Chapter 5 Vocabulary Scientific Revolution- period in the 1500's and 1600's in which scientific thinkers challenged traditional ideas

and relied on observation and experimentation Copernicus- polish scholar challenged that Earth was at the center of the universe Heliocentric- sun-centered universe Galileo Galilei- proved Heliocentric theory with further evidence Isaac NewtonScientific Method- relies on experimentation and observation Natural Laws- laws that govern human behavior EnlightenmentJohn Locke- English thinker, believed that all people had natural rights Montesquieu- French thinker, wrote powers of government should be separated into three branches Voltaire- French thinker, believed in free speech Rousseau- French philosopher, what is good for everyone is better than what is good for one person Enlightened Despot3rd Estate, 2nd, and 1stMaximillien Roberpierre- led the reign of terror Napoleon Bonaparte- low-level military officer with dreams of glory Coup d' etat- revolt to overthrow the government Napoleonic Code- legal code that involved enlightenment ideas such as equality of citizens and religious toleration Toussaint L' Overture- Haiti, self educated former slave who led a revolt Simon Bolivar- led resistance movements against Spanish Jose San Martin- joined forces with Bolivar to take control and defeat the Spanish

Congress of Vienna- devise of peace settlement Balance of Power- distribution of military and economic power that prevents one nation from being too strong Conservative- a set of beliefs held by those who wanted to preserve traditional ways Liberal- opposed the power of monarchs and sought democratic reforms Nationalism- independent nation-states that were from foreign rule Pogrom- policies which encouraged violent attacks on Jews Oligarchy- ruling power belongs to a small, powerful elite Caudillo- local military strongman Cash CropProifo Diaz- Mexican dictator, brought economic advancements Giuseppe Mazzini- formed young Italy national movement but exiled for views Otto von Bismark- guided German unification Kaiser- nickname for William I, derived from Caesar meaning emperor Zionism- anti-Semitist Indian National Congress- called for greater democracy and western-style modernization, looking ahead to self-rule Muslim League- formed to protect their own rights and interests Young Turks- group of liberals who established movement called the young Turks Kemal AtaturkPan-Slavism- nationalistic movement, idea that Slavic people shared a common nationality Agrarian Revolution- led to rapid population growth, all improvements led to longer lifespan Industrial Revolution- period in which means of production of goods shifted to hand tools to complex machines Laissez-faire- "hands off" government Adam Smith- wrote "Wealth of Nations" promoting laissez-faire

Socialism- less interest individuals rather on the whole society Karl Marx- wrote communist Manifesto, lead to communism dictatorship SuffrageMatthew Perry- sailed to Japan, presented letter asking Japan to open ports to trade Treaty of Kanagawa- agreement to pen two Japanese ports to America Meiji Restoration- emperor and advisors implemented a sense of reforms Sino-Japanese War- Japan quickly won, gaining control of Taiwan and treaty ports in China Sepoy Mutiny- Hindus and Muslims unite against the British Opium War- China tried to halt imports of drug, British fought with China to keep trade open Sphere of Influence- areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges Boxer Rebellion- group of westerners assaulted foreign communities across China Sun Yixian- led movement to replace Qing Dynasty Social DarwinismScramble for Africa-