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Potential Use and Designs for

Ice Classed LNG Carriers -

A Paradigm Shift

February, 2007 D. Braxton Scherz


D. Braxton & Associates
The Russians Lead Early Arctic
Exploration

9 Pomors from the town of


Novgorod launch whaling and
sealing expeditions into the White
Sea and along the Murmansk
coast as early as the 12th century
9 In the 16th and 17th centuries,
European Monarchs desired to find
an alternate trading route to China
via the NSR and NW Passage.
Supported with the latest
technologies, the Russians
determined that an ocean
encompassed the North Pole
9 Mikhail Lomonosov defined the
currents in the Arctic Ocean,
described ice drift mechanics, and
classified sea ice types
9 His Arctic map published in 1763
was revolutionary for its time
9 Future Russian excursions
established settlements in Siberia
and along the coast of Alaska before
the end of the 18th century
The Arctic
Ocean

Arctic Region –
average temperature
of the warmest month
is below 10°C (50°F)

Artic Circle
(Lat. 66°32’ N) – an
imaginary line where
the sun does not set
on the day of the
summer solstice (≈ 21
June), nor rise on the
winter solstice ≈ 21
Dec.
Ice Breaking History

• USCG Bear purchased for the


Greely rescue mission 1884
9 Converted whaler with
reinforced hull
9 Light ice capability
9 Served in Alaskan waters
for over 40 years
9 But wooden hulls could not
withstand crushing ice
loads
Early Icebreakers
9 Advances in shipbuilding
technology resulted in the
icebreaker, a vessel able to
both withstand the crushing
power of the ice and break
through it.
9 In Russia circa 1864, the
characteristic bow shape that is
now used by all icebreakers
appeared.
9 Naval Commander Makarov is
credited with the construction
of the Yermak, the first true
icebreaker, which reached
about 81° north of Spitsbergen
on her maiden voyage in 1899,
and continued in service for 40
years. IB Yermak
Russian Icebreakers
9 In 1916, the first linear icebreaker
supporting regular navigation along
the northern coast of Russia was
built in Newcastle, England to
Russian Maritime Ministry specs,
and named the Krasin. This
icebreaker was crucial in the
development of the Northern Sea
Route until the late 1930s
IB Krasin
9 Launched in 1992, the Yamal is a
modern nuclear IB of 75,000 HP
displacing 23,000 tons. One of five
sisters it can break ridges of 9
meters and sail thru 2.3 meter ice
at 3 knots.
9 With a beam of 28 meters, these
ships are designed to keep shipping
lanes open, but also offer
passenger cruises to the North Pole

IB Yamal
Finnish Icebreakers

9 More than 80 per cent of


Finland's foreign trade involves
seaborne transport. In winter,
cargo vessels rely heavily on
the assistance of icebreakers.
For over 100 years Finland has
relied on IB technology to
maintain trade.
9 Finland´s first icebreaker
Murtaja, built in 1890, was
described as the "newest,
biggest and strongest
icebreaker in Europe".
9 In 1926 the Jaakarhu was the
first IB to use oil as fuel which
increased range
Finland - Worlds Leader in IB
Design and Construction
Technology Developed by Aker Yards

9 Forerunners in diesel-electric icebreakers (1939)


9 First four-screw icebreakers
9 First polar icebreakers
9 First shallow-draught river icebreakers
9 First first air bubbling systems
9 First stainless steel icebelts
9 First Azipod developed
9 First double-acting ship developed
9 First oblique vessel developed
Finnish Ice Class Rules Set the
Standard
• IACS are seeking a Standard
• DNV translation to Finnish Swedish Ice Class Equivalents

Source: Finnish Maritime Administration – Bulletin 18/30.12.2005


Finnish Ice Class Rules Set the
Standard
• IACS are seeking a Standard
• ABS translation to Finnish Swedish Ice Class Equivalents

Source: Finnish Maritime Administration – Bulletin 18/30.12.2005


Other References for Ice Class
Design
• Lloyds Register Technical Notes: “Cold
Climate Navigation – Design and Operation
Considerations”
• ABS Guidance Notes on Ice Class – March
2005
• ABS – Rules for Building and Classing – Steel
Vessels – Part 6 Chapter 1
• 1932, DNV introduced the first special
requirements for ships intended for operation
in ice-covered waters. These rules included
increased scantlings of frames, plates and
stringers specified as percentage increase
(15–25%) above standard class rules.
Typical IB Passage

9 IB operation is simple
and until recently
hasn’t changed for 100
years.
9 The icebreaker leads
the way, its armor
plated bow section
rising slightly above
the sea ice and
cracking it like the
action of a hammer. A
channel of broken ice
and open water
results.
9 The merchant vessels
follow in the wake of
the leading IB.
Typical IB Passage

• In extreme conditions the icebreakers go one step further, taking merchant ships in
tow and delivering them to harbor
Traditional Escorted Transits are
Expensive
With Over 140+ Years of Ice
Breaking Transits

Its Time to Change the Game


Game Changing Azipod Propulsion

9 The Azipod® is a podded propulsion system, azimuthing (rotating)


through 360°, ranging in power from 5MW to 30MW.
9 It incorporates an electric motor mounted directly on an extremely
short propeller shaft. The motor drives a fixed-pitch propeller. The
motor is controlled by a frequency converter which produces full
nominal torque, smooth and stepless, in either direction over the
entire speed range.
DF 50 Reliability and Redundancy
Electric propulsion systems have been
provided to provide maximum
The Wärtsilä 50DF have inherited redundancy.
reliability from the Wärtsilä Vasa 32 and
Wärtsilä 46 diesel engines
On LNG carriers, a reasonable amount
of redundancy will be sufficient.
The Wärtsilä 50DF carries a lower
mechanical load burning 189
grams/kwH

Furthermore, it runs on HFO or natural


gas at sea, and clean diesel fuel or
natural gas in port or near populated
areas

High availability can be guaranteed.


Propulsion Configuration

Podded propellers
Double Acting Vessels

9 IB Captains long ago noted


that their vessels could
break ice running astern
almost as well as running
ahead.
9 If Azipod propulsion was
employed, Aker
determined that reinforced
ice breaking sterns could
be designed to efficiently
break ice
9 Ice basin model tests
confirmed that running
astern using Azipod
propulsion was actually
more efficient
Under Ice Photos - Basin Tests

Fast Ice meets


modeled ice ridge
12 meters deep,
300 meters wide

Azipods chew
through ice ridge.
Vessel continuously
moving
Model Basin Test Confirm Design

• Ramming ice is inefficient


and takes excessive
power

• Double acting designs


using Azipod propulsion
chew through ice.

• Stopping, reversing, and


ramming is no longer
required
Double Acting Vessels

Ahead if by Sea

Astern if by Ice
DATs - A Practical Success

9 The first double-acting cargo ship


were introduced in 2002
9 The 106,000 dwt M/T ”Tempera”
and ”Mastera” verified their
superior ice performance in a
shuttle service to Primorsk
9 With a 16 MW pod drive, these
ships are able to achieve a speed
of 6 knots in 70 cm thick ice and
break independently through 13
meter deep ridges
9 The vessel do not require any
icebreaker assistance during the
whole winter and in fact act as
icebreakers themselves to other
merchant ships
Ice Class Tanker LU7 Comparison
(75,000 dwt)

15t/21m

HFO TANK

PROTECTED

WITH DOUBLE

SKIN.
Conv.
25 MW
K P&S

LWL LWL
P TAN
SLO

WB

DAT
15t/21m

HFO TANK

17 MW
PROTECTED

WITH DOUBLE

SKIN.

LWL LWL
K P&S
P TAN
SLO

Same cargo capacity in smaller hull, and


modified bow provides more speed in open water
Two 70,000 dwt DATs for the Pechora
13 MW Azipod DAS Solution for Kara Sea and Yenisi

Длина Length 164.90 м


Ширина Breadth 23.10 м
Грузовместимость Deadweight 14 500 т

Side View, Вид сбоку


Ice Class LU 7

Design for an Arctic container vessel, shuttle


service Dudinka-Dikson-Murmansk/Archangelsk
From Design to Reality

Norilisky’s first of two DA Shuttles - Maiden Voyage March 2006


Giving the Ship a Rest
Actual voyage pictures March 2006

North of Novaya Zemlaya


1.5 m first year ice
Avg speed – 5 knots
10 m ridge
Avg spd ahead – 1.5 kts
Avg spd astern – 2.0 kts
Proven DAT Design Provides
the LNGC Solution

9 Diesel Electric
Propulsion: Dual
fueled Wartsila DF50
engine
9 Dual Azipod drives
9 Ice breaking stern
9 Bow thruster
9 Modified ice bow for
thin ice and open
water passages
Ice Management

Multi purpose double acting


utility vessel
9 Capable of clearing ice
from harbor
9 Capable of safely berthing
LNGC
9 Note: Because DAT LNGCs
are highly maneuverable,
number of utility vessels to
be defined
The Future is Astern of Us

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