EXPERIMENT 3:

TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVE To investigate on how a transformer is used as a step-up and step down the input voltage APPARATUS 1. Coils; 300, 600, 900 and 1200 turns 2. U- and I-shaped iron core 3. AC power supply 4. Laminated multi-tap transformer 5. Oscilloscope 6. Multimeter 7. Connecting wires THEORY A transformer is used to increase or decrease an AC voltage. A known AC voltage is applied to the primary coil of a transformer, which is surrounded by the secondary coil but it is not connected to it as shown in Figure 1. The primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux through the secondary coil. If the number of turns of wire in the secondary coil is more than the primary coil, the voltage induced in the secondary coil is more than the input voltage in the primary coil and is known as step-up transformer. If the number of turns of wire in the secondary coil is less than the primary coil, the voltage induced in the secondary coil is less than the input voltage in the primary coil and is known as step-down transformer.

Fig 1: transformer According to faradays law of induction, the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil given by

Since the rate of change in flux through both coils is the same, the ratio of emf in both coils is the equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the coils

PROCEDURES The geometrical arrangement of EML-01 and circuit diagram is shown in figure 1.

Figure 2: Geometrical arrangement of transformer circuit PART A: Step-up transformer 1. The circuit was set up as shown in figure 2. The iron core was inserted into 300 turns primary and 600 turns secondary coils. 2. The 6V AC input voltage was connected 3. The multimeter was set to AC voltage at range of 20 V AC 4. The power was switched on and the voltage was measured by using oscilloscope. 5. Step 1 to 4 was repeated for pair of primary to secondary 300-600, 300-900, 3001200, 600-900, 600-1200, and 900-1200. PART B: Step-down transformer 1. The circuit was set up as shown in figure 2. The iron core was inserted into 300 turns primary and 600 turns secondary coils. 2. The 6V AC input voltage was connected 3. The multimeter was set to AC voltage at range of 20 V AC 4. The power was switched on and the voltage was measured by using oscilloscope. 5. Step 1 to 4 was repeated for pair of primary to secondary 600-300, 900-300, 900600, 1200-300, 1200-600, and 1200-900.

DATA AND ANALYSIS PART A: Step-up transformer Np Ns rms(p) pp(p) rms(s) pp(s) Np:Ns Ip Is Is (0.1V) (0.1V) (0.01V) (0.01V) (0.001A) (0.001A) (calculation) 6.0 6.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 11.90 17.95 23.90 8.82 11.80 7.69 33.5 52.0 68.0 25.0 34.0 22.0 Table 1 PART B: Step-down transformer Np 600 900 900 Ns rms(p) pp(p) rms(s) pp(s) Np:Ns Ip Is Is (0.1V) (0.1V) (0.01V) (0.01V) (0.001A) (0.001A) (calculation) 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 2.90 1.91 3.85 1.42 2.88 4.25 8.20 5.40 10.80 4.00 8.00 12.00 Table 2 1:2 1:3 2:3 1:4 1:2 3:4 0.025 0.009 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.031 0.020 0.010 0.015 0.008 0.005 0.050 0.027 0.012 0.016 0.008 0.005 2:1 3:1 4:1 3:2 2:1 4:3 0.091 0.088 0.087 0.021 0.026 0.009 0.032 0.021 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.045 0.029 0.023 0.014 0.013 0.007

300 600 300 900

300 1200 6.0 600 900 6.0

600 1200 6.0 900 1200 6.0

300 6.0 300 6.0 600 6.0

1200 300 6.0 1200 600 6.0 1200 900 6.0