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Marko Milosavljevi, Ph.d., is an associate professor and chair of the Department for Journalism at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana. Igor Vobi is a teaching assistant at the Department for Journalism and a young researcher at SocialCommunication Research Center at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana.
1. Introduction [top]
Index
1. Introduction 2. Traditional Media 2.1 Print Media 2.2 Radio 2.3 Television 2.4 Cinema 2.5 Telecommunications 2.6 Sources 3. New Media 3.1 Online 3.2 Digital media 3.3 Sources 4. Media organisations 4.1 News agencies 4.2 Trade unions 4.3 Other media outlets 4.4 Sources 5. National media policies 5.1 Media legislation 5.2 Accountability systems 5.3 Regulatory authority 5.4 Sources 6. Media resources 6.1 Learning and support 6.2 Prime sources for detailed information 6.3 Sources 7. Conclusions 7.1 Development trends 7.2 References 7.3 Contact
The media situation in Slovenia is rather specific due to the entangled social, economic, legal and political circumstances of the past two decades. Slovenia was part of former Yugoslavia until the declaration of independence in 1991, date of the transition from socialism to a Western-type democracy, with a profound impact on the relationships between media, state, economy and civil society. Slovenia is now a member of the European Union and was the first of the 10 new member states to take over the presidency of the European Union in the first half of 2008. From 1991 to 2008 GDP per capita tripled last year Slovenia with a population of 2.0 million had a GDP per capita of 18,196 euro and a GDP growth rate of 2.4 percent. Economic growth and other peculiar paradoxes, deriving from economic and political restructuring of the former socialist society, affect print, broadcast and online media, in terms of ownership, political control, functions in the society and the role of journalism in the public sphere. After the establishment of parliamentary democracy and market economy, many media companies are regardless to the completed privatisation process directly and indirectly owned and controlled by the state. Media legislation is thorough and restrictive, but media concentration is high and regulatory bodies do not have the autonomy necessary to implement it. Media ownership changes rapidly, bringing uneasiness on the media market and making the media landscape difficult to map and interpret. There are currently 1396 media outlets registered in Slovenia. Gross value of the advertising pie in Slovenian media in 2008 was 522.5 million euro, 15 percent higher than in 2007. More than half of the advertising income goes to television (55 percent), print media share of advertising pie is 30.2 percent, while outdoor media (7.1 percent), radio stations (4.4 percent), and online media (3.5 percent) together get approximately 15 percent of the pie. Among the top five media companies according to turnover, there are three print media (Delo, Dnevnik and Veer) and two broadcast media (public service broadcaster Radiotelevizija Slovenija, Radiotelevision Slovenia or RTV Slovenia), and a commercial broadcaster (Pro Plus), all of which have a narrow international role. RTV Slovenia is at the top of the list with a turnover of 124.7 million euro, 62.6 percent of which come from subscription fees paid by radio or television owners, as defined in the Zakon o Radioteleviziji Slovenija (Law on RTV Slovenia). It is followed by commercial broadcaster Pro Plus, which produces television programs Pop TV and Kanal A, with a turnover of 51.1 million euro, a large majority of which comes from advertising. Among the top five media companies according to turnover they all have their online versions are also three print media companies: Delo (60.4 million), Dnevnik (36.9 million) and Veer (18.7 million). Approximately half of Delo and Veer turnover derives from advertising, while at Dnevnik advertising represents a third of the turnover. International activities of mentioned media companies are slim or even none. Through the prism of daily media reach, the print media are on top of the list together with their online editions the reach of the press is 89 percent. They are followed by radio and television: every day approximately two thirds of the Slovenian population use their TV-sets and listen to radio, an average individual watches television programs and listens to radio for approximately three hours. The percentage of people accessing the Internet during an average day has risen from 9 percent to 66 percent in the 2000s, an average individual surfs the Internet for a quarter of an hour and more than half of regular Internet users access the Internet more than once a day. It seems transformations of media legislature and changes in Slovenian media, ownership and editorial policy, reflect changes of government. After 14 years of coalitions where the party Liberalna Demokracija Slovenije (Liberal Democracy of Slovenia) (LDS) played a main role, in 2004 a new government was formed after Slovenska Demokratska Stranka (Slovenian Democratic Party) (SDS) won the parliamentary elections and set a ruling coalition of right-wing parties for the first time since 1992. This has brought alterations in media regulation that have coincided with changes in media ownership and further strengthening of the state's role in Slovenian media system. In 2008 Socialni Demokrati (Social Democrats) (SD) won the parliamentary elections and formed a left-wing government that has announced reconsideration and changes of present media laws and media regulation system in
Country factbox
Capital city Population Country Area Language Ethnicity Ljubljana 2,053,355 (2009 est.) 20,273 km2 (153rd) 7,827 sq mi Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 5% (2002) Slovene 93.1%, Croat 1.8%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2001) Catholic 58% Orthodox 2%, other Christian 1%, Islam 2%, none 10%
Religions
Government Parliamentary republic EU accession Internet country code Internet users 1 May 2004 .si
Telephones 857,100 (2007) country - main lines comparison to the world: 84 in use Telephones - mobiles Calling code Radio broadcast stations Television broadcast stations 1.928 million (2007) country comparison to the world: 113 386 AM 10, FM 230, shortwave 0 (2006) 31 (2006)
Slovenia. A draft law on Public Broadcasting is expected, and should be followed by a Mass Media Law.
stations
Countries
Algeria Armenia Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Norway Palestine Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland The Netherlands Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom
Another significant part of the media market and the public sphere are political magazines. Mladina has been the most influential Slovenian political magazine since mid 1980s. It represented a critical tribune in a time of profound political, economic and cultural changes in Slovenia, just before the disintegration of Yugoslavia and immediately after it. In the 1990s the leftist weekly Mladina faced market competition with the rightist political weekly magazine Mag. In 2006, in a time of right-wing government and of turbulent dynamics in the media market, the media company Delo bought Mag, which had changed status on the market and saw its readership start to decrease rapidly. Changes in Delo were continuously reflected in the editorial policy of Mag, resulting in becoming a declared center political weekly magazine in 2008 with a readership of 36,000 and turning in a supplement to daily Delo in 2009. In May 2008 the new rightist political magazine Reporter was published for the first time. Reporter is produced by some of the former editors and journalists of Mag and has by 16,000 readers. Mladina has a readership of 64,000. As mentioned earlier, there were no foreign investors present on the Slovenian newspaper market in the 1990s. This changed in 2000s when Swedish media corporation Bonnier AG and its partner Dagens Industri invested approximately 3 million euro in the re-launch of the newspaper Finance. Styria Verlag from Austria bought more than 25 percent of the Ljubljana daily Dnevnik, and from 2003 to 2007 they published the free weekly urnal, which is since 2007 the Sunday edition of Styrias free daily newspaper urnal24. Another foreign investor in the Slovenian media market is Leykam, an Austrian publishing house publishing the free newspaper Dober Dan across the country every week. Some other foreign companies are present on the magazine market, for instance Burda. Its company Adria media publishes a number of Slovenian versions of foreign titles, such as Playboy, Elle, Lisa and Mens Health, as well as the successful weekly tabloid Nova with a readership of 99,000. The main publisher of magazines in Slovenia remains Delo Revije with a number of highly-read tabloid magazines, such as Lady, Jana, Obrazi, Anja, Smrklja, Eva, Modna Jana, Ambient and Stop, which are together read by 748,000 people in Slovenia. Furthermore, there are a number of licensed Slovenian editions of foreign titles published by different local media companies, such as mens magazine FHM (48,000 readers), general National Geographic (154,000 readers) that was launched in April 2006; and Readers Digest (78,000 readers), launched in March 2006. Because of the small language market, Slovenian publishers have been traditionally struggling to achieve positive financial results and economic success. During the 1990s there has been a slight but continuous growth in book sales, in 1998 publishers reached an income of 89.1 million euro, the biggest in history. However, this was followed by a dramatic decline in 2000, when their income was the lowest in ten years (80.7 million euro), with one of the lowest book sales records in Europe. During the 2000s the Slovenian book publishing has been in crisis, deriving from lack of availability of books in smaller towns and villages, where 60 percent of the population lives, and also from the high state taxation. Although reading of books in Slovenia is comparable with other European countries and borrowing books from libraries has doubled during the transition from the 1990s to 2000s, the state has done little with its policies to promote reading and book buying. However, in mid 2000s print media companies, such as Delo and Dnevnik, have started to sell famous works of domestic and foreign authors together with their daily newspapers and trying to attract readers with sensibly lower prices than those in the bookstores of the biggest publishers Mladinska knjiga and DZS.
Church. Public radio stations have an important advantage regarding reach. Radio Slovenija reaches 2 more than 250,000 people every day, followed by Radio Slovenija 1 with a daily reach of about 200,000 people,at the same time, Infonet, a network of 30 radio stations, has according to its own estimates, a daily reach of about 430,000. It seems that among the broadcasting media, precisely radio stations have never really recovered from the consequences of privatization and lack of strategy in Slovenian media system. No foreign investor is present in Slovenian radio broadcasting at the moment, while a number of stations are owned by the same or connected companies or persons. At the same time, allocation of broadcast licenses was mostly based on personal relations rather than on preset criteria. In the last decade the number of radio stations has been growing rapidly, despite the fact that small commercial radio stations could hardly survive unless they joined in a radio network. Moreover, setting up these networks was not based on any clear strategy and was not subjected to supervision or regulation. According to Article 83 of the Mass Media Act, radio and television broadcasters can form a network, if each member broadcasts only within the area for which its license was issued, produces at least two hours in-house programming per day, and acquires approval from the APEK if its programming has changed as a consequence of networking. There are six radio groups in Slovenia, but only one can be regarded as a network. The Infonet network entered in the media registry in 2002 and includes 30 radio stations, 15 of those are connected through ownership, others are regarded as associate members. They share the technical service department, musical section, program and advertising production sections, legal service and promotion departments. Infonet member stations are linked in several ways: through programming, advertising and ownership, all of which can influence the programming concepts on the basis of which these radio stations acquired broadcasting licenses. In the year of its establishment the Ministry for Culture did not check if Infonet fulfilled the requirements set down by Mass Media Act. The statement of the broadcaster itself that the network fulfilled the above mentioned requirements was taken as sufficient. In accordance with Article 59 of the Mass Media Act, owners can be involved in either radio or television broadcasting, but not in both. The owner of a radio or television channel can control up to 20 percent of a daily newspaper and vice-versa, as set in Article 56 of the mentioned document. There are no limits regarding cross-media ownership of magazines and radio or television channels. Advertising agencies cannot own or control more than 20 percent of a radio or television channel. Telecommunications companies cannot own a radio or television channel. Therefore, the biggest commercial broadcaster Pro Plus was trying to get a radio frequency for years, but unsuccessfully. In the early 2000s Pro Plus entered the radio market with the project 24ur radijske novice and started producing news programs for 16 radio stations. Due to un-achieved economic and financial goals it stopped airing in January 2004.
affiliates of the transnational channels. Other commercial stations are less important, both in terms of their role in the public sphere and on the media market. They mostly produce cheap in-house shows, talk shows and music shows, and have a small audience share (less than 1 percent). Regarding television programs of special significance, which are broadcast by 12 regional and local television stations, similar conclusions can be drawn. These non-profit, local, regional and student programs are regarded as important through the prism of public interest, however, they have not yet spurred a broad public debate nationally, regionally or locally. The broadcasting sector is saturated, with a vast number of electronic media outlets competing for a limited amount of advertising revenue. Probably there are too many television and radio stations for such a small country, resulting in small advertising revenues for most of them. This situation causes both a lowering of the program quality and frequent breaches of the Mass Media Act, particularly when it comes to covert advertising. At the same time, the transparency of the media market is inadequate. Most problematic are the opaque ownership situation of many outlets and the non-transparent structure of the advertising market. This is the main reason why there is no official data on the advertising revenue of Slovenian media. Slovenian television stations, both public and commercial, find it problematic to adhere to the obligations determined in the European Union Television without Frontiers Directive. The first problem is that of meeting Slovenian quotas, especially when it comes to domestic audiovisual works, which are in relatively short supply. Slovenia is a small country and the Slovenian language is little used outside the country's borders, meaning that there can be few benefits from scale economy. Slovenian production is much more expensive than programs bought from the USA, Latin America or the rest of the European Union. To adhere to European Union quotas, most television stations rely on cheap formats, such as talk shows, studio interviews and music videos. The European Union Television without Frontiers Directive is to a certain extent, mirrored in Article 92 of the Mass Media Act, which lists the following requirements for RTV Slovenia: TV SLO 1 and TV SLO 2 have to reserve at least 25 percent of their annual airtime to programs produced in Slovenia. The public service broadcasters must reserve 10 percent of their schedule to programs by independent producers. European audiovisual production must account for the majority of airtime of annual public service broadcasting. Commercial broadcasters in Slovenia have almost no public service obligations. They do not have to broadcast news, current affairs, education programs, documentaries, or religious programs. Since law does not oblige them to broadcast programs for minorities in their own languages, or to provide any airtime for other social groups, they do not broadcast such content. In 2007 Slovenia got the first digital terrestrial television (DTT) multiplex as a result of a few-yearslong process of adopting national strategy of digital switch over, and followed by the decision for MPEG-4. DTT multiplex is operated by the public broadcaster RTV Slovenija. Despite using the coding standard which allows transmitting eight channels within the same frequency channel, it offers only three national television channels and two regional television channels. In the first year the first national DTT network reached coverage of around 60 percent of the Slovenian population. However, there is still no data on the Slovenian DTT penetration and, as APEK acknowledges: We probably wouldnt miss too much if wed dare to say that it is around zero. According to APEK the public awareness of the coming switch off date (31 December, 2010) is still low. The set-top boxes, suitable for the Slovenian viewers, have only recently appeared in Slovenian stores. Previously, there were no MPEG-4 set-top boxes available, and some retailers promoted those for MPEG-2 as a way to digital television. Viewers, especially those leaving near the border, were buying MPEG-2 decoders in order to watch the over-spilled Austrian, Italian, or Croatian digital television channels. This raised concerns that the growing penetration of MPEG-2 decoders could impede the adoption of more expensive MPEG-4 set-top boxes. Concerns derived from the fact that neighboring countries all adopted MPEG-2 and were ahead of Slovenia regarding the digital switch over process. In order to speed up the digital switch over process, APEK requested RTV Slovenia to reserve a part of the multiplex for the most popular Slovenian commercial television channels. The negotiation process ended with a decision on temporary division of the multiplex. At the end of 2007 APEK closed the public tender for digital program licenses and gave POP TV, Kanal A and TV3 the rights for digital terrestrial transmission. All television partners involved have been negotiating on the price of the operators service. According to APEK their positions seem to be strikingly different: The commercial channels point to long duration of the simulcasting period and claim that the prices are so high, that they would cause their financial exhaustion. In August 2007 APEK released an international appeal aimed at scanning interest in frequencies for the second national multiplex. APEK believed that the operators, who would invest in the establishment of the second national DTT network, would be more capable of finding appealing content choice that would pay off their effort. APEK was pleased to see that four operators, two domestic and two foreign, were interested in acquiring the right to set up and manage the second national multiplex. Zakon o digitalni radiodifuziji (Digital Broadcasting Act) came into force at the end of 2007 and gave APEK green light to prepare the public tender for assignment of radio frequencies for the DTT network. The APEK study of acts regulating digital broadcasting (Digital Broadcasting Act, Zakon o elektronskih komunikacijah (Electronic Communications Act) and Mass Media Act) showed that there was not enough legal certainty to carry out the initial plan. Moreover, there are no official assessments on how much finances the Slovenian broadcasters will have to spend for reconstructing their infrastructure, in order to switch from analogue to digital. APEK estimates that the price for the national DTT network and multiplex services will be around 300,000 euro per television channel annually, which is an expense that an average Slovenian television broadcaster can hardly afford to pay in the transition period. According to APEK research, although the transition to digital broadcasting will have an effect on all TV broadcasters that are relying on terrestrial transmission, the process could be harmful for the small broadcasters in parts of the country where no alternative platforms are available. Local and regional
television channels that are recognized by the Ministry for Culture as programs of special significance were exempted from the payment of transmission costs in the analogue terrestrial scheme, however, but no payment relief is foreseen in the DTT model. Recent events show that even the biggest Slovenian television broadcasters are hardly capable of handling double transmission costs during the transitional period. This puts the planned establishment of the second national multiplex under a question mark. In Slovenia the time needed to convert the households relying on the analogue terrestrial television platform should be shorter than in countries with a high number of terrestrial households. However, the transition from analogue to digital reception of television channels should not be the only goal of the digital switch over process. By determining MPEG-4 for the obligatory audio and video compression standard, Slovenia decided both for more efficient use of spectrum and for a wider range and diversity of high quality services. APEK stresses that Slovenia will not be able to switch over without cooperation of public service broadcaster RTV Slovenia and of the big commercial broadcasters, and will not do it successfully unless the role of the local and regional television stations will be safeguarded. Policy makers should think of the ways of helping all broadcasters to be actively involved in the digital switch over process without taking too big risks. Transition to digital broadcasting should offer the broadcasters new business opportunities and give the viewers more choice of content and services.
generation offer transmission of video, quality sound, and quick access to information and news. Therefore, mobile telephones could in the near future together with online media outlets become a serious competition to newspapers and news programs on television and radio. This was also reflected in the European Commission March 2007 proposal to modernize Europes Television without Frontiers Directive adopted in 1989 and amended in 1997. The proposal derived from concerns regarding regulation and other issues in the context of the emerging digital framework and audiovisual services (video on demand, mobile television, audiovisual services on digital television etc.). Moreover, the mentioned media companies also offer online news and other content for mobile telephone subscribers. The two largest mobile telecommunications operators Mobitel and Si.Mobil have recently widened their offer of digital content (news, entertainment, interactive games etc.) on their platforms Planet and Vodafone live. Public service broadcaster RTV Slovenia and the biggest commercial broadcaster Pro Plus offer a wide variety of content on the platforms available. It is produced by special sectors within the editorial boards and other production units which are strongly connected with the primary production. In Slovenia convergence is regarded as a future necessity by important actors in the media and electronic communications in general. Despite a progress in recent years, the state of convergence in Slovenia is still at the outset. The main pillars of convergence have been built on four interconnected levels: a technological level (mainly due to digitalising of broadcasting, IT and telecommunications networks), a structural level (as a consequence of corporate alliances across different sectors), a content level (more profound, broad and easily accessible content), and a market level (as a response to convergence on first three levels). Through the prism of convergence, the key issue that regulators both Slovenian and European need to address now is that rules devised for one-to-many communication are being rendered obsolete by the shift to one-to-one services. Moreover, the blurring lines between traditional electronic media, household gadgets and computers, hard-to-define activities and services of corporate actors, and the vanishing borders between markets, present serious problems for Slovenian regulators and in the legislature framing the further regulatory structure in Slovenia and Europe.
number of UMTS subscribers is in constant growth. The main regulatory body regarding online media is APEK, which is responsible for implementation of the Law on Electronic Communications that was changed in 2007. APEK's mission is to regulate the electronic communications market in order to ensure competitiveness, and thus make it possible to choose high-quality, modern and affordable services. However, online media have been pretty much deregulated this falls into the question for an approach with provisions from migrating from existing regulatory frameworks to an efficient future unified regime covering the wider communications and information industries. The website with the highest number of visitors per month is Google.com (more than 893,000 different visitors; a reach of 84 percent), the most visited domestic website is Slovenian search engine Najdi.si with a reach of 75 percent. They are followed by POP TV and Kanal A, online newspaper 24ur.com (monthly reach of 60percent), Microsoft (MSN.com, Hotmail.com and Microsoft.com) (53 percent), online store Bolha.si (44 percent), Yahoo! (38 percent), Youtube (38 percent), RTV Slovenija (38 percent) and others. The reach of above mentioned Slovenian dailies (Delo.si, Dnevnik.si, Vecer.com, Finance-on.net) is between 12 percent and 18 percent.
Trade unions Association of Journalists and Publicists (ZNP) Association of Sports Journalists (DNS) Slovenian Union of Journalists (Sindikat novinarjev Slovenije) Slovenian Association of Journalists (Smuarsko drutvo Novinar)
credibility of public broadcaster, particularly television, fell as well as its popularity and ratings. According to the left-wing government formed after parliamentary elections in 2008, further changes to Law on RTV Slovenia are going to be adopted in 2010.
Listener and Viewer Ombudsman of RTV Slovenia Mass Media Act: Ministry of Culture
7. Conclusions [top]
Slovenian media environment thus faces contemporary global issues in a specific local context, grounded on the uneasy relationship between state, civil society and media, still reflecting the transformation of the society after the adoption of Western-type emocracy and market economy two decades ago. Then normative grounding of media and journalism and their roles in the public sphere changed, power relations in media environment were shaken and the media market refined, and the ways media practitioners do their work was affected by the increasingly individualized and flexible labour relations within the Slovenian media arena. Since then Slovenian media have been lacking a sense of security, affording no reassurance and acting awkwardly in the prospect of further change, making development trends and dynamics hard to identify and map. In particular, the Slovenian newspaper market is considered to have reached a level of saturation, and it is, therefore, rather unlikely that new actors within the print media arena will try to enter the stage in this time of economic and financial turbulence on the glocal media markets. Despite the period of economic risk some important print media organisations (i.e. Delo, Dnevnik and urnal media) have decided to make big investments into the re-organisation of production environments and restructuring of media work in coming years, trying to optimize human resources, rationalize the production process over both media platforms and enhance synergy effects between outlets, but still cultivate a heterogeneous newsroom culture, nurture the specifics of print and online publications and (re)develop content diversity. This dynamism could bring hard-to-predict simultaneous changes within the print media and the digital media arena, which could together influence broadcasters, foremost RTV Slovenia and Pro Plus, and their activities online in terms of restructuring production and redeveloping of their content. Further, upcoming transition to digital broadcasting could offer the broadcasters new business opportunities and give viewers more choice of content and services. At the same time, however, policy makers should think of ways of helping all the broadcasters to be actively involved in the digital switch over process without taking too big risks. Media legislature is facing turbulent times, primarily because the left-wing government has started the process of revision of the Mass Media Act, refining for example the right for correction and the procedures of annual financing for radio and television programs of special significance, and of the Law on RTV Slovenia, changing for instance the formation and functions of the Programming Council. Further transformations of dynamics in the media environment are thus likely, but hard to foresee, foremost because changes of media ownership are continuous and often non-transparent, and because traditional media organisations are in desperate search of a new economic model, which would compensate the fall-out of revenue, resulting from declining circulation and readership, and at the same time it could reorient current processes in the media arena, consequences of which could be especially harsh in the prospect of future developments of glocal financial and economic crisis.
the digital age : strategies and opportunities in five South-East European countries. Sarajevo: Mediacentar, 2008, p. 39-97 Milosavljevi, Marko. Medien in Slowenien. In: Huber, Silvia (ed.). Medien in den neuen EU-Staaten Mittel- und Osteuropas : inklusive Beitrittskandidat Trkei, (Schriftenreihe Telekommunikaton, Information und Medien, Band 19). [Krems a. d. Donau]: [Donau-Universitt Krems], 2006, p. 131150 Milosavljevi, Marko. The consequences of the digital broadcasting for content production. Medijska istra., 2009, .No. 1, p. 43-59. Oblak rni, Tanja: "Spletno novinarstvo skozi optiko novinarjev", Druboslovne razprave 23 (2007), 54, pp. 4364. Oblak, Tanja, Gregor Petri: "Splet kot medij in mediji na spletu". Ljubljana: Zaloba FDV, 2005. Poler Kovai, Melita: "Ethics and Professionalization of Slovene Journalism." Javnost/The Public 3(1996), 4, pp. 107-121 Razvid medijev (PDF) - Ministry for Culture of Republic of Slovenia, 5 October, 2009. "Regulating Digital TV in the Slovenian Media Market Frame", Agency for Post Services and Electronic Communications of the Republic of Slovenia, 2008. This part of the text is written mostly on the basis of respective APEK document. Setinek, Irena: "Recesija in oglaevanje v Sloveniji", Marketing Magazin, January 2009. "Share of all viewers from 07:00 to 24:00", Media Services AGB Research on 2005, Ljubljana, 2005. Slovenian Union of Journalists, 8 October 2009. Slovensko zalonitvo v krizi - Finance.si -7 October, 2002. 5 October, 2009. Spletna obiskanost 2007, RIS, Fakulteta za drubene vede, 2008. 7 October, 2009. Spletna stran Kolosej, 15 January, 2010. Spletna stran Planet Tu, 15 January, 2010. Splichal, Slavko: "Media Beyond Socialism: Theory and Practice in East-Central Europe". Oxford: Westview Press, 1994. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia, Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 14 January, 2010. Statut novinarjev Slovenije - Slovenian Association of Journalists, 2006. 8 October, 2009. Statut Zdruenja novinarjev in publicistov - Association of Journalists and Publicists. 8 October, 2009. uligoj, Boris: "Na Obali e tudij za bodoe novinarje", Delo, 31 January, 2008, p. 4. Survey and Case Study of Atypical Work in the Media Industry, International Federation of Journalists, 2006, available at: , 7 October, 2009. Uporaba Interneta v Sloveniji RIS 2007 (PDF), RIS, Fakulteta za drubene vede, 2008. 7 October, 2009. Vobi, Igor: Medosebna interaktivnost redkost v slovenskem spletnem novinarstvu, Medijska prea, December 2008, available at: , 7 October, 2009. Vobi, Igor: Newsroom Convergence in Slovenia: Newswork Environments of the Media organisations Delo and urnal Media, Medijska istraivanja 15 (2009), 1, pp. 526. 7 October, 2009. Volanek, Mitja, Ale Kocjan: "Lah za STA: Ni bojazni, da bi sprostitev visokega olstva odpihnila stare univerze (intervju) ", STA, 12 February, 2009. Zaenja se POP AKADEMIJA, Pro Plus, 14 January, 2010. Website of Ethics Commision for Journalists, 27 October 2009.
Teaching Assistant in Journalism Studies Department for Journalism Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana Kardeljeva pload 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Tel: +38615805234 E-mail: igor.vobic@fdv.uni-lj.si
Marko Milosavljevi
Ph.d., Head of Journalism Department and Associate Professor in Journalism Studies Department for Journalism Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana Kardeljeva pload 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Tel: +38615805253 E-mail: marko.milosavljevic@fdv.uni-lj.si
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