coat. IS: He told the boys not to move. DS: He said to us: “Please say nothing about it.” (E um pedido.) 1S: He asked us to say nothing about it, Observagéo: quando a oracdo introdutéria estiver no simple present, simple future, present perfect ou present continuous, no ha mudanga no tempo verbal. Exemplos: DS: He says, “The train will be late.” DS: He has said: “I study Russian.” IS: He says that the train will be late. IS: He has said that he studies Russian, DS: She is saying to her mother: “I don't want to go.” IS: She is telling her mother that she doesn’t want to go.SESS VUVEVVVVVVVUVUVUVUUEUUUUDUVUEUVUVUUUU Ye EA no os A Causative Form ° Quando queremos expressar uma agdo que foi executada por uma outra pessoa, € ‘nao por nés mesmos, ou seja, quando empregamos (ou pedimos a, mandamos, contratamos) alguém para fazer algo para nés, podemos empregar a causative form do verbo to have: Portanto, em vez de I employed someone to clean my car, podemos dizer: I had my car cleaned. Outros exemplos: Tl repair my radio, (Eu consertarei o meu rédio.) Til have my radio repaired. (Hu mandarei consertar meu rédio.) ‘We must paint our house. (Precisamos pintar nossa casa.) ‘We must have our house painted. (Precisamos mandar pintar nossa casa.)>>> PPD) azmicos” ie TT INDEFINITE ARTICLE Sh habtoados i hee: & Halles: = i aaa hour, ete. * diante de substantivo representando uma * em exclamagies com what. classe de coisas ou animais. Ex.: What a nice pienic! Ex:An " com such, * diante de nomes de refeigdes. the United Kingdom Ex: Dinner is ready. the Netherlands antes de 2 r a " e Dominican Reeee ee PUCOVOVVSECLLUUE SUD imma Ex.: She plays the piano well. : s the Alps, the Red River, etc. + antes de alguns substantivos considera- com as seguintes pala Observaedo: antes de palavras como school, church, work, bed, prison, market, nfo se usa 0 artigo the quando indiearem sua finalidade especifica, ou seja, ir @ escola para estudar ou ir @ igreja para rezar. Exemplos: He goes to school every day. He went to the school to speak to the headmaster/principal.happiness — felicidade electricity — eletricidade ‘oa seii wheat - trigo corn — milho cotton — algodao paper ~ papel sill seda Caracteristicas das palavras incontaveis: ‘* Nao so precedidas pelos artigos indefinidos a, an; ¢ Nao tém plural; * Nao sao precedidas pelo artigo definido the a menos que se trate de substantivo com sen- tido particular, e nao geral. topaz (topdzio)“Bere (herdi) Tadio (radio) ity (eldade) mas: leaf (folha) loaf (pao) life (vida) lives sheaf (feixe) sheaves shelf (prateleira) shelves self (a propria pessoa) selves wife (esposa) wives wolf (lobo) wolves calf (bezerro) calves half (metade) v ono. Ahieves, Plurais Irregulares foot (pé) - feet tooth (dente) — teeth .go0se (ganso) ~ geese ox (boi) ~ oxen child (crianca) ~ children « ss Observacdes: fife, fe ves Palavras do Grego e do Latim datum (dado, informacao) ~ data criterion (critério) — eriteria phenomenon (fendmeno) ~ phenomena basis (base) ~ bases thesis (tese) ~ theses crisis (crise) - crises analysis (anise) - analyses * Alguns substantivos possuem a mesma forma tanto no singular como no plural. Exs.: deer (veado), sheep (carneiro), fish (peixe), fruit (fruta), ete. * Algumas palavras séo usadas com 0 verbo no singular. Exs.: mathematics, physics, measles (sarampo), mumps (caxumba), news (noticia). * Algumas palavras sto usadas como plural com 0 verbo no plural. Exs.: people (povo, pessoas), police (policia), public (puiblico), cattle (gado), trousers (calgas), clothes (roupas), scissors (tesoura), goods (mercadoria). coisa possuidaPEE no-no A TAL Atengdo: usa-se somente 0 apéstrofo quando o possuidor terminar em s e estiver no plural. Além disso, nomes classicos ou histéricos terminados em s (Jesus, Archimedes, Moses, Strauss, etc.) também recebem somente o apéstrofo. Outros exemplos: ‘The daughter of Mr. Corder > Mr. Corder’s daughter ‘The laws of Moses -> Moses’ laws ‘The house of my friends > My friends’ house The clothes of the children ~> The children’s clothes Uso: ‘+ com pessoas ou animais: Peter's books, the dog's food; © com expressdes de tempo, espago, medida: two miles’ walk, a week’s holiday, a pound’s weight. ‘Nao se usa com entes inanimados: the door of the house, possuidor “eois: T GENERO ~E:Palavras Diferentes butler ~ mordomo ‘housekeeper monk ~ monge rooster — galo hen nephew ~ sobrinho dog — cachorro | bitch sir - senhor duke ~duque tengo para estas palavr bridegroom — noivo -> bri hero ~ her6i-> heroine man-servant ~ servente —> maid-servant landlord — senhorio— landladySEES SEU EVE EUUUUVUUYUUUUYUUUUUUUUUULDEUUUUUUUS SD yyy ADJETIVOS E PRONOMES || Pronomes Pessoais “Usos ‘Subjective Case ‘Objective Case o Ex.: He loves his wife. * Os pronomes do caso obliquo so usados como objeto do verbo. Ex.: Peter loves her. (Caso Reto) {Caso Obliquo} ao 1 Depois de preposigdes,usase 0 ‘You - vés, vocés ka o They — eles, Observacdo: 0 pronome neutro it refere-se a coisas e animais, mas é usado em relagéo a baby e child. Além disso, pode também ser usado para expressar fendmenos da natureza, hora, distancia, ‘temperatura e em algumas expressdes idiomaticas. Exemplos: Itis raining in London. (Esta chovendo em Londres.) Its hot today. (Esta quente hoje.) Itis four o'clock sharp. (Sao quatro horas em ponto.) ‘That car is mine. It is mine, (Aquele carro 6 meu. E meu.) ‘The baby is erying because it is hungry. (O bebé est chorando porque ele esté com fome.) Itis easy to criticize. (E facil criticar.) Itis a pity. ( uma pena.) tua(s) seu(s), sua(s), dele seu(s), sua(s), dela its seu(s), sua(s), dele(a) our nosso(s), nossa(s) aoe Saas souls) mactidoal “Os possessivos sempre concordam com o possuidor e munca com a coisa possuida, * Os adjetivos sao sempre seguidos de substantivos e os pronomes néo podem ser segui- de substantivo,2; EO euro cecrco- ngs A TAA Observagoes: Com pronomes indefinidos: everybody = everyone, somebody = someone, nobody = no one, ete,, usamos 0 possessivo his. Ex.: Everybody has done his work. * Of + pronome possessiv Ex: a friend of mine = one of my friends a sister of hers = one of her sisters Trt REFLEXIVE AND EMPHASIZING PRONOUNS itself — se, ele(a) mesmota) * Como pronome enfitico, ele nao é essencial, ourselves ~ nos, nés mesmos podendo ser omitido sem alterar o sentido da io by significam sozinho, sem Ex.: Peter usually studies by himself. (Peter geralmente estuda sozinho.) ‘© Pronomes reefprocos: _ Uso: ‘aii reciprocidade de ss Ex. Tom and Ann blamed each other. (= Tom blamed Ann and Ann blamed Tom.) Tr INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNSSERVE EEE EVUVUVEUUVUUUUUUYUUUUUUEUUUUUU LY a Tesuimo tedrico — inglés! aa: 25% em frases interrogativas —> algum/aXs) Did you buy any books yesterday? Haye you any money? size, Bane egetvcnpenhumars) Petty ony Bok ele a _ aii - em frases afirmativas + qualquer, Any book is good. quaisquer ‘ Come at any time you want. ' . Thought no books an no — aoianen Wiaanial iaias, como adjetivo ye nando Pe Tete te = ' em frases afirmativas; como pronome none. rere) csc Mle othe students angered Observacdes: * Any 6 também usado com palavras de sentido negativo, tais como hardly, scarcely, barely (quase nao), never (nunca), seldom (raramente), without (sem) e em frases afirmativas em que aparece if. Ex. [have hardly any money. She did the work without any help. If you have any trouble, call me at once. ‘* Formas compostas seguem as mesmas regras de some, any e no: em algum lugar nobody = no one ninguém nothing nada nowhere em nenhum lugar anybody = anyone alguém, ninguém, qualquer um anything >> )))) AdveRBIOS j————— Tr ADVERBIOS INTERROGATIVOS 01 { qual 0 comprimento ‘How long is this room? (ha) quanto tempo How long have you studied English? How wide \ Tt ADVERBIOS DE MODO Os advérbios de modo sao normalmente formados pelo acréscimo do sufixo ly a adjetivos. Exs.: quick (rapido) — quickly careful (cuidadoso) - carefully slow (lento) — slowly sincere (sincero) ~ sincerely happy (feliz) ~ happily probable (provaivel) ~ probably TT ADVERBIOS E LOCUCOES ADVERBIAIS DE LUGAR beyond — " "eastward ~ para o leste besides ~ além disso (de) (cf. southward ~ para o sul row dada. de) mVVVVVVIVVVVVUUUEVELUeYYYe ae Ee FBilino tecrico ~ ingles Ferree Hioraventa at last = at length — finalmente ‘sooner or later ~ mais cedo ou mais tarde seldom = rarely ~ raramente daily — diariamente often = frequently ~ frequientemente ‘monthly ~ mensalmente ever — jd, sempre, nunca weekly ~ semanalmente nearly = ait neh mse om omer) ‘sas agradaveis) very ~ muito rather ~ bastante, razoavelmente (para coi- little ~ pouco sas desagradé slightly - ligeiramente, um pouco ‘over ~ excessivamente, mais de ly = barely ~ quase nao, mal about ~ cerca de, quaseFesumo te6rico = inglés een no =not ~ nio yes — sim indeed — na realidade, efetivamente certainly — certamente (sem divide algu- doubtless = undoubtedly - indubitavelmen- ma) te maybe = perhaps - talvez surely ~ certamente (com alguma diivida) _possibly - possivelmente by no means ~ de maneira alguma in fact — de fato, na verdade ee ee gies = palaralments neofthat nada disso | + Advérbios de tempo definido: podem aparecer ou no infeio ou no final da oragao, sendo esta a posigéo mais comum. Exs.: Yesterday I went to a tennis match. Iwent to a tennis match yesterday. '* Advérbios de freqiiéncia: s8o colocados depois do verbo auxiliar (do 1" auxiliar se existi- rem outros) e antes do verbo principal. Exs.: They sometimes stay up all night, He can never understand. ‘You have often been told not to do that. * Quando aparecem vérios advérbios numa mesma sentenga, a ordem seré: modo —lugar ~ tem- Po. Ex.: He spoke carefully at the lecture last night. * Com verbos de movimento (to go, to travel, to walk, to leave, to run, ete.) a ordem 6: lugar — ‘modo — tempo. Ex.: He went to Rio by bus yesterday. * Certos advérbios locugdes adverbiais de sentido negativo ou restritivo podem ser eoloca- dos no inicio da oragdo, causando a inversdo do verbo como numa oragdo interrogativa. Entre estes advérbios, temos: never, seldom, hardly, not only, ete. Exs.: Never before had I been asked to accept that. Seldom do we see her in such a bad shape. * Os advérbios de intensidade séo, normalmente, colocados antes das palavras que eles es- tao modificando, adjetivo, verbo ou outro advérbio. Enough é uma excecéo, pois vem depois de um adjetivo ou advérbio, Exs.: It was too hot to work. He can nearly swim. Iknow her quite well. The box isn’t big enough. (Compare: He has enough books to build up a library.)SUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUVUUUVUUUUUUUEUUUUUU PREPOSICOES A book about Jennifer Love Hewitt About 10 guys have fallen for me. ‘The lamp is above the desk, : The foreign legion walked across the desert. ‘The canoe is going across the river. - After Tom had taken his shoes off, everybody left. _ Tell me the truth, you're after my fur and diamonds, ‘They supported Jim, but afterward(s) he deserted them. Computer nerds against Superjerk. ‘Your soft hair against my skin. The pale vampire came screaming along the corridor. Se gunis ohidine among outlaws. Let me put my arms around you, baby. Around 20 guys have fallen for me, Laura is going as far as the station, Boris lives aé number 13, ‘Economic reforms should take place before prosperity comes, ‘The crook appeared before the judge and’ pleaded guilty. eee ‘The psycho opened fire behind the truck. His name is printed below mine, Beneath the planet of the apes. Tm sitting beside Keanu Reeves, ‘Aaron has unveiled a new plan to slow the prosecutor's investigations besides the one previously conceived. Cole showed the ability to distinguish between a tough lawyer and a swindler. she probien What you wont hind wicaale om the river, atrésde ‘embaixo de sobre, a respelto de. = canada ws acima de (sem contato) através de (algo plano) para o outro lado de depoisde atras de mais tarde contra junto a Por (a0 longo de) entre (trés ou mais coisas ou pessoa) em volta de cerca de até (distancia) em (posigio exata) antes de embaixo de (formal) aolade de além de Saga cous os pessoas) eeae: Fesumo tedrico — inglé BeBe past two decades. durante "Sie hasn't seen her dentist since 1993. desde , Litile did Harrison know that the thing awaited him as, H he walked through the tunn és ere de (penetragio) From here fo eternity. para (destino) A step toward(s) interactive TV. para, em direco a. Security cameras showed how he had concealed the ween ” weapon under the blender. . goatee de Exercise until (= till) you drop dead — it is beneficial to ‘your general health, oie ado ‘All ofa sudden, a lizard ran up her leg. para cima Rosalie has read up fo page sixty-two, até (em geral) Brenda lives with a heavy drinker. com, A number of seientifie breakthroughs will take place °°)" within the next couple of years. cabana She can't live without her cell phone. : sem Express6es de Tempo eo om She studies in the afternoon. periodos do dia PU UU UE EE EE SESE UUEUUEEUUUUYde “sobre”, “em a naire aoe ‘He works at 256 Oxford Street. awe 3 Tesumo teorico — inglés +ToxFrom They fly from Brazil to England. ‘Mary bought the book for me. We go to school every day. ‘There is a letter for you. ‘The shop is closed from one to two o'clock. _He has lived in Paris for five years. ‘That wine comes from Italy. My brother is away and I am writing to him. ae a Sere eS a My brother is sick and cannot write so I ‘am writing for him. pass by his house every night. ‘They usually work until 6 o'clock. He'll probably arrive by six o'clock. He will be absent till November. This book was written by Ernest Hemingway. We're going as far as the station. We travel by bus (by car, by ship, by plane, ete). (on foot. Cuidado com: We travel {on horseback. lon a bicycle. ‘* Omissao de To e For Antes de Objetos Indiretos Em vez de: He gave the book fo Tom. TIL find a job for Mary. Podemos dizer: He gave Tom the book. Tl ind Mary a job. ‘Ou seja, podemos colocar 0 objeto indireto antes do direto e omitir a preposi- ‘go. A preposicaio to aparece com os verbos to take, to bring, to give, to send, to lend, to promise, to pay, to offer, to hand, to pass, to throw, to tell, to show, to sing, to play (the piano, ete.). ‘A preposicdo for aparece com to get, to find, to keep, to reserve, to book, to make, to build, to knit, to buy, to order (meals, ete.), to fetch. ‘A construgdo sem a preposigéo 6 mais comum, mas nfo deve ser usada quando 0 objeto direto é um pronome. Exs.: He offered the job to Peter. She made a coat for me. He offered Peter the job. She made me a coat. He offered it to him. She made it for me.D>D>>D>pypppppppppp consuncées jj ‘began to fall, so we ‘© yet — entretanto, contudo ‘He is very poor, yet he is as happy as a king. @ either... or ~ ou... OU, quer... quer, seja. seja He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. 2 © neither... nor - nem... nem He drinks neither tea nor milk. © both... and ~ tanto... quanto He has both the time and the money to play tennis ¢ not only... but also — nao s6... mas também He is not only the most intelligent student in the class but also the most hard-working. @ nevertheless, however — no entanto, todavia. He was angry. Nevertheless (However) he listened to me. '¢ therefore, thus, then ~ por ‘was raining, Se eee You won't pass your exams unless you study hard. @ when - quando When we lived in town we often went to the theatre. @ where - onde That's the house where I was born. esha Goes Niele ted ae ieee oes Pieler. ieee ve Teale er heer“ sated Stora this month. @ before ~ antes de (que) ‘The train started before they were ready.J ALGUNS FALSOS COGNATOS «@ pair of compasses ~ compasso actually ~ na verdade- e : at present, nowadays — atualmente . bad tuck = azar /orny” ay zty prejudice ~ preeonceito barn — estabulo private ~ particular / 4/70 9) by chance — por acaso publisher — editor casualty ~ pessoa morta ou ferida reading - leitura cigar — charuto relatives ~ parentes cigarette — cigarro sensible — sensato comfort - comodidade, consolo sensitive ~ sensivel commodity ~ mereadoria slow ~ moreso, vagaroso compass ~ biissola snack —lanche comprehensive — amplo, extenso Soap opera ~ novela condiment - tempero / cardhie-/dT) sort ~ tipo ‘conductor ~ maestro, cobrador stable — firme, constante/0,-};7,0 ) costume ~ roupa, traje tipico state — Estado custom ~ costume stranger ~ estranho customs — alfandega temper — humor damage — prejuizo to accomplish ~ realizar damages ~ indenizagao to advertise — anunciar (propaganda) deception — engano to advise ~ aconselhar disappointment — decepeao /}.2r2.7. iq y1, ,{ 0 answer ~ atender (a porta ou telefone) driver ~ motorista to attend — freqiientar editor — redator to bear, to stand ~ suportar estate — propriedade. to complain - reclamar eventually ~ finalmente to intend — pretender exit — saida 10 let know ~ avisar exquisite — belissimo to pretend ~ fingir fabric — tecido to pull - puxar factory ~ fabrica to push - empurrar foreigner ~ estrangeiro to realize ~ entender, perceber guardian — tutor to reclaim — exigir de volta hazard ~ riseo, perigo to resume ~ retomar large — grande to run ~ administrar (um negécio) lecture - conferéncia, palestra to sum up ~ resumir luck — sorte to support ~ sustentar lunch ~ almogo to warn ~ advertir ‘morose - mal-humorado tutor ~ professor particular . news - noticia ___tunderstandable — compreensivel notice ~ aviso 2 : wide, broad ~ Jang novel romance a gesTWO-WORD VERBS ~ EXPRESSOES IDIOMATICAS | be — ser, estar a) be in ~ estar (em casa, no edificio) ‘¢) be away — nao estar (auséncia prolongada) ) be for - ser a favor &) be over ~ acabar (intransitive) © blow ~ soprar a) blow away ~ levar para longe b) blow up ~ explodir, dinamitar, encher de ar © break ~ quebrar b) be out— nao estar (auséncia curta) d) be back ~ estar de volta ) be against ~ ser contra h) be up ~ estar de pé a) break down — quebrar (motor), arrombar, ter um calapso fisico ou nervoso b) break in/into — interromper (conversa), invadir (uma casa) ¢) break off - quebrar, romper (negociagées, tratos), interromper bruscamente (conversa) d) break out ~ irromper (guerra, epidemia), fugir (de prisao) e) break up ~ quebrar em pedagos, acabar (escola, festa, etc.) © bring — trazer a) bring about ~ acarretar, provocar call ~ chamar, telefonar a) call for ~ pedir, exigir, ir buscar (alguém) © carry ~ carregar a) carry away ~ levar para longe ©) carry out ~ executar, levar a cabo © catch ~ agarrar a) catch a cold ~ resfriar-se ©) catch up with — aleanear, equiparar-se a © come - vir a) come across/upon — encontrar por acaso ©) come back — voltar e) come out ~ revelar, ser publieado ) come up ~ surgir © cut — cortar a) cut class - faltar a aula ©) cut off - decepar, interromper ¢) be cut out for ~ ser talhado para © do— fazer a) do away with ~ abolir, matar * draw ~ desenhar, puxar a) draw a conclusion ~ tirar uma conclusio ©) draw lots ~ tirar a sorte b) bring up ~ educar, mencionar b) call off - cancelar b) carry on ~ prosseguir b) catch fire ~ incendiar-se ) come along with — ir em companhia de ) come in (intr), into (tr) - entrar #) come true ~ realizar-se h) come in handy ~ ser vitil b) cut down — derrubar, diminuir 4) cut out ~ recortar, eliminar b) do without — passar sem b) draw back ~ recuar 4) draw near ~ aproximar-seWOVE ESeSSSEUEEEUUEEEE EEE Eee eS os © fell cair =) fall asleep - adormecer ©) fall through - fracassar © feel - sentir a) feel for ~ sentir por © get - obter, conseguir, receber, ficar a) get around ~ viajar ©) get at ~ insinuar e) get away with ~ escapar impune g) get down ~ descer i) get hold of - obter, agarrar 0 get off - descer (de énibus) m) get out ~ sair ) get through ~ passar (exame) q) get together — reunir-se © give— dar a) give away ~ doar, trair ©) give birth to ~ dar a luz ¢) give a hand ~ ajudar * go-ir 1) go ahead ~ prosseguir ‘) go back — voltar ©) go off - explodir, dar certo, partir g) go out — sair, apagar-se 4) go through - softer, passar por 1k) go with - combinar com © keep - conservar a) keep away from - manter-se afastado de ¢) keep one’s word ~ manter a palavra # lay — colocar a) lay aside — por de lado, economizar ©) lay hold of - segurar © let - deixar a) let down — desapontar ©) let in - deixar entrar # Live ~ morar, viver a) live on ~ viver a custa de * Look - olhar a) look after - cuidar, tomar conta 'b) look back on - olhar para o passado ¢) look down on ~ menosprezar ) fall over ~ cair ) feel like (v. ing) - ter vontade de (fazer algo) ‘p) get along - progredir, relacionar-se d) get away — fugir f) get back - recuperar, voltar +h) get going — apressar-se |) get in — entrar (sala, carro) 1) get on - embarcar, subir (énibus) n) get over ~ recuperar-se de, sarar p) get to - chegar a 1) get up levantar b) give back ~ devolver 4) give up — desistir 'b) go away — partir 4) go down — abaixar, naufragar, reduzir £) go on ~ prosseguir h) go over ~ repetir, examinar j) go up- subir 1) go wrong — sair errado, fracassar 'b) keep on ~ prosseguir 4) keep up with - acompanhar o passo de b) lay bare ~ revelar 4) lay off - despedir (de emprego) b) let go of ~ soltar d) let know ~ informar ) live up to ~ mostrar-se a altura de42 Sa Fesumo tecnico =ingl i SN” TARA 4) look for— procurar ©) look for a needle in a haystack procurar uma agulha num palheiro £ look forward to ~ esperar ansiosamente por 8) look like ~ parecer-se com 1h) look out — estar alerta i) look over ~ examinar (de relance) j) look up — consultar no dicionirio ) look up to~ venerar, respeitar 1) look at ~ othar para * lose ~ perder ) lose one’s balance — perder o equilibrio b) lose one’s mind ~ enlouquecer ©) lose one’s temper — ficar com raiva 4) lose sight of - perder de vista ©) lose weight ~ emagrecer © make — fazer a) make a living ~ ganhar a vida b) make believe ~ fazer de conta ©) make friends with - fazer amizade com @ make oneself at home ~ sentir-se como se estivesse na propria casa e) make out ~ distinguir, compreender £) make room for ~ conseguir lugar para g) make sure ~ certificar-se 1h) make the most of - aproveitar ao maximo i) make up — formar, inventar, maquilar-se, preparar i)make up one’s mind ~ decidir-se k) make way for ~ abrir caminho para ¢ meet ~ encontrar meet a need ~ satisfazer uma necessidade * pay - pagar ‘pay attention to— prestaratencdoa _b) pay off; pay up—saldar, liquidar * pull ~ puxar ) pull down — demolir b) pull one’s leg — divertirse a custa de © put poi 4) put aside ~ economizar, por de lado astop to Deut or? dar fim ©) put away — colocar em ordem, prender 4) put into practice — por em pratica ©) put into words — exprimir em palavras ) put off - adiar g) put on ~ vestir, fingir 1) put out ~ apagar (luz, fogo) i) put together - montar, juntar J) put up ~ construir 1k) put up with - agientarOO OOOO CEU OEE EEE EEUU EEE EUULEEEUELUUUUE ES Ee roo nes TT © run —correr 2) run a risk ~ correr um risco ©) run away ~ fugir ©) run dry — secar g) run into debt ~ endividar-se i) run out of - fiear sem © set por a) set about ~ comegar a c) set free ~ libertar ©) set out — pér-se a caminho * stand ~ ficar a) stand by ~ estar perto, tomar o partido de ©) stand out ~ destacar-se « take ~ pegar a) take after - assemelhar-se com /b) take care ~ tomar cuidado ) run across ~ encontrar por acaso d) run down ~ atropelar 1) run into ~ chocar-se ‘h) run low - escassear_ run over~ atropelar b) set aside ~ por de lado, economizar 4) set off - dar inicio ) set up — instalar b) stand for ~ querer dizer 4) stand up for - defender ) take for granted ~ aceitar como verdadeiro, garantido 4) take hold of ~ segurar, apoderar-se ¢) take into account - levar em conta ‘take it easy — acalmar-se g) take off - despir, decolar (aviao) h) take orders — obedecer ordens i) take over ~ assumir 0 comando j) take place ~ acontecer, realizar-se ) take shape - tomar forma 1) take up ~ empreender, estudarPRINCIPAIS VERBOS IRREGULARES Nota: os verbos com (R) podem também ser considerados como regulares, ou seja, com a ter- minagao ed no simple past e past participle. Verbos uniformes: apresentam uma tiniea forma no infinitivo, passado e participio passado Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation tobet to bid bid bid fazer uma oferta; lance to broadcast broadcast broadcast difundir; transmitir to burst burst burst. romper; explodir to cast cast cast Jancar; arremessar to cost: cost cost custar to cut cut cut cortar: to hit hit hit bater; acertar ‘to hurt hurt hurt ferir; magoar; doer to knit (R) knitknitted knit/knitted tricotar; unir; ligar to let let let. deixar; permitir to put put put por; colocar to quit (R) quit/quitted quit/quitted deixar; abandonar toread read read ler to rid (R) rid/ridded rid/ridded livrar-se to set set set colocar; fixar to shed shed shed derramar; verter ‘to shut shut shut fechar to slit slit slit fender; rachar to split split split rachar; dividir to spread spread spread espalhar; difundir to thrust, ‘thrust thrust empurrar; enfiar to wed (R) wediwedded wed/wedded casar to wet (R) webiwetted wet/wetted molhar; umedecer toawake awoke = awoken acordar; despertar Verbos biformes: apresentam duas formas iguais no passado e no partiefpio ou no infinitivo € no passado ou no infinitivo e no particfpio pasado. Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation. to beat beat beaten bater; derrotar; golpear to become became become tornar-se; ficar to bend, bent bent dobrar; curvari-se) to bind bound bound ligar; amarrar to bleed bled bled ‘sangrar to breed bred bred criar; gerar ‘to bring brought brought trazer; conduzir to build built built construir to burn (R) burnt/burned burnt/burned queimar tobuy bought. bought comprar tocatch caught caught apanhar; pegar ; tocding Aung 6S iis slang. aderir; unir-seto lean (R) to leap) to learn (R) to leave to lend to light (R) to lose to make to mean to meet to overcome to pay to reave (R) torend torun to say to seek to sell to send to shine to shoot, to sit to sleep to slide to smell (R) FESUMo teGrico — ingles! felt fought fought found found fled fled foretold foretold ground ground hung hung hanged hanged had had heard heard held held kept kept knelt knelt laid laid led led leant/leaned leant/leaned leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learnt/learned learnt/learned left left lent lent litflighted litlighted lost lost. made made meant meant met met. overcame overcome paid paid reft/reaved reft/reaved rent rent ran run said said sought sought sold sold sent sent shone shone shot shot sat sat slept slept slid slid smelt/smelled sper g ent enforcar ter; possuir ouvir pegar; segurar guardar; conservar ajoelhar-se por; colocar; botar (ovos) guiar; conduzir apoiar-se; inclinar-se saltar; pular aprender deixar; partir; sair emprestar acender; iluminar perder fazer; produzir; fabricar significar; querer dizer encontrar vencer; superar pagar evar; roubar rasgar-se; fender correr dizer procurar vender enviar; remeter brilhar; reluzir atirar; disparar sentar dormir deslizar; escorregar_ cheirar ssoletrarvarrer balangar; oscilar ensinar contar; dizer Verbos triformes: possuem formas diferentes no infinitivo, no passado e no partie{pio passado, desenhar; puxar beber; embriagar-se dirigir; guiara a a ee ee we Oe Oe “te hide to know tolie to mistake to mow toride toring to rise to saw () to see to sew (R) to shake to show (R) to shrink to sing to sink to slay to sow (R) to speak to spring to steal to stink to strike to strive to swear toawim to take to tear to thrive (R) ‘to throw ‘to tread to undertake to wake (R) to wear to weave to withdraw towrite: wrote Fesumo tecnico ~ ingle risen sawn/sawed seen sewn/sewed shaken shown shrunk sung sunk slain sown/sowed spoken sprung stolen stunk struck/stricken striven sworn levantar-se; subir serrar ver coser; costurar agitar; sacudir mostrar; exibir encolher; recuar cantar afundart-se) matar; destruir semear falar saltar; brotar fartar; roubar cheirar mal bater; ferir esforgar-se; rivalizar jurar; blasfemar nadar egar; tomar; levar rasgar rosperar; florescer langar; arremessar pisar ‘empreender acordar; despertar usar; vestir tecer retirar escrever (9) to be born = nascer (vor. passiva do verbo to bear, bore, borne/born),BoE eo nos A TAR Alguns verbos so prefixados, mudando, portanto, o Seu significado. Porém, 0 pas- sado e partiefpio destes verbos so os mesmos do radical. Ex.: to come ~ came — comé ‘to overcome — overcame ~ overeome = superar, conquistar. to outbid (cobrir o lance em leilo) to outdo (superar; ser excelente) to outgrow (crescer muito; superar) (derrotar; subverter) to outride (passar a dianteira de, a ca- (endireitar; afrouxar) valo) (suportar; passar por) i (entender)