Solutions Selected Problems MaAB4000 K1 Arithmatics K2 Algebra and Equations

Problem Solving Exercises; Math A: MaAB4000 K1 Aarithmetic K2 Algebra and Equations NV-College
V1216 V1238 M1354 V1426 M1510 G1A.6NP V1A23

Investigating problems
V1218 V1239 M1319 M1368 M3218.3 M1511 V1A.8NP M1A.24 Changing Places M2261 V2308
V1219 V1240 M1369 V1443 M1512 V1A.10 M1A.25 IM1A27 M2276 V2310
M2404_P 11.NPMa AVT05
M1220 V1241 V1332 Challenge V1444 Interesting M1A.12 V1B.8
V1242 M1337 M1411 M1445 MIP1.9 G1A.15 Activity P57 V2287 M2313
M2407. P2.NPMa AVT97
M1243 M1338 M1417 M1460 MIP1.11

V1A.19NP
M1244 M1353 M1419 M1461 MIP1PA.12 V1A.21
M1B.12
M2250 G2306
2.4 Investigate and Proof
Mixed
Problems 2A
V_Mix2A.11 G2A.16 Mix.2B.7-12

NPMaAV T02 M2B.13.P 10.NPMa AVT97
G2285 V2312 M2406_P 5.NPMaA VT02 M2A.21.

NPMaAVT02
V2288 M2314
V2290-91
MVG2A Investig-ating problems .22 G.Mix2 B.16-17 VG.Mix2B. 18-19
M2A.23.NP
MaAht96 Open
Mixed
Problems 2B
G_Mix2B_ 14-15
VG.Mix2B. 20-21
1-6 M2B.22 NPMaA VT02.P2 M2B.23
2B.24
M2B.25
Important Problem-Solving Strategies

Read and reread the whole problem carefully before trying to solve it. Have you understood the problem? Do you know what the problem is looking for? Is it possible to estimate it? Do you have sufficient data to solve the problem? Is there any extra data? If so, have you forgotten to use them? Or may be they are not necessary in solving the problem. If you can not answer the questions above go back to the problem and read it again. Draw a diagram. Write down what quantities are known or given (data), and then what you are asked to find. Organize the data, in a table, pattern, graphical illustration, in such a way that any possible pattern may be recognizable. Think about what principles of mathematics are applicable to the problem. Use them! Make a plan. This step is as important as understanding and solving the problem. Without a proper plan you may end up in nowhere. In making the plan to solve the problem you may consider the followings: Is the problem familiar? Have you seen a similar problem earlier? If so, possibly the similar strategies may be taken in solving the problem. Is there any pattern? Is it possible to simplify the problem and first solve the simpler version? 1
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.
Is it possible to divide the problem to many different parts and solve them separately before joining the solutions up at the end? In what order are going to solve the problem? Be creative! Science, mathematics and logic are developed and still developing on the shoulder of creativity and those who dare to be creative! Perform the plan. It is very important to be consistent, show your calculations clearly, and use correct mathematical language. It is very important that any reader could read and could follow your reasoning and calculations. Keep the track of units. Note that the equal sign requires that the units on both sides must be identical. Results. Are they reasonable? Are they acceptable? Do they make sense according to your own intuition and estimation? Are there any other solutions? May be the alternative solution is easier. Is there any other point of view? Sometimes you can outsmart the problem and find easier and unconventional methods of solving the problem.
Important Study Techniques Tips

Know the Core Curriculum (kursplan). It is the official publication of the Swedish Educational Department (Skolverket) that lists the topic that must be learned by the end of the course. Set a reasonable goal for yourself. What is expected from you? How are you going to reach your goal? Make a reasonable plan to achieve it. Avoid Last-Minute Study. Math must be studied continually. Devote at least half an hour a day for problem solving. Problem solving is the best way of learning mathematics. Ask questions. There is no wrong question. If you do not understand anything in the lecture, just ask! Math is the easiest subject if you understand it, otherwise it is difficult. Avoid missing your lectures. If you miss any lecture, you ought to find out from your friends and your teacher about the missed lecture. Missing lectures may make you insecure in asking questions. Avoid memorization! You have to understand mathematics to learn and master mathematics. Only by solving mathematical problem you can learn mathematics. You can not learn mathematics only by reading solved problems or memorizing them. Budget your Time. Avoid wasting your time with solving routine problems that you already know how to solve them. You have a limited time to study for a given subject. Take practice Exams under Exam Conditions. Most of my earlier test and their solutions are published in our home page. Use them to practice. Some National Tests and their solutions are also published. Use them to practice under exam conditions. The available solutions are most useful if used as a reference. Just reading the solutions may give you false hope and therefore can even be harmful. In taking practice exam do not spend too much time on any given problem.
Important Test-Taking Tips

Be well rested and come prepared on the test day. Do not forget pen, erasure, and calculator. You are not allowed to borrow anything from your friends during the test. You are allowed to use your cell (mobile) phone as a calculator. Your telephones must be turned off during the test. 2
Avoid last minute study. Do not study the subject after 9.00 PM. Budget your time according to the grading weight of each problem. Do not spend too much time on any given problem, particularly, do not waste your time on any problem that is not weighted heavily in the test. Answer all questions. Do not omit any! Understand the problem. What is the problem after? Read the problem again if you do not understand it. Answer the Question That is Asked. Make your solutions clear, easy to read and understand.
V1216 Explain why 5 5 a) is larger than 12 11 3 1 b) is larger than 8 3 Suggested solutions: a)
Due to the fact that the denominator of
5 5 5 , i.e. 11 is smaller that that of is larger than , 12 11 11 5 5 . This may be explained also simply by arguing that five is divided by 11 in , while in 12 11 5 5 5 is larger than , five is divided to 12 . Therefore . 12 12 11 b) 3 1 To compare to , we should find the least common denominator of these two fractions. It is 8 3 3 3 1 8 8 3 = 24 . We may multiply by , and multiply by : 8 3 3 8 3 3 3 9 8 = 8 3 = 24 9 8 3 1 > > 24 24 8 3 1 = 1 8 = 8 3 3 8 24
V1217 The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4 . Find the numbers, if their sum is 28. Suggested Solution: If the numbers are assumed to be x and y 3 x 3 = 4x = 3 y x = y y 4 4 x + y = 28 7y 3y 4 y 3 y / y + y = 28 + = 28 = 7 4 = 4 y = 4 4 = 16 / 3 4 4 4 4 4 x = 4 y 3 3 x = y 4 x = 16 = 12 4 y = 16 x + y = 12 + 16 = 28 OK Check: x 12 3 4 3 y = 16 = 4 4 = 4 OK
V1218. The perimeter of a rectangle is 240 cm . The relationship between its side is 3 : 7 . Calculate the length of the sides of the rectangle. Suggested solution w 3 l = 7 w = 3l w = 3 l 7 7 240 cm l + = 120 cm 2(l + ) = 240 cm l + = 2 l Substituting w = 3 in l + = 120 cm results in: 7 7l 3l 10l 120 7 l / l + 3 = 120 cm + = 120 cm = 120 cm l = cm l = 84 cm / 7 7 7 7 10 84 12 7 l / w = 3 = 3 = 3 = 36 cm 7 7 7 / Answer: The length of the rectangle is l = 84 cm and the width of it is w = 36 cm V1219 Give a fraction between 1 1 a) and 3 2 4 5 and b) 7 8 Suggested Solutions: 1 1 and , we may first find the minimum common 3 2 1 3 by , and similarly denominator between them. This may be achieved by multiplying 3 2 1 2 multiplying by : 3 2 1 1 3 3 = = 2 2 3 6 1 1 2 2 = = 3 3 2 6 But due to the fact that there is no integer between 2 and 3, we may expand the numerator and the denominator of the resulting fractions by another 2: 1 1 3 3 3 2 6 = = = = 2 2 3 6 6 2 12 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 = = = = 3 3 2 6 6 2 12 4 5 6 5 1 1 Therefore due to the fact that < < , is in between and . i.e. 3 12 12 12 12 2 1 5 1 Answer: < < 3 12 2 In order to find a fraction in the interval
M1220. Explain why
35 may not be simplified any further. 66
Suggested Solutions: We may first factorize the numerator 1 and the denominator 2 of the fraction to their prime factors: 35 5 7 = 66 2 3 11 Due to the fact none of the factors in the numerator and denominator of the fraction are 35 identical, may not be simplified any further. 66
1 2
Numerator: Tljare Denominator: Nmnare
V1238. Egyptian calculated almost entirely by ratio where the denominator of the ratio is one. 2 1 may be written as the sum of two ratios. One of them is what is the other one? 4 7 Suggested solution: 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 7 8 7 87 1 = +xx= = = = = 7 4 7 4 7 4 4 7 28 28 28 28 1 Answer: The other one is x = 28 1 of the whole pizza. 6 1 1 1 Fredrik gets of the remaining. Teo gets of the remaining. Alexander gets of the 5 4 3 1 remaining, and Oscar gets of the rest. How much is left for you? 2 Suggested solutions: gets Remaining pizza Diana 5 1 6 6 Fredrik 1 1 5 1 4 rest = = 5 5 6 6 6 Teo 3 1 1 4 1 rest = = 6 4 4 6 6 Alexander 2 1 1 3 1 rest = = 6 3 3 6 6 Oscar 1 1 2 1 1 rest = = 2 2 6 6 6 None Me 1 6 V1239. You and your friends are going to share a giant pizza. Dania gets V1240 What is the number which 3 a) divided by 24 gives ? 4 2 3 b) multiplied by gives ? 3 2 3 x 3 x x 3 a) = = = x = 3 6 = 18 24 4 46 4 6 1 9 3 2 3 2 b) x = x 6 = 6 x 4 = 9 x = 4 2 3 2 3
3 . 4 2 3 9 Answer: x = multiplied by gives 3 2 4 Answer: 18 divided by 24 gives
V1241. Find the average of the numbers
7 1 5 in a fraction form. , , and 16 2 8
Suggested solution 1 5 7 1 8 5 2 7 8 + 10 + 7 25 Sum = + + = + + = = 2 8 16 2 8 8 2 16 16 16 The average of the above three numbers is therefore: 1 25 25 Sum 1 x= = Sum = = 3 3 3 16 48 V1242. The value of a machine decreases every year to
Answer: x =
25 48
4 of its value the year before. Today 5
the value of the machine is 320 000 kr . a) What is the value of the machine in three years from now? What was the value of the machine in three years ago? b) Suggested solution
4 4 4 4 a) x = (320 000 kr ) = (320 000 kr ) = 163840 kr 164 000 kr 5 5 5 5 Answer: The value of the machine in three years from now is x 164 000 kr 5 5 5 5 b) x = (320 000 kr ) = (320 000 kr ) = 625 000 kr 4 4 4 4 Answer: The value of the machine in three years ago was x = 625 000 kr
3
number 1 = 10 (number 1) . Find number 2 . number 2 Suggested solution: Lets rename the variables, number 1 x , number 1 y . The equation now may be written as: 1 x 1 1 = 10 x = 10 1 1 = 10 y y = Answer: y = y y 10 10 M1243
M1244 For a fraction B it is required that
B 8 B = . Find . 1 21 2 3 3
Suggested solution: First method: B 8 8 1 = B= 1 21 21 3 3

B / / 3 8 1 3 4 = B = = 2 / / 2 21 3 2 21 3
4
Answer:
B 4 = 2 21 3
M1319_3219.3 Arrange the following numbers in order of magnitude without the aid of a calculator: i. 2 24 , 318 , 415 , 56 ii. 3210 , 3263 , 12535 , 12830 Suggested solutions: i. 2 24 , 318 , 415 , 56 In order to compare numbers in exponent form either we should find a maximum common exponent, MCE, to all of them and then compare the bases of the numbers, or find a maximum common base and compare the exponents of the numbers with each other. In this case we may choose a maximum common exponent. In the first glance we may assume that the MCE of the numbers24, 18, 15 and 6 is 3, which is fine, but we may rewrite one of the numbers as 415 = 2 2 = 25 = 32 6 Then the MCE of the numbers 24, 28, 6, and 6 is 6. We then may rearrange each of the numbers as power of 6: 2 24 = 2 46 = 2 4 318
36 35
( )
35
( )
6
32
2 5 6 415 56 Therefore, the number with the smallest base, i.e. 56 is the smallest, and the one with largest base, i.e. 415 = 32 6 is the largest: 56 < 16 6 < 27 6 < 32 6 or Answer: 56 < 2 24 < 318 < 415
( ) = 16 = 3 = (3 ) = 27 = (2 ) = (2 ) = 32
6 3 6 6 32
i. 3210 , 32 63 , 12535 , 12830 Similar to the problem above we may first rearrange the numbers, using the prime factors of the exponents, and lowest base, as follows: 3210 = 32357 32 63 = 25 12535
7 12830 = 2 2357 It is clear that 105 = 3 5 7 is the maximum common exponent, MCE of the numbers above. Therefore, we may rearrange the numbers above, changing the base of each exponent, and keeping the power 105:
( ) = (5 ) = (2 )
337
= 23357 = 5357
3 57
235
3210 = 32357 = 32 32 63 = 25 12535 12830
( ) = (5 ) = (2 )
337
( ) = (2 )
357
= 9105 = 8105
3 357
3 57
= 5357 = 5105
7 235
= 2 2357 = 2 2
( )
357
= 4105
Answer: 12830 < 12535 < 32 63 < 3210
1 1 1 1 V1332 Calculate the sum: + + + 2 3 4 5 Suggested solutions: Realizing that a

1 1
1 1 1 1 = n a n = n and therefore = 2 , = 3 , . a a 2 3
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 14 Answer: + + + = 14 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 M1337 Simplify

a 2 a. 5 b 2 5a b a4 b. 2 a 3 b Suggested solutions: a 2 b5 3 5 = 2 = a 2b 5 = a 23b 53 = a 6b15 a. a b 2 5a b 2 2 5b a 3 5b 1 5b 1 5 a4 = 2 3 = 2 6 2 = 8 b. = 2 2 b a a a b a a b ab a 3 b
3 3
M1338_3233.3 Martina is going to state the reasons for the definition of 5 x and 50 . Complete the document below using the multiplication rules: Suggested solutions: 5 0 5 x = 5 0+ x = 5 x = 1 5 x 5 0 = 1 5 x 5 x = 5 x x = 50 50 = 1 x x 5x 5 5 = x = 1 5 M1353 For which positive number a is quotient to 1.0 10 3 is larger than 100? a
Suggested Solutions: 1.0 10 3 1.0 10 3 > 100 1.0 10 3 > 100 a 100 a < 1.0 10 3 a < a < 1.0 10 5 100 a 5 Answer: 0 < a < 1.0 10 a is a positive number less than 1.0 10 5 . For example a = 1.0 10 6
M1354 A Googol is 10100 . how large is a Googolplex, i.e. 10 Googol ? Suggested Solutions: 100 Googolex = 10 Googol = 1010 = 101000 Answer: Googolex = 101000
10
M1368 A sand shore is 2 km long, 30 m wide and 3 m deep. We may assume that an average grain of sand fits in a cubic box of 0.2 mm . How many grain of sand is in the sand shore? Suggested Solutions: 2 10 3 30 3 18 10 4 = = 2.25 10 4+12 = 2.25 1016 N= Answer: N = 21016 4 3 8 10 12 (2 10 ) M1369 Laser beam is used to measure the Moon-Earth distance. The speed of light, and therefore Laser, in vacuum is c = 2.9979 108 m / s . The laser beam is pointed to the Moon on the mirrors left by astronauts on the surface of the moon. A timer measures the time necessary for the Laser beam to go to the moon and be reflected. With what precision should the time be measured so that the error in measuring the distance is less than 4 cm? Suggested Solutions: x x 4 10 2 m 4 t = t = 10 28 s = 1.33 10 10 s 0.13 ns 8 v 2.9979 10 m / s 3 Answer: t 0.13 ns
Challenge:
Which number is largest? 99100 or 100 99 ? Suggested Solutions: 99 100 99 100 99 1 100 1 2.7 100 99 100 99 = 99 = < 1 100 =< 1 100 < 1 100 99 < 99100 = 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
Answer: 10099 < 99100 Second method: 99 99100 99 99 100 99 99 100 = 99 = (0.99) 99 = 0.37 99 = 36.6 99 > 100 Answer: 100 < 99 99 100 100
M3218.3 Find x a. 2 x = 2 21000 b. 3 x = 3500 + 3500 + 3500 c. 5 x = 5500 + 5500 + 5500 + 5500 + 5500 Suggested solutions: b. 2 x = 2 21000 2 x = 21 21000 = 21001 c. 3 x = 3500 + 3500 + 3500 3 x = 3 3500 = 3501 d. 5 x = 5500 + 5500 + 5500 + 5500 + 5500 5 x = 5 5500 = 5501 Answer: x = 1001 Answer: x = 501 Answer: x = 501 11
M1411 M is 30% of Q , and Q is 20% of P and N is 50% of P . Calculate

Suggested Solutions: M 0.30 Q 0.30 (0.20 ) P 0.06 6 / 12 = = = = = = 0.12 N 0.50 P 0.50 P / 0.50 50 100
M . N M = 0.12 N
Answer:
V1417 According to the latest opinion studies the support of the red party in Sweden is increased from 40% to 44%. Simultaneously, the support of the Green party is increased from 4.5% to 6.5%. Which partys supporters are increased the most. Suggested solution: 44 40 4 Red = = = 0.10 = 10% 40 40 6.5 4.5 2 20 4 Green = = = = = 0.44 = 44% 4.5 4.5 45 9
Answer: The support of the Green party of Sweden is increased by 44%
M1419 Board of directors of a company is made up of 3 women and 20 men. The board unanimously voted to increase the share of women in the board of directors by 20% percentage points. How many women must be elected to join the board? Suggested solution: 3 3 women is = 0.13 = 13% of the board of director. The increase of the 23 board of directors by 20 percentage points means the final percentage of women in the board increases to 33% If we denote the new members of the board by x : 3+ x 1 14 = 3(3 + x ) = 23 + x 9 + 3 x = 23 + x 3x x = 23 9 2 x = 14 x = = 7 23 + x 3 2 Answer: x = 7 new women must be elected to the board of directors. V1426 If one drinks alcohol the concentration of the alcohol in the blood increases. For example if somebody has the concentration of 0.5 per thousand, the amount of the pure alcohol in his/her body is 0.5 per thousand of her body weight multiplied by 0.68 for males and 0.55 for females. a. Adam who weights 75 kg and Eva that weights 65 kg each drink their own strong bear. What concentration of blood do they get if a strong bear contains 20 gram of pure alcohol? b. What alcohol concentration would you get if you drank two cans of strong bear? Suggested solution: 20 10 3 kg Adam: = 0.39 10 3 = 0.39 per thousand : 0.39 per thousand 75 kg 0.68
Eva:
20 10 3 kg = 0.56 10 3 = 0.56 per thousands : 0.56 per thousand 65 kg 0.55 40 10 3 kg = 0.95 10 3 = 0.95 per thousands 0.95 per thousand 62 kg 0.68 12
Behzad:
V1443 An identical object is on sale in two stores as illustrated below. Which one of them is cheapest? Explain. Store A: 20% reduction. Save 130 kr. Store B25% reduction. Save 200 kr.
Suggested solution: Store A 20% reduction. Save 130 kr. Therefore, if the original price is A , 130 13000 / then 0.20 A = 130 A = = = 650 kr . Thus, it costs 650 130 = 520 kr 0.20 20 / Store B: 25% reduction. Save 200 kr. Therefore, if the original price is B , 200 then 0.25 B = 200 A = = 800 kr . Hence, it costs now: 0.25 800 200 = 600 kr Store A is cheaper now. It is 520 kr.
V1444 Erik sold two second hand cars for $6 000 each. On the first one he made 20%, but on the second car he lost 20%. Did he loose or made money in the transaction? By how much and how many percent? Solution: A : Original price of the first car.
B : Original price of the second car. $6 000 $6 000 = 1.20 A A = = $5 000 1.20 $6 000 $6 000 = 0.80 B B = = $7 500 0.80 Erik had paid A + B = $5 000 + $7 500 = $12 500 for the cars, but he sold them only for
$12 000 . Therefore, he lost $12 500 $12 000 = $500 in the deal. This is: $12 000 $12 500 = 0.04 = 4% $12 500
Answer: Eric lost $500 in the transaction. He lost 4% of his investment.
A + 20% = B M1445 B + 20% = C A + ?% = C
Solution:
A + 20% = B B = 1.20 A C = 1.20 B = 1.20 1.20 A = 1.44 A B + 20% = C C = 1.20 B A + ?% = C
Answer: C = 1.44 A is increased by 44%

13
M1460 Price of houses in a region dropped by 10% for three consecutive years. Then the trend was reversed and it increased by 10% for three years in a row. By what percentage did the price of houses changed during these six years?
Suggested solutions:
P0 : Initial price of the house P : Price of the house at the present

P = P0 (0.90) (1.10) = 0.729 P0 (1.10) = 0.97 P0
3 3 3
Answer: The price of the house is decreased by 3% during the past six years. Note that in the calculations above P0 (0.90) = 0.729 P0 0.73P0 is the value of the
3
house after three consecutive yearsv of 10% decrease per year. At the end of the third year the price of the house is decreased by 27%.
M1461 A curved road is replaced by a straight highway. The road, as a result, become 20% shorter and the speed may be increased by 25%. With how many percent is the driving time is changed as a result of the change? Suggested solutions: x 0.80 x0 80 x0 80 t= = = = t 0 = 0.64 t 0 v 1.25 v0 125 v0 125 Answer: The driving time is reduced by 36% .
M1510 Choose any arbitrary three-digit-number. Multiply the number by 7. Multiply the result by 11 and then by 13. What is the result? Why? Suggested solutions: Answer: I get a six-digit-number which is my number repeated twice. Ex: 123 7 1113 = 123123 364 7 11 13 = 364 364 579 7 11 13 = 579 579 999 7 11 13 = 999 999 Reason: Assume the number I choose is abc . Due to the fact that 7 11 13 = 100 1 , when I multiply abc by 7 11 13 = 100 1 , I get 1001 abc = 1000 abc + abc . My three-digit number multiplied by 1000 looks like abc 000 and when I add to it my number: abc 000 + abc = abc abc . This is true for any 3-digit number.
14
M1511 Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) is often called The King of Mathematics. As a child he learned how to add the first 100 terms of positive numbers through rearranging the terms as 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 48 + 49 + 50 + + 100 + 99 + 98 + .... + 53 + 52 + 51 Explain how the young Carl Friedrich may reasoned in finding the sum. What is the sum of the first 100 positive integer numbers? What is the sum of the first 999 positive integer numbers? Generalize the problem Suggested solutions: Answer: By rearranging the numbers in two rows, and rewriting them as above, Gauss creates a case of sum of fifty 101s: 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 48 + 49 + 50 + + 100 + 99 + 98 + .... + 53 + 52 + 51 = 101 + 101 + 101 + ... + 101 + 101 + 101 = 50 101 = 5 050 Answer: 1 + 2 + 3 + ...98 + 99 + 100 = 5 050
Similarly, we may break down the first 999 positive integer numbers into two groups as it was done by Gauss:
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 489 + 499 + 500 + + 999 + 998 + 997 + .... + 502 + 501 = 1000 + 1000 + ... + 1000 + 500 = 499 1000 + 500 = 499 500 Alternatively, we may arrange the numbers as:
1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + 489 + 499 + 500 + + 999 + 998 + 997 + .... + 503 + 502 + 501 + = 1 + 1001 + 1001 + ... + 1001 = 1 + 499 1001 = 499 500
Answer: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 997 + 998 + 999 = 499 500 Alternatively we may even rearrange the sum slightly different 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 997 + 998 + 999 999 + 998 + 997 + ... + 3 + 2 + 1 = 999 1000 = 999 000 And considering the fact that this sum is twice the original sum 999 000 Answer: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 997 + 998 + 999 = = 499 500 2 The later method may be generalized to obtain the sum of an Arithmetic Progression, AP: If S n is the sum of the first n terms of an AP with the last term as l :
(a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ... + (l d ) + l S n = l + (l d ) + (l 2d ) + ... + (a + d ) + a 2 S n = (a + l ) + (a + l ) + +(a + l ) + ... + (a + l ) + (a + l ) = n (a + l ) n (a + l ) n [a + a + (n 1)d ] n S = = [2a + (n 1)d ] =

Sn = a +
n
Sn =
n (a + l ) 2
l = a + (n 1)d
15
M1512 Is there any number between
96 97 and which has the lowest possible denominator? 35 36

d
1 2 3 4 5 6
Suggested solutions: We may search for a fractional number n , where both n and d are integer and d its denominator d is as little as 97 n 96 possible: . We may multiply < < 36 d 35 this double inequality by d which is a nonzero positive integer: 97 96 d < n < d 36 35 We start the search for positive d where we can find another positive 97 96 number n in between d and d . 36 35 The search starts with d = 1 as seen in the table below the first numbers that satisfy the conditions above is when d = 7 which provides n = 19
97 36
2,69 5,39 8,08 10,78 13,47 16,17
96 d 35
2,74 5,49 8,23 10,97 13,71 16,46
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
18,86
21,56 24,25 26,94 29,64 32,33 35,03 37,72 40,42 43,11 45,81 48,50 51,19 53,89 56,58
19
27 30
19,20
21,94 24,69 27,43 30,17 32,91 35,66 38,40 41,14 43,89 46,63 49,37 52,11 54,86 57,60
38 41 46 49 52 54 57
Interesting Problems
MIP1.PA.9. Under 1980s the population of a city increased by 60%. The trend turned around at 1990 and the population of the city decreased during 1990s so that at the end of 1999 the population of the city was exactly equal to the one at 1980. Calculate the percentage decrease of the population during 1990s.
Suggested solutions: N 0 : Initial population of the city at 1980. At the end of 1989 the population of the city was: 1.60 N 0 This population decreased at the rate of x during 1990s so that the city population was back to N 0 at the end of 1999. 1.60 N 0 x = N 0 1 x= = 0.625 1.60 1 0.625 = 0.375 Answer: The population of the city decreased by 37.5% during 1990s.
16
MIP1.PA.11. Interesting Problems Find the largest possible integer number x so that: 320 > 32 x .
Suggested solutions: 320 > 32 x
320 > 2 5
5 4 4 5
( ) (3 ) > (2 ) (3 ) > (2 )
x
5 x
x 5
34 > 2 x 2 x < 34 2 x < 81 Using the fact that 2 6 = 64 and 2 7 = 128 Answer: The largest integer number x is x = 6 so that 320 > 32 x . MIP1.PA.12. Interesting Problems: A chess board has 64 squares. We put a grain of rice on the first square, two on the second square, four on the third, eight on the fourth, and so on. (a) How many rice grains must we put on the last square? (b) Estimate the weight of the rice grains on the last square. (c) Compare your estimated value with the yearly production of the whole world which is 6 108 ton / year . Suggested solutions: (a) 2 63 rice grains must we put on the last Chess Rice Weight square! Square Grain (kg) (b) If we assume that each gram of rice 1 1,0E+00 2,0E-05 contains about 50 rice grains, then the mass 2 2,0E+00 4,0E-05 of the 3 4,0E+00 8,0E-05 rice grains on the 64th square is: 4 8,0E+00 1,6E-04 2 63 3 64 5 14 10 5,1E+02 1,0E-02 m64 = 10 = 2 10 kg 1.84 10 kg 50 20 5,2E+05 1,0E+01 m64 = 1.84 1011 ton 30 5,4E+08 1,1E+04
(c) Compared to the world yearly rice production of 6 108 ton / year it is:
m64 1.84 1011 ton = = 307 m yearly 6 108 ton
40 50 60 64
5,5E+11 5,6E+14 5,8E+17 9,2E+18
1,1E+07 1,1E+10 1,2E+13 1,8E+14
It is about 300 times more than the yearly rice product of the world. Therefore, it will take the world more than 300 years to produce this amount of rice! m64 1.84 1011 ton Answer: 2 63 , m64 = 1.84 1011 ton , = = 307 m yearly 6 108 ton
17
1 G1A.6 P2NPMaAVT02 What is the half of 1 ? 2 Suggested Solutions: 1 1 1 3 3 x = 1 = = 2 2 2 2 4
(1/0)
V1A.8 P11NPMaAVT05 The Persson family paid 18 000 kr one year for the interest on their loan. The interest rate was 6 %. How big is their loan? (0/1) Suggested Solutions: 0.06 x = 18 000 18 000 18 000 100 x= = = 300 000 kr 0.06 6 Second method: 18 000 1% = = 3 000 Loan = 100 3 000 = 300 000 kr 6 V1A.10 Place a parenthesis in the expression 5 32 + 6 2 so that its value become 105 .
Suggested Solutions: 5 32 + 6 2 = 5 (9 + 12 ) = 5 (21) = 105
1 1 1 1 1 M1A.12 Calculate 1 1 1 ...1 1 2 3 4 49 50

Suggested Solutions: / / // // 1 1 1 2 3 48 49 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = = / / / // 2 3 4 49 50 2 3 4 49 50 50
G1A.15 P4NPMaAht97 (a) Find the number that is midway between 100 000 and 1 000 000 (b) Find a number that is greater than 2.5 10 3 but less than 2.5 10 2 . Suggested Solutions: 100 000 + 1000 000 1100 000 (a) = = 55 000 2 2 (b) 2.6 10 3 : 2.5 10 3 < 2.6 10 3 < 2.5 10 2
(1p) (1p)
18
V1A.19.NPMaAVT98 (a) Give three examples of numbers on the decimal form whose sum is 1. (b) Give two examples of fractions whose sum is 1. Suggested Solutions:
(1P) (1P)
(a) Example: 0.5 , 0.3 , 0.2: 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.2 = 1 1 2 1+ 2 3 1 2 = (b) Example: , : + = 3 3 3 3 3 3 Fractions given may have identical common denominator, and the sum numerators then must be equal to the common denominator. In the example above: Common denominator: Numerators:
3 1+ 2 = 3
At this point, using just guessing and trying: (1.15) = 1.75 , (1.15 ) = 2.01 Answer: 5 hours Later on, using logarithms: (1.15)t = 2 log(1.15)t = log 2 t log(1.15) = log 2 t = log 2 = 4.96 h t = 4.96 h log(1.15)
4
5
V1A.21 In a bacteria culture there are 310 5 bacteria present. Their number increase at the rate of 15% per hour. How long does it take for the bacteria to redouble? Suggested Solutions: t t 3 10 5 (1.15) = 6 10 5 (1.15) = 2
V1A.23 You are late to a pizza party, when you come the party just has started and folk are sitting at tables. There is a place available at both tables. At table A, 9 people are sitting with 4 pizzas on the dinning table. At table B, 7 people are sitting with 3 pizzas on the dinning table. Which table should you join and share pizza, if you want to get as larger piece of pizza as possible. Suggested Solutions: Table A: If I join table A, we are going to be 10 people sharing 4 pizzas. We therefore get 0.4 pizza each if it is going to be divided equally. Table B: If I join table B, we are going to be 8 people sharing 3 pizzas. We therefore 3 get = 0.375 pizza each if it is going to be divided equally. 8
Answer: I should join table A.
19
M1A.24 From an old 19th centaury mathematic book: A package tee is sufficient for two weeks for a man and his wife. If just the man uses the package of tee it is sufficient for six weeks. How long is it sufficient for the lady if just she is going to use it alone?
Suggested Solutions: M : Man W : Woman x = 2 x = 2(M + W ) = 2 M + 2W M +W x x =6M = M 6 x Substitute it M = in x = 2 M + 2W : 6 x x x 2x x x x = 2 + 2W = + 2W 2W = x = W = x = 3W = 3 weeks W 6 3 3 3 3 Answer: Ii is only sufficient for three weeks for the lady, if she alone uses it.
V1B.8 Give a decimal number and a number in fraction form that both lie between
1 1 and . 5 4
Solutions: 1 = 0.25 4 1 = 0.20 5 Any number in between 0.20 and 0.25 is the desired number, for example: 0.21 or 0.24
M1B.12 Which one of the numbers is largest? 680 or 3120 ?

Solutions: We may rewrite the numbers above and manipulate to two numbers, whose exponent are common and largest. Due to the fact that both exponents are divisible by 40 we may arrange them as follows:
680 = (6 2 ) = 36 40
40
3120 = 33
( )
40
= 27 40
Answer: 680 = 6 2
( )
40
= 36 40 is larger than 3120 = 33
( )
40
= 27 40 .
20
Activity P57: True or False? Discuss each problem in a group randomly assigned by the teacher. Motivate your answers. 9. 2 2 = 0.5 False! 1 1 Solution: 2 2 = 2 = = 0.25 0.5 2 4 10. a b b a = (ab )
ab ab
False!
Solution: (ab ) = a ab b ab a b b a 13. If the changing factor is 3 the percentage increase is 300% . False! The percentage increase for a variable x is defined as x x x% = 2 1 100 x1 Therefore if the percentage change is 300% , i.e. x2 x1 x x1 x 100 = 300 2 = 3 x2 x1 = 3x1 x2 = 3 x1 + x1 = 4 x1 2 = 4 3 x1 x1 x1 This would mean that the x The changing factor is defined as 2 . x1
21
M1A.25. Experimentally we are going to measure quotient experimental results are: a = C 20% b = D 20% How many percent is the maximum value of
Suggested Solutions: a C 20% = b D 20% C + 20% 1.2C 12C 3C a = = = = b max D 20% 0.8 D 8 D 2 D
C 20% 0.8C 8C 2C a = = = = b min D + 20% 1.2 D 12 D 3D
a between two quantities. The b
a larger than its minimum value? b
a 3C b max 2 D 3C 3D 9 = = = = 2.25 = 225% 2C 2 D 2C 4 a b min 3D
Answer: The maximum value of the ratio
a is 225% of its minimum value. b
22
Investigating problems: Changing Places

When evaluating your work, the teacher will consider the following: How systematic you are in your investigation Which conclusions you find from the numbers you choose How well you show that your conclusions are true Which connections you make between your discoveries and the two-digit numbers you start with How well you show your working
Choose a two-digit number. Let the two digits exchange places. Compute the difference between the larger and the smaller of the two numbers. Let the digits exchange places. Compute the difference between the larger and the smaller of the two numbers. Let the digits exchange places. Continue as long as you can.
84 48 84 - 48 = 36 63 63 - 36 = 27 72
What do you notice from the numbers you get? What happens if you start with another two-digit number? INVESTIGATE!
Solutions:
Choose a two-digit number. Let the two digits exchange places. Compute the difference between the larger and the smaller of the two numbers. Let the digits exchange places. Compute the difference between the larger And the smaller of the two numbers. Let the two digits exchange places. Compute the difference between the larger And the smaller of the two numbers . Let the digits exchange places. Compute the difference between the larger And the smaller of the two numbers. Let the digits exchange places. Compute the difference between the larger And the smaller of the two numbers. 84 48 84 - 48 = 36 63 63-36=27 72 72-27=45 54 54-45=9 75 57 75-57=18 81 81-18=63 36 63-36=27 72 72-27=45 54 54-45=9 91 19 91-19=72 27
It is noticed that, no matter what two digit number ab we choose, except when both digits are identical, the difference between the number its exchange pair, ba is always a product of 9, and eventually we end up producing 9 and we must then end the computation. If two digits of the chosen number are identical we immediately end up getting zero:
ab ba = 10a + b 10b a = 9a 9b = 9 (a b )
23
IM1A27. A rectangles width increases by 40% . Simultaneously its length decreases by 30%. Investigate how the rectangles area changes. Suggested Solutions: W : Width of the rectangle L : Length of the rectangle A : Area of the rectangle A = WL A f = W f L f = (1.40 Wi ) (0.70 Li ) = 0.98Wi Li = 0.98 Ai Conclusion: The area of the rectangle decreases by 2%.
M2250 Oscar and Niklas are 250 km apart. Simultaneously they start to move toward each 20 1 km / h and Niklas at 12 km / h . How long later and where do they meet? other: Oscar at 7 3 Suggested Solutions: If they meet t h later, then we may write: 20 1 20 1 20 85 t + 12 t = 250 km t + 12 t = 250 km t + t = 250 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 20 t 3 85 t 7 20 t 3 85 t 140 t 255 t + = 250 + = 250 + = 250 7 3 3 7 21 21 21 21 140 t + 255 t 395 t = 250 = 250 21 21 250 21 50 21 23 23 t= = = 13 h = 13 h 60 min = 13 h 17.5 min 395 79 79 79 20 50 21 7000 x = vt = km = km = 88.6 km 3 79 79 Answer: They meet each other at x = 88.6 km from the original position of Oscar t = 13 h 17.5 min after the start. Oscar : Niklas : 20 1 km / h 12 km / h 3 7 250 km
x = 88.6 km
161.4 km
24
M2261 Show that
1 2 = . 2 2 QED.
Suggested solution: 1 1 2 2 = = 2 2 2 2
M2276 Solve the equation:
x2 2 = 0 ( x > 0) . 5 x
Suggested solution: x2 2 =0 5 x x2 2 = 5 x Cross product (or multiply both sides of the equation by 5 x ) x2 x = 2 5 x 3 = 10
x = 10
1 3
Answer: x = 10
1 3
M2276 June 2004 it was estimated that there were between 1941 and 2291 bears in Sweden. The number of bears in Sweden was increased to 2550 June 2006. Assuming the same rate of increase in the number, how many bears at the most are going to be in Sweden June 2009? Suggested solution: If the lowest number is taken to be the case, i.e. 1941 bear June 2006, the annual rate of increase in their number is: 1941 x 2 = 2550 2550 x2 = 1941 2550 x= = 1.146 1941 It is increasing at the annual rate of 14.6% Therefore, number of bears in Sweden June 2009 at most may be:
2550 2550 2 1941 1941 = 1941 1941 = 3840 . Answer: At the most the may be 3840 in Sweden June 2009.
5 5
25
G2285.5 Jennys salary is increased from 18 500 kr / month to 27 200 kr / month in 8 years. Calculate the average annual rate of increase of Jennys salary. Suggested solutions: 18 500 x 8 = 27 200 27 200 // x8 = 18 500 //
272 8 x= = 1.049 1.05 185 Answer: x 1.05 : Jennys salary was increase at the rate of 5% per year.
1
V2287 Solve the equations below if x > 0 : 8 a. 2 = (1 + x ) .

1
b. x 4 2 = 3 Suggested solution: 8 a. 2 = (1 + x )
(1 + x )8 = 2
(1 + x ) = 2 8
1 1
x + 1 = 28
1
x = 28 1
1
Answer: x = 1.0905 1.091
b. x 4 2 = 3
1
x4 = 3+ 2 x =5 x = 5 4 = 625
1 4
Answer: x = 625
V2288 A wind power has a armature diameter 47 m . It produces the power 0.58 x 3 kW at wind blowing at x m / s . In which wind speed does the wind power produce 500 kW ? Suggested solutions: 0.58 x 3 = 500 kW 500 x3 = 0.58
500 3 x= m / s 9.5 m / s 0.58
1
Answer: x 9.5 m / s
26
V2290 Show that 8 = 16 Suggested solution: 8 = 2

4 3
4 3
[0/2]
( )
4 3 3
=2
4 3 3
= 2 4 = 16
[0/2]
M2291 Solve the equation: x x = 4 . Suggested solution: x x = 4

xx = 4
1 1 2
x1 x 2 = 4 x
1+ 3 2 1 2
=4
2 3 2 3
x =4 x = 4 = 2.52
Answer: x = 4 = 2.52
G2306 A computer whose processor runs at 48 GHz performs 48 billions of calculations per second. a. Set up a formula that calculates the number of calculations, y , that n computers perform in t s . b. Using the formula developed above calculate the number of computers needed to perform 1.2 1015 calculations in 100 s . Suggested solutions: a. y = 48 109 n t
y 1.2 1015 12 1014 10 3 = = = = 250 b. y = 48 10 n t n = 4 48 109 t 48 109 100 48 1011 Answer: n = 250
9
G2308 Under proper conditions the number of E coli-bacteria may increase at the rate of 3.5% per minute . Set up a formula to calculate the number of bacteria, N , in the sample after t minutes , if the initial number of the bacteria in the sample are 10 000 . Suggested solutions: t t N (t ) = 10 000 (1.035) Answer: N (t ) = 10 000 (1.035) V2310 The value of an stock is increased from $a to $(a + b ) in t days . Set up a formula that calculates the average increase in the value of stock in one day, $ y per day . Suggested solutions: $(a + b ) $a b b $y = =$ per day Answer: $ y = $ per day t days t t
27
V2312 An exchange office offers following exchange rates: 100 SEK = 80 DKK 100 DKK = 18 USD Set up a formula that calculates how many Swedish Crowns, S one may exchange against D amount of US-dollars. Suggested solutions: 100 SEK = 80 DKK 125 100 DKK = 18 USD Answer: S = D 18 100 DKK 100 SEK / 125 S = (D USD ) S= D 18 USD 80 DKK / 18
M2313 A businessman buys in one occasion x kg coffee at the cost of a $ / kg and later on in another occasion y kg coffee at the cost of b $ / kg . Calculate the average cost of the mixture of coffee, m $ / kg . Suggested solutions: The total cost of the first buy: ax $ for x kg coffee. The total cost of the second buy: b y $ for y kg coffee. The total cost of the buying x + y kg is therefore: a x + b y $ Therefore, the average cost of coffee for the businessman is: m= ax + by $ / kg x+ y Answer: m = ax + by $ / kg x+ y
M2314 The price of a product increases at the rate of p % per year. Calculate the price of the product, C as a function of time, t year . The initial price of the product may be taken as C0 . Use you formula to calculate the price of a product that initially costs 200 after 8 years if its value increases at the rate of 3% per year. Check if your results are acceptable. Suggested solutions:
p C = C 0 1 + 100
p Answer: C = C0 1 + 100
8
3 p 8 C = C 0 1 + = 200 1 + = 200 (1.03) = 253 100 100 The result is within the acceptable range.
28
M2314 The price of a product increases at the rate of p % per year. Calculate the price of the product, C as a function of time, t year . The initial price of the product may be taken as C 0 . Use you formula to calculate the price of a product that initially costs 200 after 8 years if its value increases at the rate of 3% per year. Check if your results are acceptable. Suggested solutions:
p C = C 0 1 + 100
p Answer: C = C0 1 + 100
8
3 p 8 C = C 0 1 + = 200 1 + = 200 (1.03) = 253 100 100 The result is within the acceptable range.
29
2.4 Investigation and Proof

In assessing your solution, the teacher will take into consideration what mathematical knowledge you have demonstrated how your have motivated your conclusions how you have written your solution.
M2404_P11.NPMaAVT05 Sequences of numbers

Choose three integers that follow directly after one another, e g: 6, 7, 8 Add the numbers: 6 + 7 + 8 = 21 Multiply the number of numbers by the middle number: 3 7 = 21
Make the corresponding calculations for some other number sequences consisting of three numbers following directly after each other. Describe the result of your investigation. Explain the relationship with words or a formula. Investigate in a similar way the sum of five or seven numbers following directly after each other. Describe the result of your investigation. Explain the relationship with words or formulas. Investigate what can be said about the sum of four or six numbers following directly after each other. Describe the result of your investigation. Explain the relationship with words and formulas. What relationship holds if the number of numbers is n?
Suggested solution: Sum 3 consecutive numbers 5 consecutive numbers 7 consecutive numbers
n = 2m + 1 consecutive numbers
(5/6)
Sum
3x
S 3 = (x 1) + x + ( x + 1) = 3 x S 5 = (x 2) + ( x 1) + x + (x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) = 5 x S 7 = ( x 3) + ( x 2 ) + ( x 1) + x + ( x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) + (x + 3) = 7 x S n = ( x m ) + ( x m + 1) + .. + x + .. + ( x + m 1) + ( x + m ) = nx
5x
7x
nx
30
Sum
4
consecutive numbers
sum
S 4 = ( x 2 ) + ( x 1) + ( x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) = 4 x
4x
6
consecutive numbers
S 6 = ( x 3) + ( x 2) + ( x 1) + ( x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 3) = 6 x S 8 = ( x 4 ) + ( x 3) + ( x 2) + (x 1) + (x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 3) + ( x + 4 ) = 8 x S n = ( x m ) + ( x m + 1) + .. + ( x 1) + ( x + 1) + .. + ( x + m 1) + (x + m ) = nx
6x
8
consecutive numbers
8x
n = 2m
consecutive numbers
nx
Conclusions: The sum of n consecutive numbers is always nx where:

n = 2m + 1
S n = ( x m ) + ( x m + 1) + .. + x + .. + ( x + m 1) + ( x + m ) = nx
nx
(Odd) consecutive numbers

n = 2m (even ) consecutive numbers
S n = ( x m ) + ( x m + 1) + .. + x + .. + ( x + m 1) + ( x + m ) = nx
nx
As illustrated clearly in the table above, in case n = 2m + 1 is an odd number, there are even number of terms in both side of the middle table. The difference between a given number and the middle term has a pair in each side of the middle term, and their sum is just twice that of the middle terms, i.e. (x m ) + ( x + m ) = 2 x / /
S n = ( x m ) + ( x m + 1) + .. + x + .. + ( x + m 1) + ( x + m ) = nx .
Similarly, if n = 2m , i.e. if the number of terms are even, the similar terms cancel one another and the only survivor is the x from each term.
S n = ( x m ) + ( x m + 1) + .. + ( x 1) + ( x + 1) + .. + (x + m 1) + ( x + m ) = nx
31
M2406_P5.NPMaAVT02 Andreas and Lisa both got a rise in salary, each with equally many crowns. Andreas' rise was 5 % and Lisa's was 2.5 %. Investigate with calculations and (1/1) reasoning for which salaries this can be possible.
Suggested Solutions: Lets assume Andreas salary initially was x , Lisas salary was initially y . The raise in their salary, on the other hand, are equal:
raise in their salary : 0.05 x = 0.025 y
5 x = 2.5 y
Answer: 2 x = y
[1/1/]
Answer: Lisas initial salary was half as much as Andreas salary: : 2 x = y
32
When assessing your work your teacher will consider: how systematic you are in your investigation. what kind of relations you have found. how general you state the relations you have found. how well you present your work. how well you give cause for your conclusions.
M2407. P2.NPMaAVT97 Open End Solutions: A GAME WITH NUMBERS

Pick three integers which stand in succession, e.g. Multiply the greatest number by the smallest number. Multiply the integer in between by itself. Compare the two results with each other. larger than 121 10, 11, 12 10 12 = 120 11 11 = 121 121 is one
Repeat the game with other successive integers. What happens? Describe the result of your investigation with words and formulas. Examine, by using the same method, three integers that follow each other in another e.g.:
10, 12, 14 10, 13, 16 10, 14, 18

Suggested solutions: Lets denote the middle number by x xn, x, x+n The three successive numbers may be written as (x n )(x + n ) = x 2 n 2 Multiply the greatest number by the smallest one: Multiply the integer in between by itself: x2 Compare the two results with each other: Conclusion: The square of the middle number x 2 exceeds the product of the smallest and largest by n 2 where n is the constant difference between the two nearest neighbours. We may check this conclusion against the other sets: 10, 14, 18 n = 18 14 = 14 10 = 4 10 18 = 180 n 2 = 4 2 = 16 2 2 14 = 196 14 10 18 = 16 196 180 = 16
7, 10, 13 n = 13 10 = 10 7 = 3 7 13 = 91 n 2 = 3 2 = 9 2 10 2 7 13 = 9 10 = 100 100 91 = 9
QED!
33
Mixed Problems 2A
Solve the following problems without the aid of a calculator. G_Mix2A.6 Factor out completely: 3ab 2 6ab . 3ab 2 6ab = 3ab b 2 3ab = 3ab(b 2)
Answer:
3ab 2 6ab = 3ab(b 2)
[0/1]
G_Mix2A.7 Solve the following equation for the variable x : y = a + bx .
[0/1]
y = a + bx y a = bx
y a bx ya = x= b b b
Answer: x =
ya b
[0/1]
G_Mix2A.8 Simplify the following expression to simplest for: 27 x 3(5 x 11) ?

27 x 3(5 x 11) = 27 x 3 5 x + 3 11 = 27 x 15 x + 33 = 12 x + 33
Answer: 27 x 3(5 x 11) = 12 x + 33
[0/1]
V_Mix2A.9 Which one of the following alternatives is the solution of 5 000 = 2 500 x 5 ?
1 1
(a) x = 2 0.5
(b) x = 2 5
(c) x = 0.50.5
(d) x = 0.5 5
5 000 = 2 500 x
Divide by 2500
2=x 2 = x
5
1 5
( )
1 5 5
=x 2 =x
1 1 5
1 5
Answer: Alternative (b): x = 2
[0/1]
V_Mix2A.10 NPMaAVT02 Solve the equation

Multiply by x 0.2 =1 0.1 0.1
x 0.2 = 1. 0.1
0.1
x 0.2 = 0.1 1 x 0.2 = 0.1 x = 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.3 0.1

Answer: x = 0.3 [0/1]
34
V_Mix2A.11 Simplify
ax . ax + ax 2
Answer:
1 1 ax ax = = = 2 ax(1 + x ) (1 + x ) 1 + x ax + ax M_Mix2A.13 solve the equation 2 2

x
1 ax = 2 ax + ax 1+ x
[0/1]
= 8.
Answer: x = 9 [0/2/]
=8 2
= 23
x = 3 x = 32 = 9
You may use your calculator, if needed: G_Mix2A.15 15a) solve the equation x 2 = 10 . [2/0]
1
x 2 = 10 x 2
( ) = (10)
1 2
1 2
x = (10 )2
Answer: x = (10) 2 = 3.16
[2/0]
15b) solve the equation 2 x 3 + 1 = 8 . 2 x3 + 1 = 8
[2/0]
2 3 8 x + 1 = x3 +1 = 4 x3 = 4 1 = 3 2 2
1 1
x3 = 3 x = 33
Answer:
x = 3 3 = 1.44
[2/0]
G_Mix2A.17 Peoples hearth pumps in average five liter blood per minute. Estimate the total amount of the blood that hearth pumps during the entire life a person who lives only 80 years. [2/0]
V = 5 60 24 365.25 80 = 210384000 = 210 384 000 Lit 2.1108 Liter

Answer: 2.1 108 Liter
VG_Mix2A.19 The amount of a toxic substance in a lake is 0.16 o / oo . It is reduced to half its amount every year. How long does it take before the amount of the toxic substance in the lake [0/2] is reduced to 10 ppm ?
Suggested solution:
1 1 y = 0.16 10 0.16 10 3 = 10 10 6 2 2
3
(0/1) (0/1) Answer: t = 4 years
1 1 1 16 = 1 = 2 t = 2 4 t = 4 years 2 2 16
35
VG_Mix2A.18_P5NPMaAVT05 When a freezer is turned off, the temperature inside rises. The following formula can be used to calculate the temperature (y) in degrees Celsius after the freezer has been turned off for x hours. y = 0.2 x 18 a) Find the temperature inside the freezer if it has been turned off for two hours.
(1/0)
b) How long has the freezer been turned off if the temperature inside it is 0 C? c) Explain in your own words what the formula means.
Suggested solution: a. y = 0.2 x 18 y = 0.2 2 18 = 0.4 18 = 17.6C Answer: y = 17.6C b. y = 0.2 x 18 0 = 0.2 x 18 0.2 x = 18 x =
(1/1) (0/2)
(1/0) (1/0) (0/1)
18 180 h= h = 90 h 0.2 2
Answer: y = 90 h
c. The formula y = 0.2 x 18 means that the temperature of the freezer is initially y0 = 18C . If it is turned off the its temperature increases at the rate of 0.2C / h . (0/2) b. Second method: Graphical method: Plot y = 0.2 x 18 . The x-intercept of the graph is the solution of y = 0.2 x 18 = 0 :
5
0 0 -5 y [C] 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-10
y = 0.2 x 18
-15
-20 x [h]
36
G2A.16 NPMaAVT02.P2 a) b) Give an expression for the perimeter of the quadrilateral in as simple a form as possible. [2/0] How long is the longest side if the perimeter is 23 cm ? [1/1]
5 6 (cm)
x 2x
Suggested Solutions: a) Lets denote the perimeter of the quadrilateral by P : P = 5 + 6 + x + 2x

P = 11 + 3 x
Answer: P = 11 + 3 x
b)
Answer: The longest side of the quadrilateral is 2 x = 8 cm .
P = 11 + 3x 12 11 + 3 x = 23 3 x = 23 11 3 x = 12 x = x = 4 3 P = 23 cm
VG2A.20 Study the following pattern: a) b) c)
13
16
What is the number which is missing? What is the number 10th in the series if the same pattern is continued?
[1/0] [0/2]
Give an expression for the number nth in the series if the same pattern is continued.
The missing number is 10 . This may be realized by the recognition that each number exceeds the preceding number by 3 :
4 7 10 13 16
Suggested Solutions:
a)
b)
It may be recognized that the number n is xn = 4 + (n 1) 3 :
xn = 4 + (n 1) 3 x10 = 4 + (10 1) 3 = 4 + 9 3 = 4 + 27 = 31
c)
Answer: x10 = 31
xn = 4 + (n 1) 3 xn = 4 + 3n 3 = 3n + 1
Answer: xn = 4 + (n 1) 3 = 3n + 1
MVG2A.22 Find the relationship between a and b where (a , b > 0 ) , a) b) a) if x = 2 is the solution of the equation ax = b( x + 1) . if the equation ax = b( x + 1) has no solution. [0/2] [0/1/] 1 (a b )
ax = b( x + 1) ax = bx + 1 ax bx = 1 x(a b ) = 1 x = x=2 x=
1 1 1 1 = 2 2(a b ) = 1 (a b ) = a = + b Answer: a = + b (a b ) 2 2 2
b)
Answer: If a = b , then ax = b( x + 1) does not have any solution.
37
M2A.21. NPMaAVT02.Part II P6 To convert degrees Celsius ( C) into degrees Fahrenheit ( F) one may follow this instruction, given in an English text.
Divide the temperature in degrees Celsius with 5, multiply the result with 9 and add 32, then you will get the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
a. b. c.
How many degrees Fahrenheit correspond to 25 C? Transform the content of the text box into a formula.
[1/0] [1/1]
In the same English text there is a simple rule of thumb for an approximate transformation from C to F. Calculate how large the error will be if you use this rule of thumb to transform 25 C.
Double the temperature in degrees Celsius and add 30, then you will get the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
[2/0]
d.
At which temperature in degrees Celsius do the two different ways of calculation give the same temperature in degrees Fahrenheit? [1/2/ ] 25 + 32 = 9 5 + 32 = 45 + 32 = 77 5
Suggested Solutions: a. F = 9 b. F = 9 Answer: 25C = 77 F [1/0] [1/1]
25 + 32 5
c. Rule of thumb: 2 C + 30 = F
2 C + 30 = F F = 2 25 + 30 = 50 + 30 = 80 F
Answer: The error: 80 77 = 3 F

d.
[1/0]
2 C + 30 = F C C 2 C + 30 = 9 + 32 2 C 9 = 32 30 C 5 5 F = 9 + 32 5
9 5 9 10 9 10 9 C 2 = 2 C 2 = 2 C = 2 C = 2 5 5 5 5 5 5
1 C = 2 C = 10 5
Answer: 10C gives identical answer in using any of the rules above: F = 2 C + 30 F = 2 10 + 30 = 50 [1/2/] 10 C F = 9 5 + 32 F = 9 5 + 32 = 50
38
Investigating problems:
These types of problems suit for investigation and aspect assessment:
In assessing your solution, the teacher will take into consideration what mathematical knowledge you have demonstrated how systematical you are in your investigations how well you formulate the relationships you have found. how well you investigate other types of sets of points. how well you have motivated your conclusions how well you have written and presented your solution.
M2A.23.NPMaAht96Openend. Flower Algebra The pictures below shows two square flower boxes in a park. There are blue flowers on the edges and red flowers on the inside.
Imagine larger square flower boxes. Investigate how many flowers of both colours are needed if the sides of the flower boxes have 5 plants, 6 plants, 7 plants, etc. Describe how the total number of blue and red flowers vary. Describe the relationships you find in words and formulas. It is possible that there are other types of sets of points Blue Red other than square flower boxes. Investigate how the number B R=(B-2)(B-2) of edge points and inside points vary in some other sets of 3 1 points, rectangles, triangles ... Suggested solutions: 4 4 When investigated, we may realize that the number of the red 5 9 flowers in the middle has to have two less flower from the 6 16 edges. Therefore, we may develop a formula: 7 25 R = (B 2)(B 2 ) = B 2 4 8 36 We may also construct the table illustrated. Note that R : Number of red flowers 9 49 B : Number of blue flowers
10
64
39
Mixed Problems 2B
Part I consists of questions to be solved without a calculator and requiring only brief answers. A correct answer gives 1 g-point (1/0) or 1 vg-point (0/1). G.Mix.2B.1: P3.NPMaAVT05. What is 20 % of 50 kr?
Suggested solution: 0.20 50 = 10 kr Answer: 10 kr
(1/0)
(1/0)
(1/0)
G.Mix.2B.2. Simplify 3.2 x + (0.16 + 2.5 x )

Suggested solution: Answer: 3.2 x + (0.16 + 2.5 x ) = 3.36 + 1.5 x
3.2 x + (0.16 + 2.5 x ) = 3.2 x + 0.16 + 2.5 x = 3.36 + 1.5 x
(1/0)
G.Mix.2B.3a. Solve the equation 3( x + 2 ) = 27

Suggested solution: Answer: x = 7
(1/0)
3( x + 2) = 27 ( x + 2) =
27 x+2 =9 x =92 x = 7 3
(1/0)
Second method: 3( x + 2 ) = 27 3 x + 6 = 27 3 x = 27 6 3 x = 21 x =
21 x=7 3
G.Mix.2B.3b. Solve the equation 3 x + 10 = 2 + x

(1/0)
8 3 x + 10 = 2 + x 3x x = 2 10 2 x = 8 x = x = 4 2 G.Mix.2B.4. Solve the equation x 2 + 4 = 20 .

Suggested solution: Answer: x = 4 or x1 = 4 and x2 = +4
(1/0)
(2/0)
x 2 + 4 = 20 x 2 = 20 4 x 2 = 16 x = 4
G.Mix.2B.5. NPMaAVT99. Find the third of the number 3.3 10 6
Suggested solution: Answer:
(2/0)
(1/0)
3.3 10 6 = 1.1 10 6 3
(1/0)
G.Mix.2B.6. Factorize completely 4 x + 12 x 2 .

Suggested solution: Answer: 4 x + 12 x 2 = 4 x(1 + 3x )
(1/0)
(1/0)
40
G.Mix.2B.7. Put the decimal sign in a proper position in the right hand side of the equation so (1/0) that the product (193.6) (17.2 ) = 332992 become correct.
Suggested solution: Answer: (193.6) (17.2) = 3 329.92 (1/0)
(1/0)
G.Mix.2B.8. Find x in the formula y = ax b .

Suggested solution: Answer: x =
y +b a
y+b a
(1/0)
y = ax b y + b = ax ax = y + b x =
VG.Mix.9: P3.NPMaAVT05You know that 3x + 4 y = 27 . Then how much is 6 x + 8 y ?

Suggested solution:
6 x + 8 y = 2(3 x + 4 y ) = 2 27 = 54
(0/1)
Answer: 6 x + 8 y = 54
(0/1)
(0/1)
VG.Mix.10: Factorize and simplify

Suggested solution:
3xh + h 2 . h 3xh + h 2 = 3x + h h
Answer:
(0/1)
/ 3xh + h 2 h(3x + h ) = = 3x + h / h h
VG2A.11 Is any of the numbers: 2 the equation x 2 x = 2 ? Which one?
Suggested solution:
1 0 1 2 a solution to
(0/2)
Answer: Yes! x = 2 as well as x = 1

x=2 x = 1
x 2 x = 2 x( x 1) = 2 2(2 1) = 2 x 2 x = 2 x( x 1) = 2 1( 1 1) = 1( 2 ) = 2
(0/1) (0/1)
VG.Mix.12: Which number are you going to divide 24 with to get quotient
3 ? 4
(0/2)
(0/1) (0/1)
/ 24 3 cross producr 3 24 = 3 x = 4 24 x = 4 x = 4 8 x = 32 x 4 / 3 3
41
MVG.Mix.2B.13: P10. NPMaAVT97A teacher said to his students: Think of a number and add 15 to it. Multiply the sum by 4 and then subtract 8 from your result. Divide the difference by 4 and finally subtract 12 from your quotient. If you tell me what answer you came up with, I will tell you what number you were thinking of. a) Monica comes up with 5 as her answer. What number was she thinking of? b) Show that the teachers method is correct for all numbers. Suggested solution:
Lets assume Monica thought of number x . We will follow Think of a number: and add 15 to it.: Multiply the sum by 4: and then subtract 8 from your result.:
(0/2) (0/2/)
x x + 15 4 ( x + 15) = 4 x + 60 4 x + 60 8 = 4 x + 52 / 4 x + 52 4 ( x + 13) = = x + 13 Divide the difference by 4: / 4 4 and finally subtract 12 from your quotient.: x + 13 12 = x + 1 If you tell me what answer you came up with, I will tell you what number you were thinking of. The calculations above illustrate the fact that the final answer given by Monica is always one larger than the original number i.e.: x + 1 . Therefore, the method works in general. Monica thought originally of number x = 5 1 = 4 . The method demonstrated above is generalized method and must in general be sufficient for the MVG quality. The problem could be started specific, for example by thinking about a number, 7 and following the teachers instruction. According to the calculations above the final number must be 8 . To see the pattern we may think about another arbitrary number, for example 23 , and so on.
4 ( x + 15) 8 12 = ( x + 15) 2 12 = x + 1 4 The number that student gives is always one more than he/she originally thought. Monica came up with 5, therefore she was thinking of 4. Lets follow the steps: Think of a number: 4 add 15 to it: 4 + 15 = 19 4 19 = 76 Multiply the sum by 4 subtract 8 from your result: 76 8 = 68 86 = 17 Divide the difference by 4: 4 finally subtract 12 from your quotient 17 12 = 5 QED
Following teachers instruction:
Second Method: Lets denote the number by x
42
Mixed Problems 2B Part II Now you may use your Calculator.

G.Mix2B.14. P4.NPMaAVT96. Erik works 35 hours during one week. He earns 3010 crowns. Anna has the same hourly salary. She earns 1892 crowns. a) b) How many hours has Anna worked? (2/0)
Suggest a suitable formula for Annas salary y, in terms of x, which is the number of working hours. (2/0)
22 h
Suggested solutions: a) Answer: Anna worked
Hourly salary of Erik and Anna:
3 010 kr = 86 kr / h 35 h
(1/0) (1/0)
x=
1892 kr = 22 h 86 h
b) Answer Formula for Annas salary y, in terms of x, which is the number of working hours: y = 86 x kr . (2/0)
G.Mix2B.15. If we continue to use the fossil products coal and oil as we have been doing for about a century, according to a mathematical model the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going to increase according to the formula: y = 375 + 1.5 x where y ppm is the proportion of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, x years is the time after year 2000. a) b) Find according to the model the amount of the carbon dioxide year 2010. (1/0)
When according to the model the amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is (2/0) going to exceed 540 ppm ? Find the rate of increase of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere per year? (1/0)
c)
Suggested solutions: a) Answer: According to the model the amount of the carbon dioxide year 2010 is going to be 390 ppm . y = 375 + 1.5 10 = 375 + 15 = 390 ppm (1/0) b) Answer: According to the model year 2110 the amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going to exceed 540 ppm . (1/0) 165 y = 375 + 1.5 x 540 = 375 + 1.5 x 1.5 x = 540 375 1.5 x = 165 x = = 110 y 1.5 2000 + 110 = 2110 (1/0) c) Answer: The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases at the rate of 1.5 ppm / year . (1/0)
43
G.Mix2B.16. Linda has borrowed a loan at the annual rate of 9.25% . Calculate her total loan (2/0) if the yearly interest on the loan is 6 660 kr . Suggested solutions: Answer: Lindas loan is x = 72 000 kr Lets loan x 6 660 0.0925 x = 6 660 kr x = kr x = 72 000 kr (1/0) 0.0925 Answer: The total amount of Lindas loan is x = 72 000 kr (1/0) G.Mix2B.17. P7.NPMaAVT96. Julia, Jasmine, and Jennifer have all solved the same equation, however they have gotten different answers. Julia 2(9 5 x ) = 28 18 10 x = 28 10 x = 10 x =1 a) Which solution is correct? b) Which errors did the others make?
Suggested solutions: a) b) Jennifers solution is correct. Julia and Jasmines error are highlighted in the table below: Jasmine 2(9 5 x ) = 28 18 5 x = 28 ERROR 5 x = 10 x = 2 She forgot to multiply 5 x by 2 when she expanded 2(9 5 x ) = 28 (1/0)
Jasmine 2(9 5 x ) = 28 18 5 x = 28 5 x = 10 x = 2
Jennifer 2(9 5 x ) = 28 9 5 x = 14 9 14 = 5 x 5 = 5x x = 1
Only an answer is required.
(1/0) (2/0)
Julia 2(9 5 x ) = 28 18 10 x = 28 10 x = 10 ERROR x =1 She forgot the sign of 10 x when she was manipulated 18 10 x = 28
Corrected
2(9 5 x ) = 28 18 10 x = 28 10 x = 28 18 10 x = 10 10 x= = 1 10 x = 1
Corrected
2(9 5 x ) = 28 18 10 x = 28 10 x = 28 18 10 x = 10 10 x= = 1 10 x = 1
44
VG.Mix2B.18. Write a text to a problem that may be solved with the help of x + (x + 5) = 25 . [0/1] Suggested Answer:
Any of the problems below, or a similar one:
Terese has a younger brother who is five years younger than her. Together they are 25 [0/1] years old. How old are Terese and her younger brother? Fredrik and Teo, together have $25 . Fredrik has $5 more than Teo. How much do [0/1] Fredrik and Teo each have? Two bags, together weight 25 kg . One of the bags is 5 kg heavier than the other one. [0/1] How much do the bags weight?
VG.Mix2B.19. P7.NPMaAVT98. At Lindas birth, her grandmother deposits a certain amount x of money on a bank account. The expression y = 2 000 (1.0425) kr describes the amount of money on the bank account x years later. How much money does Lindas grandmother deposit at Lindas birth? a. Only an answer is required (1/0) The interest rate is the same all the time. How large is it? b. Only an answer is required (1/0) How much money is there on Lindas bank account on her 8th birthday? (1/0) c. d. How much money would there be on Lindas account on her 8th birthday, if the interest (0/2) rate was changed to 3.5% after 5 years?
Suggested solutions: a. Answer: Lindas grandmother deposited 2 000 kr at Lindas birth. (1/0) b. Answer: The fixed annual interest rate is 4.25% . (1/0) c. d. Answer: 2 790 kr is on Lindas bank account on her 8th birthday:
y = 2 000 (1.0425) kr = 2 790 kr (1/0) Answer: There would be 2 730 kr on Lindas account on her 8th birthday, if the interest rate was changed to 3.5% after 5 years. 5 3 3 y = 2 000 (1.0425) (1.035) kr = 2 463 (1.035) kr = 2 730 kr (0/2)
8
45
VG.Mix2B.20. Dania is training rewriting and reorganising of formulas. In a problem she is stuck and is insecure how to proceed. a y ax = ? and has moved x and y correctly to the left hand side of She has rewritten = to by b x the equation. She wonders what is left in the right hand side of the equation. Explain to Dania what is left in the right hand side of the equation. [0/2]
a y a x y x ax / Suggested Answer: = = / = 1 =1 b x b y x y by / /
1 1
a y x = by . The left hand y b x side of the equation is what Dania herself had obtained. The right hand side of the equation may be simplified to one:
Dania may multiply both sides of the equation
a y a x y x ax / = = / =1 =1 b x b y x y by / / 1
1
[0/1]
VG.Mix2B.21. Anna and Adam deposit each 12 000 kr in their mutual fund (stock fond). In a period of five years the value of Adams mutual fund is decreased to 8 000 kr while Annas stocks is increased in value to 18 000 kr . Calculate the yearly percentage change of the mutual fund for Anna as well as Adam. [0/4] Suggested solutions: Answer: Anna: 8.4% ; Adam: 7.8% 1 18 3 Anna: 12 000 x 5 = 18 000 12 x 5 = 18 x 5 = x 5 = = 1.5 x = (1.5)5 1.084 /// /// 12 2 1.084 1.0000 = 0.084 = 8.4% [0/2] Answer: Annas mutual fund increased in value at the annual rate of 8.4%
8 2 2 5 Adam: 12 000 x 5 = 8 000 12 x 5 = 8 x 5 = x 5 = x = = 0.9221 /// /// 12 3 3 0.9221 1.0000 = 0.0779 = 7.79% 7.8% [0/2] Answer: Adams mutual fund decreased in value at the annual rate of 7.8%
1
46
M2B.22 [NPMaAHT96] In the figure below there is a certain pattern of numbers: Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 AND SO ON a) b) c) d) Pathern 1 3 7 13 21 15 23 25 9 17 27 5 11 19 29 -
How large is the total sum of all the numbers in the row 6? How large is the total sum of all the numbers in the row 100? Use the pattern observed above, and find the total sum of all the numbers in the nth row. Calculate analytically the sum of all the numbers in the nth row Sum: Pattern 8 = 23 27 = 33 64 = 4 3 125 = 53 216 = 6 3 100 3 = 10 6 n3
Suggested solutions: Row Sum 1 1 3+5 = 8 2 7 + 9 + 11 = 27 3 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 64 4 21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 = 125 5 31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41 = 216 6 100 9901 + 9903 + 9905 + ... + 10097 + 10099 = 100 3 n S n = [n (n 1) + 1] + [n (n 1) + 3] + ... + [n (n + 1) 3] + [n (n + 1) 1] = n 3
This is the Pascal Triangle. As illustrated in the table above: a) The total sum of all the numbers in the row 6 is: S 6 = 63
31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41 = 216 = 6 3
b) The total sum of all the numbers in the row 100 is : S100 = 100 3 This may be recognised from the pattern formed by the series. 9901 + 9903 + 9905 + ... + 10097 + 10099 = 100 3 c) The total sum of all the numbers in the nth row is: S n = n 3 This may be recognised from the pattern formed by the series. In addition, we may be able to find it analytically:
S n = [n (n 1) + 1] + [n (n 1) + 3] + [n (n 1) + 5] + ... + [n (n + 1) 3] + [n (n + 1) 1] n n 1 1 1 1 S n = n (n 1) + n (n + 1) + [1 + 3 + 5 + ... 5 3 1] = n 3 n 2 + n 3 + n 2 = n 3 / / 2 2 2 2 2 2
47
M2B.23 Diophantus of Alexandria ( ), often known as the 'father of algebra', is best known for his Arithmetica, a work on the solution of algebraic equations and on the theory of numbers. He is the author of a series of classical mathematical books called Arithmetica and worked with equations which we now call Diophantine equations; the method to solve those problems is now called Diophantine analysis. The study of Diophantine equations is one of the central areas of number theory. Diophantus produced the first book on algebra. He was a pioneer in solving certain indeterminate algebraic equations, i.e., an equation in which the variables can take on integer values and has an infinite but denumerable set of solutions: e.g. x + 2 y = 15 The findings and works of Diophantus have influenced mathematics greatly and caused many other questions to arise. The most famous of these is Fermat's Last Theorem. Diophantus also made advances in mathematical notation and was the first Greek mathematician who frankly recognized fractions as numbers. Little is known about the life of Diophantus. Almost everything we know about Diophantus comes from a single 5th century Greek anthology, which is a collection of number games and strategy puzzles. Here is one of the puzzles: Diophantus' boyhood lasted 1/6 of his life; he married after 1/7 th more; his beard grew after 1/12 th more, and his son was born 5 years later; the son lived to half his father's age, and the father died 4 years after the son. Assuming the puzzle was accurate, answer the following questions a) How old Diophantus was when he died? b) When did he marry? c) When was his son born, and when did he die?
Suggested solutions: Lets denote his age by x x Boyhood: 6 x x Marriage: + 6 7 x x x His beard grow: + + 6 7 12 x x x Birth of his son: + + + 5 6 7 12 x Sons life: 2 The father died: x x x x + + +5+ +4 = x 6 7 12 2 12 x 7 9 x + +9= x 12 7 7 12 63x + 12 x +9 = x 84
75 x 75 x +9 = x 9 = x 84 84 84 75 x 84 x 75 x x =9 =9 84 84 84 9x x =9 =1 84 84 Diophantus of Alexandria lived for x = 84 years . Marriage: x 7 x 6 7 x + 6 x 13x 13 + = = = 84 = 26 6 7 7 6 42 42 42 Diophantus married at 26. Birth of his son: 13 x 2 x 7 x x x + + +5= + +5 6 7 12 42 2 12 7
His son was born when he was 38 years old.
26 x + 7 x 33 x 33 +5 = + 5 = 84 + 5 = 33 + 5 = 38 84 84 84
48
M2B.23 Diophantos was a Greek mathematician who lived about 250 A.D. We know how long he lived tank to one of his admirers who describes his life as a mathematics puzzle: 1 Diophantos childhood lasted of his life. He started to grow a beard after an additional 6 1 1 of his life. After still an additional of his life, he got married. Five years later he got a 12 7 son. His son lived exactly half as long as the father and Diophantos died four years after the death of his son. How old did Diophantos become? Suggested solutions: Lets denote Diophantos age when he died as L 1 1 1 1 L+ L+ L+5+ L+ 4 = L 6 12 7 2 1 1 1 1 9= L L L L L 6 12 7 2 1 3 1 L L L =9 2 12 7 1 42 3 7 1 12 =9 L 2 42 12 7 7 12 42 21 12 L =9 84 9 / L =9 / 84 1 L =1 84 L = 84 Answer: Diophantos lived for 84 years.
49
M2B.24 Quadratic small tables, that has only two places for two people at each side, is arranged as a long dining table, as illustrated below:
How many persons, at the most, may be placed at a long dining table consisted of five small square table? How many small square tables are needed in order to be able to place 40 persons, at a long dining table arranged by according to the rules above? Find a formula that describes the relationship between the number of persons, p , that will be placed at a dining table arranged as above of n number of small tables. Describe your formula above in words. Suggested solutions: 24 persons, at the most, may be placed at a long dining table consisted of five small square table. This n P=2(6)+4(n-2) is due to the fact that 6 people will be able to sit at 2 12 each of the two corner tables, the remaining 3 tables 3 16 have 4 place each: 4 20 P = 2 6 + 3 4 = 12 + 12 = 24 9 small tables are needed to place 40 people around it. 5 24 This is due to the fact that as mentioned above 6 6 28 people have place around the two corner tables. The 7 32 middle tables have each a maximum of 4 places 8 36 available. Therefore 7 middle tables are needed to place 28 people at them. 9 40 Using the logic above, we may develop a formula for 10 44 P people and n , number of small tables: P4 P = 2 6 + 4 (n 2 ) = 12 + 4n 8 = 4n + 4 P = 4n + 4 4n = P 4 n = 4 P Answer: P = 4n + 4 = 4(n + 1) n 2 or and n = 1 n 2, P 5 . 4 As illustrated in the table above, and demonstrated in the formula P = 2 6 + 4 (n 2 ) , the two corner tables provide 6 seats each. Every additional (middle) square table may provide a maximum of 4 seats to the assembly.
50
M2B.25 The numerator in a fraction decreases by 25% . Simultaneously the denominator of the fraction increases by 20%. By what percentage factor does the fraction change? Suggested solutions: n f0 = d 0.75 n f = 1.20 d / / 75 n 355 n 5 n = = f = / / 120 d 8 3 5 d 8 d 5 n 5 n 1 f0 f d 8 d 8 = 1 5 = 8 5 = 8 5 = 3 = 0.375 = 37.5% = = n 1 8 8 8 8 8 f0 d f f Answer: The fraction is decreased by 0 = 37.5% . f0 Second method: n f0 = d 0.75 n 75 f = = f 0 = 0.625 f 0 1.20 d 120 Answer: The fraction is decreased to 62.5% of its original value. Therefore, the fraction is decreased by 37.5%.
51

Solutions Selected Problems MaAB4000 K1 Arithmatics K2 Algebra and Equations

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Problem Solving Exercises; Math A: MaAB4000 K1 Aarithmetic K2 Algebra and Equations NV-College

V1216 V1238 M1354 V1426 M1510 G1A.6NP V1A23

M1220 V1241 V1332 Challenge V1444 Interesting M1A.12 V1B.8

M1243 M1338 M1417 M1460 MIP1.11

M1244 M1353 M1419 M1461 MIP1PA.12 V1A.21

V_Mix2A.11 G2A.16 Mix.2B.7-12

G2285 V2312 M2406_P 5.NPMaA VT02 M2A.21.

MVG2A Investig-ating problems .22 G.Mix2 B.16-17 VG.Mix2B. 18-19

1-6 M2B.22 NPMaA VT02.P2 M2B.23

Important Problem-Solving Strategies

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Important Study Techniques Tips

Important Test-Taking Tips

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V1216 Explain why 5 5 a) is larger than 12 11 3 1 b) is larger than 8 3 Suggested solutions: a)

Due to the fact that the denominator of

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M1220. Explain why

35 may not be simplified any further. 66

Numerator: Tljare Denominator: Nmnare

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3 . 4 2 3 9 Answer: x = multiplied by gives 3 2 4 Answer: 18 divided by 24 gives

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V1241. Find the average of the numbers

7 1 5 in a fraction form. , , and 16 2 8

4 of its value the year before. Today 5

M1244 For a fraction B it is required that

Suggested solution: First method: B 8 8 1 = B= 1 21 21 3 3

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3210 = 32357 = 32 32 63 = 25 12535 12830

Answer: 12830 < 12535 < 32 63 < 3210

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1 1 1 1 V1332 Calculate the sum: + + + 2 3 4 5 Suggested solutions: Realizing that a

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 14 Answer: + + + = 14 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 M1337 Simplify

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M1411 M is 30% of Q , and Q is 20% of P and N is 50% of P . Calculate

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Answer: Eric lost $500 in the transaction. He lost 4% of his investment.

A + 20% = B M1445 B + 20% = C A + ?% = C

Answer: C = 1.44 A is increased by 44%

P0 : Initial price of the house P : Price of the house at the present

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(a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ... + (l d ) + l S n = l + (l d ) + (l 2d ) + ... + (a + d ) + a 2 S n = (a + l ) + (a + l ) + +(a + l ) + ... + (a + l ) + (a + l ) = n (a + l ) n (a + l ) n [a + a + (n 1)d ] n S = = [2a + (n 1)d ] =

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M1512 Is there any number between

96 97 and which has the lowest possible denominator? 35 36

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m64 1.84 1011 ton = = 307 m yearly 6 108 ton

5,5E+11 5,6E+14 5,8E+17 9,2E+18

1,1E+07 1,1E+10 1,2E+13 1,8E+14

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1 G1A.6 P2NPMaAVT02 What is the half of 1 ? 2 Suggested Solutions: 1 1 1 3 3 x = 1 = = 2 2 2 2 4

1 1 1 1 1 M1A.12 Calculate 1 1 1 ...1 1 2 3 4 49 50

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M1B.12 Which one of the numbers is largest? 680 or 3120 ?

= 36 40 is larger than 3120 = 33

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a between two quantities. The b