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60  400   -3
44  10m/sec 


  x = 2 t2 + 20t -4
. 
 112
(X3= 30 m , t = 4 sec )

 -5
34 4 112
 
.
2
(a = 4m/sec Vo = 20 m/sec )

 @ PJ @b@l  @  -6
.   
(1 mile = 5280 ft)
(5280 ft/min 88 ft /sec26.8 m/sec)
. 72km/h -7
   6sec  . @
@ 
 

(a = 3.33m / sec2 , x = 60 m )
@ 120m/sec  -8
@ @@l 0.9 m
.  .
(a = -8000 m / sec2 . t =0.015 Sec)

 4m/sec2  _9
  


. 

(X4 = 18 m )
 80 km/h 

2
  -10
3

   60 km/h 

(Vm = 72 km/h )
 10   - 11
 20  2m/sec2  
 
 10 
  
.
(x = 600 m)

 l  -12

 6   1,8
  


( Vm = 3105m/sec 10-3)
 -13
 72km/h 2 
:
  -b
 -a
. 10m/sec -C
a

1
m / sec 2 .x 1200m
2

60 sec

  -14
.  14.7
g -a
.  -b

(g= 9.8 m / sec2 , V= 19.6m/sec )

 . () -15
  5.36

secq

. 340m /sec 

(g= 9.8 m /sec2 )
( 122.5m )

  6m/sec -16

 
 

( g = 9.81 m /sec2)

(t= 1.22 sec , h= 1.83m)
   _17
   

200 m / sec 

. g= 10 m/sec2f
    -a
 -b
( h = 2000m t = 20 Sec V= -200 m /sec )
 40m/sec    A -18
@ 5 .@@ 
 50 m/sec

 .@   A 

 
(54.7 m )
  10   -19
. 21 m/sec
    -a

(g = 9.8m/sec2)  -b

(t

1
Sec, x
0.7

30m v 14m / sec )

30    -20
100   150 m/sec
   @@
 .@@


 200 m/sec @ -21

:  45
. g = 9.8m/sec2
  -a
.  -b
  -c
 -d
  -e


Dynamics 

(2-1)
 
.  
 
    
.
.   
 ( Axioms ) 
 .
 .

.

(2-2)
@ @ @f

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.

 :1
 
 
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( 2-1)

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: _2
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.

 
 
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.

(-)

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@ 
 f 
 F  . 
 
a  
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m   f
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m.a......................(1)

@   f (1)
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.

(-)

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: -1
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p f
p f

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(-)

( 2-6)

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@f  .  f
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  (2-5)
@  f 
 
  @@@@ .
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   a1 , a 2 , a3 .........a n
 
: 
F1
a1

F2
a2

F3
a3

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Fn
an

p
g

const

@ P @ @ 

g . 
@ 

p
 b
g

: .  

F1
a1

F2
a2

F3
a3

..............

Fn
an

p
g

P m g .........................2

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 @f  
 @f   .
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 @ @@   @@
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  f 
(2) 
@  f   
:  
@ @  -1
@@ 
.

p m.g
p| m
p1 p 2
g
p 2 m2 .g
p1 m1 .g
m1 m2
    -2
.  

P1
P2

m1 .g
m2 . g

p1 m1
.................................(3)
p 2 m2
@  
 l@@  @ f <@@l@@
 @ g  f m l 
  @@ 
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@ @f m  

@ @ @ @  @@
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@f 
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1
200

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.

mo

...............................(3)
V2
1 2
C
m   mo 
 C  V 
@ 3

108m/sec= 3

105km/sec


.

   (3)
 
   .

  

*

. 


 P

= m.g F = m.a

:

_
: C.G.S -
 (1gr) 
   ( dyne)
1cm/sec2 
: <
F= m . a
F = 1 gr 1cm/sec2=1gr cm/sec2=1 dyne

: C.G.S -  -
 1gr 
   1grf

 @  *
 
 @@f  

9
10

.

 981

cm/sec2 

.
 g

:l 981
P= m . g
P= 1 kg 9.81 m /sec2 = 9.81kgm/sec2=1kgF
1kgf = 9.81 N = 9.81 .105dyne = 981 . 103 dyne

cm
sec 2

: M.K.S -
 kgr 
    Newton

. 1m/sec2
:
F

ma

1kg 1 m

1N

1N
sec 2
10 5 dyne , 1dyne 10 5 N

: F.P.S -3
@ ( slug)   
f    . ( pound)
 1ft/sec2   @ 
. 
F= m.a
F= 1slug . 1ft / sec2 = 1 Lb

:( ) M.T.S _4
sn 

( ton )
  @ 

 @f    

. 1 m / sec2  
ma

F 1ton 1m

1000kg m

sec
1Sn 10 N 10 8 dyn
f    

sec

1000 N 10 8 dyn 1Sn

50kg

    : -

. g=9.78 m /sec2 f g=9.83m/sec2

:
m = 50 kg

l 

= 9.83 m/sec2


l 

P=?

= 9.78m/sec2



P= ?

 P = m .g
P = 50 kg 9.83 m / sec2 = 491.5 N
P = 50 kg 9.78 m / sec2 = 489 N

: -2
  1962kg 
 b 
  * .
: 72 km/h  10
@
 @f    *
.

@@f -a
.
  20 kgf @f -b
. 
:  :

72 u 1000 m
20m / sec
3600 Sec
 
 
V

72km / h

. 
t 10 sec
20 m
h
sec
m 1965kg
f ? 
f1 20kg f

72 km

 .       
F ma
:
F

at a

V
t

20m/ sec
10 sec

2m/ sec2

m.a 1962 Kg 2m/ sec2

3924 N

3924
kg
f
9.81

3924 N

400kg

   

. 
F-Ff =m.a
F- 20 kgf = 400 kgf
F= 400 kgf +20 kgf = 420 kgf = 4120.2N

 @f  2   : _3

@ 18  12m/sec

a . F= m.a

 :

:  a
Vo=12m/sec
V=0
X = 18 m
F=?
V2-Vo2= 2 a x
2 a x = -Vo2

: V= 0 f
a

 Vo 2
2x

 (12m / sec 2 )
2.18m
2

 144m 2 / sec 2
36

4m / sec 2

a= - 4 m / sec

. f a
F=m.a
F= 2kg .(-4m/sec2)= -8 N
F = - 8N

   @ f 
.
   1600  @ f : -4
. 240 @ 
: 90 ft/sec  
. :

m = 1600 slug
F = 2400 Lb
Vo= 90 ft /sec
X= ?

F
m

2400 Lb
1600slug

1.5 ft / sec 2

a 1.5 ft / sec 2

:  
V2-Vo2= 2ax
0 (90)2=2 (1.5)x = (8100)= 3x

x
x

8100
2700 ft
3
2700 ft


   
 @ f  @ . 
@f -2700 ft . 
.  2700

  (2-8)

 @  
 @ @ 
v 
@@  tg D  @ D 
.
 
 F @ f F= m . a
    .
 .@  f 
  @@f  P  @@
 PSinD  @@ @

. 
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( 2-7 )
. 
  @@ @@ @@f f1 PSinD 
F2= p cos D

 .

   b f
 f1. V@b N 
@     @ f
@f  .
 @f  @  
   @@@@ @@@@
.  a g sin D

m

(-)

:
mgSinD
a

m.a

PSinD

m.a

gSinD ........................(1)

 (1)

  
D

90 0  gSinD 

 a=g 
 .
 @ PSinD  F f

ma .

(2-8) .
PSinD

Ff

(2-8)

@  F    
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. F  ( PSinD  Ff ) m.a

Tension in a string l  (2-9)

(-)

 @f 
 (2-9) 
  
 .
 
. 2-9


 B 

.  
  A   F
     
  
@ f . 
  
 
  
.

  (2-10)


: -1
 m2 , m1 

 
(2-10) @ 
m1>m2

.
a  A

 B
.

(-)

.  T a

  

@f  @  A

.  l T A

 P1=

m1g

 A

 A f 
P

m1 g

= m1 g

  T

@f  (2-10) 

 A  >T

  F1 m1 g  T 
 . a  A
 (@) 
. 
F1 = m1 . a
M1 g T =m1.a (1)

 T  B  @  B 
 B 
. 
P2 = m2 . g

 A
 B 
  B 
@

T m2 g = F2

:  a

:
T  m2 g

m2 a........................(2)

:  T a 21

a

m1  m 2
.g........................(3)
m1  m2

2m1 .m2
.g..........................(4)
m1  m 2

 (4)
. f

 -2
:
@c m2 m1 f  B A
@@   (2-10) @@
 a  A .
 @ B 
.
 A @l T 
:
m1 g T = m1 . a (1)

@@@  B
  B 



@@ 
 




  @  <l

 .   
 B  B 
)  
 .(
  
:f
T = m2 . a (2)

: T A () (1)

T

m1 .m2
.g....................(4)
m1  m 2

m1 .g
...............(3)
m1  m 2

 @@  : -5
 1m @@ 49
 
)( 2-12) 
g = 9.8m / sec2 .(

(-)

h b xbl :
:fm

49m

h 1
 (-)
x 49
1
0. 2 m 2
a 9.8
sec
49
a 0. 2 m 2
sec
sin D

h 1m
g

9. 8 m

g sin D

sec 2

lblb
2

V2

2ax

2ax
V  V0
< V 0 :f
0
V

2ax

2 02 49

19.6 m sec

:
19.6 m sec

  1875 N  : -6

  @mf @ 45km/h  1200 kg
 8 .
 mf

:
Vo = 45 km/h= 12.5m/sec
m= 1200 kg
F 1875
F = 1875 N
a
1.5625m / sec 2
m 1200
T= 8 sec
V= ?
a 1.5625m / sec 2

at  Vo

1.56258  12.5 25m / sec

25m / sec

 4.8kg  5kg  : -7


. 

(g = 9.8 m /sec2)
:
m1

5kg

m2

4.8kg

9. 8 m

sec 2

m1  m2
g
m1  m2
0.2
5  4.8
9.8
9. 8 0. 2 m 2
sec
9.8
5  4. 8
2m1 m2
g
m1  m2
10 4.8
2. 5 4. 8
9.8
9. 8
9.8
5  4.8
48 N

48 N

:-8
200 N 

20 
. 36 km/h
. -a
 0.02   -b
 36 km/h 
.
(g = 10 m / sec2 )

: a
m 1ton 1000kg
Ff

at a

v
t

10
20

0.5 m

200 N

1
2

sec 2

20 sec
V 36 km
a

10 m

sec

0.5 m

sec 2

F
sin D

F  Ff

F  200 1000 u 0.5

0.02

F  ( P sin D  F f )
F  (mg sin D  F f )

ma
700 N

ma
ma

F  (1000 u 10 u 0.02  200) 1000 u 0

F  400 0
F

400 N

:
  -1
: 
. -b
. -a
. -d
 -c
: M .T . S  -2
 -d
 -c
-b
 -a

: -3
. -a
.  -c

. -b
. -d

: b c`
 -1
 ( )  (
)
. (
)
) (
) -2
. (
) (
 ()  -3
.(
) (
) 
 (
) -4
. (
) .
. ( ) (
) -5
) 
 @  -6
)(
) (
) SinD  (
. (

:
. () -1
.  -2
.  -3
   -4

. a g sin D  -5
 @@l  -6

.


 @  294kg -1
 72 km/h 
.
.  -a
. () -b
:
(49 N , 1200 m )
 1500 kg -2
  50 
. 

25
 36 km/h
100

. -a
@   -b
.
(a=1m/sec2 )

f=2000N

 294
 .

R=1500N

m/sec  30gr

)

 -3

1
. 
150

)  @ 
.(
:
(1323N )
 1662kg  -4
 50 kgf .
. 10 m / sec  50
.

 -b
 -a
 @@l -c

. 
 .  -d
 @  
( g = 9.81 m / sec 2 )
 F = 250 kgf  F = 50 kgf  x = 10 t ,t = 40 sec 
(a = 1m /sec2 )
@   @  @  1600
120

kg

 -5

  0.03  
:  N

   f  -a
 36 km/h
   -b
. (l)
 @f  200
 (g = 10 m / sec
( t1

80
Sec, x1
3


)

400
m,.t
3

8Sec )

 72 km/h f  50( ) -6
 0.02  
  
.  80 .
 f -a

 -,b
(g = 10 m/sec2 ) -c
(f= 125000N R= 135000 N t= 8 sec )
 1962Kg  -7
 ( ) 
: 20 m / sec 
. -a
. -b
 . @  -c
 
.  2
( 654 N .x

1
1
t ,V
t, x
6
3

20t , x1

40m) )

 50 cm/sec2    -8
 .
 .
 @ 30
 
337.5 

( )
(R = 1000 N ,t = 45 Sec )
D     -9
  
 . 4  39.2 
. D 

 g = 980 cm/sec )

( D 30q,V 19.6m / sec )
D 30 0
 -10
 F
 

. g= 10 m/sec2 . M = 2.5 kg = 1/4 )
(F = 40 N )

.160 Lb  -11

  10 ft/sec
 . @

 . 250 ft
. (g= 32 ft / sec2) 
(1Lb )
:
 1500 kg  1200 kg   -12
 1200 kg  .
3600 N 
. 1500 N
    -a
 100
.  -b
(10 Sec . 30 m/sec . 10 m/sec ) :
 138. 56 Lb -13
30



5Lb




.
(a = 1 ft / sec . N=136 . 06 Lb )

 4.5kg 10.2kg  -14

  @ 
 4.5kg   @  10.2 kg 
@  .  
 10.2kg   f 
(g= 9.8 m/sec2 ) .
(3m/sec2 . 30 .6N 99.96 N )
 0.2 kg  1kg  -15
@f @  
 0.2 kg  @ 1 kg  @f
 .
g = 9.8m /sec2 ) .
(1.63 m/sec2 , 1 . 63 N )
:


 
(Work ) (3-1)
  m
             
 .  m
  m 

 m         .
 
   m
   .
:

W = F . d

= .

 F 
 . b 
  

 @@  F  (3-1)
  F  . T

  d   
77

:
W = F Cos T . d = F . d Cos T . (1)

(3-1)

  

   
 F 
.
@   m (1)
.  
 @ @ 
    (T=0)
. Cos T=1 T=0 

W=F.d

 l T<90 

 T>90 
. T=90
  @@@m (1) 
.( F d cosD )
78

(3-2)

@@  F F.Cos T 

.
 
   d Cos T 

 . l@@ @@@@ 
 mg  m @@
 h 
:
W = m . g . h . (2)

  h 
. (3-3) .l 
W=mgh

W=mgh

(3-3)

79

 (3-2)
@@ @@ 
 M.K.S . 
  (Joule) 
@ ( 1 Newten)
   lm 
. (Joule)
l J= l N lm = 1 N m (3)

 (Erg)  C.G.S

 ( 1 Dyne)  
@ @ @  1 Cm  
.
1erg = 1 dyne l Cm = l dyne Cm.. (4)
(3)  Cm m dyne Newten
7

: m
:

1 J = 10 erg
3

() l k J = 1000 J = 10 J
6

() 1 M J = 1000000 J = 10 J
5

() Kw h = 3600 k J = 3600000 J= 36 10 J

 (3-3)
m
 @ kgf  M.K.S 
: kgf m
1 kgf m = 9.81 J
80

@ Cm  grf C.G.S

. grf Cm
1 grf 1 cm = 981 erg
 (foot Pound) F.P.S

  1Pound  
.  1foot m
1 ft 1 Lb = 1 foot 1 pound

 (3-4)
 l

Wfr  .
 d N Ffr 
 P 
:

 = F Cos T




= F Sin T

(3-4)

81



Wfr = Ffr d

Wfr = Ffr d

Wfr = N d

Wfr = N d

Wfr mgd

Wfr= (mg+FsinT) d

Wfr= (mg-fSinT) d

l 
. WFr

F d cosT

  5kg :

 2m@@l@@ 0.25
 @@b@@@ 
.

:
m = 5kg

Wfr= Ffr = m g d

= 0.25

Wfr = 0.25 5 9.8 2 = 24.5J

g= 9.8m/Sec2

Wfr = 24.5J

d= 2m

Wfr = ?
2m   @ 

@@
:
Wg = m g h
Wg = 5 9.82 = 98 J
82

 


1

4

 @@ 

.

 (3-5)
   
.l (Ek) bf  (EP)
 
.
Em = Ep + Ek

 (3-6)

 @ 
. 
@ 
@ 
.   

  .   
 . 

 m@  
  .

.

83

 (3-7)
 h (3-5)  m

 @ h 

 h  m .
 F . Fh 
  . W=mgh 
:@@@@@@ 
E

m gh



h g . k@@@

 @

 @@
)
(3-5)

 (

. 
 

 
. (3-6) 
 B A  (3-6) m @ f
84

 + mgh1 .

 A B m . 

mgh2
 @ C A  m 

 .
 A  C 
. 


(3-6)

 (3-8)

 m@@b@ 
. 
 @@ 
 F 

 
 V  @mf  @ 

V2
2a xa
2x

.

85

W= F.x = m a x = m.

V2
.x
2x

: V @mf  

 mfl V .Ek=

1 2
mv
2

.
 m/Sec @@mf kg
. Joule
20m/Sec 1000kg  :

. mf

:
m=1000kg

Ek =

1
mv2
2

V=20 m/Sec
Ek=?

1
2

Ek= (1000kg) (20m/Sec)2=2 10 J

Ek= 2 105 J = 200 kJ

86

  (1) (3-9)

  

  Em = Ep + Ek .
 . ( 3-7 

 
 .
 @ .
.

  (3-10)
  @ h  m 
  @@ @@mf @  
 . 

.  ()


.

87


: mgh
 m (1) E1=mgh +

1
mv2
2

E1=mgh + O
E1= mgh

   

 .
 @  (- 'Ep) 
 (+'Ek )
 
2

. V =2gh .
: m (2) E 2
1
m(2gh)
2
E2 = mgh

1
mv 2
2

1
mV 2  O
2

E2

 
 

@@
 mb
 

.

Ek=0

Ek=

m(3-7 )
88

:
' Ep= - ' Ek
' Ep + ' Ek = O
' (Ep + Ek) = O
Ep + Ek = Constant

 (3-11)
 (3-8)   
  
 @  
A2   A1 

@@ h2 h1@@  

.
 
 
@@@

V1  @mf 
(3-8)

 P1


 . P2 V2 

@  L1= V1 . t
. F1= P1.A1
L1  F1 
89

 . P1 A1V1t F1L1

 F2=P2 A2  L2=V2t
  .
(1)  . P2A2V2t F2L2
: (2)
' W = P1 A1 V1 t P2 A2 V2 t (1)

) 
 A1 (
 A2  .
A1 V1 t = A2 V2t :

 A A1   t 
: . g m 

m
g
(1) 

V=A1 V1t = A2 V2t

.

m
g
  
 . @@ 
' W = (P1 P2)

. (2) (1) @@@@@ 


 = mgh2 mgh1
90

1
1
mV 2  mV 2
2
2
2 1

:  

:b
m
(P  P )
1 2 U

1
1
( mV 2  mV 2 )  (mgh  mgh )
2
2
1
2
2 1
1
1
P  UV 2  Ugh P  UV 2 U gh
2
1
2 2 2
1 2 1
1
P  UV 2  Ugh constant
2

.

 (3-12)

 ()  .
  @
 .
 B  (3-9)
 . m D C 
   @m B 
 D C 
 m D CB  .
 @m  D C B .


91

(3-9)

 
  
:

1
1
UV12 P2  UV22
2
2
1
P1  P2
U (V22  V12 )
2
 V1 V2 
P1 

 . P2 P1  
 
: (1) .

P1  P2


1
U (V22  V12 )
2

bl

(3-10)

. (1700-1782) (Daniel Bernoli) 1

92

@@@l   (3-10)

.
 @mf  () 
 @@@mf  
.
   
 
:


 
   .
.

:
 5cm 10cm b 
100  0.8gr/cm3

 . mf cm / Sec

@@b@@b
(

1
)  f  
4

:
A2

S r2

25
Scm 2
4

A1 S r1

25Scm 2

 @@@f@l A2  A1
 mf 
 . (400 cm /Sec) 
93

1
U (V22  V12 )
2
1
P1 p2 = . 0.8[(400)2-(100)2]
2
P1  P2

:

= 0.4(160000-10000 )
= 6104dyn/cm2

(Power) (3-13)
 
:
W (  )

( )P=

t ( )

 W
F .d
P

:l (F.d)

 @@mf  @@ 

d

t

. P=F.V : .


d
 @ !
t

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2

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. 

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94

 (3-14)
 . 
(Watt)  M.K.S 
 
:  
1 Watt =

1 Joule
1 Sec

. (MW) (KW)
1 MW = 106 Watt
1 KW = 103 Watt
  @ 

 
erg / Sec  C.G.S .
  .
 
550 ft . Lb  HP (Horse Power)
: 
() 1 HP = 550

ft Lb
Sec


.1 HP = 74.6 Watt

95

: _1

   
 .
 . 72 km / h @ 
 0.05 
.
.  _1
.  _ 2
(g=10m / Sec2)

:

m 1ton 1000kg

Ff

0.05 u mg 0.05 u1000u10 500N

x 1km 1000m

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500N

v 72 kg

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20 m

sec

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2
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ma

@ 75 mil /h 200 HP  : _2

.
96

200 Hp

75

200 550 11 10 4

mil / h

ft Lb
sec

75 5280
110 ft / Sec
3600 sec

F V F

103 Lb

P
V

ft Lb
sec
110 ft / sec

11 10 4

103 Ib

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97

b@@@ m 'v c F t l  (4) b

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m
cm
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sec
sec
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.
@ F @@b V1 < m @@l@f@@@fl
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98

  : _1
@mf 6m / Sec 1.5 kg



0.0010 @@
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99

 () (3-16)


.

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V2 V1  @ m2 m1 
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m2 m1  () 
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: _2
 40m/Sec 1000 kg 
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m1V1  m2V2
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90000
11.25 m
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8000
101

 (3-14)

 (3-17)

.
 (3-15a)
 (3-15b) 
@ 250m /Sec  30gr
:l 
m v = 0. 03 kg 250 m / Sec = 7.5 kgm / Sec
m v = 30 25000 = 7.5 105 gr cm /sec

(3-15)
102

   .
 7.5kgm/Sec 5kg 
 1.5m / Sec

7.5

5

 
 .
 
 60 
 @@@ 1.5m /Sec 
 .  1.560=90m/Sec
 30gr  ( )
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.

(3-16)

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: 5
103

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m

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(3-17)
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9400 Lb/Sec . g = 292 Slug / Sec
  
:
104

2927600 = 2.2106 Slug Ft / Sec2 = 2.2106 Lb

 
:
6
6
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105

.
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: M.K.S _2
Joule_

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106

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107

 @ 36 km / h  980 kg _1


.
:
(491010 erg, 49 103Joul, 49 kJ, 5000 kg m )
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.
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.(F=1875 N)

3m    24kg  _4
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30cm/sec   . 5cm210cm2
108

. 
@f  0.9gr/cm2 @ @f @ -6
. 10cm2 30cm2 

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40N 30N  _10
4m 2m 
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109



.


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(Period) _1
  
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110

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111

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113

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114


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115

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.
116


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117

 200 gr mb : _1

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.
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3 ) _b

m 200gr 0.2kg
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: _2
 
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.
118

:
R

L 109cm 1.09m

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g
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 () (4-7 )
 
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(4-6)


 
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.

119

 m
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120

  .
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121

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122

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123

 
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124

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125

 C.G.S Kgm2  M.K.S 

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(4-11)
126

: -1
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96
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(131rev)

  @@ _8
. 8kg  2m
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. _a
2
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,
1.5 105 gr
1.80107dynes .cm
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.
(1.42Joules)



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am

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r=6400km=6.4106 m 
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M

(9.81m/Sec 2 ) (6.4 u 106 m) 2

0.667 u 1010 NM 2 / kg 2

5.98 u 1024 kg

 
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11 u 10 27 cm 3

. 
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.
.
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