Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number:

__________

Test: Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Second Grade Equations, Simultaneous Equations Fall 2008-Spring 2009 : MaBNVC08

Warning: There are more than one versions of the test.

Instructions Test period 9:25-11:45 for Part I and Part II as a whole. We recommend that you use at the most 30 minutes to work with Part I. You are not allowed to use calculator in the part I. Only after you hand in your solutions for part I you may use a calculator. Formula sheet, your personalised formula booklet, ruler and protractor. For most items a single answer is not enough. It is also expected that you write down what you do that you explain/motivate your reasoning that you draw any necessary illustrations. Try all of the problems. It can be relatively easy, even towards the end of the test, to receive some points for partial solutions. A positive evaluation can be given even for unfinished solutions. Problems number 12 is a larger problem which may take up to 45 minutes to solve completely. It is important that you try to solve these problems. Notice the weight of problem 12. This problem includes most parts of math B and is designed for all levels. All students are required to try solving this problem. The maximum score is 38 points, 20 of it VG points.

Resources The test

Score and mark levels The maximum number of points you can receive for each solution is indicated after each problem. If a problem can give 2 Pass-points and 1 Pass with distinctionpoint this is written [2/1]. Some problems are marked with , which means that they more than other problems offer opportunities to show knowledge that can be related to the criteria for Pass with Special Distinction in Assessment Criteria 2000. Lower limit for the mark on the test G: Pass: 12 points VG: Pass with distinction: 25 points, at least 7 VG points MVG: Pass with special distinction: 28 points, at least 14 VG points You should also show the highest quality work in the -problems.

Only the marked problems in the box below will be graded.

P G VG G VG P G VG MVG G VG MVG 1 1 2 1 3a 1 3b 1 3c 1 3d 1 1 12 4 5 4 1 1 Sum 6 13 5 2 6 1 7a 1 1 7b 8 1 1 3 Sum 12 7

9a 9b 9c 1 1 1 1

10 3

11 3

Total Name 18 Student Number: 20 Grade

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

In each case, show how you arrived at your answer by clearly indicating all of the necessary steps, formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc.

Part I You are not allowed to use calculator in this part. Write your answer to the first part on this paper. Only after the submission of your solutions to the part one you may be allowed to use your calculator. You may start working with part II before submission of your solutions to part I.
1. Expand and simplify as far as possible: (3 x 5) 25 .
2 2 2

[1/0]

Suggested Solution: Answer: (3 x 5) 25 = 9 x 30 x

(3x 5)2 25 = (3x )2 2(3x )(5) + 5 2 25 = 9 x 2 30 x + 25 25

Suggested Solution: Answer: x(3x 7 ) 2(5 x 9 ) = 3x 17 x + 18

2

2. Expand and simplify as far as possible: x(3 x 7 ) 2(5 x 9 ) .

[1/0]

x(3x 7 ) 2(5 x 9) = 3x 2 7 x 10 x + 18 = 3x 2 17 x + 18
Solve the following equations 4 x 3 = 25x . a. 9 x 2 24 x + 16 = 0 . b. [1/0] x 2 + 4 x 21 = 0 . c. 7 x 5 35x 4 + 42 x 3 = 0 d.

3.

[1/0]

[1/0] [1/1]

x1 = 0 x1 = 0 4 x1 = 3 Suggested Solution: Answer: x2 = 2.5 ; x = ; ; x2 = 2 3 x2 = 7 x = 2.5 x2 = 3 3 3 3 2 a. 4 x = 25x 4 x 25x = 0 x 4 x 25 = 0 x(2 x 5)(2 x + 5) = 0 x1 = 0 x = 0 2 x 5 = 0 2 x = 5 x2 = 2.5 x = 2.5 2 x + 5 = 0 2 x = 5 3 4 2 b. 9 x 2 24 x + 16 = 0 (3 x 4 ) = 0 3 x 4 = 0 3 x = 4 x = 3 x 3 = 0 x1 = 3 x1 = 3 c. x 2 + 4 x 21 = 0 ( x 3)( x + 7 ) = 0 x + 7 = 0 x2 = 7 x2 = 7

[1/1]

[1/0] [1/0]

x1 = 0 d. 7 x 35x + 42 x = 0 7 x x 5 x + 6 = 0 7 x ( x 3)( x 2 ) = 0 x2 = 2 x = 3 2
5 4 3
3

[1/1]

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

4. Which of the following alternatives below is the equation of the straight line illustrated in the figure below? Why? [1/1] a. y = 3x + 3 6 b. y = 3x + 3 5 c. y = 2 x + 3 4 d. y = 2x + 1.5
3 y

Answer: Alternative :_______

2 1

Suggested Solution: 0 -2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 Answer: Alternative c, -1 y = 2 x + 3 . -2 The y-intercept of the -3 function is y (0 ) = 3 . This x rules out the alternative d. On the other hand the function is a decreasing function and its slope must be negative. This requirement rules out the first alternative. Due to the fact that the x-intercept is 1.5 , the third alternative is the equation of the line illustrated above: y = 2 x + 3 = 2(1.5) + 3 = 3 + 3 = 0 QED Second method: y = kx + m y y1 03 3 k= 2 = = = 2 x2 x1 1.5 0 1.5 The y-intercept (the point the line cuts the y-axis) of the function, m is: m=3 Therefore the equation of the line is: y = 2 x + 3 .

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

5. (a) Find the equation of the quadratic function whose graph is plotted in the figure below. Why? Explain [1/1] (b) Find the equation of the straight line that cuts the graph of the quadratic function at x = 4 and passes through its local minimum. Why? Explain. [1/1]

6 3 0 -3 y -2 -1 -3 -6 -9 -12 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Suggested Solution: Answer: y = ( x + 2 )( x 4 ) , y = 3x 12 (a) y = ( x + 2 )( x 4 ) represents the equation of the quadratic function illustrated above. The graph cuts the x-axis at x = 2 , and x = 4 . Therefore (x + 2) and (x 4) must be factors of the function. On the other hand the coordinates of the minimum point of the illustrated function are x = 1 and y = 9 . y = ( x + 2 )( x 4 ) = (1 + 2 )(1 4 ) = (3)( 3) = 9 . [1/1] (b) y = kx + m y = ( x + 2)(x 4) 6 y y1 0 ( 9 ) 9 k= 2 = = =3 3 x2 x1 4 1 3 0 The y-intercept of the function, m may be -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3 found by requiring that the line y = 3x 12 -6 y = 3x + m must pass (4, 0 ) , i.e.: -9 0 = 3(4 ) + m m + 12 = 0 m = 12 -12 x y = 3x 12 [1/1]
y

6. Simplify the expression as far as possible: x 2 49 x3 6x 2 + 9x 2 x 2 10 x + 21 x + 4 x 21 x 2 49 x3 6x2 + 9x =x Suggested Solution: Answer: 2 x 10 x + 21 x 2 + 4 x 21

[0/3]

x 2 49 x 3 6 x 2 + 9 x ( x 7 )( x + 7 ) x (x 3) =x = 2 x 2 10 x + 21 x + 4 x 21 ( x 7 )( x 3) ( x + 7 )( x 3)
2

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

Part II
You may use your calculator in this part. Note that you should submit your solutions to the part I before having access to your calculator. f (x ) = x 2 + 5 x + 6 7. a. Find f (2 ) . [1/0] f (2 + h ) f (2) b. Find . [1/1] h f (2 + h ) f (2) for extremely small values of h , i.e. as h approaches zero c. Find h in the limits. [0/1] Suggested Solution: f (2 + h ) f (2) f (2 + h ) f (2 ) = 9 + h , lim Answer: f (2 ) = 20 , =9 h h h 0 a. b.

f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x + 6 f (2 ) = (2 ) + 5(2 ) + 6 = 4 + 10 + 6 = 20
2 2

[1/0]

c.

f (2 + h ) f (2 ) (2 + h ) + 5(2 + h ) + 6 20 4 + 4h + h 2 + 10 + 5h + 6 20 h 2 + 9h = = = = h+9 h h h h f (2 + h ) f (2) =9+h [1/1] h f (2 + h ) f (2) = 9 + h approaches 9 as h approaches zero in the limits. [0/1] h f (2 + h ) f (2 ) = lim (9 + h ) = 9 lim h h 0 h 0

Prove that the tangent segments drawn to a circle B from the same point has the same length. i.e. in the figure below if AB and AC are tangent to the A circle, prove that O AB = AC . [0/3] Suggested solutions: Connect the centre of the C circle to the point A as well as the points B and C . The radius of the circle is always normal to the tangent to the circle at the point the line is tangent to the circle. Therefore the triangles ABO and ACO are both right-angle triangles. These two triangles are congruent triangles. They are right-triangles, share the hypotenuse AB , and OA = OB = r . Therefore AB = AC . QED
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8.

Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

9.

Find the relationship between x and y in the figure below. Note that O is the centre of the circle and the remaining vertices of the quadrilateral ABOC lie on the circumference of the circle. State your reasoning clearly step by step as you develop your solutions. [0/3/]

x
B

C
y

Suggested solutions: A: 2 x + y = 360 The major angle BOC = 360 y is the central angle to the inscribed angle BAC = x , they both are opposite to the intercepted arc BDC . Therefore, according to the Inscribed Angle theorem: BDC 360 y y BAC = x = = = 180 2 2 2 2 x = 360 y 2 x + y = 360

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

When assessing your work, your teacher will take into consideration: How well you carry out your calculations How well you present and comment on your work How well you justify your conclusions What mathematical knowledge you show How well you use the mathematical language How general your solution is 10. The aim of this investigation is to study the quadratic equations of the types y = ax 2 + bx + c where a , b and c are constant and real numbers. The study will include: a. How do the values of constants a , b and c affect the number of the solutions of the equation y = 0 ? b. How do the values of constants a , b and c affect the shape of the graph of the function y = ax 2 + bx + c ? c. How do the values of constants a , b and c affect the value of the symmetry line, and the value of the local maximum or minimum as well as the shape of the function y = ax 2 + bx + c ? You may decide to investigate the generalised problem directly or follow the following steps: When a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 15 , the graph of 8 2 4 the function y = x 2 x 15 is as illustrated 0 in the figure below. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -4 Solve algebraically the equation -8 y = x 2 2 x 15 = 0 . -12 -16 Find algebraically the coordinates of the -20 local minimum (or maximum) of the x 2 function y = x 2 x 15 = 0 . Investigate in detail how the value of the constant c affects the number of solutions of the function. This may be achieved by plotting the graphs two or more functions having identical a and b but different c on the same coordinate system, for example the graphs of the functions: y = x 2 2 x 15 y = x2 4x + 4 y = x2 2x + 4 y = x2 2x 3 y = x 2 2x y = x2 2x Generalize the problem. [4/5/]
y

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

Suggested solution: First method: Generalized Method: y = ax 2 + bx + c Investigation of the curves of the function y = ax 2 + bx + c provides the following important facts: If a > 0 , the curve of y = ax 2 + bx + c is a parabola with a local minimum, i.e. open parabola that looks as U . If a < 0 , the curve of y = ax 2 + bx + c is a parabola with a local maximum, i.e. open parabola that looks as I . b The symmetry line of y = ax 2 + bx + c is x = 2a 2 To study the solutions of ax + bx + c = 0 , we may divide by a : b c x 2 + x + = 0 . We may solve the equation by completing squares: a a

c b Subtract from and then add to both sides of the equation a 2a

b c b b b c x + = 0 x2 + x + = a a a 2a 2a a The left side of the equation may be written as 2 2 b b b x2 + x + = x + a 2a 2a x2 +

b b c Therefore: x = 2a 2a a 2 2 b c b b b c x + x1 = + = 2a 2a 2a a 2a a b b 2 4ac x= 2 2 2a b b b c b c = x+ x2 = 2a 2a a 2a a 2a
2 2

Analysing x =

b b 2 4ac reveals that 2a If b 2 4ac > 0 , the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two distinctive real roots. The graph of the function y = ax 2 + bx + c cuts the x-axis in two points. As the graph of

y = x 2 2 x 15 illustrated in the figure below.

If b 2 4ac = 0 , the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has one double real root. The graph of the function y = ax 2 + bx + c is tangent to the x-axis in one point. As the graph of y = x 2 4 x + 4 illustrated in the figure below. If b 2 4ac < 0 , the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has no real root. The graph of the function y = ax 2 + bx + c does not cut the x-axis in any point. It is either totally above or below the x-

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

axis. As the graph of y = x 2 2 x + 4 illustrated in the figure below. The graphs of the functions mentioned above as well as the graphs of the 2 functions y = x 2 4 x 4 = ( x + 2 ) , y = 2 x 2 2 x 15 , and y = 3x 2 2 x 15 are illustrated in the figure below:

y = 3 x 2 2 x 15
y = 2 x 2 x 15
2

y = x2 2x + 4
8 4 0

y = x2 4x + 4

y = x 2 2 x 15
-6 y -4 -2

0 -4 -8 -12

y = x 4 x 4 = (x + 2 )
2

-16 -20 x

As illustrated above, comparing the graphs of y = x 2 2 x 15 ,

y = 2 x 2 2 x 15 , and y = 3x 2 2 x 15 :

b 2a Increasing the value of a and keeping the other constants same, that b results in decreasing the value of causes the parabola to get a narrower. b c We may also note if x1 and x2 are the roots of the function x 2 + x + = 0 , a a we may factorize the function as: b c x 2 + x + ( x x1 )( x x2 ) = x 2 (x1 + x2 ) x + x1 x2 a a b x1 + x2 = a x x = c 1 2 a

The symmetry line of the functions are x =

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

Second Method: Developing the problem step by step, following the instruction and finally generalising it: 8 y = x 2 2 x 15 = 0 x 2 2 x 15 = ( x 5)( x + 3) = 0 4

x 5 = 0 x1 = 5 x + 3 = 0 x2 = 3 This confirms the fact that the graph of the function intersects x-axis at x1 = 5 and x2 = 3 , and therefore they are the roots (solutions) of the equation y = x 2 2 x 15 = 0 .

0 -4 y -3 -2 -1 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Using the PQ formula: x 2 + px + q = 0 has solutions x = obtain identical results:

p p q we 2 2

2 2 x= ( 15) = 1 1 + 15 = 1 16 = 1 4 x1 = 5 and x2 = 3 . 2 2 As instructed, we may plot the following functions and study their properties graphically and compare them with the results using PQ formula to solve the equation y = 0

y = x 2 2 x 15 x = y = x2 4x + 4 x =

2 2 ( 15) = 1 1 + 15 = 1 4 x1 = 5 and x2 = 3 2 2
2

4 4 4 = 2 4 4 = 2 x1 = x2 = 2 2 2 2 2 4 = 1 1 4 = 1 3 No real solutions 2 2 2 2 ( 3) = 1 1 + 3 = 1 2 x1 = 3 and x2 = 1 2 2

2 2 2

y = x2 2x + 4 x = y = x2 2x 3 x = y = x2 2x x =

2 2 0 = 1 1 = 1 1 x1 = 0 and x2 = 2 2 2
2

2 2 y = x 2 2 x = (x 2 + 2 x ) x = 0 = 1 1 = 1 1 x1 = 0 and 2 2 x 2 = 2 p p q and the graph of the functions above, we may 2 2

2

Analysing x =

conclude that: 2 p If q > 0 , the equation y = x 2 + px + q = 0 have two distinctive roots. 2

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Solutions to Test_MaBNVCO08 Functions, Algebra and Geometry: Quadratic Equations, Simultaneous Equations NV-College; Name: _________________________ Student Number: __________

p If q = 0 , the equation y = x 2 + px + q = 0 has a double root. 2

2

p If q = 0 , the equation y = x 2 + px + q = 0 does not have any real root. 2 On the other hand we may also note that If a > 0 , the curve of y = ax 2 + bx + c is a parabola with a local minimum, i.e. open parabola that looks as U . If a < 0 , the curve of y = ax 2 + bx + c is a parabola with a local maximum, i.e. open parabola that looks as I . b The symmetry line of y = ax 2 + bx + c is x = 2a

y = x2 2x 3
8 4 0 -6 y -4 -2 -4 -8 -12 -16

y = x2 4x + 4

y = x2 2x + 4

y = x 2 2 x 15

y = x 2x
2

-20 x

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