ERGONOMICS AND PSYCHOLOGY

Individual differences
Plato stated more than 2000 years ago:

PERSONALITY -IntroductionSOS JULINNA SOOSJ@ERG.BME.HU

No two persons are born exactly alike; but each differs from the other in natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation and the other for another.
Range of psychological attributes
Measure study

Explaining and predicting behavior and performance

DEFINITIONS OF PERSONALITY
Lay usage of the term "personality":
She has a wonderful personality. He has no personality. Hes a real personality.

DEFINITIONS OF PERSONALITY
Personality is a dynamic organisation of psychophysical systems that create a persons characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings. "Those characteristics that account for consistent patterns of behaviour."

Personality comes from the Greek word "persona", meaning "mask "I" is for personality The word I is what defined you as an individual, as a person separate from all others I am.

CONTENT OF PERSONALITY
Personality=an individual personal identity, assumed roles
Peripherical components: limited and subject to change Central components: core identity, more enduring, characterstic Stability and consistency: less agree about which component of personality are consistent and enduring

TRAITS
consistently found dimensions of thinking, behavior and feeling allow individuals to be placed in a continuum with respect to different traits (e.g, introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability) A trait is a temporally stable, crosssituational individual difference.

TYPES
categoric descriptions of characteristic patterns of thinking, behavior and feeling e.g., (Type A personality vs. Type B personality)
Category Character Discontinuous discrete, qualitative Continuous, degree, Quantitativeamount of characteristics Number

PERSONALITY TYPE APPROACH 1 THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS

Character Irritable
Few

Temperament Choleric Melancholic Sanguine Phlegmatic

Fluid yellow bile black bile Blood Phlegm

Corresponding Trait in the Big 5 Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness to experience Neuroticism

Types

Depressed
Traits Many

Optimistic Calm

PERSONALITY TYPE APPROACH 2. SOMATOTYPES

Sheldon's Somatotype Endomorph [viscerotonic] Mesomorph [somatotonic] Ectomorph [cerebrotonic] Character relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfortloving, peaceful active, assertive, vigorous, combative quiet, fragile, restrained, nonassertive, sensitive Shape Picture

PERSONALITY TYPE APPROACH 3.JUNGIAN TYPES

Functions: Orientation: Extroversion (E) --- Introversion (I) Do you recharge your energy via external contact & activity (Extroversion) or spending time in your inner space (Introversion)? Perceptive: Intuition (N) --- Sensing (S) Do you rely on your inner voice (Intuition) or observation (Sensing)? Judgmental: Thinking (T) --- Feeling (F) When making decisions, what do you rely most on? Your thoughts or your feelings?
8 basic personality types:

plump, buxom

muscular

lean, delicate, poor muscles

Introverted Thinker -- Extraverted Thinker Introverted Feeler -- Extraverted Feeler Introverted Sensor -- Extraverted Sensor Introverted Intuitor -- Extraverted Intuitor

Rating 1= very low, -7 = very high, e.g. stereotyipical basketballer 1-2-7

PERSONALITY TYPE APPROACH 4. MYERS-BRIGGS

A person has: primary and second choice auxiliary introvert (I) or extravert (E); sensing (S) or intuition (N); thinking (T) or feeling (F); and two choices as to which function is used in the outer world, judgment (J) -tend to set schedules and organize your life-, or perception (P)- tend to leave the options open and see what happensISFJ ISTJ INFJ INTJ Hence there are ISFP ISTP INFP INTP 2x2x2x2=16 different MBTI ESTJ ENFJ ENTJ personality types, as shown ESFJ in this chart: ESFP ESTP ENFP ENTP

PERSONALITY TYPE APPROACH 5. TYPE A, TYPE B

Type A: Type B:

hard workers often preoccupied with schedules and the speed of their performance always busy somewhat impatient they are always "looking for a better way" work-aholic, Risk of heart disease is greater

are laid back easy going more creative, imaginative, are better at relaxing without feeling guilty and working without becoming anxious or agitated. being more relaxed about time (they don't get overly stressed about being late), and are not easily angered.

PERSONALITY TYPE APPROACH PRACTICAL APPLICATION - LIMITATIONS

Guides to description, Guide to explanation
Deal with different situations Why certain areas in life come easily Identifying causes make sence of sth.

PERSONALITY TRAIT APPROACH: THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS

Self- and peer reports on personality relevant adjectives 5 superordinate factors
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) Extraversion (Introversion) Openness to experience (Closedness to experiences) Agreeableness (Disagreeableness) Conscientiousness (Lack of conscientiousness)

Guides to prediction Guide to change, improvement

Tool for discovery- rather than a method for putting peaple into boxes

Overlooks the multidimensional, contiuous nature of personality traits

Factors
NeuroticimEmotional instability Extraversion

Description
A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, deperession, or vulnerability Energy, positive emotions, the tendency to seek simulation and the company of others Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, and curiosity Agreebleness A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others Control of impulse, a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behaviour

DISPOSITIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON PERSONALITY

Emphasizes:
qualities that people carry around with them, that are somehow part of them a persons inherent qualities of mind and character

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Two major, underlying assumptions 1. STABILITY of personality: People display consistency in their actions, thoughts, and feelings BETWEEN situations and OVER time. 2. DIFFERENCES between people: The composition of dispositions varies from person to person.

SITUATIONAL APPROACH OF PERSONALITY

Behavior may be explained by understanding not only the personality, but the environment and circumstances. The extent to which behavior arises from the:
dynamics of the situation

INTERACTIONISM
Behaviour = personality x interpretation of the situation Some individuals show more consistent behavior Traits may only emerge in some situations; Personality is a strong predictor of behavior across all situations, but is not a strong predictor at a specific time, situation; People display their traits by all that they do, including choice of situations.

inherent characteristics of the person themselves

A RANT FOR INTEGRATION

After splitting a subject up into pieces, the real test of understanding comes in putting things back together - comparing and contrasting is an important part of summarizing, but integrating is the real task. Budhits parable about the blind men. There is no need to choose a single lens for psychology when we can enjoy a kaleidoscope of perspectives. Develop your own personality theory

MULTIPLICITY
Explore multiple aspects of self
unitary sense of self is a defence against the plurality of consciousness why not explore the labyrinth, since we are all serving a lifetime in the dungeon of self

The Dice man- give other aspects of self a chance to be expressed