DAVIET

DAV Institute of Engineering &Technology

JALANDHAR

(Department of Electronics &Comm. Engineering)

Name of Lab: Analog Communication
Code: EC-311

Laboratory Manual
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Lab-XI Analog Communication Internal Marks: 30 External Marks: 20 Total Marks: 50 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

To obtain Amplitude modulated Envelop and determine depth of modulation 2. To study envelop detector for demodulation of AM signal and observe diagonal peak clipping effect. 3. Frequency modulation using voltage controlled oscillator. 4. Generation of DSB-SC signal using balanced modulator. 5. Generation of single side band signal. 6. To generate a FM Signal and measure Depth of modulation. 7. Detection of FM Signal using PLL. 8. To Study Super heterodyne AM receiver and measurement of receiver Parameters viz. sensitivity, selectivity & fidelity. 9. Familiarisation of PLL, measurement of lock and capture range, frequency demodulation, frequency multiplier using PLL. 10. Sampling Theorem & Reconstruction of Signal from its samples using Natural Sampling, Flat Top Sampling & Sample & Hold Circuits. 11. To study the circuit of PAM modulator & Demodulator 12. To study the circuit of PWM modulator & Demodulator
1. 13. To

study the circuit of PPM modulator & Demodulator

Experiment No. 1
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AIM: To obtain amplitude modulated envelop and determine depth of modulation APPARATUS REQUIRED 1 Amplititude modulation de modulation kit 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads THEORY: Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics usually

amplitude frequently or phase of a voltage called the modulating voltage. The term carrier is applied to the voltage hose characteristics is varied and the term modulating voltage is used for the voltage in accordance with which variation is made. Carrier frequency is the frequency of carrier voltage being modulated. In amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier voltage varies in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating voltage. Benefits of amplitude modulation are : 1. Ease of radiation, it become easy to .transmit and receive a modulated signal. 2. Information carrying capacity of signal is increased. MODULATION INDEX:- it gives the amount of amplitude modulation present in an AM waveform. Modulation index , m= (Vmax Vmin / Vmax + Vmin) * 100 PROCEDURE:1. Make the connections to the kit. 2. AM modulator is given two inputs, a high frequency carrier signal and modulating* signal. 3. Observe the output waveform on CRO. 4. Observe that the amplitude of the modulated waveform is varied in proportion to the modulating signal. 5. Repeat the same for different frequencies.

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PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply

2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

Experiment No. 2:
AIM: To

study envelop detector for demodulation of AM signal and observe Diagonal peak clipping effect

APPARATUS REQUIRED 1 SSB/DSB Trainer Kit 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads

THEORY: as we know requirement 0f the transmitting signal to the destination from transmitter need a simple and comp ex process called modulation, one of this technique is called amplitude modulation Where the amplitude of the carrier varies in accordance with the amplitude modulating signal. But after this modulation process, we need to demodulate it at receiving and through the process of demodulation, opposite to that of
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modulation process usually number of demodulate way are used to the amplitude modulation such as the diode detector, that we will use here. That does nothing just separate out the carrier from the modulator kit and provide us only the useful and modulating signal information.

PROCEDURE 1. Take the AM modulator and demodulator kit and connect it to the mains. 2. Make the appropriate connections first for the modulator and then to the diode debtor. 3. Connect dual trace CRO at the output to see out required modulating signal. 4. Observe t le output wave from and take observation of required. PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply
2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

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Experiment No. 3
AIM: Frequency

modulation using voltage controlled oscillator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED 1 FM modulation demodulation Kit 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads THEORY:

PROCEDURE: A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator designed to be controlled in oscillation frequency by a voltage input. The frequency of oscillation is varied by the applied DC voltage, while modulating signals may also be fed into the VCO to cause frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM); a VCO with digital pulse output may similarly have its repetition rate (FSK; PSK) or pulse width modulated (PWM). Control of frequency in VCOs For high-frequency VCOs the voltage-controlled element is commonly a varicap diode connected as part of an LC tank circuit. For low-frequency VCOs, other methods of
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varying the frequency (such as altering the charging rate of a capacitor by means of a voltage controlled current source) are used.

PROCEDURE:1)Make the connections as per the diagram. 2) Switch ON the power supply. 3) Adjust the amplitude of the modulating signal by audio oscillator. 4) Connect the output socket of the audio oscillator block to modulator circuit. 5) Put the modulator carrier frequency port in its mid way position and then examine wave on CRO. 6) Observe the various waveforms on CRO screen at different frequencies and amplitudes. PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

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Experiment No. 4
AIM: Generation of DSB-SC APPARATUS REQUIRED

signal using balanced modulator.

1 Balanced modulator trainer kit 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads THEORY:
1. RF Generator- Colpitts oscillator using FET is used here to generate RF signals of

approximately 100 KHz frequency to use as carrier signal in this experiment. Adjustments for Amplitude and Frequency are provided in panel for ease of operation.
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2. AF Generator-Low frequency signal of approximately 5KHz is generated using

OP-AMP based wein bridge oscillator .IC TL 084 is used as an active component, 1B 084 is FET input general purpose quad OP-AMP integrated circuit. One of the OP-AMP has been used as amplifier to improve signal level. Facility is provided to change output voltage 3 Regulated Power Supply-This consists of bridge rectifier, capacitor filters and three terminal regulators to provide required dc voltage in the circuit i.e +12v,-8v@150 ma each. 4.Modulator-The IC MC 1496 issued as Modulator in this experiment MC 1496 is a monolithic integrated circuit balanced modulator/Demodulator, is versatile and can be used up to 200 MHz 5. Multiplier a balanced modulator is essentially a multiplier. The output of the MC 1496 balanced modulator is proportional to the product of the two input signals if you apply the same sinusoidal signal to both inputs of a ballooned modulator, the output will be the square of the input signal AM-DSB/SC: If you use two sinusoidal signals with deferent frequencies at the two inputs of a balanced modulator (multiplier) you can produce AMDSB/SC modulation. This is generally accomplished using a high -frequency "carrier" sinusoid and a lower frequency "modulation" waveform (such as an audio signal from mt'crophone).The figure 1.1 is a plot of a DSB-SC waveform, this figure is the graph of a l00 KHz and a 5KHz sinusoid multiplied together. Figure 1.2 shows the circuit that you will use for this experiment using MC 1496 balanced modulator/demodulator.

PROCEDURE: 1 .Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagrams. 2. Switch on the power to the trainer kit. 3. Apply a 5KHz signal to both RF and AF input of 0.1 V pp 4. Measure the output signal frequency and amplitude by connecting the Output to CRO. 5 Repeat the steps 3 and 4 by changing the applied input signal frequency to 100 KHz and 500KHz.And note down the output signals.
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NOTE:- Amplitude decreases with increase in the applied input frequency. II-GENERATION of DSB-SC l. For the same circuit apply the modulating signal (AF) Frequency IN BETWEEN lkhZ to 5KHz having 0.4Vpp and a carrier signal ;RF) of lOOKHz having a.0.1 Vpp 2. Adjust the RF carrier null potentiometer to observe a DSB-SC waveform at the output terminal on CRO and plot the same. " 3. Repeat the above process by varying the amplitude and frequency of AF and RF maintained constant. NOTE:- Note down all the waveforms for the applied inputs and their respective outputs. PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

Experiment No. 5 AIM: Generation of single side band signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1 Balanced modulator trainer kit 2 CRO/DSO

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3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads
THEORY:

single side band generation using phase shift method and demodulation of SSL signal using synchronous detector .the exp consists of 1. RF generator 2. AF generator 3. Two balanced modulator 4. Synchronous c lector 5. Summer 6. subtractor 7. RF generator RF GENERATOR:- colpitts oscillator using FET is used here to generate RF signal of app. 100 KHZ frequency to use as carrier signal in this experiment, phase shift network is included in the same block to produce another carrier signal of frequency with 90out of phase, an individual control are provided to vary the output voltage. Facility is provided to adjust phase of the output signal. GENERATOR:- this is sine cosine generator using OP-AMP.ICTL 084 is used as an active component,TL084FET input general purpose quad op-amp integrated circuit. a three position switch is provided to select output frequency .an individual controls are provided to adjust the signal shape. BALANCED MODULATOR:- this has been developed using MC1496IC,is a monolithic integrator circuit balanced modulator/demodulator, is versatile and can be used up to 2000MHZ these modulators are used in this experiment to produce DSB SC signal. control is provided to balance the output. SUMMER AND SUBTRACTOR:- these ckt. are simple summing and subtracting amplifier using op-amp IC TL084 is used as an active component TL 084 is a FET input general purpose quad op-amp integrated ckt. The phase shift method makes use of two balanced modulators and two phase shift networks as shown. one of the modulator receives the carrier signal shifted by 90 and the modulating signal with 0 phase shift. where as the other receives modulating signal shifted by 90 and the carrier signal with 0 phase shift Both modulator produce an output consisting only of sidebands .it will be shown that both upper sidebands lead the reference voltage by 90.the two lower sidebands are thus out of phase and when combined in the summer they cancel each other
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.the upper sidebands are in phase at the adder therefore they add together and gives SSB upper side band signal. When they combined in the subtractor, the upper side bands are canceling because in phase and lower side bands add together and gives SSB lower side band signal.

PROCEDURE:
1. connect the ckt as per the given ckt diagram 2. Switch on the kit and measure the output of regulated power supplies positive and

negative voltages. 3. Observe the output of generator using CRO, here-one output is 0 phase the another is 90 phase shifted is a sine wave and shifted w.r.t another is a cosine wave. 4. adjust the RF output frequency as 1001 Z and amplitude as >0.2Vp-p 5. Observe the tv/o outputs of AF generate r using CRO 6. Select the required frequency from the switch position for AF 7. Adjust the gain of the oscillator by varying the potentiometer and keep the amplitude of 10Vp-p 8. Measure and record the above seen sig ;al and their frequencies on CRO. 9. set the amplitude of RF signal to 0.2 Vp-p and AF signal amplitude to 8Vp-p and connect AF-0 and RF-90 to input of balanced modulator SC(A) output on CRO connect AF-90 and F 0 to the input of balanced modulator B and observe the DSBSC (B) output on CRO and plot the same graph. 10. To get SSB lower side band signal connect balanced modulator outputs to subtractor and observe the output wave from CRO and plot. 11. To get SSB upper side band signal, connect the output of balanced modulator outputs to summer ckt and observe the waveform on CRO and plot on graph. 12. Calculate the frequency of SSB and compare it with practical value USB= RF frequency + AF frequency LSB= RF frequency + AF frequency PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean.
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4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

Experiment No. 6
AIM: To

generate a FM Signal and measure Depth of modulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1 FM Modulation demodulation trainer kit 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads THEORY:- Frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant). In analog applications, the instantaneous h frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. Digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique know as frequency-shift keying. Modulation index:-As with other modulation indices, this quantity indicates by ho\ much the modulated variable varies around its un-modulated level. It relates to the variations in the frequency of the carrier signal where Ais the highest modulating frequency ofx m (t). I f h < 1, the modulation is called narrowband FM, and its bandwidth is approximately 2/m. If h > I, the modulation is called wideband FM audits bandwidth is approximately 2/A. While wideband FM uses more bandwidth, it can improve signal-to-noise ratio significantly. With a tone-modulated FM wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the modulation index is increased, the (non-negligible) bandwidth of the FM signal increases, but the spacing between spectra stays the same; some spectral components decrease in
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strength as others increase. If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases.

PROCEDURE:1) Make the connections as per the diagram. 2) Switch ON the power supply. 3) Adjust the amplitude of the modulating signal by audio oscillator. 4) Connect the output socket of the audio oscillator block to modulator circuit. 5) Put the modulator carrier frequency port in its mid way position and then examine

wave on CRO. Observe the various waveforms on CRO screen at different frequencies and amplitudes. PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus. Experiment No. 7
AIM: Detection of FM signal using, PLL.

APPARATUS:- Phase locked loop kit, CRO, probes, function generator

THEORY: A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that

generates a signal that has a fixed relation to the phase of a "reference" signal. A phaselocked loop circuit responds to both the frequency and the phase of the input signals,
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automatically raising or lowering the frequency of a controlled oscillator until it is matched to the reference in both frequency and phase A phase-locked loop is an example of a control system using negative feedback. Frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant). In analog applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. Digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying.

PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as per the diagram. 2) Trigger the CRO with s/p and o/p selecting dual mode. 3) Firstly vary the frequency of function generator from start and slowly varies and

note the point where it is locked. 4) Secondly vary the frequency of function generator from maximum and note the point where it is locked. 5) Observe the various waveforms on CRO screen. PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.
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Experiment No. 8
AIM: To study the super heterodyne AM receiver and measurements of receiver

parameters viz selectivity, sensitivity and fidelity.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1 SSB/DSB receiver 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads THEORY:

Fundamentally, AM and FM receivers function similarly. However, there are important differences in component construction and circuit design because of differences in the modulating techniques. Comparison block diagrams (figures 1-7 and 1-8) shows that electrically there are two sections of the FM receiver that differ from the. AM receiver the discriminator (detector) and the accompanying limiter. FM receivers hive some advantages over AM receivers. During normal reception, FM signals are static- free, while AM is subject to cracking noise and whistles. Also, FM provides a much more realistic reproduction of sound because of the increased number of sidebands. Fidelity is a receivers ability to reproduce the in- put signal accurately. Generally, the broader the band pass, the greater the fidelity. Measurement is taken by modulating an input frequency with a series of audio frequencies and then plotting the output measurements at each step against the audio input. The curve will show the limits of reproduction. Good selectivity requires a narrow band pass. Good fidelity requires a wider band pass to amplify the outer- most frequencies of the sidebands. Knowing this, you can see that most receivers are a compromise between good selectivity and high fidelity.

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PROCEDURE: 1.connect the ckt as per the given ckt diagram 1. switch on the kit and measure the output of regulated power supplies positive and negative voltages. 2. observe the output of generator using CRO, here one output is 0 phase the another is 90 phase shifted is a sine wave and shifted w.r.t another is cosine wave. 3. adjust the RF output frequency as 100HZ and amplitude as >0.2Vp-p Observe | the two outputs of AF generator using CRO select the required frequency from the switch .position for AF adjust the gain of the oscillator by varying the potentiometer and keep the amplitude of l0Vp-p measure and record the above seen signal and their frequencies on CRO. set the amplitude of RF signal to 0.2Vp-p and AF signal amplitude to 8Vp-p and connect AF-0 and RF-90 to input of balanced modulator SC(A) output on CRO . connect AF-90 and RF-0 to the input of balanced modulator B and observe the DSB-SC (B) output on CRO and plot the same graph PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

Experiment No. 9

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AIM: Familiarization of PLL, measurement of lock and capture range, frequency demodulation, frequency multiplier using PLL APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus
1 PLL Training kit 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads THEORY: A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that

generates a signal that has a fixed relation to the phase of a "reference" signal. A phaselocked loop circuit responds to both the frequency and the. Phase of the input signals, automatically raising or lowering the frequency of a controlled oscillator until it is matched to the reference in both frequency and phase. A phase-locked loop is an example of a control system using negative feedback. In simpler terms, a PLL compares the frequencies of two signals and produces an error signal which is proportional to the difference between the input frequencies. The error signal is then low-pass filtered and used to drive a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which creates an output frequency. The output frequency is fed through a frequency divider back to the input of the system, producing a negative feedback loop. If the output frequency drifts, the error signal will increase, driving the frequency in the opposite direction so as to reduce the error. Thus the output is locked to the frequency at the other input. This input is called the reference and is often derived from a crystal oscillator, which is very stable in frequency. PROCEDURE :1) Make the connections as per the diagram. 2) Trigger the CRO with s/p and o/p selecting dual mode. 3) Firstly vary the frequency of function generator from start and slowly varies and note

the point where it is locked. 4) Secondly vary the frequency of function generator from maximum and note the point where it is locked. 5) Observe the various waveforms on CRO screen.

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PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

Experiment No. 10
AIM: Sampling Theorem & Reconstruction of Signal from its samples using

Natural Sampling, Flat Top Sampling & Sample & Hold Circuits Apparatus
1 Sampling and Reconstruction kit 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes 4 Connecting leads THEORY: The aim of any communication system is to transmit information from one

location to another. In case of voice communication, this information will be speech. The signal which contains the information to be transmitted is known as information Signal and in the case of voice communication this will be a continuously changing Signal containing speech information. The aim is to reproduce this information signal As accurately as possible, at the distant, receiving and of the communication system. In the exercise to follow, you will simulate audio signal by a I KHz test signal
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Provided On-board. The repetitive. non-changing (in amplitude, frequency or phase), waveform does not contain information, but that does not mean we cannot use it. Provided the frequency of the test-signal lies within the frequency range which an information signal will occupy, a test signal of this can be extremely helpful in system analysis and testing. The voice signals are limited to the range 300Hz to 3.4 KHz, A I KHz frequency fits conveniently in this range and can be used to demonstrate and test many techniques used in communication. In analog communication systems like AM.FM, the instantaneous value of the information signal is used to hang certain parameter of the carrier signal. Pulse modulation systems differ from these systems in a way that they transmit a limited no. of discrete states of a signal at a predetermined time; sampling can be defined as measuring the value of an information signal at predetermined time intervals. The rate at which the signal is sampled is known as the sampling rate or sampling frequency. It is the major parameter which decides the quality of the reproduced signal. If the signal is sampled quite frequently( whose limit is specified by Nyquist Creterion), then it can be reproduced exactly at the receiver with no distortion

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the mains plug into the mains board. Keep the power switch in OFF position. 2. Ensure that the 'ext/int sampling selector switch in internal position 3. Put the duty cycle selector switch in position 5. 4. Link 1 kHz sine wave output to analog input. 5. Turn on the trainer. 6. Turning on the trainer select 32 kHz sampling rate by default. 7. Display 1khz sine wave (t.p.l2) and sample output(t.p. 37) on an oscilloscope. The display shows 1 kHz. Sine wave being sampled at 32 khz. So there are 32 samples for every cycle of the sine wave(fig. 19)

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8. Link the sample output to fourth order low pass filter display sample output (t.p. 37)

and the. output of the filter (t.p. 46) on the oscilloscope. The display shows the reconstructed original 1khz sine wave(fig.20) 9. by the successive presses of frequency selector switch, change the sampling frequency to 2khz, 4khz,8 khz,16khz and back to 31 khz(sampling frequency is 1/10"1 of the frequency indicated by the illuminated led). Observe how sample output changes in each cases and how the lower sampling frequencies introduce distortion into the 9. filter output waveform. This is due to the fact that the filter does not attenuate the unwanted next frequency component significantly. Use of higher order filter would improve the output waveform. 10. So far, we have used sampling frequencies greater than twice the maximum input frequency. To study Nyquist criteria, set sampling rate of 8kHz,50% duty cycle. 11. Remove the link from IKHz sine wave output to the SIGNAL INPUT. 12. Obtain a 2 V peak, 2KHz Sine wave from 600 ohms output of the function generator to SAGNAL INPUT. Observe the waveform at SIGNAL INPUT and fourth order low pass filter output (t.p. 46). Observe the two are similar but the second logging in phase. This is as expected from filters phase / frequency response. 13. Decrease the sampling rate to 32kHz and then to 2kHz. Observe the distorted waveform at filter's output(t.p. 46). This is due to the fact that we under-sampled the input waveform over looking the Nyquist criteria and. thus the output was distorted even though the signal lie below the cut-off frequency of the filter. This also describe the phenomenon of Aliasing. PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.
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Experiment No. 11, 12 & 13

AIM: To study the circuit of PAM modulator and demodulator

To study the circuit of PPM modulator and demodulator To study the circuit of PWM modulator and demodulator Apparatus 1 PAM modulator and demodulator kits 2 CRO/DSO 3 C.R.O Probes
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4 Connecting leads THEORY:- Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is the simplest form of pulse modulation. This technique transmits data by varying the voltage or power amplitudes of individual pulses in a timed sequence of electromagnetic pulses. In other words, the data to be transmitted is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. PAM can also be used for generating additional pulse modulations, pulse amplitude modulation can be infinite. This is the case with analog pulse amplitude modulation. A 2 level pulse amplitude modulation causes the resulting signal to be digitized while a 4 level pulse amplitude modulation has 22 possible discrete pulse amplitudes. An 8-level pulse amplitude modulation has 23, and 16-level pulse amplitude modulation has 24 discrete pulse amplitudes. In practical telecommunication applications, pulse amplitude modulation is a rare use technology, having been superceded by other techniques such as pulse position modulation and pulse code modulation. Additionally, a technology called quadrature amplitude modulation is widely used in telephone modems with a data transfer rate of more than 300 Kbps.

PROCEDURE:1) Make the connections as per the diagram. The output of sine wave to modulation"

signal IN in PAM block keeping the switch in 1kHz position and 8kHz pulse output to pulse IN. 2) Switch ON the power supply. 3) Monitor the outputs at tp.3 & 5 these are natural flat top outputs respectively. 4) Observe the difference between the two outputs and try giving reasons behind them. 5) Try varying the amplitude & frequency of sine wave by amplitude pot and frequency change switch, observe the effect on all the two outputs. 6) Also, try varying the frequency of pulse, by connecting the pulse input to the 4 frequencies available i.e. 8, 16, 32, 64 kHz in pulse output block' 7) Switch ON fault no. 1,2,3,4 one by one & observe their effect on Pulse Amplitude Modulation output and try to locate them.
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8) Observe the various waveforms on CRO screen. 9) Switch OFF the power supply.

PRECAUTION: 1. Connections should be made after switching off the supply 2. Connection should be Tight 3. It should be neat and clean. 4. Dont touch any live wire or Terminal 5. Select the proper range on measuring instruments. 6. Check all the connections before connecting the power to the kit. 7. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and power of any apparatus.

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