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Case Study Topic: The need & Importance of Research in Functional Areas of Business Research of Problems of Automobile Industry in Pakistan Acknowledgement:
All praises to Almighty ALLAH, the most merciful, and most beneficent, who guides us in darkness and helps us in difficulties, whose uniqueness, oneness and wholeness is unchallengeable. With deep emotions and gratitude we would like to thanks our course instructors support and guidance and further I would also like to thank him/her for providing us such a wonderful opportunity to work in a group and enhance our knowledge through conducting an unbiased research. Here I would also like to thank my whole group members for their continues support and efforts to the accomplishment of the report.
Executive Summary:
Automobile industry of Pakistan is in later part of the growth stage; however, there exists a large gap between the demand and supply of the vehicles in the Pakistani market. With the help of different leasing facilities provided by the banks, the purchase of vehicles has become easier for a common consumer. In addition to this there is a need of governmental support for the betterment of this sector; the reduction in import duties has helped local companies to import vehicles from large manufacturers of the world and will help them in increasing their market share, but at the same time this will discourage the purchase of locally manufactured cars of Pakistan.
Introduction:
The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only the economy but also the cultures of the world. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production (making several products at once, rather than one at a time), mass marketing (selling products nationally rather than locally), and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made worldwide). Between 1886 and 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, auto making became the world's largest manufacturing activity, with nearly 58 million new vehicles built each year worldwide.
France, 3,376 Others, 12,939 Germany, 5,469 Italy, 1,427 UK, 1,819
USA, 12,272
USA is at the top because of its consistent policies. The industry is growing there at a fast pace and with intense competition; automakers are striving to capture consumers by offering them high quality products at low prices. Then comes Japan with 18% share in the world market. Japanese cars are famous for being technologically sound and good quality. Quality especially gives them competitive advantage over US cars as Japanese are considered to be the forefathers in implementing quality in their manufacturing processes.
The Toyota Motor Co. Ltd was first established in 1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, one of the world's leading manufacturers of weaving machinery. Toyota launched its first small car (SA Model) in 1947. Production of vehicles outside Japan began in 1959 at a small plant in Brazil, and continued with a growing network of overseas plants. Today, Toyota is the world's third largest manufacturer of automobiles in unit sales and in net sales. It is by far the largest Japanese automotive manufacturer, producing more than 5.5 million vehicles per year, equivalent to one every six seconds. Toyota vehicles are widely used in Pakistan and ranks first in its quality, efficiency, economy and service. In fiscal 2004, Toyota further heightened its status as one of the few truly global players in the automobile industry by posting consolidated sales of more than 6.7 million Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu, and Hino vehicles worldwide. At the end of fiscal 2004, Toyota had production bases in 26 countries and locations, a vehicle sales network covering more than 140 countries, and more than 260,000 employees worldwide on a consolidated basis. (Source: www.toyota.com)
1.2
Established in 1948, Honda Motor Co., Ltd. is one of todays leading manufacturers of automobiles and the largest manufacturer of motorcycles in the world. The Company is recognized internationally for its expertise and leadership in developing and manufacturing a wide variety of products that incorporate Hondas highly efficient internal combustion engine technologies, ranging from small generalpurpose engines to special sports cars. Approximately 17.2 million Honda products were sold worldwide during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2004. Throughout all of its operationsfrom product development and manufacture to salesHonda maintains a commitment to materialize companys visions of value creation, globalization and commitment to the future with the aim of sharing the joy with customers worldwide, thus becoming a company that society wants to exist. Honda works together with numerous business partners to supply Honda products to countries worldwide. (Source: www.honda.com) 1.3
The company is Japan's number one mini car producer as well as it is number 3 motorcycle manufacturer (behind Honda and Yamaha). Suzuki's cars and SUVs include the Aerio and the Grand Vitara; motorcycles include the Bandit, Katana, and Marauder. Suzuki's nonvehicle products include generators, outboard marine engines, and prefabricated housing. The company operates in more than 190 countries. Suzuki has partnered to make cars with General Motors and has agreed to develop motorcycles and ATVs with Kawasaki. The worldwide sales of Suzuki are mentioned in the table below: Apart from the above-mentioned Japanese companies there are various other companies around the globe having significant market share. (Source: www.suzukiauto.com) 1.4
Today, Mitsubishi Motors ranks as the worlds' 10th largest vehicle manufacturer, and one of only a few that boast a lineup that extends from mini cars to heavy trucks. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation is committed to provide its customer, the very best product and service available in the market. Mitsubishi commercial vehicles are the number one in the UAE in terms of market share and reputation.
Mitsubishi was established on April 22, 1970 and its head office is in Japan. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation has issued 1,483,438,934 shares and is owned by 46,094 shareholders, such as DaimlerChysler AG, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd and others.
The deletion levels were finalized by the sub-committees for cars, LCVs Motorcycles and tractors etc., constituted by indigenization committee of EDB on the basis of technology levels prevalent in the engineering industry of Pakistan. The Industry specific deletion program (ISDP) books were published and distributed amongst the stakeholders, which resulted in a significant improvement in indigenization.
Pakistan needs to produce half a million cars every year to become a real motorized country, a target which requires the auto assemblers to make heavy investments to enhance their production capacity and strengthen vendors and the government to continue its policy to promote this sector. The local car-assembly industry is dominated by Japanese assemblers, with all three major names Toyota, Honda and Suzuki operating their own assembly plants. Korean manufacturers Hyundai and Kia are also contributing to a small chunk of the local capacity. The auto Industry of Pakistan had the potential to meet the challenge of rising demand witnessed in the last 3-4 years. The automakers are confident that they will overcome the current shortage of automobiles in the country and the gap between demands and supply when the production will reach 160,000 units by the end of 2006. The government of Pakistan is asked for reducing taxes on cars and duties on the import of auto parts in order to enable the industry reduce the prices. This will enable more people to purchase cars. Pakistan is in pre-motorized stage, as only eight of 1000 people own a car. There are 18 automobiles manufacturing units in assembling business which is supported by 850 units manufacturing auto parts. The auto industry and down stream vendor industry employs more than 100,000 people. The auto industry is the fore-runner of the tremendous growth in large-scale industry. During the current fiscal year the automobile industry has registered enormous growth owing to declining interest rates, persistent inflow of home remittances, cheaper and easy availability of car financing and changes in model. The car industry registered a growth of 51.4 percent during July-April 2002-03, followed by trucks (103 percent), buses (32.7 percent), LCVs (57.9 percent), tractors (10.5 percent) and motorcycles (48.6 percent). All the automotive manufacturers of Pakistani automobile industry have formed an association named as Pakistan Automotive Manufacturers Association (PAMA). The objective of this association is to promote the manufacturing of automotive vehicles (cars, buses, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, farm tractors) in the country. (Source: PAMA, June 2005) As compared to automobile manufacturers of India, Pakistani industry is miserably failed in provision of cheap vehicles to their consumers. Despite receiving heavy subsidies, they are persistently increasing the prices of their vehicles. To compensate the people, the government
Problems of automobile industry in Pakistan
should at once allow the import of the reconditioned vehicles and should review the delivery and prices of the locally manufactured motorcars. The government should also provide an opportunity of the payment of customs duties to legalize the non-customs paid vehicles plying on different roads of the country.
According to the sources, the major import of new cars is being carried out by Dewan Motors who have re-launched the Mitsubishi brand cars in Pakistan. Earlier Dewan had launched the BMW series in Pakistan for the first time. Nexus Automobiles has also launched the Cheverlet Optra (1600 cc) in addition to Cheverlet Classic (1000 cc) already being imported. Indus Motor Company has recently lunched the Toyota Camry, a best selling car in the US market. Non Availability of Funds: Financing facility on the lines of auto financing is not available from commercial banks for purchasing new vehicles. Also cars and big vehicles are not part of the Rozgar Scheme launched by the National Bank of Pakistan. Recently state bank of Pakistan instruct all commercial banks to dispose off their auto loan schemes.
Problem Statement
The research problem was to find out: Why Do Auto mobile industry not generating revenue? Why does the share of some products (Auto mobile) declines and what are the reasons of Usage and Non-usage of a particular?
This research may be able to provide insight into the strong points of Successful Auto mobile company and will also provide an opportunity to find out the weaknesses of Auto mobile.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Having stated the research problem, we were able to refine the problem into various research objectives; To study the problem we have researched on a failed to generate revenue regarding Auto mobile. To state the reasons behind the Problems stated above we have to find out the answers of the following questions. What is the attraction level of Auto mobile? How many people wouid like to use Auto mobile because of the company? How many people do not use Auto mobile because of its cost?
PROMOTION
Auto mobiles are also being promoted in the print and electronic media. Most of this was done during the launch period. This activity has decreased substantially which in turn has lead to a severe decline in the sales of vehicles. In order to revive its position, manufacturers should lay great stress and emphasis on the promotional activities.
Literature Review
BCG Growth-Share Matrix
The BCG Growth-Share Matrix is a portfolio planning model developed by Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970s. It is based on the observation that a companys business units can be classified into four categories based on combinations of market growth and market share relative to the largest competitor, hence the name growth-share. Market growth serves as a proxy for industry attractiveness, and relative market share serves as a proxy for competitive advantage. The growth-share matrix thus maps the business unit positions within these two important determinants of profitability. (Source: NetMBA) This framework assumes that an increase in relative market share will result in an increase in the generation of cash. A second assumption is that a growing market requires investment in assets to increase capacity and therefore results in the consumption of cash. Thus the position of a business on the growth-share matrix provides an indication of its cash generation and its cash consumption. (Source: NetMBA) The four categories are: Dogs: Dogs have low market share and a low growth rate and thus neither generate nor consume a large amount of cash. Question Marks: Question marks are growing rapidly and thus consume large amounts of cash, but because they have low market shares they do not generate much cash. The result is large net cash consumption. Stars: Stars generate large amounts of cash because of their strong relative market share, but also consume large amounts of cash because of their high growth rate; therefore the cash in each direction approximately nets out. Cash Cows: As leaders in a mature market, cash cows exhibit a return on assets that is greater than the market growth rate, and thus generate more cash than they consume. Such business units should be milked, extracting the profits and investing as little cash as possible. (Source: NetMBA)
PEST Analysis
It is useful to consider what environmental influence have been particularly important in the past, and the extent to which there are changes occurring which may make any of these more or less significant in the future for the organization and its competitors. (Value Chain Marketing Course Package) A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P.E.S.T. is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond the firms control and sometimes present themselves as threats. However, changes in the external environment also create new opportunities. (NetMBA Business Knowledge Centre)
SWOT Analysis
SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. It is a tool for auditing an environment and its environment. It is the first step of planning. It helps marketers to focus on key issues. It is an easy tool that identifies the key issues and feeds them into marketing objectives. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors of a business, whereas opportunities and threats are external factors. SWOT analysis is required in order to analyze the environment for the opportunities available and the threats that exist in that environment. And how the existing strengths can be used to avail the opportunities. It is also helpful in analyzing the problems that are faced because of the existing weaknesses.
Perceptual Mapping
Perceptual mapping has been used as a strategic management tool for about thirty years. It offers a unique ability to communicate the complex relationships between marketplace competitors and the criteria used by buyers in making purchase decisions and recommendations. Its powerful graphic simplicity appeals to senior management and can stimulate discussion and strategic thinking at all levels of all types of organizations. Despite their high value as a decision-making tool, perceptual maps are easy to produce. Most currently popular mapping procedures utilize readily available ratings data which satisfy managements need for a competitive score card. Despite their having been around for thirty years, perceptual maps are still viewed as an innovative technique.
The 4 Ps of Marketing
The 4 Ps of marketing are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Think of each of these as a variable which you control. The idea is to set these variables in such a way so that sales will take place. You cannot "make" a customer pull out her credit card, but you can certainly help her in coming to a decision by setting the "right" price, the retail location, the level of advertising and even product attributes such as color or perceived quality. These variables are all interdependent. Taken together, they constitute a certain mix. This is often referred to
Problems of automobile industry in Pakistan
as the marketing mix. In defining this mix it is also necessary to take into account your competitor's mix as well as your overall corporate goals and objectives. The idea is to come up with a mix that will clearly differentiate your products from those of your competitors while considering your corporate goals. (Source: Business Basics for Engineers, July 2005)
Theoretical Framework
It starts typically by comparing existing industrial sector analysis (capacity technology/manufacturing capabilities) and current market environment. The comparison results in identifying competitive drivers and hence setting the objectives accordingly. Based on the objectives settings and competitive drivers, manufacturing option strategy is formulated with three types of manufacturers identified in our benchmarking exercise. Dependent Variable Declining Sales of Automobiles in Pakistan Independent Variable Prices of the Vehicles Roads and Infrastructure Lack of Governments Interest Untrained Workers Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan
Moderating Variable Technology Cheap Electricity Training Workshops for Workers Intervening Variable Unfeasible Environment for Engineers and Developers Improper Assembling of Spare Parts Shortage of Power Plants Low Wage Scale Lack of Innovative Sense The real strength and potential of a country and society is dependent on its means of communication and fast equipments of transportation. If we study the structure and regarding evolution of a fast growing country we conclude that the above mention ingredients are a need and necessity the best example can be sighted as of Malaysia Singapore and South Korea. The automobile industry in Pakistan has great potentials and can move the wheel of economy if the necessary incentives are given.
Problems of automobile industry in Pakistan
DIRECTION OF INDEPENDENT & DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Price & Design Price &Design Acceptability Acceptability
Price Roads and Infrastructure Independent variable Lack of Governments Interest Untrained Workers Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan
Intervening variable
Dependent variable
Market competition
Declining Sales
Moderating Variable
The average rating for awareness of Auto mobile is 0.84 Null Hypotheses: H0 Alternate Hypotheses: H1 = 0.84 0.84
The following hypothesis is the awareness of general public regarding the automobiles of Pakistan. However we have derived it from conducting the research and choose the sample of those people who belongs to salaried class and some of them have their own businesses.
RESEARCH SUBJECTS
Define the Population: Element: The element of the population was Auto mobile users. Units: Since the unit was Auto mobile users, and this meant that the unit and the element of the population were the same. Time: The time period for this survey was around two months July- August. Specify Sampling Unit: The sampling units were the salaried class. In some cases however, we had to include any member of the business class. Since the survey was of the salaried class, this did not affect the value of the information obtained. Specify Sampling Method: The sampling method used was the stratified random one. We divided Karachi into areas and used random sampling within each area to obtain the information regarding Auto mobile.
Determine Sample Size: The determined sample size was almost 400. This was a random number chosen.
Specify Sampling Plan: The sampling plan includes Representatives of the sample We wanted a sample size large enough to obtain a fairly representative sample. Time and other restraints limit the representative of the respondents. There are a lot of other areas that could have been included. Our objectives never included the survey of absolutely low-income areas and therefore they were not included. Measurement technique We knew that the information required was very general. It had neither embarrassing aspect nor very personal information. Since the objectives were to obtain the perception of Auto mobile, cost, design and of those problems which are currently facing by general public and we wanted to maintain a standard over the sample, we choose to use the direct, structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared with an effort to have no ambiguity or biases in the questionnaire. Selecting data collection method The research was directed to finding out information from consumers. The best collection method in this scenario was to use the personal interview process. The same result could have been achieved using telephones but there were two main problems: Higher rate of refusal (that is no response) Unable to evaluate the response or to avoid the bias information therefore check the facial expression of the respondents.
Similarly mail interviewing was not cost efficient and the time period was insufficient for reminders and follow-ups. However in some cases we distributed questionnaires among consumers and collected them later on. In this way this survey can also be taken as mail surveys. But as it was done on very rare basis therefore our basic data collection method was personal interviews.
Value of research It would be difficult to quantitatively evaluate the value of the research. However, speaking in purely qualitative terms, the research can provide an insight into the perception of the consumer about the usage of Auto mobile and its cost and competition. The exploratory nature of the research can also provide information about any weakness in the marketing of VEHICAL. Compared to this being nominal monetary cost, it will provide important information and validate the research decision.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The most important part of the research process is the development of measurement technique i.e. the questionnaires. The following part gives details of the development of the questionnaires and the questions. We initially started by defining the parameters of information required. Having knowledge of this requirement, we had to articulate it so that It was clear and unambiguous Understood by the respondents
CONCLUSION
Today, people expect things to simply work. Either they can gain immediate value, or they will move on. So its winning or losing is based on the initial user experience, and for many organizations this user experience is directly mapped to business success. Just imagine a department store where 75% of the customers get lost, or a coffee shop that makes you queue three times to buy a drink. Sounds ridiculous, but many Web sites are like this. 18 If some part of your business makes life difficult for customers, you can bet that they will make business difficult for you. In today's business environment, a usability problem is a business problem. Customers have increasing choice, and can easily evaluate alternatives to satisfy their expectations. They can use the Web to get information, make comparisons and obtain the best offering. At every stage they are influenced by their experience and, with a click of the mouse, cast judgment. Companies can avoid these pitfalls by understanding the needs, expectations, experience and behavior of their users, and applying that knowledge to the design of their products. Mapping a design to how people really think and work significantly reduces user error and frustration. Savvy companies have discovered the benefit of tapping customer competencies from the earliest stages. For example, Caterpillar Inc.'s successful tractor line started with brainstorming sessions with farmers even before designers put pen to paper. Connecting early on with the customer can reduce development time and costs and ensure the early detection of problems, avoiding expensive rework. Problems found during development are typically ten times more expensive to fix than if they were detected and resolved during the design phase of a project. And problems found after products are released can cost as much as one hundred times more to correct. Customer input is often solicited when it's too late to have real impact. Offerings are sent to test customers to uncover last-minute defects or evaluate cost. Customer competencies and expectations can't be incorporated unless customers are involved in the entire process: from the basic design to manufacturing and distribution. 19
Problems of automobile industry in Pakistan
Another problem is that user research is often flawed. Focus groups, surveys and other common research tools essentially ask customers to design products by asking about the improvements they seek. This leads to incremental enhancements that might improve performance but do little to satisfy ultimate customer expectations. A better strategy is to understand users' goals and how they would like to accomplish them, and then focus design and development on achieving those goals. Technology has made it easier to incorporate customer expectations into product introductions. Advanced computational capabilities can generate 2D and 3D simulations without the expense of physical prototypes. Broadband communication enables distant collaboration, and the Internet is reducing the costs of traditional research techniques, as well as adding new capabilities. For example, visitors to one online company are randomly directed to one of two similar sites. Sales and other results are compared weekly. The weaker site is then replaced with the stronger site, and another site is developed to test new ideas and approaches. Other companies sponsor chat rooms and monitor dialogues for ideas. 20 Designing to satisfy customer expectations is a sound business strategy. Since a positive user experience is critical to the success of a business, it is vital that companies deliver it. The ones that do will stand above the crowd, transforming what could have been product failures will into the business opportunities companies are seeking. After the completion of the report, we derive the conclusion that Auto mobile is not being marketed in the right manner in pakistan. Even those who have used car is reluctant to admit it. The reason for this may be poor advertising, high cost and the fact that some of the other brands in the market act as a status symbol. Auto mobile companies are not given its due position in the market merely due to lack of marketing activities or may be cost. It is unable to compete with the already existing big names in the market, even the ones produced by its very own company. Another very usual aspect which we cannot neglect for our research is the auto parts which we have to import from china and other countries.
During the survey, one of the most important factors that we came across was the fact that most of the respondents indicated their income level to be very low. But the standard of living that they were maintaining was totally opposite to what they had responded in the questionnaire. Most of the people used different cars. Those using Auto mobile use it as a substitute for their most preferred brand, if it was not available. There is no brand loyalty as such for this particular brand. Thus, keeping the above mentioned factors in mind Auto mobile companies should concentrate on proper allocation of resources for Auto mobiles and reduce the cost so that this highly economic product is able to generate profits successfully.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Bearing in mind the findings and analysis of the research conducted to determine the consumer perception of Auto mobile, we would like to make a few recommendations to the company. Firstly, the most important phenomenon lacking in this field is its promotional campaign. Secondly, a lot of respondents were unsatisfied by the cost of Auto mobiles. They feel that it is inconvenient. The management therefore should keep in mind this and modify the cost of the Auto mobiles. Thirdly, another complaint the respondents had was that they were unable to distinguish between the different Auto mobiles due to tuff competition. We, therefore recommend to the management to make uniqueness and reduce the cost so that the consumer is able to differentiate 7. Fourthly, price should not be the only criteria to position a product in the market. Focus should also be on other factors like color, performance Design. Although these factors have been considered, they require further emphasis in order to increase the sales. Fifthly The roads and infrastructure of the entire country is not that much satisfactory so the new cars are usually needs ma Last but definitely not the least, once again Auto mobiles require to be promoted effectively. The approach that the management has followed is highly appropriate Hence, towards the end of our research we have tried our utmost to delve deep into the reasons as to why Auto mobile has received a Luke warm reception. Apart from the limitations of the study, this report gives an evenhanded insight to its reader about these various reasons followed by the analysis.
FINDINGS:
We have tried to observe the problems of Automobile industry in Pakistan. For that we have gathered the information and conducted a research and reached at a certain conclusion. There are some of the areas which need to be improving for overcome the problems and to establish our local industry at international level and compete the market. If we compare our local industry to our neighbors we find that we are still backward for ten years as far as local production is concern. We are still not being able to produce spare parts for our local vehicles and we usually import the parts from china, Korea, Taiwan and other countries. However there are certain areas which we have to improve to regain the potential like enhancement of technology, awareness to technical experts, development of educational sector, government interest towards a particular industry and development of roads and infrastructure in rural and urban areas and also needs technical as well as skilled labor. If we have a look to our neighbor country such as India we observe that they are far away from us they started their industry in late 80s (NET MBA) and we have started in early 80s but now they are manufacturing their vehicles according to their own requirements but we are still backward and need guidance and technology from china to fulfill our requirement. If we work for the development of the auto mobile industry the time is not so far when we reach at the peak because we have lot of facilities available in our country but needs to be determined. Last but definitely not the least, once again Auto mobiles require to be promoted effectively.
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
The objective of this questionnaire is to identify the success or failure of AUTO MOBILE regarding its cost and competition. The study is purely for educational purpose. Please take few minutes to answer the questionnaire. Name__________________________ Age 1. 20 and below. 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 and above Specify gender: a. Male b. Female Profession: a. Business b. Salaried Employee c. Student Income (Not for Students): a. Rs.10,000 25,000 b. Rs. 25,000 50,000 c. Rs. 50,000 100,000 d. Above Rs.100,000 Do you own a car? (Tick Yes even if car is owned by parents or family, if not, refer to Q-12) a. Yes b. No Please rate the Auto Mobile Company which you like most? a. Suzuki b. Toyota c. Hyundai d. Honda e. Mitsubishi f. Nissan g. Fiat Occupation____________________
2.
3.
4.
5.
h.
6.
What attracts you when you buy a car? a. Brand Name b. Performance c. After Sale Service d. Colour e. Price f. Customer Relationship g. Marketing Economical h. Shape
i.
7.
How willing are you to see new design of Auto mobile company? a. Very Willing b. Might c. Not at all willing Do you think our Auto Mobile Industry meets the desired customer satisfactions? a. Yes
8.
9.
10. Which option do you prefer? a. New Car b. Used Car 11. Who makes the decision of buying a particular vehicle? (Mark more than one if applicable) a. Father b. Mother c. Wife d. Husband e. Children f. Other. Please Specify _______________ 12. Which is your opinion about branded car?
13. Do you think trend of branded cars in our society has been increased? a. Yes b. No c. Not Sure 14. How often do you take your car for service and maintenance? a. Every month b. Every two month c. Other. Please Specify 15. Are you satisfied with their services? a. Yes b. No Reasons
16. Do you think cost and design of Auto mobile should be low? a. Yes b. No 17. Mark the reason/s why you have never tried to purchase car? a. You are already using b. You dont like the look of it c. You believe it is too costly d. You have not heard much about its quality e. Other. Please specify________________________ 18. Total number of family members: a. Two b. Three c. Four
d.
19. Total earners/employed in your family: a. One b. Two Other. Please Specify d. 20. Are you satisfied with the roads and infrastructure ?
c.