BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

CosmoIogy is iIc siudy of iIc siruciurc of iIc univcrsc from iIc siandoini of
Iysics TIc icrm is oficn uscd synonymously wiiI cosmogony in casual
convcrsaiions

2 Botany pIant sciences or pIant bioIogy is a lrancI of liology iIai involvcs iIc
scicniific siudy of lani lifc Doiany covcrs a widc rangc of scicniific discilincs
conccrncd wiiI iIc siudy of lanis, algac and fungi, including siruciurc, growiI,
rcroduciion, mcialolism, dcvclomcni, discascs, cIcmical rocriics, and
cvoluiionary rclaiionsIis among iaonomic grous

3 Radio astronomy is a sulficld of asironomy iIai siudics cclcsiial oljccis ai radio
frcqucncics TIc iniiial dcicciion of radio wavcs from an asironomical oljcci was
madc in iIc 30s, wIcn Karl Jansly olscrvcd radiaiion coming from iIc Milly
Way Sulscqucni olscrvaiions Iavc idcniificd a numlcr of diffcrcni sourccs of
radio cmission TIcsc includc siars and galaics, as wcll as cniircly ncw classcs of
oljccis, sucI as radio galaics, quasars, ulsars, and mascrs TIc discovcry of iIc
cosmic microwavc laclground radiaiion, wIicI rovidcd comclling cvidcncc for
iIc Dig Dang, was madc iIrougI radio asironomy

4 eteoroIogy is iIc inicrdiscilinary scicniific siudy of iIc aimosIcrc Siudics in
iIc ficld sircicI lacl millcnnia, iIougI significani rogrcss in mcicorology did noi
occur uniil iIc cigIiccniI ccniury TIc ninciccniI ccniury saw lrcaliIrougIs
occur aficr olscrving nciworls dcvclocd across scvcral counirics DrcaliIrougIs
in wcaiIcr forccasiing wcrc acIicvcd in iIc laiicr Ialf of iIc iwcniiciI ccniury,
aficr iIc dcvclomcni of iIc comuicr

5 ooIogy (ronounccd /zoldi/, iIougI iIc nonsiandard ronunciaiion
/zuldi/ is also common, occasionally also scli zooog, is iIc lrancI of
liology wIicI rclaics io iIc animal lingdom, including iIc siruciurc, cmlryology,
cvoluiion, classificaiion, Ialiis, and disiriluiion of all animals, loiI living and
ciinci TIc icrm is dcrivcd from Ancicni Crccl (zoon, animal" + Xy (logos,
lnowlcdgc"

Chemistry (iIc ciymology of iIc word Ias lccn mucI disuicd is iIc scicncc of
maiicr and iIc cIangcs ii undcrgocs TIc scicncc of maiicr is also addrcsscd ly
Iysics, lui wIilc Iysics ialcs a morc gcncral and fundamcnial aroacI,
cIcmisiry is morc sccializcd, lcing conccrncd wiiI iIc comosiiion, lcIavior (or
rcaciion, siruciurc, and rocriics of maiicr, as wcll as iIc cIangcs ii undcrgocs
during cIcmical rcaciions Ii is a Iysical scicncc wIicI siudics various
sulsianccs, aioms, molcculcs, crysials and oiIcr aggrcgaics of maiicr wIciIcr in
isolaiion or comlinaiion, and wIicI incororaics iIc conccis of cncrgy and
cniroy in rclaiion io iIc sonianciiy of cIcmical roccsscs

7 eoIogy (from iIc Crccl y, gc, "cariI" and Xy, ogos, "siudy" is iIc scicncc
iIai comriscs iIc siudy of iIc solid EariI and iIc roccsscs ly wIicI ii is sIacd
and cIangcd Ccology rovidcs rimary cvidcncc for laic iccionics, iIc Iisiory of
lifc and cvoluiion, and asi climaics In modcrn iimcs, gcology is commcrcially
imoriani for mincral and Iydrocarlon cloraiion and for cvaluaiing waicr
rcsourccs; is ullicly imoriani for iIc rcdiciion and undcrsianding of naiural
Iazards, iIc rcmcdiaiion of cnvironmcnial rollcms, and for roviding insigIis
inio asi climaic cIangc; lays an csscniial rolc in gcoiccInical cnginccring; and is
a major acadcmic discilinc

8 !hysics (from Ancicni Crccl. quoi 5ss "naiurc" is a naiural scicncc iIai
involvcs iIc siudy of maiicr and iis moiion iIrougI sacciimc, along wiiI rclaicd
conccis sucI as cncrgy and forcc Morc lroadly, ii is iIc gcncral analysis of
naiurc, conducicd in ordcr io undcrsiand Iow iIc univcrsc lcIavcs
PIysics is onc of iIc oldcsi acadcmic discilincs, crIas iIc oldcsi iIrougI iis
inclusion of asironomy Ovcr iIc lasi iwo millcnnia, Iysics was a ari of naiural
IilosoIy along wiiI cIcmisiry, ccriain lrancIcs of maiIcmaiics, and liology,
lui during iIc Scicniific Fcvoluiion in iIc iI ccniury, iIc naiural scicnccs
cmcrgcd as uniquc rcscarcI rograms in iIcir own rigIi Ccriain rcscarcI arcas
arc inicrdiscilinary, sucI as lioIysics and quanium cIcmisiry, wIicI mcans
iIai iIc loundarics of Iysics arc noi rigidly dcfincd In iIc ninciccniI and
iwcniiciI ccniurics Iysicalism cmcrgcd as a major unifying fcaiurc of iIc
IilosoIy of scicncc as Iysics rovidcs fundamcnial clanaiions for cvcry
olscrvcd naiural Icnomcnon Ncw idcas in Iysics oficn clain iIc fundamcnial
mccIanisms of oiIcr scicnccs, wIilc ocning io ncw rcscarcI arcas in
maiIcmaiics and IilosoIy

!oIitics (from Crccl o2+, "of, for, or rclaiing io ciiizcns", is a roccss ly wIicI
grous of colc malc collcciivc dccisions TIc icrm is gcncrally alicd io iIc ari
or scicncc of running govcrnmcnial or siaic affairs Ii also rcfcrs io lcIavior wiiIin
civil govcrnmcnis Howcvcr, oliiics can lc olscrvcd in oiIcr grou inicraciions,
including cororaic, acadcmic, and rcligious insiiiuiions Ii consisis of "social
rclaiions involving auiIoriiy or owcr" and rcfcrs io iIc rcgulaiion of ullic affairs
wiiIin a oliiical unii, and io iIc mciIods and iaciics uscd io formulaic and aly
olicy

0Forestry is iIc ari and scicncc of ircc rcsourccs, including laniaiions and naiural
siands TIc main goal of forcsiry is io crcaic and imlcmcni sysicms iIai allow
forcsis io coniinuc a susiainallc rovision of cnvironmcnial sulics and
scrviccs
.tuton nccdcd(
TIc cIallcngc of forcsiry is io crcaic sysicms iIai arc socially
acccicd wIilc susiaining iIc rcsourcc and any oiIcr rcsourccs iIai migIi lc
affccicd Silviculiurc, a rclaicd scicncc, involvcs iIc growing and icnding of irccs
and forcsis Modcrn forcsiry gcncrally cmlraccs a lroad rangc of conccrns,
including assisiing forcsis io rovidc iimlcr as raw maicrial for wood roducis,
wildlifc Ialiiai, naiural waicr qualiiy managcmcni, rccrcaiion, landscac and
communiiy roicciion, cmloymcni, acsiIciically acaling landscacs,
liodivcrsiiy managcmcni, waicrsIcd managcmcni, crosion conirol, and rcscrving
forcsis as 'sinls' for aimosIcric carlon dioidc A raciiiioncr of forcsiry is lnown
as a forcsicr TIc word "forcsiry" can also rcfcr io a forcsi iisclf

BacterioIogyis iIc siudy of lacicria TIis suldivision of microliology involvcs iIc

idcniificaiion, classificaiion, and cIaracicrizaiion of lacicrial sccics A crson
wIo siudics lacicriology is a -u.tcoogst

2Organic chemistryis a suldiscilinc wiiIin cIcmisiry involving iIc scicniific siudy

of iIc siruciurc, rocriics, comosiiion, rcaciions, and rcaraiion (ly syniIcsis
or ly oiIcr mcans of carlon-lascd comounds, Iydrocarlons, and iIcir
dcrivaiivcs TIcsc comounds may coniain any numlcr of oiIcr clcmcnis,
including Iydrogcn, niirogcn, oygcn, iIc Ialogcns as wcll as IosIorus, silicon
and sulfur

3Biochemistry, somciimcs callcd bioIogicaI chemistry, is iIc siudy of cIcmical
roccsscs in living organisms, including, lui noi limiicd io, living maiicr
DiocIcmisiry govcrns all living organisms and living roccsscs Dy conirolling
informaiion flow iIrougI liocIcmical signalling and iIc flow of cIcmical cncrgy
iIrougI mcialolism, liocIcmical roccsscs givc risc io iIc incrcdillc comlciiy of
lifc MucI of liocIcmisiry dcals wiiI iIc siruciurcs and funciions of ccllular
comoncnis sucI as roicins, carloIydraics, liids, nuclcic acids and oiIcr
liomolcculcs aliIougI incrcasingly roccsscs raiIcr iIan individual molcculcs arc
iIc main focus Ovcr iIc lasi 40 ycars liocIcmisiry Ias lccomc so succcssful ai
claining living roccsscs iIai now almosi all arcas of iIc lifc scicnccs from
loiany io mcdicinc arc cngagcd in liocIcmical rcscarcI Today iIc main focus of
urc liocIcmisiry is in undcrsianding Iow liological molcculcs givc risc io iIc
roccsscs iIai occur wiiIin living cclls wIicI in iurn rclaics grcaily io iIc siudy
and undcrsianding of wIolc organisms

4Astrophysics (Crccl. sto - mcaning "siar", and Crccl. 5ss 0o - mcaning
"naiurc" is iIc lrancI of asironomy iIai dcals wiiI iIc Iysics of iIc univcrsc,
including iIc Iysical rocriics of cclcsiial oljccis, as wcll as iIcir inicraciions
and lcIavior Among iIc oljccis siudicd arc galaics, siars, lancis, colancis,
iIc inicrsicllar mcdium and iIc cosmic microwavc laclground TIcir cmissions
arc camincd across all aris of iIc clcciromagnciic sccirum, and iIc rocriics
camincd includc luminosiiy, dcnsiiy, icmcraiurc, and cIcmical comosiiion TIc
siudy of cosmology addrcsscs qucsiions of asiroIysics ai scalcs mucI largcr iIan
iIc sizc of ariicular graviiaiionally-lound oljccis in iIc univcrsc

5HistoIogy (comound of iIc Crccl words. o+ "iissuc", and -2ou -logia is iIc
siudy of iIc microscoic anaiomy of cclls and iissucs of lanis and animals Ii is
crformcd ly camining a iIin slicc (scciion of iissuc undcr a ligIi microscoc or
clcciron microscoc TIc aliliiy io visualizc or diffcrcniially idcniify microscoic
siruciurcs is frcqucnily cnIanccd iIrougI iIc usc of Iisiological siains Hisiology
is an csscniial iool of liology and mcdicinc

CytoIogy(from Crccl u, tos, "a Iollow"; and -XyIo, -ogu mcans "iIc siudy
of cclls"
2(
Cyiology is iIai lrancI of lifc scicncc, wIicI dcals wiiI iIc siudy of cclls
in icrms of siruciurc, funciion and cIcmisiry Dascd on usagc ii can rcfcr io.
O CyioaiIology. iIc siudy of ceIIuIar discasc and iIc usc of ccllular cIangcs for
iIc diagnosis of discasc
O Ccll liology. iIc siudy of (normal ccllular anaiomy, funciion and cIcmisiry

7NucIear physics is iIc ficld of Iysics iIai siudics iIc luilding llocls and
inicraciions of aiomic nuclci TIc mosi commonly lnown alicaiions of nuclcar
Iysics arc nuclcar owcr gcncraiion and nuclcar wcaons iccInology, lui iIc
rcscarcI Ias rovidcd alicaiion in many ficlds, including iIosc in nuclcar
mcdicinc and magnciic rcsonancc imaging, ion imlaniaiion in maicrials
cnginccring, and radiocarlon daiing in gcology and arcIacology TIc ficld of
ariiclc Iysics cvolvcd oui of nuclcar Iysics and is iyically iaugIi in closc
associaiion wiiI nuclcar Iysics

8Education in iIc largcsi scnsc is any aci or ccricncc iIai Ias a formaiivc cffcci
on iIc mind, cIaracicr, or Iysical aliliiy of an individual In iis iccInical scnsc,
cducaiion is iIc roccss ly wIicI sociciy dclilcraicly iransmiis iis accumulaicd
lnowlcdgc, slills, and valucs from onc gcncraiion io anoiIcrEiymologically, iIc
word cducaiion is dcrivcd from cdu.uc (Laiin "lring u", wIicI is rclaicd io
cdu.cc "lring oui", "lring foriI wIai is wiiIin", "lring oui oicniial" and du.cc,
"io lcad"

Ethics also lnown as moraI phiIosophy, is a lrancI of IilosoIy iIai addrcsscs
qucsiions aloui moraliiyiIai is, conccis sucI as good and cvil, rigIi and
wrong, viriuc and vicc, jusiicc, cic
Major lrancIcs of ciIics includc.
O Mcia-ciIics, aloui iIc iIcorciical mcaning and rcfcrcncc of moral roosiiions
and Iow iIcir iruiI-valucs (if any may lc dcicrmincd;
O Normaiivc ciIics, aloui iIc raciical mcans of dcicrmining a moral coursc of
aciion;
O Alicd ciIics, aloui Iow moral ouicomcs can lc acIicvcd in sccific
siiuaiions;
O Moral sycIology, aloui Iow moral caaciiy or moral agcncy dcvclos and
wIai iis naiurc is;
O cscriiivc ciIics, aloui wIai moral valucs colc aciually alidc ly
WiiIin cacI of iIcsc lrancIcs arc many diffcrcni scIools of iIougIi and siill
furiIcr sul-ficlds of siudy

20!harmacoIogy (from Crccl qopo, 5unuon, "oison in classic Crccl; drug in
modcrn Crccl"; and -XyIo, "Siudy of" -ogu is iIc lrancI of mcdicinc and liology
conccrncd wiiI iIc siudy of drug aciion Morc sccifically, ii is iIc siudy of iIc
inicraciions iIai occur lciwccn a living organism and cIcmicals iIai affcci normal
or alnormal liocIcmical funciion If sulsianccs Iavc mcdicinal rocriics, iIcy
arc considcrcd Iarmaccuiicals TIc ficld cncomasscs drug comosiiion and
rocriics, inicraciions, ioicology, iIcray, and mcdical alicaiions and
aniiaiIogcnic caaliliiics TIc iwo main arcas of Iarmacology arc
Iarmacodynamics and Iarmacolinciics

2eophysics is iIc Iysics of iIc EariI and iis cnvironmcni in sacc Iis suljccis
includc iIc sIac of iIc EariI, iis graviiaiional and magnciic ficlds, iIc dynamics
of iIc EariI as a wIolc and of iis comoncni aris, iIc EariI's inicrnal siruciurc,
comosiiion and iccionics, iIc gcncraiion of magmas, volcanism and rocl
formaiion, iIc Iydrological cyclc including snow and icc, all asccis of iIc occans,
iIc aimosIcrc, ionosIcrc, magnciosIcrc and solar-icrrcsirial rclaiions, and
analogous rollcms associaicd wiiI iIc Moon and oiIcr lancisCcoIysics is also
alicd io socicial nccds, sucI as mincral rcsourccs, miiigaiion of naiural Iazards
and cnvironmcnial roicciion CcoIysical survcy daia arc uscd io analyzc
oicniial cirolcum rcscrvoirs and mincral dcosiis, io locaic groundwaicr, io
locaic arcIacological finds, io find iIc iIiclncsscs of glacicrs and soils, and for
cnvironmcnial rcmcdiaiion

22Inorganic chemistry is iIc lrancI of cIcmisiry conccrncd wiiI iIc rocriics and
lcIavior of inorganic comounds TIis ficld covcrs all cIcmical comounds ccci
iIc myriad organic comounds (carlon lascd comounds, usually coniaining C-H
londs, wIicI arc iIc suljccis of organic cIcmisiry TIc disiinciion lciwccn iIc
iwo discilincs is far from alsoluic, and iIcrc is mucI ovcrla, mosi imorianily in
iIc sul-discilinc of organomciallic cIcmisiry

23!hysioIogy (from Ancicni Crccl. quoi, 5ss, "naiurc, origin"; and -XyIo, -ogu,
"siudy of" is iIc scicncc of iIc funciion of living sysicms TIis includcs Iow
organisms, organ sysicms, organs, cclls and liomolcculcs carry oui iIc cIcmical
or Iysical funciions iIai cisi in a living sysicm TIc IigIcsi Ionor awardcd in
Iysiology is iIc Nolcl Prizc in PIysiology or Mcdicinc, awardcd sincc 0 ly iIc
Foyal SwcdisI Acadcmy of Scicnccs Many US univcrsiiics offcr Iysiology as a
major

24Economics is iIc social scicncc iIai analyzcs iIc roduciion, disiriluiion, and
consumiion of goods and scrviccs TIc icrm c.onon.s comcs from iIc Ancicni
Crccl oouou (oononu, "managcmcni of a IouscIold, adminisiraiion" from
oo (oos, "Iousc" + uo (nonos, "cusiom" or "law", Icncc "rulcs of iIc
Iousc(Iold" Currcni cconomic modcls cmcrgcd from iIc lroadcr ficld of oliiical
cconomy in iIc laic iI ccniury A rimary siimulus for iIc dcvclomcni of
modcrn cconomics was iIc dcsirc io usc an cmirical aroacI morc alin io iIc
Iysical scicnccs

Economics aims io clain Iow cconomics worl and Iow
cconomic agcnis inicraci Economic analysis is alicd iIrougIoui sociciy, in
lusincss, financc and govcrnmcni, lui also in crimc, cducaiion, iIc family, IcaliI,
law, oliiics, rcligion, social insiiiuiions, war, and scicncc TIc canding domain
of cconomics in iIc social scicnccs Ias lccn dcscrilcd as cconomic imcrialism

25EcoIogy (from Crccl. , "Iousc"; -XyIo, "siudy of" is iIc scicniific siudy of iIc
rclaiions iIai living organisms Iavc wiiI rcscci io cacI oiIcr and iIcir naiural
cnvironmcni Variallcs of inicrcsi io ccologisis includc iIc comosiiion,
disiriluiion, amouni (liomass, numlcr, and cIanging siaics of organisms wiiIin
and among ccosysicms Ecosysicms arc IicrarcIical sysicms iIai arc organizcd
inio a gradcd scrics of rcgularly inicraciing and scmi-indccndcni aris (cg,
sccics iIai aggrcgaic inio IigIcr ordcrs of comlc inicgraicd wIolcs (cg,
communiiics TIc liological organizaiion of lifc sclf-organizcs inio laycrs of
cmcrgcni wIolc sysicms iIai funciion according io nonrcducillc rocriics TIis
mcans iIai IigIcr ordcr aiicrns of a wIolc funciional sysicm, sucI as an
ccosysicm, cannoi lc rcdicicd or undcrsiood ly a simlc summaiion of iIc aris
"Ncw rocriics cmcrgc lccausc iIc comoncnis inicraci, noi lccausc iIc lasic
naiurc of iIc comoncnis is cIangcd"