TISSUES OF THE BODY

Epithelia
Characteristics Cellularity (cell junctions) Polarity (apical and basal surfaces) Attachment (basal lamina) Avascularity Regeneration (Epithelia are replaced by division of germinative cells (stem cells)near basal lamina) Functions Provide physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium) Specializations of Epithelial Cells Move fluids over the epithelium (protection) Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability) Produce secretions (protection and messengers) Increasing Surface Area Microvilli increase absorption or secretion Cilia (ciliated epithelium) move fluids

Gap Junctions
Allow rapid communications Held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons) Allow ions to pass Coordinated contractions in heart muscle

Desmosomes

CAMs, dense areas, and intercellular cement Button desmosomes Ties cells together Allow bending and twisting

Hemidesmosomes
how attached to basal lamina

Lamina lucida:
o o o thin layer secreted by epithelia barrier to proteins thick fibers produced by connective tissue strength and filtration

Lamina densa:

Cell Junctions
Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material- tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes

Classes of Epithelia based on layers

Simple epithelium - single layer of cells Stratified epithelium - several layers of cells

Shapes

Tight Junctions
Between 2 cell membranes Adhesion belt attaches to terminal web Prevents passage of water and solutes Isolates wastes in the lumen

Squamous epithelia-flat shaped Cuboidal epithelia - square shaped Columnar epithelia - tall

Squamous Epithelia

Merocrine secretion
Are produced in Golgi apparatus Are released by vesicles (exocytosis) e.g., sweat glands

Simple squamous epithelium -absorption & diffusion Mesothelium - lines body cavities Endothelium - lines heart and blood vessels Stratified Squamous Epithelium - protects against attacks Keratin proteins add strength and water resistance

Apocrine secretion
Are produced in Golgi apparatus Are released by shedding cytoplasm e.g., mammary gland

Cuboidal Epithelia
Simple cuboidal epithelium - secretion & absorption. Kidney tubules Stratified cuboidal epithelia - sweat and mammary ducts

Holocrine secretion
Are released by cells bursting, killing gland cells Gland cells replaced by stem cells e.g., sebaceous gland

Connective Tissues of the body

Columnar Epithelia
Simple columnar epithelium - absorption & secretion Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - cilia movement Stratified columnar epithelium - protection

Function
Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina) Provide structure (bone) Store energy (fat) Transport materials (blood) Have no contact with environment

Glandular Epithelia Endocrine & exocrine glands

Endocrine Glands - Release hormones into interstitial fluid; no ducts Exocrine Glands - Produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces; through ducts

Characteristics
Specialized cells Solid extracellular protein fibers Fluid extracellular ground substance

Classification of Connective Tissues Connective tissue proper:connect and protect Fluid connective tissues:transport Supportive connective tissues:structural strength

Modes of Secretion

Connective Tissue Proper

Categories Loose connective tissue:more ground substance, less fibers e.g., fat (adipose tissue) Dense connective tissue:more fibers, less ground substance e.g., tendons

Fibers in Connective Tissue Proper

Cell Types of Connective Tissue Proper

Fibroblasts most abundant cell type -in all connective tissue proper & secrete proteins & hyaluronan (cellular cement) Macrophages -large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system: o eat pathogens and damaged cells, fixed macrophages stay in tissue, free macrophages migrate

Collagen fibers: most common fibers in CTP, strong and flexible resists force in 1 direction, e.g., tendons and ligaments Reticular fibers: network of interwoven fibers (stroma), strong and flexible resists force in many directions, e.g., sheaths around organs Elastic fibers: contain elastin, return to original length after stretching e.g., elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Ground Substance in Connective Tissue Proper

In connective tissue proper and ground substance: is clear, colorless, and viscous fills spaces between cells and slows pathogens

Loose Connective Tissues

Adipocytes-fat cells-each cell stores a single, large fat droplet Mesenchymal Cells -stem cells that respond to injury or infection: differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc. Melanocytes -synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin Mast Cells -stimulate inflammation after injury or infection:release histamine and heparin Basophils are mast cells carried by blood Lymphocytes-specialized immune cells in lymphatic system: e.g., plasma cells which produce antibodies Microphages -phagocytic blood cells: respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells, e.g.,neutrophils and eosinophils

The packing materials of the body 3 types in adults: areolar, adipose, reticular

Areolar Tissue - Least specialized, Elastic fibers, Holds blood vessels and capillary beds (e.g.,under skin (subcutaneous layer)

Adipose Tissue
White fat: most common, stores fat, slows heat loss (insulation) Brown fat: more vascularized, breaks down fat, produces heat Reticular Tissue - Supportive fibers (stroma) that support functional cells, reticular organs: spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow Dense Connective Tissues

Connective tissues proper, tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers: dense regular connective tissue Attachment and stabilization tendons, ligaments dense irregular connective tissue Interwoven networks of collagen fibers layered in skin, around cartilage, around bones, form capsules around some organs (e.g., liver, kidneys) elastic tissue made of elastic fibers elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae

strong (calcified: calcium salt deposits) resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers) Bone Cells - Osteocytes: arranged around central canals within matrix small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood supply Periosteum: covers bone surfaces fibrous layer cellular layer

Fluid Connective Tissues

Fluid connective tissues: blood and lymph watery matrix of dissolved proteins carry specific cell types (formed elements)

How do epithelial and connective tissues combine to form 4 types of membranes

Membranes - are physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body consisting of an epithelium and supported by connective tissues

Supportive Connective Tissues

Support soft tissues and body weight: cartilage: gel-type ground substance for shock absorption and protection bone: calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) for weight support

4 Types of Membranes
o o o o Mucous Serous Cutaneous Synovial Mucous membranes (mucosae): Mucous Tissues Serous Membranes Line cavities not open to the outside Are thin but strong Have fluid transudate to reduce friction Serous membranes: double, have a parietal portion covering the cavity and a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs Pleural membrane lines pleural cavities covers lungs line passageways that have external connections also in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Types of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage: stiff, flexible support reduces friction between bones found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea Elastic cartilage: supportive but bends easily found in external ear and epiglottis Fibrocartilage Limits movement Prevents bone-to-bone contact Pads knee joints Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs

Bone
Also called osseous tissue:

 Epithelial surfaces must be moist to reduce friction, to facilitate absorption and excretion Lamina propria is areolar tissue Smooth

Peritoneum lines peritoneal cavity covers abdominal organs Pericardium lines pericardial cavity covers heart Cutaneous membrane: is skin, surface of the body thick, waterproof, and dry

form branching networks connected at intercalated disks are regulated by pacemaker cells striated, involuntary, and single nucleus muscle cells: are small and tapered can divide and regenerate nonstriated, involuntary, and single nucleus

What is the basic structure and role of neural tissue?

Neural tissue is concentrated in the central nervous system: brain spinal cord

What are the structures and functions of the three types of muscle tissue?
3 Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle: large body muscles responsible for movement Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart Smooth muscle: found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts)

2 Kinds of Neural Cells Neurons: nerve cells perform electrical communication Neuroglia: support cells repair and supply nutrients to neurons Cell Parts of a Neuron Cell body contains the nucleus and nucleolus Dendrites: short branches extending from the cell body receive incoming signals Axon (nerve fiber): long, thin extension of the cell body carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

Classification of Muscle Cells

Striated (muscle cells with a banded appearance) or nonstriated (not banded) Muscle cells can have a single nucleus or be multinucleate Muscle cells can be controlled voluntarily (consciously) or involuntarily (automatically)

Skeletal muscle cells: Striated, voluntary, and ultinucleated are long and thin are usually called muscle fibers do not divide new fibers are produced by stem cells (satellite cells Cardiac muscle cells: are called cardiocytes

Paulechelle Iligan St. Charles Borromeo