Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
· compression
· combustion
· expansion
· exhaust / induction
There are two basic mechanical designs to achieve
these four processes in either:-
The basic difference between the petrol engine and the diesel
engine is in the method of ignition and the combustion process,
both of which will be discussed later.
The main types of IC engine are:
Various cylinder arrangements (in-line, Vee, radial, flat, etc.) are used but
we shall analyse the simple in-line arrangement.
Combustion chamber
Piston
Gudgeon pin
Cylinder
Connecting rod
Big end bearing
Crankshaft &
main bearings
50
r = 50 mm
40 c = 150 mm
F = 1000N
F = 1000N constant
torque (Nm)
30
20
F = 1000N up to 30°
1.4
then dropping pV = const.
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
crank angle °
30
25
Instantaneous torque
exceeds Mean torque so
engine speed increases:
20
2 2
Area = ½ I (wmax - wm )
torque (Nm)
max min
0
00 ð /2
1.57079633 3.14159266
ð 3ð /2
4.71238899 6.28318532
2ð
crank angle (radians)
wmax - wmin
Coefficient of speed fluctuation =
2 wm
This coefficient is decreased by increasing the
moment of inertia (I) of the flywheel.
AIR STANDARD CYCLES
Because the products of combustion are not too different from
air (in terms of thermodynamic properties) we can analyse
the engine cycle as a series of reversible non-flow processes
using air as the working fluid throughout the cycle.
This is known as an air-standard cycle.
DUAL CYCLE
The heat transfer to the gas is assumed to occur partially at
constant volume (2à3) and partially at constant pressure
(3à 4), i.e. a dual heat transfer process.
p 3· ·4
2·
5
··
1
V
V1
Volume compression ratio : V2 = rc
p3
Pressure 'rise' ratio : p2
=a
V4
Volume ratio : V3 =b also known as the ‘cut-off’ ratio
Dual Cycle Thermal Efficiency
Wnet Qin - Qout [cv(T3-T2)+cp(T4-T3)]-cv(T5-T1)
hth = = =
Qin Qin [cv(T3-T2)+cp(T4-T3)]
hth = 1 - T5 - T1 cp = g
(T3-T2) + g (T4-T3) cv
T5
-1
T1
hth = 1 -
T3 - T2 T4 T3
+ g( - )
T1 T1 T1 T1
T2 =( V2 )1-g = ( 1 )1-g = r g-1
c
T1 V1 rc
T3 p3 T3 T3 T2 g-1
T2 = p2 = a T1 = T2 x T1 = a rc
T4 V4 T4 T4 T3 g-1
T3 = V3 = b = x
T1 T3 T1 = b a r c
T5 V5 1-g V5 V3 V1 V3 rc b
= ( ) = ( x )1-g = ( x )1-g = ( )1-g = ( )g-1
T4 V4 V3 V4 V2 V4 b rc
T5 T5 T4 b g-1
= x
T1 T4 T1 = ( ) x b a rcg-1 = a bg
rc
OTTO CYCLE
3·
There is no constant pressure
p heat transfer therefore b = 1
2·
·4
·
1
V
1
hth = 1 - g -1
rc
We can plot the way thermal efficiency varies with volume
compression ratio (rc).
0.8
petrol diesel
0.7
0.6
thermal efficiency
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
compression ratio (rc)
4
··
1
V
g
1 é b -1 ù
hth = 1 - g -1 ç ÷
rc ë g (b-1) û