GROUP CHARACTERISTICS HX Reductant characteristics Acidity Polar Stability HF HCl HBr HI Notes : The greater/stronger Appropriate with arrow

directions

PHYSCAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HALIDE HYDROGEN HCl 1. Form on common temperature 2. In nonpolar solvent (Benzana/Tolue nsa) 3. In water 4. With concentrated H2SO4 (oxidator) 5. Stability to heating HBr Colorless gas HI

Soluble, does not conduct electricity Soluble, conduct electricity Not oxidized Oxidized to Br2 Oxidized I2 Decomposed to He dan I2

Not decomposed

Slightly decomposed

a. Oxihalide Acis (HXO) Formed only on the halogen which has a positive oxidation number and react with water. Cl2O + H2O 2HClO Cl2O3 + H2O 2HClO2 Cl2O5 + H2O 2HclO3 Cl2O7 + H2O 2HClO4

The energy of Oxy acid increases along with increasing oxygen in the acid.

HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4

Halogen oxidation number, and acid oxyhalogen oxyhalogen.

Oxidation Halogen Oxides Number F Cl Br +1 +3 +5 +7 Cl2O Cl2O3 Cl2O5 Cl2O7 Br2O Br2O3 Br2O5 Br2O7

Halogen Oxides Acid I I2O I2O3 I2O5 I2O7 Cl HClO* HClO2* HClO3* HClO4 Br HBrO* HBrO2* HBrO3* HBrO4* I HIO* HIO2* HIO3 HIO4

General Name

Hipohalit Acid Halit Acid Halat Acid Perhalat Acid

* only there as dilute solution and unstable

1. Making and Use of Halogen Element

Making on laboratory-scale In the laboratory, the chemicals are made in the necessary amount to used on experimental / practicum with a quick and simple tool. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine can be produced from the oxidation of halide compounds with MnO2 or KMnO2 oxidant in an acidic environment. Halide compounds KMnO2 mixed with MnO2 or concentrated H2SO4 was added, then heated. Reactions that occur : 2X- + MnO2 + 4H+ > X2 + Mn2+ + 2H2O 10X- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ > 5X2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O Chlorine compounds can also be made in a laboratorium-scale process: Weldon Process By heating a mixture MnO2, H2SO4, and NaCl Reaction : MnO2 + 2H2SO4 + 2 NaCl > Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Cl2 Reactin CaOCl2 and H2SO4 CaOCl2 + H2SO4 > CaSO4 + H2O + Cl2 Reacting KMnO4 and HCl KMnO4 + HCl > 2KCl + MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2

Bromine oxidant characteristics are not that strong. In the industrial process, bromine is made by draining of chlorine gas stream to a solution of bromide. Reaksi : Cl2 + 2Br- > Br2 +2ClIn Laboratory-scale, bromine is made by : Mixing CaOCl2, H2SO4, with bromide. CaOCl2 + H2SO4 > CaSO4 + H2O + Cl2 Cl2 + 2Br- > Br2 + 2Cl Mixing KMnO4 and concentrated HBr. Mixing bromide, H2SO4, and MnO2. iodine element can be made by By reacting NaIO3 and natrium bisilfit. 2NaIO3 + 5NaH2SO3 > 3NaHSO4 + 2Na2SO4 + H2O + I2 In laboratory-scale, making of iodine analogous to the making of bromine, only bromide was replaced with iodide.

The compound of HF and HCl can be made also in the laboratory by reacting halide salts (NaF and CaCl 2) with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated in accordance with the following reaction: 2NaF + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + 2HF CaCl2 + H2SO4 > CaSO4 +2HCl HI and HBr compunds could not be made like that because Br- or I- will be oxidized by H2SO4. 2NaBr + H2SO4 > Na2SO3 + Br2 + H2O MgI2 + H2SO4 > MgSO3 + I2 + H2O HBr and HI biasanya usually are made by reagent H3PO4. 3NaBr +H3PO4 > Na3PO4 + 3HBr 3MgI2 + 2H3PO4 > Mg3(PO4)2 + 6HI MAKING PROCESS Flourin Fluorine is obtained through a process of electrolysis of salt potassium hydrogen fluoride (KHF2) dissolved in liquid HF, LiF was added 3% to lower the temperature to 100oC. Electrolysis occurs in the steel surface with cathode and anode carbon steel. The mixture should not contain water because F2 will oxidate it. KHF2 > K+ + HF2HF2 > H+ + 2FCathode : 2H+ + 2e- > H2 Anode : 2F- > F2 + 2e-

To prevent contact (reaction) between metal Na and Cl2 gas that formed are used the diaphragm in the form of Monel (alloy type). Making of Chlorine Down Process is fused NaCl (NaCl liquid) electrolysis. Before thawed, NaCl mixed first slightly with NaF so the melting point decrease from 800oC to 600oC. Cathode : Na+ 2e- > Na Anode : 2Cl- > Cl2 + 2e-

To prevent contact (reaction) between Na dan Cl2 metal are formed, we have to use diaphragm-layered and slight iron. Gibbs process is electrolysis of NaCl solution. Cathode : 2H2O + 2e- > 2OH- + H2 Anode : 2Cl- > Cl2 + 2eDeacon process Reaction :4HCl + O2 > 2H2O Occurs on 430oC temperature and 200 atm pressure. The product of reaction is mixed 44% N2. Making of Bromine Sea water contains bromide ions (Br-) with levels of 8 x 10-4. In every 1 liter of sea water can be obtained 3 kilograms of bromine (Br2). Mixture of air and Cl2 gas are flowed through sea water. Cl2 will oxidize Br- to Br. Air urged Br2 to lean out from solution. Cl2 + 2Br- > 2Cl- + Br2 Br2 in water may be susceptible to hydrolysis according to reaction. Br2 + H2O > 2 H+ + Br- + BrOTo prevent hydrolysisi, equilibrium will be shifted to the left by addition of H
+

Making of Iodin 2NaIO3 + 5NaHSO3 > 3NaHSO4 + 2Na2SO4 + H2O + I2 or : 2IO3- + 5HSO3- > 5SO42- + 3H+ + H2O +I2 I2 sediment that formed is filtered and purified by sublimation.

Impact and Use of Halogen

a. Use of Halogen Flourin Flourin (F2) is mainly used in the processing of uranium isotopes -235 of the isotope uranium-238 through the gas diffusion Fluoride Acid (HF), which can react with the glass, so it is often used to carve glass H2SiF6(aq) + CaF2(s) + 3 H2O fluorosilicate Natrium hexa (Na2SiF6), the material is mixed in toothpaste so that the teeth become stronger NaF, substance used to preserve wood from insects SF6, a gas used as an insulator Kriolit (Na3AlF6), materials used as a solvent in the processing of the Al metal by electrolysis. Freon-12 (CF2Cl2 ),compounds used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners, as well as the stimulant in cosmetic aerosol (spray) Teflon, a type of heat-resistant plastic that is widely used in machine tools

CaSIO3(s) + 8 Hf(aq)

Chlorine

Cl2 gas have disinfectant properties, so it is often passed on the pool water to destroy harmful germs. Cl2 gas can appeal tin from cans, formed SnCl4 then reduced to pure tin. HCl, used to clean metal surfaces as well as for extracting certain metals from ore. NaCl, used as table salt and as a raw material in various types of chemical industry. KCl as plants muck NH4Cl, battery charger electrolyte

NaClO, oxidize pigment so it is used as a bleach substance for fabrics and paper. Kalium chloart, firecrackers and matches materials Chloride zinc (ZnCl2), soldering materials Hypochlorite calcium (CaCOCl)2 abbreviated as chlorine, killing bacteria in tap water Bromine NaBr, nerve sedative substance AgBr, suspended in gelatin for use as a photographic film Bromide metal (CH3Br), a mixture of firefighters material substance Dibromida etilen (C2H4Br2), which is often added to gasoline, so that Pb compounds in gasoline is converted into PbBr2, so Pb metal does not settle in the cylinder I2 solution in alcohol is called tincture of iodine, medications to avoid wound infection Potassium iodate (KIO3) are added to table salt, so that our bodies get iodine Iodide silver (AgI), used in photographic film

Iodine

b. Impact

The use of Freon can damage the ozone Bromine is precisely ethyl bromide adversely affect air pollution because when bromide is an additive that is mixed on leaded gasoline that is not attached to the piston, so that the lead can easily turn into PbBr2 volatile and out together with the exhaust gases that would pollute the air. C-Cl bond in the high atmosphere will be disconnected and produces chlorine free radicals. These radicals that damage the ozone

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Purba,Michael.2006.Kimia 3A.Jakarta:Penerbit Erlangga Krisbiyantoro,Adi.2008.Panduan Kimia Praktis SMA.Jakarta:Pustaka Widyatama www.pustekkom.com www.id.wikipedia.com www.google.com www.e-dukasi.net http://damayuda.blogspot.com/2010/12/bromin-br2.html http://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_464/Flash/halogen http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/astatin/