Chapters 1 To 9

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Importance of electric usage in new human's life 1.2. History of electric industry and its expansion 1.3. Distribution system planning 1.4. Factors affecting planning system 1.5. Objective of the projects 1.6. Summary
Chapter 2: BUILDING WIRING CALUCLATION

2.1. Introduction 2.2. General Overview on Light
2.2.1. Nature of light 2.2.2. Basic Definitions 2.2.3. Requirements of a good lighting scheme 2.2.4. Factors affecting the illumination and wattage of a certain lamp 2.3. Types of lighting schemes 2.3.1. Direct Lighting 2.3.2. Semi-direct Lighting 2.3.3. Indirect lighting 2.3.4. Semi-indirect lighting 2.3.5. General lighting
2.4. Artificial sources of light

2.4.1. Arc lamps 2.4.2. Incandescent electric lamps 2.4.3. Discharge lamps
2.5. Building wiring calculations

2.5.1. Lighting loads calculations 2.5.2. Socket Loads 2.5.3. Riser calculations
2.6. General points to be considered in the design 2.7. Calculation of loads for flats & villas
2.7.1. Flat type (A) 2.7.2. Flat type (B) 2.7.3. Flat type (C) 2.7.4. Flat type (D) 2.7.5. Flat type (E) 2.7.6. Villa type (a) 2.7.7. Villa type (b) 2.7.8. Villa type (C)
Chapter 3: LOW VOLATGE DISTUBUTION NETWORK PLANNING

3.1. Introduction 3.2. General Overview on the distribution system
3.2.1. Distribution Transformer 3.2.2. Distribution Box (Pillar) 3.2.3. Building Box (Coffree)
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3.3. Low Voltage Network (LVN) types

3.3.1. Radial LVN 3.3.2. Open Loop (Ring) LVN
3.4. General points to be considered in design 3.5. Planning of Distribution Network in the Residential Area
3.5.1. Calculation of Distribution Boxes (Pillars) and Feeders ratings 3.5.2. Calculation of Transformer and feeders ratings 3.5.3. Voltage drop Calculations 3.5.4. Short Circuit Current Calculations
3.6. Example of calculations
Chapter 4: MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
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4.1. Introduction 4.2. General Overview on Medium Voltage Network (Primary Distribution Network) 4.3. Medium Voltage Network Types
4.3.1. Medium voltage switchboard supply modes 4.3.2. Medium voltage network structure
4.4. Calculation of the distribution point and sizing of the 22 KV cables
Chapter 5: 66/22 KV SUBSTATION
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5.1. Introduction 5.2. General Overview 5.3. Substation Classifications 5.4. Types of substation 5.5. Substation layout 5.6. Substation Equipment 5.7. Earthing and Bonding 5.8. Essential Civil Structure in outdoor substations 5.9. Description of the Single Line Diagram and Layout for the Present 66/22KV Substation
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Chapter 6: POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

6.1. Introduction 6.2. General Overview 6.3. Types of faults in power systems 6.4. Division of power systems into protective zones 6.5. Fuses 6.6. Basic elements of protective switchgear 6.7. Relay 6.8. Differential Protection of Power systems 6.9. Applications: 6.10. Circuit Breakers
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Chapter 7: STREET LIGHTING

7.1. Introduction 7.2. Classification of factors affecting the design of street lighting 7.3. Street lighting arrangements 7.4. Street lighting design process 7.5. Types of lamps used in Street lighting 7.6. Methods of switching of lamps 7.7. Street lighting system 7.8. Lighting control and Wiring system 7.9. Design of the street lighting scheme using DIALux program
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Chapter 8: SYSTEM GROUNDING

8.1. The importance of Earthing 8.2. Types of earthing 8.3. Safety or protective 8.2. Types of earthing 8.4. System Earthing 8.5. Methods of Earting 8.6. Circuits & equations 8.7. Earth Resistivity & Gradient 8.8. Earth electrodes &networks 8.9. measurement of earth electrode resistance & earth loop impedance 8.11. The high pulse voltage E.S.E. lightening conductor 8.10. Substation earthing
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Chapter 9: The Shopping Mall

9.1. Introduction 9.2. Ground Floor
9.2.1. Ground Floor Lighting Calculations 9.2.2. Ground Floor Socket Calculations & Wiring 9.2.3. Ground Floor Local Feeders 9.2.4. Ground Floor SMDBs & Cable Tray Dimension 9.2.5. Ground Floor Emergency Backup Scheme
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9.3 First Floor

9.3.1. First Floor Lighting Calculations 9.3.2. First Floor Socket Calculations & Wiring 9.3.3. First Floor Local Feeders 9.3.4. First Floor SMDBs & Cable Tray Dimension 9.3.5. First Floor Emergency Backup Scheme
9.4. Second Floor

9.4.1. Second Floor Lighting Calculations 9.4.2. Second Floor Socket Calculations & Wiring 9.4.3. Second Floor Local Feeders 9.4.4. Second Floor SMDBs & Cable Tray Dimension 9.4.5. Second Floor Emergency Backup Scheme
9.5. Air Conditioner and Elevator Panel (Roof Panel) 9.6. Mall Panel Boards Connection Diagram & Cable Specifications
9.7.2. Electrical Rooms 2 Panel Boards
9.7. Detailed Single Line Diagram of Each Panel Board

9.7.1. Electrical Rooms 1 Panel Boards 9.7.2. Electrical Rooms 2 Panel Boards 9.7.3. Emergency Panel Boards
9.8. Emergency Operation

9.8.1. ATS specifications 9.8.2. Emergency Generator
Chapter 10 Appendices References
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Chapter 1
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of electric usage in new human's life:
As long as the electricity is available, no one thinks much about it. The importance is realized when the power goes out. Whether its during the day or at night, electricity keeps our lives in order. It affects your business, your schedule and even your entertainment. Electricity runs everything in our everyday life. Gas stations cant pump gas without it. Businesses have to close because their cash registers wont work without it. Restaurants cant cook food without it. Our lives almost come to a standstill without electricity. These are the times when back up electricity is most needed and becomes very important. It can keep our clocks running, so we arent late for work. Appointments will be kept on time. Its important to keep on schedule and backup electricity can do just that.
1.2
History of electric industry and its expansion
The electric utility industry was born in 1882 when the 1st electric power station in New York City went into operation .The industry grew up rapidly & generation stations & transmission & distribution networks have spread across the entire country., Energy is expected to be increasingly converted to electricity after year 2000. In the past the distribution systems represented over 80 percent of total system investment .Production expenses is the major factor in the total electrical operation & maintenance.
1.3
Distribution system planning
System planning is essential to assure that the growing demand for electricity can be satisfied by both technically adequate & reasonably economical. It is application has unfortunately been somewhat neglected. In the future, electric utilities will need a fast & economical planning to provide the necessary economical, reliable, and safe electric energy to consumers can be satisfied in an optimum way by additional distribution systems, from the secondary conductors through the bulk power substations. The distribution system's particularly important to an electrical utility for two reasons: 1- It's close proximity to the ultimate customer. 2-It's high investment cost.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.4
Factors affecting planning system
The number & complexity affecting system planning appears initially to be staggering. The planning problem is an attempt to minimize the cost of subtransmission, sub-stations, feeders, as well as losses cost.
A) Load forecasting.
The load growth of the geographical area served by a utility company is the most important factor as it's essential to the planning process. There are 2 common time scales: *Long range (with time horizons on the order of 15~20 years old). *Short range (with time horizons on the order of 5 years old).
B) Substation expansion.
The planner makes a decision based on tangible or in tangible information. For ex., the forecasted load, load density, & load growth may require a substation or a new substation construction .Here capacity & forecasted loads can play major roles.
C) Substation site selection.

The distance from the load centers & from the existing sub-transmission lines as well as other limitations such as availability of land, its cost, & land use regulations are important. The s/s sitting process can be described as a screening procedure through which all possible locations for a site are passed .The service region is the area under evaluation.
D) Other factors.
1.5
Objective of the projects
Our target in this project is to study the factors affecting the Planning and Distribution of a Power System in some specified areas; Agriculture, Residential, City Center, Industrial. At first, well begin by forecasting of loads in these areas for the next 10 years (approximately) depending on a well known data of the previous years, so we are able to calculate the load densities in these areas as follows: Around 4~5 persons for each flat according to the living life level. This table shows the different areas and the number of its people: Zone Zone Area(m) Unit Area(m2) Class Population(persons) 58100 205 High 1440 Green 130000 110 Low 9696 Cyan 213600 138 Medium 13920 Pink 134500 245 Very High 3420 Orange 88500 2800 145 Medium Yellow 40200 1840 85600 300 Very High 390 Red 120000 200 High 1440 Blue 51800 200 High 345 White Total area of layout =1,260,000m2 Total population =35,291 persons 2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
After studying the load forecast, and calculating the load densities in the areas mentioned before, In chapter 2, well begin to discuss the adequate building wiring techniques, and make their calculations, as to say, well begin to distribute electricity in building, beginning by lighting and sockets loads inside flats, and reaching the riser calculations and coffree of each building type, so we are able to choose the suitable cables used in building wiring. Then, well study the low voltage network and the distribution of the electric power from medium voltage transformers to the distribution boxes and to the coffrees of buildings, and thus calculating the suitable cables used in this part of the power system network, and this is mentioned in chapter 3. After studying the low voltage network, its desired to study the medium voltage network that supplies this low voltage network, and this is discussed briefly using some illustrated diagrams in chapter 4. In chapter 5, well begin to talk about the design, construction and performance of the high voltage distribution substations, and well mention the layout of the 66/22 KV substation. Then well discuss the protection schemes of each part of the power system showing which equipments are used in protection and their constructions, as well as their theory of operation, and this will be in chapter 6. Also well talk about the switchgear and its main components, and the different types of circuit breaker, discussing the theory of operation and principles of interrupting the arc in each type. In chapter 7, well have an overview on the street lighting, the types of roads, the different types of lamps used in the illumination of each type of roads, and the wattage available of street lighting lamps. In chapter 8, well have an overview on system grounding, its different schemes and methods of grounding to the different components and equipments of our system. After reaching that point, we have described the main steps in planning and distribution of power system in a developed area, but before ending our project, well add an additional project talking about the distribution of lighting and socket loads in a mall. And that will be in chapter 9.
1.6
Summary
In planning of a distribution system, we have to take many factors into consideration. The most important factors are trying to make the system technically good and reliable, not forgetting to consider the economic point of view.
Chapter 2
BUILDING WIRING CALUCLATION
CHAPTER 2
BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION
Chapter 2 BUILDING WIRING CALUCLATION

2.1 Introduction
Light is the prime factor in the human life as all activities of human beings ultimately depend upon the light. Where there is no natural light, use of artificial is made. Lighting increases production, reduces fatigue, protecting the health, eyes and nervous system, and reduces accidents. In this chapter, we are concerned with studying the electric indoor wiring design including the lighting design, normal sockets and power sockets design. We are also concerned with riser calculations and design of the suitable riser required in every kind of buildings. The mains wiring is generally built using insulated copper cables. The choice of conductor material is a compromise among electrical properties, mechanical properties, and price. From the start, copper has been the material of choice for household branch circuits. Aluminum is softer than copper and weaker, and a poorer electrical conductor, so is not widely used in small sizes for home wiring. Aluminum cable material is sometimes used (for economical reasons) for thick mains feeder cables coming from electrical utility to the mains distribution panel. The ratings of the sub-circuits' miniature circuit breakers (M.C.B) and the main circuit breaker of the flat or the villa as well as energy meter are selected. Any house that has been properly wired will have a circuit breaker panel used to shut circuits off in case they draw too much current. It is the current capacity of circuit breaker (in amperes) that determines how much current a circuit can supply. In case of an overload or a short-circuit on that circuit, the breaker trips and automatically shuts off power to that circuit. Ground fault circuit breakers offer protection against more than just overloads. After the load of the flat is being calculated, the diversified estimation of the total load of the building is made. The buildings are fed from distribution boxes via cables of suitable sizes, forming a part of the low voltage distribution network. The distribution boxes are fed from 22 KV/380 V distribution transformers, preferably in loops, to secure the continuity of supply to the distribution boxes and hence to the buildings. Detailed calculations and planning of the 380V low voltage distribution network, the 22KV medium voltage network as well as details of the 66/22KV substation feeding the area, are presented in the following chapters. Before this, the principles of lighting and wring are summarized in the following sections.
CHAPTER 2
2.2
General Overview on Light
2.2.1 Nature of light: Various forms of incandescent bodies are sources of light and their light is emitted by such bodies depending upon their temperature. Energy is radiated into the medium by a body which is hotter than the medium surrounding it, in the form of electromagnetic waves of various wavelengths. The velocity of propagation of radiant energy is approximately 3 108 m/sec. The properties and behavior of the radiant energy depends upon the wavelength. When the temperature is low, the wavelength of radiant energy will be sufficiently large and the available energy is in the form of heat waves. As the temperature increases, the wavelength of the radiated energy becomes smaller and smaller and enter into the range of the wavelength of the light. The wavelength which can produce the sensation varies from 0.0004 to 0.00075 cm. the wavelength of the light is expressed in Angstrom unit. Where 1 Angstrom unit (A.U.) = 108 cm. 2.2.2 Basic Definitions Candela International unit (SI) of luminous intensity; term evolved from considering a standard candle, similar to a plumber's candle, as the basis of evaluating the intensity of other light describe the relative intensity of a source . Candlepower Distribution Curve A graphical representation of the distribution of light intensity of a lamp or luminaire. Illumination (E) The quantity of light (measured in foot-candles, Lux, etc) at a point on a surface. Inverse Square Law Formula stating that illumination at a point on a surface varies directly with the intensity of a point source, and inversely as the square of the distance between the source and the point; it illustrates how the same quantity of light flux is distributed over a greater area as the distance from the source to the surface is increased. Light Loss Factor The product of all considered factors that contribute to a lighting system's depreciated light output over a period of time, including dirt and lamp lumen depreciation. Lumen The international unit of luminous flux or quantity of light.
CHAPTER 2
Luminaries A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps) together with the parts designed to distribute the light position and protect the lamps, and connect them to the power supply. This is sometimes referred to as a "fixture". Lamp efficiency It is the amount of output lumen per watt. Lux (lumen/m) SI (international system) unit of illumination. One lumen uniformly distributed over an area of one square meter. Mounting Height Distance from the bottom of the fixture to either the floor or work plane, depending on usage. Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio Ratio of fixture spacing (distance apart) to mounting height above the work plane. Sometimes it is called spacing criterion. A normal range is 1 1.5. 2.2.3 Requirements of a good lighting scheme: A good lighting scheme should fulfill the following: 1. Provide adequate illumination. 2. Provide uniform illumination all over the working plan. 3. Provide light of suitable color. 4. Avoid glare and hard shadows. 2.2.4 Factors affecting the illumination and wattage of a certain lamp: Utilization factor (U.F): (0.2 0.6) It is the ratio of the lumen actually received to the total Lumens emitted by the source, it depends on: a. Room dimensions. b. Color of the walls. c. Type of lighting scheme. Maintenance factor (M.F): It is the ratio between illuminations under normal working conditions to the illumination when everything is clean. It depends on the rate of cleaning. M.F = 0.8 for houses. = 0.3 for streets. = 0.6 0.7 for schools and shopping centers. Waste factor: The ratio between the resultant illuminations due to more than one luminaire to the summation of their illumination when they work individually. Waste factor is
CHAPTER 2
less than unity due to the loss when a place is illuminated by more than one source due to overlapping. Reflection factor: Due to the fact that light reflected by an angle of incidence when impinged on a surface. Room index (k): It is a factor that depends on the dimension of the room. It equals the ratio between the product of length (L) and breadth (W) of the room to the product of the mounting height (H) and the summation of the length and breadth of that room. L *W K= H * (L W ) Generally K varies from 0.6 to 5.0
2.3
Types of lighting schemes

Lighting schemes maybe classified as:
2.3.1 Direct Lighting Its the most commonly used type of lighting schemes. In this type of lighting, the light from the source falls directly on the object or the surface to be illuminated. In this lighting scheme, more than 90 % of total light flux is made to fall directly on the working plane with the help of reflectors, shades and globes. Its important to keep lamps and fittings clean, otherwise the decrease in effective illumination due to dirty bulbs or reflectors maybe amount to 15-25 % in offices and domestic lighting and more in industrial areas. Although direct lighting is most efficient but it causes hard shadows and glare. Its mainly used for industrial and general outdoor lighting.
2.3.2 Semi-direct Lighting This system utilities luminaries which send most of the light downwards directly on the working plane but a considerable amount reaches the ceiling and walls. The deviation is usually 70 % downwards and 30 % upwards. Such systems are best suited to rooms with high ceilings where high levels of uniformly distributed illumination desirable. Glare is avoided by using diffusing globes which improve the brightness of the working plane. 2.3.3 Indirect lighting In this form of lighting, light doesnt reach the surface directly from the source, but indirectly by diffuse reflection. Lamps are either placed behind a cornice or in suspended opaque bowels. The division is usually 10 % downwards and 90 % upwards.
CHAPTER 2
One of the main characteristics of indirect lighting is that it provides shadow-less illumination which is very useful for drawing offices, composing rooms, and in workshops. Its also used for decoration purposes in cinemas, hotels and theaters. 2.3.4 Semi-indirect lighting In this system, the light partly received by diffuse reflection and partly direct from the source. Most of light is directed upwards to the ceilings for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working plane. The division is usually 25 % downwards and 75 % upwards. Its mainly used for indoor lighting decoration purpose. 2.3.5 General lighting In this system, such illumination are employed which have almost equal light distribution downwards and upwards.
2.4
Artificial sources of light
The various methods of producing light by electricity are: 1. By arc: By establishing an arc between carbon electrodes. 2. Incandescence of heated filament: Where an electric current is passed through a filament of thin wire placed in vacuum or an inert gas. The current generates enough heat to raise the temperature of filament to luminosity. 3. Glow discharge: Operate by ionization of gas. The color and intensity of light emitted depend on the nature of the gas or vapor. 2.4.1 Arc lamps The various forms of arc lamps are: a) Carbon arc lamps b) Flame arc lamps c) Magnetic arc lamps 2.4.1. a Carbon arc lamps Two hard carbon rods are placed and connected to a D.C. supply of not less than 45 volts. The source of light is incandescent electrode. The arc is maintained by the transfer of carbon particles from one rod to the other rod. White light is produced. A series resistance is used in stabilizing the arc. The luminous efficiency of the lamp is 12 lumens / watt. Used in cinemas projectors.
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2.4.1.b Flame arc lamps The principle of operation is similar to that of carbon arc lamps. It consists of carbon electrodes which are cored and filled with 5-15 % flame material (fluoride) and 85-95 % carbon. Different flame materials produce different colors. The colors produce strain on eyes and do not appeal to eyes. Therefore, they are replaced by discharge lamps. The luminous efficiency of such lamp is 8 lumens / watt. 2.4.1.c Magnetic arc lamps Such lamp has positive electrode made of copper and negative electrode made of magnetic oxide of iron. Its rarely used. The arc is struck in similar ways as in case of carbon lamp.
2.4.2 Incandescent electric lamps It consists of a fine wire of a high resistance metal placed in a glass bulb and heated to luminosity by passage of current through it. At low temperature, the wire radiates heat energy due to heating; it radiates heat as well as light energy. The higher the temperature of the wire results in a higher light energy radiated. Properties of ideal material for filament lamps High melting temperature Low vapour pressure Higher specific resistance Low temperature coefficient There are two types of incandescent lamps a) Vacuum lamps b) Gas filled lamps 2.4.2.a Vacuum lamps Consists of a glass globe completely evacuated and a fine filament in it. The purpose of vacuum is to prevent loss of heat from filament to bulb. And also to prevent oxidation of the filament. The highest temperature in a vacuum lamp is limited to 2100 C.
2.4.2.b Gas filled lamps A metal filament can work in an evacuated bulb up to 2000 C without oxidation. To get higher efficiency, its necessary to raise the temperature more than 2000 C. This can be achieved by filling the bulb with an inert gas (argon) with a small amount of nitrogen to reduce the possibility of arcing. Introduction of inert gases enables the temperature to rise to about 2500 C. Its used for flood lights of buildings, projectors and motor car headlights. 9
CHAPTER 2
Important characteristics of incandescent lamps o They are very inefficient producers of light as less than 10 % of the wattage goes to produce light, while the remainder is heat. o Principle advantage is the low cost. o It starts instantly. o It has a cheap dimming. o It has a good warm color. 2.4.3 Discharge lamps They are superior to metal filament lamps. Light is obtained by applying an electric potential difference, gas gets ionized and an electric current flows and the tube is filled with luminous discharge. The color is obtained and depends upon the nature of the gas or vapour used. There are two types of discharge lamps: 1) Those which give light of the same colour as produced by the discharge 2.4.3.a Sodium vapor lamps Consists of a bulb containing a small amount of metallic sodium neon gas and two sets of electrodes connected to a pin type base. The major application is for high ways and general outdoor lighting. Its ratings are 45, 60, 85 and 140 watts and have average life time of about 3000 hours. There are two types of sodium vapor lamps which are: - High pressure sodium vapor lamps - Low pressure sodium vapor lamps 2.4.3.b High pressure mercury vapor lamps It consists of two bulbs, an arc tube containing the electric discharge and houses three electrodes. There are two main electrodes and an auxiliary starting electrode. When supply is switched, an initial discharge is established in argon gas between one of the main electrodes and the auxiliary electrode and then in argon between the two main electrodes. The produced heat is sufficient to evaporate mercury; the operation takes about 5-7 minutes. Emitted light is greenish-blue light and true reddish is not possible as there is complete absence of red light from radiations and red objects appear black. Its efficiency is about 40 lumens / watt, and lamps are produced in 250 and 400 watt for use on 200-250 a.c. voltage supplies.
Applications of mercury vapor lamps Street lighting. Industrial lighting where high illumination level is required and reddish light is not important.
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2.4.3.c Neon lamps It belongs to the cold cathode lamps. It consists of a glass bulb filled with neon gas with small amount of helium. It gives orange-pink colored light. If helium gas is used in place of neon, white pink light is obtained. Electrodes are of pure iron and placed few millimeters apart. High resistance is used to prevent arcing. Its efficiency is 15 lumens / watt. Applications of neon lamps: Its used as indicator lamps. Its used in advertising.
2) Those which use the phenomena of fluorescence and are known as fluorescent lamps. 2.4.3.d Fluorescent lamps It consists of a long glass tube internally coated with fluorescent powder. The glass tube contains a mixture of inert gas (argon) and mercury vapour. A choke coil is in the circuit to limit current and provide a voltage impulse for starting. The lamp has starter which acts as a switch. The efficiency of the lamp is about 40 lumens / watt and it has an average life time of about 4000 hours. Advantages of fluorescent lamps: Efficiency is much higher than incandescent lamps. It produces less heat radiations. Its of relatively large size and low surface brightness. 2.4.3.e Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) It is a new and advanced lighting technology More efficient than incandescent lamps CFL use 70 - 75% less energy than their incandescent equivalents. When replacing a 100 watt incandescent lamp a 28 watt CFL is used. CFL last approximately 10,000 hours, which is 10 to 13 times the life of an incandescent lamp (expected life approximately 750 hours). Compact fluorescents are most cost-effective when used at least 2-3 hours per day. Although CFL may appear different than the common incandescent, they fit most standard fixtures found in homes today. The screw-in base is the same on both lamps. The typical incandescent lamp wastes 90% of the energy it uses, producing heat rather than light. CFL will provide the same amount of light (or lumens) at a fraction of the electricity used.
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2.5
Building wiring calculations
2.5.1 Lighting loads calculations a) Lux's: Type Stairs Saloon Bedrooms Kitchen Bathroom Lux 50 150 120 300 300
b) Determine room factor (Ri) from tables according to the room dimensions. Example: kitchen (4.7m*3.6m*2.7m). Ri=G type. c) Determine utilization factor (u) for the type you choose from tables. Example: kitchen (u) ceiling=75%, wall=50%. u=0.41. d) Choose maintenance factor (m). For regular maintenance: (0.76 to 1). For irregular maintenance: (0.66 to 0.75)
e) Using :
Where: N=number of lamps. E=needed Lux. A=room area. U=utilization factor. = Lamp efficiency (lumen/watt).
For incandescent lamp: Rating: 25, 40, 50 , 60 , 80 , 100 ,120,200 Power factor = 1. =80 lumen/watt. For fluorescent lamp: Rating: 20, 40 Watt. Power factor = 0.8. =20 lumen/watt. 12
Watt.
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2.5.2 Socket Loads 4.5.2.a Normal sockets (N.S.) They have different ratings, which can be used such as 2A, 5A,10A the ratings of 2A,5A, can be used for bedrooms, entrance, balcony, which requires low electrical sets as T.V, radio and small electric fans...etc. In general we are going to use only the 2A sockets in all the rooms since this is more practical. 4.5.2.b Power sockets (P.S.) Sometimes we need some sockets to be used for special purposes like: full automatic washing cloth machines, air conditions, water heaters, dish washers, electric ovens and toasters. Such sockets are called power sockets and they require higher current rating and taking into consideration the starting period which increases the delivered current to a value higher than normal operation. To estimate the socket load for certain domestic units the following are to be considered: a) Generally there are 2-5 sockets in the room. b) Generally there are 5-8 normal sockets on a line. c) Referring to the IEC standard specification, the ratings of sockets are: M.C.B. rating for normal socket = 10 A M.C.B. rating for power sockets = 16 A. or 25 A. d) Calculate the normal socket loads on a line is according to the formula: Socket load on a line = 100% of largest normal socket rating on the line + (20%) of ratings of other normal sockets. e) Each power socket has its own line. f) To make calculations more exact, we should expect the loads to be used and their power like: Radio cassette : 40w, 0.182 A T.V set: 65 w, 0.3 A Video: 30w, 0.137 A Vacuum cleaner: 800w, a p.f of 0.85 , 4.7 A fans :200w, a p.f of 0.85, 1.069 A Shaving Machine: 150w, 0.7 A Hair dryer: 600w, a p.f of 0.85, 3.2 A Small fridge to be placed in the bedroom: 80w, a p.f of 0.85, 0.43 A Fridge :160w, p.f of 0.85, 0.86 A Kitchen machine :600w, p.f of 0.85, 3.2 A Water Heater:1500w, 6.82 A Normal washing machines: 1500w, p.f of 0.9, 7.57 A. Iron: 1000w, 4.64 A. Sound system: 800w, 3.64 A Air Conditioner: 2.25 Hp, p.f. 0.9,8.477 A
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2.5.3 Riser calculations The riser is cable, which passes upward in each building for transmitting the electric power from the coffree of the building to each unit of this building, in other words, it starts from the fuse at the bottom of the house to the highest flat. It is a three phase cable made usually of copper and has a number of outputs equals to the number of floors; the output of riser is connected to the fuses which feeds this floor. Riser may be one cable or double cable depending on the height of the house, the number of flats and on the load of each flat. When choosing the riser we follow the next steps: a) Calculating the KVA of the flat before diversification and use to determine the suitable diversification curve. b) We have two methods to get the diversified KVA of the flat: i. Using the total number of flats in the building to get the diversified KVA of the flat. Multiply this diversified KVA by the number of flats in the building to get the total KVA of the building. Dividing this KVA by 380 3 we get the current that flows in the riser. ii. Using the total number of flats on each phase to get the diversified KVA of the flat. Multiply this diversified KVA by the number of flats on the phase to get the total KVA per phase. Dividing this KVA by 220 we get the current that flows in the riser. Assuming that the riser must never be loaded by more than 80% of its current capacity, we can get the current capacity of the riser by dividing the current obtained in the last step by 0.8. By knowing the value of the current capacity and using the tables of cables attached in the appendix we can get the c.s.a of the riser and also the rating of the fuse used for protection. In general 3-ph risers that are used are of the following sizes: 10 mm, 16mm, 25mm, 50mm and 70mm. Other services loads like water pumps, elevators (for buildings more than 6 floors) and stairs lighting are to be considered in our calculations. A fuse is added for protection.
c)
d)
e) f)
2.6
General points to be considered in the design:

1. In distribution of loads among light circuits or socket circuits we should connect the rooms that are next to each other on the same sub circuit to avoid crossing between connections. Also it is recommended that the circuits of the same type are equally loaded. 2. Diversity factor between the sockets on the same line depends on some factors like the area of the flat, the larger the area the smaller the diversity factor used. 3. In calculating the required amount of light for the shaving mirror in the bathroom we consider the recommended lux to be half of that required for the bathroom yet the area is the same area of the bathroom. We use incandescent lamps for the shaving mirror. 4. Flats of area less than 90 m are considered as youth housing thus single phase energy meters are used in them. 14
CHAPTER 2
5. The distribution of flats among riser phases is done in a way to make voltage drop on each phase exactly equal to other phases. 6. Single phase energy meters are of ratings 20A and 40A. Three phase energy meters are 320A, 325A, 340A and 380A. 7. For the c.s.a of the neutral conductor, we follow the Egyptian Electric Code (EEC) which states " If the c.s.a of the phase conductor is less than or equal 16 mmthen the neutral conductor is of the same c.s.a as the phase conductor. If the phase conductor is of c.s.a less than 35 mmthen the neutral conductor is of c.s.a equal to the one preceding the concerned phase conductor. If the c.s.a of the phase conductor is more than or equal 50 mm then the c.s.a of the neutral conductor is half of the concerned phase conductor. 8. In general all our distribution of loads among the lines or the phases we must care that the loads are almost balanced as much as we can to avoid the unbalanced operation. 9. Low voltage fuses ratings are as follows: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 35, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100,125 and 160 according to ABB pocket book (switchgear manual), 8th edition.
15
2.7 Calculation of loads for flats & villas: 2.7.1 Flat type (A) a) Lighting:
Line 1 1 4 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 room Entrance Entrance Hall Inner Hall Saloon Balcony 1 Bedroom 1 Balcony 4 Bathroom 2 Kitchen Balcony 3 Bathroom 1 Bedroom 2 Balcony 2 Bedroom 3 Bedroom 3-Closte Bathroom 3 length 3.55 1.7 5.5 4.8 3.25 4 1.5 2.3 4.7 3 1.45 4.3 4.1 4.9 2.1 2 width 1.7 4.35 2.5 11.95 5.8 4.4 1.5 2.1 3.7 1.15 3 3.9 2.2 3.8 1.9 1.9 Lux 50 50 50 150 50 120 50 300 300 50 300 120 50 120 120 300 Area 6.035 7.395 13.75 57.36 18.85 17.6 2.25 4.83 17.39 3.45 4.35 16.77 9.02 18.62 3.99 3.8 205.46 u 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 0.41 0.49 0.35 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 80 20 80 20 20 20 20 80 number of lamps 0.384885204 0.786033163 1.461522109 18.29081633 1.202168367 4.489795918 0.239158163 1.6171875 4.970464939 0.366709184 1.456473214 4.278061224 0.958758503 7.125 1.017857143 1.272321429 lamps 1 2 2 20 2 6 1 2 6 1 2 6 1 6 1 2 lamps wattage 100 60 60 60 100 60 60 40 40 60 40 60 60 40 60 40 power factor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 1 0.8 1 1 1 1 0.8 installed wattage 100 120 120 1200 200 360 60 80 240 60 80 360 60 240 60 80 lamp current 0.454545455 0.545454545 0.545454545 5.454545455 0.909090909 1.636363636 0.272727273 0.454545455 1.363636364 0.272727273 0.454545455 1.636363636 0.272727273 1.090909091 0.272727273 0.454545455 Sum CB rating closest CB 3.75 4.5 10 3.659091 4.390909 10 4.272727 5.127273 10 1.636364 0.272727 1.0909 0.272 0.454 4.453264 5.343916 10 2.75 2.75 0.909091 1.636364 0.272727 0.454545 1.363636 0.272727 0.454545 line 1 0.454545 0.545455 0.545455 line2 line3 line4
CHAPTER 2
b) Normal & Power Sockets:

line line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 5 line 6 line 7 line 8 line 9 line 10 line 11 line 12 line 13 line 14 line 15 line 16 line 17 line 18 Type Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets AC AC AC AC Washing machine Dryer Water Heater Water Heater Current 3.75 3.66 4.273 4.453 4.4 4 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 8.477 8.477 8.477 8.477 7.57 7.57 7.57 7.57 C.B rating 4.5 4.392 5.1276 5.3436 5.28 4.8 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 9.084 9.084 9.084 9.084 MCB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 25 25 25 25 16 16 16 16 C.S.A 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm
Power sockets calculations:
Type =
Current Calculations
. .
Air conditioner (2.25 HP):
= . (normal current)
=8.4771.25=10.59 A (Starting current) Water Heater: Washing machine: Dryer: = = = = . . = . . = . .
17
CHAPTER 2
c) KVA calculation:
light =3.75+3.659091+4.272727+4.453264= 16.13 A. Normal sockets=4.4+4+ (3.64) =22.8 A. Power sockets= (8.4774) + (7.572) + (7.572) =64.188 A. =0.7[16.13+22.8+64.188] =72.6 A. =72.6220=15.9 KVA. = 72.6 = 24.2 . 3
Then, M.C.B=32 A (3 phase). C.S.A =516 mm. Meter used = 40A Three phase meter.
Phase balance:
Phase R L1 L2 L5 L6 L11 Power Sockets Sum L12 3.75 3.659 4.4 4 8.477 8.477 32.763 L7 L8 L13 L14 L15 3.6 3.6 8.477 8.477 7.57 35.997 L9 L10 L16 L17 L18 3.6 3.6 7.57 7.57 7.57 34.363 Phase S L3 4.273 Phase T L4 4.453
Line Current Line Current Line Current Lighting Normal Sockets
d) Riser calculation:
We will have 24 building of this type, each of 12 apartments in 6 floors. From diversity graph, we get the diversified KVA of flat. () =7.9 KVA. =7.912=94.8 KVA.
=
Then,
94.810 3 380 3
=144.03 A.
Fuse=160 A (3 phase). C.S.A =370+35+35 mm. 18
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.1 Distribution of lighting in at type (A).
19
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.2 Distribution of Sockets in at type (A).
20
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.3 Distribution board in at type (A).
21
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.4 Riser diagram in at type (A).
22
2.7.2 Flat type (B) a) Lighting:

Line 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 corridor 1.1 4.8 50 5.28 111.515 0.49 20 0.56122449 1 60 1 60 big bathroom 2.6 1.75 300 4.55 0.35 80 1.5234375 1 2 1 40 25 0.8 0.8 80 25 small bathroom 2.6 1.1 300 2.86 0.35 80 0.95758929 1 1 1 40 25 0.8 0.8 40 25 room entrance Saloon bed room 1 balcony 1 bed room 2 bed room 3 balcony 2 kitchen length 1.35 6.35 4.05 2 5.25 5.45 1.1 2.6 width 1.4 3.85 3.5 3.5 3.45 4.2 1.1 3.5 Lux 50 150 120 50 120 120 50 300 Area 1.89 24.4475 14.175 7 18.1125 22.89 1.21 9.1 u 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.41 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 number of lamps 0.20089286 7.79575893 3.61607143 0.74404762 4.62053571 5.83928571 0.12861395 2.60099085 lamps 2 8 4 1 5 6 1 3 lamps wattage 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 power factor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 installed wattage 120 480 240 60 300 360 60 120 lamp current 0.545454545 2.181818182 1.090909091 0.272727273 1.363636364 1.636363636 0.272727273 0.681818182 0.7 0.227272727 0.142045455 0.7 0.454545455 0.142045455 0.7 0.272727273 Sum CB rating closest CB 1.636 0.27 0.6818 0.7 0.227 0.142 0.7 0.45455 0.142 0.7 0.273 5.92635 7.11162 10 5.4544 6.54528 10 line 1 line2 0.5454 2.1818 1.0909 0.2727 1.3636
CHAPTER 2

Line line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 5 line 6 line 7 Type Lighting Lighting normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets ID55 AC calculations 2+.2(6x2) 2+.2(6x2) 2+.2(6x2) (1500/220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) current 5.92 5.45 4.4 4.4 4.4 7.57 8.477 Column1 5.28 5.28 5.28 9.084 10.1724 C.B 10 10 10 10 10 16 25 C.S.A 32.5 mm 32.5 mm 34 mm 34 mm 34 mm 34 mm 36 mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =5.92+5.45= 11.37 A. Normal sockets=4.43 =13.2. Power sockets=0.5 [8.477+7.57] =8.0235 A. =0.7[11.37+13.2+8.0235] =22.8 A. =22.8220=5 KVA.
Then, M.C.B=32 A (Single phase). C.S.A =310 mm. Meter used = 40A Single phase meter.
We will have 101 building of this type, each of 24 apartments in 6 floors. From diversity graph, we get the diversified KVA of flat. () =1.9 KVA. =1.924= 45.6 KVA. = Then, Fuse=80 A (3 phase). C.S.A =325+25+25 mm.
45.6103 380 3
=69.28 A.
24
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.5 Distribution of lighting in at type (B).
Fig 2.6 Distribution of Sockets in at type (B).
25
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.7 Distribution board in at type (B).
Fig 2.8 Riser diagram in at type (B)
26
2.7.3 Flat type (C) a) Lighting:

Line 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 138.46 kitchen 3.7 2.6 300 9.62 0.41 80 2.7496189 3 40 0.8 120 entrance bathroom 2 bedroom 3 entrance bathroom 3 bathroom 3 1.7 3.9 1.7 2.1 1.89 4.78 1.1 1.3 50 120 50 300 3.213 18.642 1.87 2.73 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 20 20 20 80 0.34151786 4.75561224 0.19876701 0.9140625 1 1 5 1 1 1 60 60 60 40 25 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 60 300 60 40 25 entrance bathroom 1 bed room 2 corridor bathroom 2 1.7 3.7 1.05 1.7 1.9 3.7 3.82 2.7 50 120 50 300 3.23 13.69 4.011 4.59 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 20 20 20 80 0.34332483 3.49234694 0.42633929 1.53683036 1 1 5 1 2 1 60 60 60 40 25 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 60 300 60 80 25 room entrance reception trace bed room 1 bathroom 1 length 2.06 7.8 2.1 3.6 1.7 width 1.3 5.35 4.7 5 2.7 Lux 50 150 50 120 300 Area 2.678 41.73 9.87 18 4.59 u 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 20 20 20 20 80 number of lamps 0.28465136 13.3067602 1.04910714 4.59183673 1.53683036 1 lamps 2 14 2 5 2 1 lamps wattage 60 60 60 60 40 25 power factor 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 installed wattage 120 840 120 300 80 25 lamp current 0.545454545 3.818181818 0.545454545 1.363636364 0.454545455 0.142045455 0.7 0.272727273 1.363636364 0.272727273 0.454545455 0.142045455 0.7 0.272727273 1.363636364 0.272727273 0.227272727 0.142045455 0.7 0.681818182 0.7 sum C.B rating Closet C.B 7.5689 9.08268 10 line 1 0.5454 3.818 0.5454 1.3636 0.4545 0.142 0.7 0.2727 1.3636 0.2727 0.4545 0.142 0.7 0.2727 1.3636 0.2727 0.227 0.142 0.7 0.6818 0.7 7.5653 9.07836 10 line2
CHAPTER 2

Line line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 5 line 6 line 7 line 8 line 9 line 10 Type Lighting Lighting normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets ID55 ID55 AC AC calculations 2+.2(6x2) 2+.2(4x2) 2+.2(4x2) 2+.2(6x2) (1500/220x0.9) (1500/220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) current 7.57 7.57 4.4 3.6 3.6 4.4 7.57 7.57 8.477 8.477 Column1 5.28 4.32 4.32 5.28 9.084 9.084 10.1724 10.1724 C.B 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 25 25 C.S.A 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =7.57+7.57= 15.14 A. Normal sockets=4.4+3.6+3.6+4.4 =16 A. Power sockets=0.5 [28.477+27.57] =16.047 A. =0.7[15.14+16+16.047] =33 A. =33220=7.263 KVA.
We will have 145 building of this type, each of 24 apartments in 6 floors. From diversity graph, we get the diversified KVA of flat. () =2.8 KVA. =2.824= 67.2 KVA.
=
Then,
67.210 3 380 3
=102.1 A.
Fuse=160 A (3 phase). C.S.A =370+35+35 mm.
28
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.9 Distribution of lighting in at type (C).
Fig 2.10 Distribution of Sockets in at type (C).
29
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.11 Distribution board in at type (C).
30
CHAPTER 2
Fig2.12 Riser diagram in at type (B).
31
2.7.4 Flat type (D) a) Lighting:

room Door entrance Saloon Hall entrance Kitchen Path 1 Path 2 Path 3 Living room Bathroom 1 Bathroom 2 Bathroom 3 Nanny room Nanny's bath Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Extension Bedroom 3 Balcony Lux 50 150 50 300 50 50 50 150 300 300 300 120 200 120 120 50 120 50 Area 3.9 82 7 17.85 3.25 12 4.75 20.4 4.42 4.9 5.2 5.5 2.6 20.4 18.4 5.66 20 6 244.2 u 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.41 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.49 0.35 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 20 20 20 80 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 20 80 20 20 20 20 20 number of lamps 0.622 15.69 0.744 5.102 0.345 1.276 0.505 3.903 1.48 1.641 1.741 1.403 0.58 5.204 4.694 0.602 5.102 0.638 lamps 1 16 1 6 1 2 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 6 5 1 6 1 lamps wattage 40 100 60 40 60 60 60 100 40 40 40 60 40 60 60 60 60 60 power factor 1 1 1 0.8 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 0.8 1 1 1 1 1 installed wattage 40 1600 60 240 60 120 60 400 80 80 80 120 40 360 300 60 360 60 lamp current 0.181818 7.272727 0.272727 1.363636 0.272727 0.545455 0.272727 1.818182 0.454545 0.454545 0.454545 0.545455 0.227273 1.636364 1.363636 0.272727 1.636364 0.272727 Sum CB rating closest CB 3.637 4.364 10 3.909 4.691 10 3.182 3.818 10 4.409 5.291 10 0.455 0.545 0.227 1.636 1.364 0.273 1.636 0.273 4 4.8 10 1.818 0.455 0.455 3.637 3.637 0.273 1.364 0.273 0.545 0.273 line 1 line 2 line 3 0.182 line 4 line5
CHAPTER 2

Line
line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 5 line 6 line 7 line 8 line 9 line 10 line 11 line 12 line 13 line 14 line 15 line 16 line 17 line 18 line 19 line 20 line 21
Type
Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets AC AC AC AC Water Heater Water Heater Dryer Washing machine
Current
3.6365 4.1825 2.909 4.411 3.185 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.6 4.4 4.4 4.4 8.477 8.477 8.477 8.477 7.576 7.576 7.576 7.576
C.B
4.3638 5.019 3.4908 5.2932 3.822 4.32 4.32 4.32 3.84 4.32 5.28 5.28 5.28 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 9.0912 9.0912 9.0912 9.0912
M.C.B
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 25 25 25 25 16 16 20 20
C.S.A
3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =3.63+4.183+2.91+4.411+3.185= 18.32 A. Normal sockets=3.2+ (4.43) + (3.64) =30.8 A. Power sockets= (8.4774) + (7.572) + (7.572) =64.188 A. =0.7[18.32+30.8+64.188] =79.3156 A. =79.3156220=17.4 KVA. = 79.1356 = 26.4 . 3
Then, M.C.B=32 A (3 phase). C.S.A =516 mm. Meter used = 40A Three phase meter.
33
CHAPTER 2
Phase balance:
Phase R Line Current L1 3.6365 Lighting L2 3.91 L6 3.6 L7 3.6 Normal Sockets L8 3.6 L9 3.2 L18 7.576 Power Sockets L19 7.576 Sum 36.6985 Phase S Phase T Line Current Line Current L3 3.182 L5 4 L4 4.41 L10 3.6 L12 4.4 L11 4.4 L13 4.4
L15 L16 L20
8.477 8.477 7.576 40.122
L14 L17 L21
8.477 8.477 7.576 37.33
We will have 57 building of this type, each of 12 apartments in 6 floors. From diversity graph, we get the diversified KVA of flat. () =8.2 KVA. =8.212=98.4 KVA.
98.410 3 380 3
=149.5 A.
Then, Fuse=160 A (3 phase). C.S.A =370+35+35 mm.
34
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.13 Distribution of lighting in at type (D).
35
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.14 Distribution of Sockets in at type (D).
36
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.15 Distribution board in at type (D).
37
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.16 Riser diagram in at type (D).
38
2.7.5 Flat type (E) Repeated apartments: a) Lighting:

Room Open Salon Living Balcony Guest's Bathroom Kitchen Entrance Hallway Children's Bedroom Room Entrance Hallway Children's Bathroom Master Bedroom Changing Room Master Bathroom Lux 200 50 300 300 100 50 150 50 300 150 150 300 Dimensions 5.4*3.7+3.6*6.7 2.14*3.6 2.36*1.5 4*3.6 1.5*2.36 1.12*7.84 3.6*3.6 2.36*2.36 2.36*2.36 7.32*3.6 1.76*2.36 2.36*2.33 Area 44.1 7.7 3.54 14.4 3.54 8.78 12.96 5.57 5.57 26.35 4.15 5.5 Total Area =142.16 Illumination Type Incandescent Incandescent Florescent Florescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Florescent Incandescent Incandescent Florescent Wattage needed 1764 77 72.216 293.76 70.8 439 388.8 55.7 113.628 790.5 124.5 112.2 (Positions x N lamps x Watt) 3x3x200 1x1x100 1x2x40 2x4x40 1x100 3x1x150 1x4x100 1x1x60 1x3x40 2x2x200 1x1x150 1x3x40 Total Wattage 1800 100 80 320 100 450 400 60 120 800 150 120 Current 8.18 0.45 0.45 1.82 0.45 2 1.82 0.27 0.68 3.64 0.68 0.68 Total Current=21.12A Diversified current C.B line1=11.53A 7.61A 10 0.45 2 1.82 0.27 0.68 3.64 0.68 0.68 line2=9.59A 6.32A 10 Line 1 8.18 0.45 0.45 1.82 Line 2
CHAPTER 2

Normal Socket Lines Calculations For Repeated apartments Normal Sockets Lines S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Number of 3A Sockets 5 2 3 4 5 1 Number of 5A Sockets 0 3 2 1 0 3 Div. Line Current Rating 5.4 8.2 7.8 7.4 5.4 7.6
Power Socket Lines Rating For Repeated Apts Power Sockets Lines P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Air Cond. Coverage Area 22 22 14.4 13 26 Horse Power needed 10sqm/hp 2.2 2.2 1.44 1.3 2.6 Air Cond.Rating in Hp 3 3 1.5 1.5 3 Kwatt Rating 2.24 2.24 1.12 1.12 2.24 Line Current Rating Assuming 0.7 p.f 14.5 14.5 7.27 7.27 14.5
Repeated Apt CBs And CSAs Line L1 L2 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 P1 P2 P3 Current 7.61 6.32 5.4 8.2 7.8 7.4 5.4 7.6 7.27 7.27 14.5 MCB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 32 CSA 3x2.5mm 3x2.5mm 3x2mm 3x2mm 3x2mm 3x2mm 3x2mm 3x2mm 3x3mm 3x3mm 3x6mm
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
40
Ground floor apartment: a) Lighting:

Room Door 1 Salon Balcony 1 Dining Guest's Bathroom Entrance hall Hall 1 Laundry Room Maid's Bathroom Kitchen Children's Bedroom Door 2 Reception Balcony 2 Hall 2 Master Bathroom Changing Room Master Bedroom Living Balcony 3 Lux 50 200 50 200 300 50 50 200 300 300 150 50 200 50 50 300 150 150 150 50 Length 1.25 4.84 1.18 5.99 1.6 1.6 4.84 3 2.36 4.8 4.84 1.25 11.14 1.18 5.58 2.55 2.74 4.84 4 2.36 Width 1.22 4.64 4.84 4.84 2.36 2.36 1.12 2.36 1.72 3.6 3.6 1.22 4.84 4.84 1.12 3.47 3.34 4.22 4.84 4.84 Area 1.525 22.4576 5.7112 28.9916 3.776 3.776 5.4208 7.08 4.0592 17.28 17.424 1.525 53.9176 5.7112 6.2496 8.8485 9.1516 20.4248 19.36 11.4224 Illumination Type Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Florescent Incandescent Incandescent Florescent Florescent Florescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Florescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Incandescent Wattage needed 15.25 898.4 57 1159.6 77 37.76 54.2 96.3 82.8 352.512 522.72 15.25 2156.7 57 62.5 180.54 274.5 612.6 580.8 114.2 (Positions x N.lamps x Watt) 1x1x40 1x6x150 1x1x60 1x8x150 1x2x40 1x1x40 2x1x40 1x3x40 1x2x40 3x3x40 1x5x100 1x1x40 3x4x200 1x1x60 3x1x40 1x5x40 1x2x150 1x4x150 1x4x150 1x3x40 Total Wattage 40 900 60 1200 80 40 80 120 80 360 500 40 2400 60 120 200 300 600 600 120 Current 0.18 4.1 0.27 5.45 0.45 0.18 0.36 0.68 0.45 2.05 2.27 0.18 10.9 0.27 0.55 0.9 1.36 2.73 2.73 0.55 Sum Diversified current C.B. 10 6.6 10 0.55 6.99 4.61 10 11.35 7.49 10 8.27 5.46 10 Line 1 0.18 4.1 0.27 5.45 0.45 0.18 0.36 0.68 0.45 2.05 2.27 0.18 10.9 0.27 0.55 0.9 1.36 2.73 2.73 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4
CHAPTER 2

Normal Socket Lines Calculations For Ground floor Apt. Normal Socket Lines S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Number of 5A Sockets 6 4 5 7 6 5 Number of 10A Sockets 0 3 1 0 0 1 Div. Line Current Rating 10 18 15 11 10 15
Power Socket Lines Calculations For Ground floor Apt. Power Sockets Lines P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Use Air Cond Air Cond Air Cond Air Cond Air Cond Air Cond Air Cond Air Cond Washer+Dryer Power 3hp 3hp 2hp 2hp 3hp 3hp 3hp 3hp __ Wattage 2.23 2.23 1.5 1.5 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.23 5 Current Assuming 0.7 p.f 14.5 14.5 9.74 9.74 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 32.47
Panel 1 Lines Lines L1 L2 L3 L4 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Current 6.6 4.61 7.49 5.46 10 18 15 11 10 15 14.5 14.5 9.74 9.74 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 32.47 242.11 MCB 10 10 10 10 15 20 20 15 15 20 32 32 20 20 32 32 32 32 40 CSA(mm) 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x3 3x4 3x4 3x3 3x3 3x4 3x6 3x6 3x4 3x4 3x6 3x6 3x6 3x6 3x10 84.31 IR Div0 =36.518A 79.23 IS Div0 =33.438A 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 32.47 78.57 IT Div0 =46.97A 14.5 14.5 9.74 9.74 11 10 15 5.46 10 18 15 4.61 7.49 Phase R Phase S Phase T 6.6
42
CHAPTER 2
c) KVA calculation:
=(7.61+6.32)+14.5+0.2[7.272+5.42+7.8+7.4+8.2+7.6] =39.698 A. =39.698220=8.733 KVA.
We will have 116 building of this type, each of 10 apartments in 4 floors. From diversity graph, we get the diversified KVA of flat. () =6.5 KVA. =6.510=65 KVA.
6510 3 380 3
=98.757 A.
Then, Fuse=160 A (3 phase). C.S.A =370+35+35 mm.
43
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.17 Distribution of lighting in flat type repeated (E).
44
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.18 Distribution of Sockets in flat type repeated (E).
45
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.19 Distribution of Light in flat type zero floor (E).
46
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.20 Distribution of Sockets in flat type zero floor (E).
47
2.7.6 Villa type (A) Ground Floor: a) Lighting:

line
room villa entrance1 villa entrance2 entrance 1 kitchen1 bath1 corridor1 bed room 1 nani2 bath4 corridor4 dinning 2 sallon1 a sallon1 b stairs hall trace2
length
width
Lux
Area 225.5 70 4.505 16.59 7.3038 3.5298 25.669 5.64 4.8216 4.644 21.924 24.975 61.157 17.76 29.829 6.4184
20 20 20 80 80 20 20 20 80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
u 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.49 0.49 0.35 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
lamp type 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0683 0.0683 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0683 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
watt 2255 700 45.05 339.9291 149.654862 70.596 770.064 169.2 98.794584 46.44 876.96 749.25 1834.716 355.2 894.87 364.952
no of lamps 22 12 1 8 3 1 8 4 2 1 8 8 20 6 18 1
lamps wattage 60 100 40 40 40 40 100 40 40 20 100 100 100 60 40 40
power factor 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 0.8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
installed wattage 1320 1200 40 320 120 40 800 160 80 20 800 800 2000 360 720 40
lamp current 6 5.454545 0.181818 1.818182 0.681818 0.181818 3.636364 0.727273 0.454545 0.090909 3.636364 3.636364 9.090909 1.636364 3.272727 0.181818
current 6 5.454545 0.181818 1.818182 1.381818 0.181818 3.636364 0.727273 1.154545 0.090909 3.636364 3.636364 9.090909 1.636364 3.272727 0.181818 Sum CB rating closest CB
line 1
line 2
line 3 6
line 4
line5
line6
3 5 6 6 1 4 1 5 5 3 6 4 2 1 9 2
_ _ 1.06 3.95 2.22 2.22 4.88 3 1.96 3.87 5.22 6.66 9.88 4.8 3.26 4.52
_ _ 4.25 4.2 3.29 1.59 5.26 1.88 2.46 1.2 4.2 3.75 6.19 3.7 9.15 1.42
50 50 50 300 300 100 150 150 300 50 200 150 150 100 150 50
5.45 0.181 1.818 1.38 0.1818 3.63 0.72 1.15 0.0909 3.6363 3.636
9.09 1.63
0.1818 6.65 7.98 10 9.2718 11.126 10 6.0909 7.3090 10 3.8181 4.5818 10 7.33 8.80 10 5.636 6.763 10
CHAPTER 2

Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Type light light light light light light Spare Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Normal sockets Power Socket Power Socket Water heater Water heater AC AC AC AC current 6.65 9.27 6.09 4.27 7.34 5.64 4.4 4.4 4.8 4.4 4 7.57 7.57 7.57 7.57 8.48 8.48 8.48 8.48 MCB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 25 25 25 25 CSA 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*6mm 3*6mm 3*6mm 3*6mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =6.65+7.27+6.09+4.27+7.34+5.64= 29.92 A. Normal sockets=4 + (4.43) + 4.8 =22 A. Power sockets= 0.5[(8.484) + (7.572) + (7.572)] =32.1 A. =0.7[29.92+22+32.1] =65.35 A. =65.35220=14.377 KVA. = 65.35 = 21.78 . 3
Then, M.C.B=32 A (3 phase). C.S.A =510 mm.
49
First Floor: a) Lighting:

line
room trace1 bedroom1 bath1 corridor1 bedroom2 bath 2 office 1 corridor 2 bedroom 3 bath 3 dressing room1 stairs living room bedroom 4 trace 2 trace 3
length
width
Lux
Area 4.342 17.43 7.258 4.118 25.55 5.098 5.158 8.833 22 9.709 14.98 22.66 34.05 26.06 5.533 7.296
lamp type 0.2 0.2 0.063 0.2 0.2 0.068 0.068 0.2 0.2 0.068 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
watt 43.42 522.9 137.8 82.37 766.4 104.4 88.08 88.33 659.9 198.9 449.3 453.1 1362 781.8 55.33 72.96
number of lamps 1 6 3 1 6 3 3 2 6 5 4 6 10 8 2 2
lamps wattage 40 100 40 40 100 40 40 40 100 40 100 100 150 100 40 40
power factor 1 1 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.8 1 1 0.8 1 1 1 1 1 1
installed wattage 40 600 120 40 600 120 120 80 600 200 400 600 1500 800 80 80
lamp current 0.182 2.727 0.682 0.182 2.727 0.682 0.682 0.364 2.727 1.136 1.818 2.727 6.818 3.636 0.364 0.364 Sum CB rating closest CB
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Line 4
Line 5 0.182 2.727 0.682
Line 6
5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 6 6 2 1 6 1 3
1.18 4.2 2.16 2.34 4.82 2.88 2.48 1.1 5.3 5.22 5.2 4.72 5.6 5.34 5.22 6.08
3.68 4.15 3.36 1.76 5.3 1.77 2.08 8.03 4.15 1.86 2.88 4.8 6.08 4.88 1.06 1.2
50 150 300 100 150 300 250 50 150 300 150 100 200 150 50 50
0.182 2.727 1.382 0.364 2.727 2.727 1.364 1.818 2.727 6.818 3.636 0.364 0.364 7.182 8.6181 10 2.727 3.2727 10 6.727 8.0726 10 7.382 8.8580 10 3.591 4.3089 10 6.818 8.1817 10 3.636
CHAPTER 2

line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 type light light light light light light light Normal Sockets Normal Sockets Normal Sockets Normal Sockets Normal Sockets Normal Sockets Power Sockets Water heater Water heater Water heater AC Water heater AC current 7.18 2.73 6.73 7.38 6.82 6.82 spare 4.4 4.4 3.2 4.4 3.2 4.4 7.57 7.57 7.57 7.57 8.48 7.57 8.48 MCB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 16 16 16 25 16 25 CSA 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*6mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*6mm 3*4mm 3*6mm
d) KVA calculation:
light =7.18+2.73+6.73+7.38+6.82+6.82= 37.66 A. Normal sockets= (4.44) + (3.22) =24 A. Power sockets= 0.5[(8.482) + (7.574) + (7.57)] =27.405 A. =0.7[37.66+24+27.405] =62.34 A. =62.34220=13.716 KVA. = 62.34 = 20.78 . 3
51
CHAPTER 2
Garage:
line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 current 1.818 2.727 2.045 2.045 2.727 0.682 7.57 7.57 7.57 7.57 MCB 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 CSA 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*6mm 3*6mm 3*6mm 3*6mm
KVA calculation:
light =1.818+2.727+2.045+2.045+2.727+0.682= 10 A. Power sockets= 0.5[(7.574)] =15.14 A. =0.7[10+15.14] =19.66 A. =19.66220=4.325 KVA.
Then, M.C.B=32 A (Single phase). C.S.A =310 mm.
Riser calculation:
We will have 26 building of this type, each of 2 apartments duplex. we get the diversified KVA of apartment. () =0.7[14.377+13.7] =19.66 KVA. =19.662+4.18=31.7 KVA.
31.710 3 380 3
=48.16 A.
Then, Fuse=63 A (3 phase). C.S.A =325+25+25 mm. Meter used = 80A Three phase meter.
52
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.21 Distribution of Light in Villa type (A) ground oor.
53
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.22 Distribution of Sockets in Villa type (A) ground oor.
54
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.23 Distribution of lighting in Villa (A) First oor.
55
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.24 Distribution of Sockets in Villa (A) First oor.
56
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.25 Distribution board in Villa type (A) ground oor.
Fig 2.26 Distribution board in Villa type (A) First oor.
57
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.27 Distribution board in Villa type (A) Garage.
Fig 2.28 Riser diagram in Villa type (A).
58
2.7.7 Villa type (B) Ground Floor: a) Lighting:

line L1 L2,L3 L2 L3 L4 L4 L4 L4 L4 L4 L4 L5 0.49 20 Bathroom1 Bathroom2 Store kitchen kitchen balcony Entrance door lights M.bedroom 300 300 100 300 100 200 150 7 8 4.2 21.2 3 12 32.5 0.49 20 6.2 4 40 1 160 0.72 SUM C.B closest C.B 5.45 6.54 10 5 6 10 4.34 5.2 10 4.05 4.85 10 0.72 3.44 4.128 10 Room Reception Terrace Lux 150 150 Area 85.9 20.52 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 0.35 0.49 0.41 0.49 0.49 20 20 3.9 20 80 80 80 80 80 20 2.2 2.2 0.66 6.05 0.47 3.06 4 2 2 1 6 1 3 3 6 40 40 40 20 40 20 100 15 100 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 160 80 80 20 240 20 300 45 600 0.72 0.45 0.45 0.114 1.36 0.114 1.36 0.2 2.72 0.7 0.45 0.45 0.114 1.36 0.114 1.36 0.2 2.72 16.4 u n no. of lamps lamps 12 16 3 lamps wattage 100 100 100 1 1 power factor installed wattage 1200 1600 300 lamp current 5.45 7.27 1.36 LINE 1 5.45 3.64 1.36 3.64 LINE2 LINE 3 LINE4 LINE5
CHAPTER 2

Line L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15 L16 L17 L18 L19 Type Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Normal socket Normal socket power plug power plug power plug power plug power plug A/C A/C A/C A/C IP55 IP55 Elevator Calculations 2+0.2(2*5) 2+0.2(2*5) 1*10 1*10 1*10 1*10 1*10 3*746/(220*0.9) 3*746/(220*0.9) 3*746/(220*0.9) 3*746/(220*0.9) 1500/(220*0.9) 1500/(220*0.9) 1.5*746/(220*0.9) current 5.45 5 4.34 4.05 3.44 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 7.6 7.6 5.7 C.B. rating 4.8 4.8 12 12 12 12 12 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 9.2 9.2 10 M.C.B 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 25 25 25 25 10 10 16 C.S.A 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*4mm 3*10mm 3*10mm 3*10mm 3*10mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*4mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =5.45+5+4.34+4.05+3.44= 22.28 A. Normal sockets= (42) =8 A. Power sockets= (11.44) + (7.62) +0.5[103] =75.8 A. =0.7[22.28+8+75.8] =74.256 A. =74.256220=16.336 KVA. = 74.256 = 24.752 . 3
60

Room L1 L1 L1 L2 L2 L2 L2 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 Bedroom2 Bathroom1 Living corridor stairs area kitchen kitchen bar Dressing Bathroom2 corridor 150 300 100 11 7 5 0.49 0.35 0.49 80 80 20 0.8 2.2 0.7 150 300 150 100 100 300 20.5 7 20.8 5 10 6.3 Bedroom1 150 30 M.bedroom Terrace Lux 150 150 Area 36.2 32.2 u 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.35 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.41 n 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 20 20 20 20 no. of lamps 6.7 6.1 5.7 3.9 2.2 3.9 0.7 1.4 2.1 lamps 6 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 lamps wattage 100 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 100 15 20 40 40 power factor 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 1 installed wattage 600 400 160 400 160 400 80 400 80 100 200 45 20 80 80 lamp current 2.72 1.8 0.72 1.8 0.72 1.8 0.36 1.8 0.36 0.45 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.36 0.36 SUM C.B closest C.B 5.24 6.3 10 4.68 5.6 10 LINE 1 2.72 1.8 0.72 1.8 0.72 1.8 0.45 1.8 0.36 0.45 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.36 0.36 4.53 5.436 10 LINE2 LINE 3
CHAPTER 2

Line L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 Type Lighting Lighting Lighting Normal socket Normal socket power plug IP55 IP55 A/C A/C A/C A/C A/C Calculations 2+0.2(2*6) 2+0.2(2*5) 1*10 1500/(220*0.9) 1500/(220*0.9) 2.25*746/(220*0.9) 3*746/(220*0.9) 3*746/(220*0.9) 2.25*746/(220*0.9) 2.25*746/(220*0.9) current 5.24 4.68 4.53 4.4 4 10 7.6 7.6 8.5 11.4 11.4 8.5 8.5 column 5.6 4.8 12 9.2 9.2 10.2 13.7 13.7 10.2 10.2 C.B 10 10 10 10 10 16 10 10 20 25 25 20 20 C.S.A 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*4mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*6mm 3*10mm 3*10mm 3*6mm 3*6mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =5.24+4.68+4.53= 14.42 A. Normal sockets= 4.4+4 =8.4 A. Power sockets=(11.42) + (7.62) + (8.53) + (10) =73.5 A. =0.7[14.42+8.4+73.5] =67.424 A. =67.424*220=15 KVA. = 67.424 = 22.47 . 3
62
CHAPTER 2
Roof Floor: a) Lighting:

line L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L1 L2 L1 corridor Roof 100 10 Bathroom kitchen kitchen bar Living 150 22 0.49 0.49 0.49 20 4.73 20 20 0.6 4 2 9 40 40 100 1 1 1 160 80 900 0.72 0.36 4.09 SUM C.B closest C.B 4.09 4.81 5.77 10 5.12 6.144 10 0.72 0.36 300 300 7.5 3.5 Room Bedroom Lux 150 Area 26.4 u 0.49 0.49 0.35 0.49 n 20 5.6 20 80 20 2.2 1.12 4 2 1 3 3 40 40 100 15 100 1 0.8 1 1 1 160 80 100 45 300 0.72 0.36 0.45 0.19 1.6 0.72 0.36 0.45 0.19 1.6 no. of lamps lamp s 4 lamps wattage 100 power factor 1 installed wattage 400 lamp current 1.8 LINE 1 LINE2 1.8

Line L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 Type Lighting Lighting Normal socket Normal socket power plug A/C A/C IP55 Calculations 2+0.2(2*4) 2+0.2(2*5) 1*10 2.25*746/(220*0.9) 3*746/(220*0.9) 1500/(220*0.9) current 4.81 5.12 3.6 4 10 8.5 11.4 7.6 C.B. rating 4.2 4.8 12 10.2 13.7 9.2 M.C.B 10 10 10 10 16 20 25 10 C.S.A 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*2.5mm 3*4mm 3*6mm 3*10mm 3*2.5mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =4.81+5.12= 9.93 A. Normal sockets= 3.6+4 =7.6 A. Power sockets= 8.5+11.4+7.6+10 =37.5 A. =0.7[9.93+7.6+13.75] =38.521 A. =38.521*220=8.4746 KVA. = 38.521 = 12.84 . 3
63
CHAPTER 2
We will have 96 building of this type; we get the diversified KVA of apartment. =0.6[8.5+15+16.5] =24 KVA.
2410 3 380 3
=36.46 A.
Then, Fuse=63 A (3 phase). C.S.A =325+25+25 mm. Meter used = 80A Three phase meter.
64
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.29 Distribution of lighting in Villa (B) Ground oor.
65
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.30 Distribution of Sockets in Villa (B) Ground oor.
66
CHAPTER 2
First Floor Plan
Fig 2.31 Distribution of lighting in Villa (B) First oor.
First Floor Plan
Fig 2.32 Distribution of Sockets in Villa (B) First oor.
67
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.33 Distribution board in Villa type (B) ground oor.
Fig 2.34 Distribution board in Villa type (B) First.
68
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.35 Distribution board in Villa type (B) Roof.
Fig 2.36 Riser diagram in Villa type (B).
69
2.7.8 Villa type (C) Basement Floor: a) Lighting:

lines 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2,3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 18 19 villa entrance stairs 2 12 6 12 6 11.7 11.21 2.28 0.878 200 50 20.825 48.46 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 20 20 40 40 13.01563 6.309896 480 240 1 1 14 14 15 16 17 servant room servant room entrance servant room bathroom 4 1 1 door man room 5 4 1 4 1 1 1 4.13 1.231 1.46 3.65 1.788 1.705 120 75 300 15.0745 2.201028 2.4893 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.8 0.8 0.6 20 80 80 3 2.875 120 43.64 0.5 0.6 20 100 40 60 40 40 25 3.768625 0.128966 1.111295 8.728 400 40 240 40 40 25 1 0.8 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 8 9 10 11 12 13 stairs 1 mosque extension mosque corridor kitchen door man room bathroom 6 3 8 1 8 1 7 bathroom extension 1 1 1 6 3 8 1 8 1 1 9.113 1.8 6 1.68 4.5 1.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 1.23 6.5 1.6 50 150 200 50 300 300 32.8068 6.66 22.2 2.0664 29.25 2.72 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.41 0.35 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 20 20 80 80 80 80 1.5 2.5 150 3.75 0.5 0.6 80 40 25 40 40 20 20 40 40 5.126063 3.121875 6.9375 0.161438 8.360328 0.910714 0.585938 40 25 240 120 160 20 320 40 25 0.8 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 3 4 5 6 living balcony big bathroom small bathroom 6 1 9 1 place 1 2 room entrance cinema calculated number of lamps 6 10 installed number of lamps 6 4 6 6 1 10 1 1 4.69 2.637 4.69 2 4.12 0.95 5.32 1.475 150 50 300 300 19.3228 2.50515 24.9508 2.95 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 20 20 80 80 length 18.835 7.42 width 3.36 4.75 Lux 50 75 Area 63.2856 35.245 U 0.6 0.5 m 0.8 0.8 20 20 lamps wattage 60 40 40 60 40 40 40 25 6.038375 0.39143 8.354063 1.316964 number of lamps 5.493542 8.260547 installed wattage 360 160 240 360 40 400 40 25 power factor 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 lamp current 1.63636 0.72727 1.09091 1.63636 0.18182 1.81818 0.22727 0.14205 0.7 0.22727 0.14205 1.09091 0.54545 0.90909 0.11364 1.81818 0.22727 0.14205 0.7 1.81818 0.22727 1.09091 0.22727 0.22727 0.14205 0.7 2.18182 1.09091 sum C.B 5.818 10 5.259 10 5.416 10 2.182 1.091 5.296 10 0.227 0.142 0.7 1.818 0.227 1.091 0.227 0.227 0.142 0.7 0.182 1.818 0.227 0.142 0.7 0.227 0.142 0.366 0.733 0.546 0.909 0.114 1.818 line 1 1.636 0.727 1.091 1.636 line 2 line 3 line 4
CHAPTER 2

Line line1 line2 line3 line4 line5 line6 line7 line8 line9 line10 line11 line12 line13 line14 line15 line16 line17 line18 line19 line20 line21 line22 Type Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets power socket power socket power socket power socket WH WH WH AC AC AC AC number 5 5 5 7 5 6 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 calculations 2+.2(2X4) 2+.2(2X4) 2+.2(2X4) 2+.2(2X6) 2+.2(2X4) 2+.2(2X5) 2+.2(2X4) 1x16 1x16 1x16 1x16 (1500/220x.9) (1500/220x.9) (1500/220x.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) current 5.818 5.26 5.416 5.3 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.4 3.6 4 3.6 16 16 16 16 7.57 7.57 7.57 8.477 8.477 8.477 8.477 Column1 4.32 4.32 4.32 5.28 4.32 4.8 4.32 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 9.084 9.084 9.084 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 C.B 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 16 16 16 25 25 25 25 C.S.A 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =5.818+5.26+5.416+5.3= 21.79 A. Normal sockets=4.4+4+ (3.65) =26.4 A. Power sockets=0.3[(8.4774) + (7.573) + (164)] =33.64 A. =0.7[21.79+26.4+33.64] =57.267 A. = 57.267 = 19.09 . 3
Then, M.C.B=32 A (3 phase). C.S.A =516 mm
Phase balance:
Phase A Phase B Phase C Line number L1,L2 L3 L4 light current 11.0772 5.416 5.2964 Line number L(5,6) L(7,8) L(9,10,11) Normal sockets current 7.2 8 11.2 Line number L(12,16,17,19) L(13,14,20) L(15,18,21,22) Power sockets current 39.617 40.477 40.524 Sum 57.8942 53.893 57.0204
71
Ground Floor: a) Lighting:

calculated number of lamps 11 7 7 13 6 4 1 1 1 installed number of lamps 12 6 6 12 6 4 1 1 1 1
place 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
room saloon 1 reception saloon2 dining room blank stairs passage bath ext. bath room
length 4.5 4.5 4.25 4.6 4.5 3.6 1 1.72 1.85
width 8.928 3.34 4.8 6.5 4 9 2 1.85 1.28
Lux 150 150 150 200 150 50 50 150 300
Area 40.176 15.03 20.4 29.9 18 32.4 2 3.182 2.368
U 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35
m 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6
20 20 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80
lamps wattage 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 25
number of lamps 10.4625 6.2625 6.375 12.45833 5.625 3.375 0.078125 0.372891 1.057143
installed wattage 720 360 360 720 360 240 40 40 40 25
power factor 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
lamp current 3.272727 1.636364 1.636364 3.272727 1.636364 1.090909 0.227273 0.227273 0.227273 0.142045 0.7
LINE1 3.2727 1.6363
LINE2
LINE3
1.6363 3.273 1.636 1.09 0.2273 0.2273 0.2273 0.142 0.7 1.09 1.363 0.1818 1.09 5.999 10 5.795 10 5.999 10
10 11 12 13
entrance kitchen back stairs balcony
3 5 1 5
4 6 1 6
4 4.5 1.1 11.5
3.325 4.16 0.95 2.3
100 300 50 50
13.3 18.72 1.045 26.45
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
20 80 20 20
60 40 40 40
2.770833 4.3875 0.163281 4.132813
240 240 40 240
1 0.8 1 1
1.090909 1.363636 0.181818 1.090909 SUM C.B
CHAPTER 2

Line line1 line2 line3 line4 line5 line6 line7 line8 line9 line10 line11 line12 line13 line14 line15 line16 line17 Type Lighting Lighting Lighting normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets power socket power socket power socket WH AC AC AC AC number 6 6 5 7 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 calculations 2+.2(2X5) 2+.2(2X5) 2+.2(4x2) 2+.2(2X6) 2+.2(4x2) 2+.2(2X5) 1x16 1x16 1x16 (1500/220x.9) 2.25x7456/(220x0.9) 2.25x7456/(220x0.9) 2.25x7456/(220x0.9) 2.25x7456/(220x0.9) current 5.99 5.79 5.99 4 4 3.6 4.4 3.6 4 16 16 16 7.57 8.477 8.477 8.477 8.477 Column1 4.8 4.8 4.32 5.28 4.32 4.8 19.2 19.2 19.2 9.084 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 C.B 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 16 25 25 25 25 C.S.A 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm
c) KVA calculation:
light =5.99+5.79+5.99= 17.77 A. Normal sockets=4.4+ (43) + (3.62) =23.6 A. Power sockets=0.5[(8.4774) + (7.57) + (163)] =44.739 A. =0.7[17.77+23.6+44.739] =60.276 A. = 60.276 = 20.092 . 3
Phase balance:
Phase A Phase B Phase C Line number L1 _ L2,L3 light current 5.99 11.78 Line number L(4,5) L(6,7) L(8,9) Normal sockets current 8 8 7.6 Line number L(10,14,15) L(11,16,17) L(12,13) Power sockets current 32.954 32.954 23.57 Sum 46.944 40.954 42.95
73

LINES 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3,4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 place 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 room main bed room balcony 0 bed room living balcony 1 bed room 1 balcony 2 closet 1 corridor1 bath room 1 calculated number of lamps 5 1 7 1 5 1 2 1 4 installed number of lamps 6 1 6 1 6 1 2 1 4 1 2 3 1 1 8 6 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 3 1 length 4.5 2.36 3.9 4 4.5 2.36 2 1.26 3.52 width 4.35 0.5 4 1 4.4 0.5 3.12 5.643 3.12 Lux 120 50 150 50 120 50 250 50 300 Area 19.575 1.18 15.6 4 19.8 1.18 6.24 7.11018 10.9824 U 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35 m 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 20 20 80 80 lamps wattage 60 40 60 40 60 40 40 40 40 25 40 40 25 40 60 60 40 40 40 40 25 60 40 40 25 number of lamps 4.89375 0.245833 6.5 0.625 4.95 0.184375 1.21875 0.277741 3.677143 installed wattage 360 40 360 40 360 40 80 40 160 25 80 120 25 40 480 360 40 40 40 120 25 360 40 120 25 power factor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.8 lamp current 1.636364 0.181818 1.636364 0.181818 1.636364 0.181818 0.363636 0.227273 0.909091 0.142045 0.7 0.454545 0.681818 0.142045 0.7 0.227273 2.181818 1.636364 0.181818 0.227273 0.227273 0.681818 0.142045 0.7 1.636364 0.181818 0.681818 0.142045 0.7 sum C.B line1 1.6363 0.1818 1.6363 0.1818 1.6363 0.1818 0.3636 0.2273 0.909 0.142 0.7 0.454 0.6818 0.142 0.7 0.2273 1.09 1.6363 0.1818 0.2273 1.09 line2 line3 line4
10 11
closet 2 bathroom 2
2 3
4.26 3.18
2 2
250 300
8.52 6.36
1.664063 2.129464
12 13 14 15 16 18 19
corridor 2 hall bed room 2 balcony 3 corridor corridor bathroom 3
1 9 6 1 1 1 3
1.2 4.6 4.5 2.36 1.332 1.2652 3.12
2 9 4.5 0.5 1.87 2.01 2.01
50 100 120 50 50 50 300
2.4 41.4 20.25 1.18 2.49084 2.543052 6.2712
0.09375 8.625 5.0625 0.184375 0.097298 0.099338 2.099732
21 22 23
bed room 3 balcony 3 bathroom 4
6 1 3
4.578 2.36 3.12
4.63 0.5 2.01
120 50 300
21.19614 1.18 6.2712
5.299035 0.184375 2.099732
0.2273 0.6818 0.142 0.7 1.6363 0.1818 0.6818 0.142 0.7 4.6592 10
5.4543 10
4.547 10
4.6592 10
CHAPTER 2

Lines line1 line2 line3 line4 line5 line6 line7 line8 line9 line10 line11 line12 line13 line14 line15 line16 line17 line18 line19 line20 Type Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets normal sockets WH WH WH WH AC AC AC AC AC number 6 7 7 5 5 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 calculations 2+.2(2X5) 2+.2(2X6) 2+.2(2X6) 2+.2(4x2) 2+.2(4x2) 2+.2(2X6) 2+.2(2X6) (1500/220x.9) (1500/220x.9) (1500/220x.9) (1500/220x.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) 2.25x746/(220x0.9) current 5.454 4.547 4.66 4.66 4 4.4 4.4 3.6 3.6 4.4 4.4 7.57 7.57 7.57 7.57 8.477 8.477 8.477 8.477 8.477 Column1 4.8 5.28 5.28 4.32 4.32 5.28 5.28 9.084 9.084 9.084 9.084 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 10.1724 C.B 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 25 25 25 25 25 C.S.A 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*2.5 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*4 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm 3*6 mm
d) KVA calculation:
light =5.454+4.547+4.66+4.66= 19.27 A. Normal sockets= (4.44) + 4 + (3.62) =28.8 A. Power sockets=0.5[(8.4775) + (7.574)] =32.094 A. =0.7[19.27+28.8+32.094] =56.1148 A. = 56.1148 = 18.705 . 3
Phase balance:
Phase A light Normal sockets Power sockets Sum Line number current Line number current Line number current L1,L2 10.001 L(5,6,7) 12.8 L(12,16) 16.047 38.848 Phase B L3 4.66 L(8) 3.6 L(13,14,17,18) 32.094 40.354 Phase C L4 4.66 L(9,10,11) 12.4 L(15,19,20) 24.524 41.584
75
CHAPTER 2
Riser calculation:
We will have 23 building of this type; we get the diversied KVA of Villa. =0.7[57.267+60.276+56.1148] =121.56 A. =121.56220=26.74 KVA.
=
Then,
26 .74 10 3 380 3
=40.627 A.
Fuse=63 A (3 phase). C.S.A =335+35+35 mm. Meter used = 80A Three phase meter.
Fig 2.37 Distribution of lighting in Villa (C) Basement oor .
76
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.38 Distribution of Sockets in Villa (C) Basement oor .
77
CHAPTER 2
Fig2.39 Distribution of Light in Villa (C) Ground oor.
78
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.40 Distribution of Sockets in Villa (C) Ground oor
79
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.41 Distribution of Light in Villa (C) First oor
80
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.42 Distribution of Sockets in Villa (C) First oor
81
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.43 Distribution board in Villa type (C) Basement.
Fig 2.44 Distribution board in Villa type (C) Ground Floor.
82
CHAPTER 2
Fig 2.45 Distribution board in Villa type (C) First oor.
Basement
Fig 2.46 Riser diagram in Villa type (C)
83
Chapter 3
LOW VOLATGE DISTUBUTION NETWORK PLANNING
CHAPTER 3
LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PLANNING
Chapter 3 LOW VOLATGE DISTUBUTION NETWORK PLANNING

3.1 Introduction
In designing a system, distribution engineers may find a conflict between fulfilling the requirements of the electrical considerations and the economical considerations in the same time, so the good distribution system is the one than can fulfill both considerations as much as possible in the same time. An example of this conflict is the voltage drop on the feeders. For achieving good performance of the system, voltage drop should be eliminated in order to have a flat voltage profile. To achieve this we use cables of larger cross sectional area (c.s.a) in order to have smaller resistance. On the other hand, the economical considerations in some cases permits a certain range of voltage drop so as to fully use the used cables. Yet if the conflict between electrical requirements and economical requirements can't be solved; the priority is always for the electrical requirements since they represent the safe operation which is the main aim of the distribution engineer. Another example on the conflict between electrical and economical requirements is to increase the service reliability for the critical loads, e.g. hospitals, computer and control centers, critical industrial loads. To do this some back-up systems such as emergency generators and/or batteries with automatic switching devices are used in such places. These extra equipments cost more money, yet the reliability of the service is more important than money in this case. In their system design decisions of the secondary distribution network, distribution engineers are primarily motivated by the considerations of economy, coppers losses in the transformer and the secondary circuit, permissible voltage drops and voltage flickers of the system. Of course, there are some other engineering and economic factors affecting the selection of the distribution transformer and the secondary configuration, such as permissible transformer loading, balanced phase loads for the primary system, investment costs of the various secondary system components, cost of labor, capital cost, inflation rates and other factors.
3.2
General Overview on the distribution system
The main components of the low voltage distribution network (secondary distribution network): 3.2.1 Distribution Transformer The first step of the low voltage distribution network is the distribution transformer. At normal operation the transformer is loaded with 80% of its full load to be able to withstand the loads of other transformer in case of fault. Distribution transformers are put in either a kiosk in the street or in a room that is specially designed for it. The transformer room is generally made of two compartments; the RMU is placed in one of them and the transformer itself is placed in the other room. This is to avoid any problems that might happen in the transformer when the switches of the RMU are closed or opened. At normal operation the feeders are loaded with 70% of their full load to be able to withstand the other loads in case of fault; these feeders are aluminum, because the probability of stealing copper cables is high. 84
CHAPTER 3
3.2.2 Distribution Box (Pillar) The second step in the network is the distribution box (pillar). The pillar can be seen on the street. Its a short metal box. It is used to connect the distribution transformer to the building box. The pillar is fed from two different feeders; one comes from a distribution transformer and the other comes from another feeder on the same transformer or another distribution transformer. When the pillar is fed from two feeders from the same transformer and a fault occurs on this transformer; this transformer goes out the network so this pillar will go out of the network too, but this method is cheap and the maneuvering on network will be easy. On the other hand if the pillar is fed from two feeders and each one comes from a different transformer, the pillar has a supply in case a fault occurs on one of the two transformers, but this method is expensive and the maneuvering on network will be more complicated. At normal operation the pillar is loaded with 80% of its full load to be able to withstand the loads of other pillar in case of fault. At normal operation the feeders are loaded with 70% of their full load to be able to withstand the other loads in case of fault. These feeders are aluminum, because the probability of stealing copper cables is high. The pillar connection is shown in figure 3.1.
From Distribution Transformer In Out
High Rupture Fuse
To Building Boxes
Fig 3.1 Distribution box (Pillar) In all these methods the pillar is connected to other pillars, and each feeder feeds a group of pillars, there is a switch in mid way of two feeder to isolate the feeders from each other and to balance the loading, but in case a fault occurs the faulty part is isolated and the midway switch is closed to connect the healthy feeder to the loads on the faulty feeder. These methods used to make sure that the continuity of supply is achieved. This is shown in figure 3.2.
Piller
Piller
Piller
Piller
Piller
Piller
Fig 3.2 Feeding a group of pillars 85
CHAPTER 3
3.2.3 Building Box (Coffree) The third step on the network and the last one before the risers of houses is the building box (sometimes called coffree). It used to connect pillars to risers of houses. The coffree is fed from two different feeders; one comes from a pillar and the other comes from another pillar, the coffree has a supply in case a fault occurs in one of the two pillars, and the department of electricity can make maneuvering on network to achieve the continuity of supply. This is shown in figure 3.3.
Piller
Coffree Coffree Coffree
Piller
Coffree Coffree Coffree
Fig 3.3 Feeding a Group of coffrees
The coffree is connected to the network by two feeders one goes in and the other goes out. The fuse set is connected on the riser may be three single phase fuses to prevent the failure in supply in case of the fuse of one phase is burnt , or one three phase fuse if one phase suffer from over current the three phase supply will disconnect. Riser is made of copper, because it has high conductivity, and it is safe from stealing. The riser is shown in figure 3.4.
Riser
In
Out
Fig 3.4 The Riser
86
CHAPTER 3
3.3
Low Voltage Network (LVN) types
The part of the electric utility system which is between the distribution transformers and the consumer's property (i.e. the circuit between the distribution transformers and the pillars, and the circuit between the pillars and the consumer's property) is called the Low Voltage Network (LVN). The types of LVN include: 1) Radial System 2) Open Loop (Ring) System 3.3.1 Radial LVN For simplicity in both installation and operation, the radial system is the most suitable one, and has low cost as well. A representative schematic diagram of such LVN type is shown in figure 3.5.
Fig 3.5 Single line diagram of LVN 3.3.2 Open Loop (Ring) LVN To obtain higher reliability of the network, open loop (ring) type system is chosen. In such system any area has a main feeding system and an alternative on in case of emergency. This is the method used in this project. This is shown in figure 3.6.
LV Side of distribution transformer Piller
Transformer (1) n.o.
Transformer (2)
Buildings n.o. n.o.
Fig 3.6 Single line diagram of open loop LVN (two supply points) 87
CHAPTER 3
We can notice that an open loop LVN can also be applied to a single supply system as shown in figure 3.7. Yet this technique is not recommended because if a fault occurs on the transformer; then all pillars connected to it will fail to deliver power to their loads.
Transformer LV Side of distribution transformer n.o. Piller
Buildings
n.o.
n.o.
Fig. 3.7 Single line diagram of open loop LVN (one-supply point)
3.4
General points to be considered in design

1. It is always preferred to put the distribution transformers in gardens as possible; yet the environmental constraints should be also fulfilled. 2. For buildings of flats we usually use the diversification chart since the load profile between buildings is not necessary to be the same so we can't take a certain figure to be the diversity factor. 3. Diversification is used for any node that supplies more than one node; i.e. if the pillar feeds more than one feeder then to get the load of the pillar we consider diversification between these feeders. Same is done when considering distribution transformers and pillars. 4. The locations of the transformers and pillars and the routes of the cables are chosen so that: The maximum voltage drop between any transformer and the furthest consumer is 5% of the nominal voltage (220 V). to overcome this voltage drop taps on the high tension side of the distribution transformers are adjusted so that the consumer receives 220 V The crossing between cables should be avoided as much as possible. The routes of the cables should avoid street crossing as much as possible so that when maintenance in feeders is done we don't need to dig across the streets to get the cables out. 5. As we mentioned before the distribution boxes are connected in loops and so does the coffree of the buildings. Thus if two coffrees or two boxes of different loads are connected together then it is recommended that both have the same c.s.a of feeders which suits the one with the larger load. This is very important so that if a fault occurs on the box with larger load; the feeder of the other box can withstand the overload safely. 88
CHAPTER 3
6. Low voltage fuses ratings are as follows: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 35, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1000 and1250 Amperes according to ABB pocket book (switchgear manual), 8th edition. 7. Standard ratings of pillars are 50,100 KVA,150 KVA, and 200 KVA 8. Standard ratings of distribution transformers are 500 KVA and 1000 KVA. 9. Standard rating of street lighting pillars is 100A =22KVA 10. Additional 25% spare equipments should be used in the design; i.e. if the design shows the need of 4 cables then a fifth cable is added as a spare. In this project the extra equipments are not shown in the drawings but it is understood that they are found. 11. In the secondary distribution networks the c.s.a of the cables used shouldn't be less than (370 + 35) mm or else the voltage drop will be severe and may be more than the permissible ranges.
3.5 Planning of Distribution Network in the Residential Area:

A residential area for population of 35,291persons is divided into eight parts. According to the population percentage occupying each type; our task is to: 1. Arrange their houses and service centers. 2. Arrange their supplying boxes so as to increase the reliability of the supply and also its continuity. 3. Connect the boxes to their distribution transformers. Calculations in this part depend on trial and error concept, and there are many solutions. One of them is acceptable and the others are refused.
3.5.1 Calculation of Distribution Boxes (Pillars) and Feeders ratings:

For all the areas: 3.5.1.a Pillars: I) Select the number of buildings to be fed by one pillar. II) Calculate the number of flats per pillar. III) Calculate the diversified KVA using the diversification chart. IV) Pillar Loading = Diversified KVA Number of flats per pillar. V) Select Pillar rating. VI) Calculate number of pillars =

3.5.1.b Feeders (Pillar coffree)rating : I) The feeder current

Pillar Loading (KVA )10 3 3380number of buildings per pillar Feeder current
II) Maximum feeder current = 0.8 III) Enter tables of " Electro cable Egypt co. " IV) Get the C.S.A for the feeder.
600/1000 volts -XLPE insulated multi cores cables with aluminum conductor armored (SWA). 89
Pillar Calculations
Type Building A Building B Building C Color Green Cyan Pink Number of Blocks 24 101 145 57 70 Building E Yellow 46 Villa A Villa B Villa C Red Blue White 26 96 23 8.5 31.7 24 26.74 8 6 4 6 80 ------1.6 19 16 15 128 114 64 90 150 150 100 100 3120+70 3120+70 3120+70 3120+70 6 5 24 4 KVA (Unit) 15.9 5 7.26 17.4 8.5 Buildings per Pillar 2 4 4 2 8 No. of flats per pillar 24 96 96 24 80 Diversified KVA (Unit) 7.2 1.5 2 7.5 1.6 loading pillar 172.8 144 192 180 128 Pillar Rating (KVA) 200 150 200 200 150 C.S.A of No. of feeder cables pillars mm 3185+95 3120+70 3185+95 3185+95 3120+70 12 26 37 28 9
Building D Orange
CHAPTER 3
Pillar Fuse rating:

Type Building A Building B Building C Color Green Cyan Pink Incoming Feeder Fuse (A) 400/630 400/630 400/630 400/630 250/400 160/250 Villa A Villa B Villa C Red Blue White 250/400 160/250 160/250 160/250 80/100 100/160 Outgoing Feeder Fuse (A) 160/250 160/250 250/400 160/250 100/160 Building E Yellow
Building D Orange
3.5.2 Calculation of Transformer and feeders ratings:

For all areas:
3.5.2.a Transformers : I) Select the number of Pillars to be fed by one Transformer. II) Calculate the number of flats per Transformer. III) Calculate the diversified KVA using the diversification chart. IV) Transformer Loading=(Diversified KVA Number of flats per Transformer). V) Select Transformer rating. VI) Calculate number of Transformers = 3.5.2.b Feeders (Transformer Pillar ) : I) The feeder current =
Transformer loading (KVA )10 3 Feeder current 0.8 3380number of Pillars per Trans .
.
II) Maximum feeder current =
, & taking into consideration the tie
line (open loop) between pillars for more reliable system. III) Enter tables of "Electro cable Egypt co." IV) Get the C.S.A for the feeder. 600/1000 volts -XLPE insulated multi cores cables with aluminum conductor armored (SWA). 91
Transformer Calculations
Number of Buildings 24 101 145 57 70 Building E Yellow 46 Villa A Villa B Villa C Red Blue White 26 96 23 8.5 31.7 24 26.74 10 ___ ___ ___ 8 6 4 6 3 5 8 4 1.6 13.5 12 13 384 405 384 312 2(3120+95) 2(3120+95) 3240+120 3240+120 2 1 3 1 500 500 500 500 KVA Flats pillars KVA Buildings diversified per per (Unit) per Pillar (Unit) building transf. transf. 15.9 5 7.26 17.4 8.5 12 24 24 12 10 2 4 4 2 8 3 6 4 6 3 5 1.5 2 5.2 1.6 loading transf. 360 864 768 748.8 384 C.S.A of cables mm 2(3185+95) 2(3120+95) 2(3185+95) 2(3185+95) 2(3120+95) No. of Transformer transf. rating 4 5 10 5 3 500 1000 1000 1000 500
Type
Color
Building A Building B Building C Building D
Green Cyan Pink Orange
CHAPTER 3
3.5.3 Voltage drop Calculations :

For all areas:
3.5.3.a Between pillar and farthest coffree : I) Calculate the feeder current =
()10 3 3380
II) Measure longest distance between any pillar and coffree. III) Enter tables of " Electro cable Egypt co. " IV) Get the Voltage drop for the used C.S.A, (V/A/KM). V) % V.D =
220
100.
3.5.3.b Between Transformer and farthest Pillar : I) The feeder current =

Transformer loading ()10 3 3380 Pillars Trans .No .of circuits
II) Measure longest distance between any Transformer and Pillar. III) Enter tables of " Electro cable Egypt co. " IV) Get the Voltage drop for the used C.S.A, (V/A/KM). V) % V.D =
220
100
Combined voltage drop = %V.D (Pillar-Coffree) +%V.D (Transformer-Pillar).
93
Transformer To Pillar Voltage Drop:

Type Building A Building B Building C Building D Color Green Cyan Pink Orange Length 62.88 120.88 110.86 117.4 150 Building E Yellow 140 Villa A Villa B Villa C Red Blue White 223.46 143.16 114.01 128 81 48 78 2(3120+95) 2(3120+95) 3240+120 3240+120 0.604 0.604 0.344 0.344 3.737472824 3.77506863 1.632504792 2.112657453 Pillar Diversified (KVA) 120 144 192 124.8 128 C.S.A of cables mm 2(3185+95) 2(3120+95) 2(3185+95) 2(3185+95) 2(3120+95) VD (V/A/KM) 0.424 0.604 0.424 0.424 0.604 Transf.-Pillar (%VD) 1.104746757 3.630420924 3.116341614 2.145120229 4.004435169
Pillar To coffree Voltage Drop

Type Building A Building B Building C Building D Color Green Cyan Pink Orange Length 62.88 29.54 36.6 4 50 Building E Yellow 55 Villa A Villa B Villa C Red Blue White 58.96 35 98.03 16 19 16 15 3120+70 3120+70 3120+70 3120+70 0.604 0.604 0.604 0.604 0.367073224 0.467284214 0.233592051 0.613366843 4.104546048 4.242352844 1.866096844 2.726024296 Coffree Diversified (KVA) 86.4 36 48 90 16 C.S.A of cables mm 3185+95 3120+70 3185+95 3185+95 3120+70 VD (V/A/KM) 0.424 0.604 0.424 0.424 0.604 Pillar-Coffree (%VD) 1.59083533 0.443591306 0.514424062 0.105414767 0.333702931 Combined (%VD) 2.695582086 4.07401223 3.630765676 2.250534996 4.338138099
CHAPTER 3
3.5.4 Short Circuit Current Calculations :

a) Calculate the impedance between (Pillar coffree): i. Measure the shortest distance between any Pillar-Coffree. ii. Get from the tables the C/C's Impedance for the used cables (m/meter). iii. Impedance = measured distance C/C's Impedance. b) Calculate the impedance between (Pillar Transformer): i. Measure the shortest distance between any Transformer-Pillar. ii. Get from the tables the C/C's Impedance for the used cables (m/meter). iii. Impedance = measured distance C/C's Impedance
c) Calculate Transformer Impedance = e) MLVSB Short Circuit Current (KA) = f) Pillar Short Circuit current (KA) = g) Coffree S.C current (KA)=
410 2
6%
d) High Voltage network impedance = 0.319 m

410 3
Transformer H .V netwok
Impedance
410 3 Pillar H .V netwok Impedance 410
3 Coffree H .V netwok Impedance
96
Pillar to Coffree Impedance

Type Building A Building B Building C Building D Building E Villa A Villa B Villa C Area(color) Green Cyan Pink Orange Yellow Red Blue White Shortest distance between coffree & pillar(m) 20 11.74 13.48 21 12.34 17 10.2 16 C.S.A of cables mm 3185+95 3120+70 3185+95 3185+95 3120+70 3120+70 3120+70 3120+70 C/C'S Impedance (m/meter) 0.212 0.325 0.212 0.212 0.325 0.325 0.325 0.325 Pillar to Coffree Impedance(m) 4.24 3.8155 2.85776 4.452 4.0105 5.525 3.315 5.2
CHAPTER 3
Pillar to Transformer Impedance

Shortest distance between transformer& pillar(m) 10 17.74 10 10.2 8.33 80.5 28.22 28.3 C.S.A of cables mm 2(3185+95) 2(3120+95) 2(3185+95) 2(3185+95) 2(3120+95) 2(3120+95) 3240+120 3240+120 C/C'S Impedance (m/meter) 0.212 0.325 0.212 0.212 0.325 0.325 0.163 0.163 Pillar to Transformer Impedance(m) 1.06 2.88275 1.06 1.0812 1.353625 13.08125 4.59986 4.6129
Type Building A Building B Building C Building D Building E Villa A Villa B Villa C
Area(color) Green Cyan Pink Orange Yellow Red Blue White
98
Transformer and H.V network impedance

Type Building A Building B Building C Building D Building E Villa A Villa B Villa C Area(color) Green Cyan Pink Orange Yellow Red Blue White Transformer rating(KVA) 500 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 Transformer Impedance(m) 20.172 10.086 10.086 10.086 20.172 20.172 20.172 20.172 H.V network Impedance (m) 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319
Short Circuit Currents

MLVSB Short Circuit current (KA) 11.552077 22.7499866 22.7499866 22.7499866 11.552077 11.552077 11.552077 11.552077 Pillar Short Circuit current (KA) 10.983881 17.814424 20.64663 20.608522 10.836241 7.0508712 9.4342566 9.429356 Coffree Short Circuit current (KA) 9.17814782 13.8402707 16.5270947 14.8519664 9.15538449 6.05448236 8.33326681 7.81132496
Type Building A Building B Building C Building D Building E Villa A Villa B Villa C
Area(color) Green Cyan Pink Orange Yellow Red Blue White
CHAPTER 3
3.6 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS:

For Building B (Cyan Area):
3.6.1 Calculation of Distribution Boxes (Pillars) and Feeders ratings:

3.6.1.a Pillars : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Number of buildings to be fed the pillar = 4 buildings. Number of flats per pillar = 96 flats. The diversified KVA of flat using the diversification chart = 1.5 KVA. Pillar Loading = 1.5 x 96 = 144 KVA. Pillar rating = 150 KVA.
101 4
6. Number of pillars =
= 26 pillar.
3.6.1.b Feeders (Pillar coffree)rating : 1. The feeder current =

14410 3 33804 54.69
=54.69 A.
2. Maximum feeder current = 0.8 =68.304 A. 3. Entering tables of "Electro cable Egypt co." 4. The C.S.A for the feeder = 3120+702 . 600/1000 volts -XLPE insulated multi cores cables with aluminum conductor armored (SWA).
3.6.2 Calculation of Transformer and feeders ratings:

3.6.2.a Transformers : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Number of Pillars to be fed by the Transformer =6 Pillars. Number of flats per Transformer = 4624=576 flats. Diversified KVA using the diversification chart =1.5 KVA. Transformer Loading=864 KVA. Transformer rating = 1000 KVA.
26 6
6. Calculate number of Transformers =
= 5 transformers.
3.6.2.b Feeders (Transformer Pillar) : 1. The feeder current

86410 3 33806 218.7
==218.7 A
2. Maximum feeder current = =273.48 A 0.8 3. Entering tables of " Electro cable Egypt co. " 4. The C.S.A for the feeder = 2(3120+95) 2 600/1000 volts -XLPE insulated multi cores cables with aluminum conductor armored (SWA).
101
CHAPTER 3
3.6.3 Voltage drop Calculations:

3.6.3.a Between pillar and farthest coffree : 1. The feeder current =
14410 3 33804
=54.69 A
2. longest distance between any pillar and coffree = 29.54 meter 3. Entering tables of " Electro cable Egypt co. " 4. The Voltage drop for the used C.S.A, (V/A/KM) = 0.604 5. % V.D =
54.6929.540.604 2201000
100= 0.4435 %
3.6.3.b Between Transformer and farthest Pillar : 1. 2. 3. 4. The feeder current = 338062=109.35 A longest distance between any Transformer and Pillar =120.88 m Enter tables of " Electro cable Egypt co. " Get the Voltage drop for the used C.S.A, (V/A/KM).
109.35 120.880.604 2201000
86410 3
5. % V.D =
100= 3.629 %
Combined voltage drop = %V.D (Pillar-Coffree) +%V.D (Transformer-Pillar) = 4.0725 %
3.6.4 Short Circuit Current Calculations :

1. The impedance between (Pillar coffree) a. The shortest distance between Pillar-Coffree=11.74m b. The C/C's Impedance for the used cable=0.325(m/meter). c. Impedance = 11.74 0.325=3.8155 m. 2. The impedance between (Pillar Transformer) a. The shortest distance between Transformer-Pillar=17.74 m. b. Get from the tables the C/C's Impedance for the used cables=0.325/2 (m/meter). c. Impedance = 17.74x0.1625=2.88275 m. 3. Calculate Transformer Impedance =
410 2 1000
6%=10.086 m.
410
4. High Voltage network impedance = 0.319 m. 5. MLVSB Short Circuit Current (KA) = 6. Pillar Short Circuit current (KA) = 7. Coffree S.C current (KA) =
3(0.319+10.086) 410
=22.75 KA. = 17.814 KA. = 13.84 KA.
3 0.319+10.086+2.88 410
3(0.319+10.086+2.88+3.8155 )
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CHAPTER 4
Chapter 4
MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 4.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, we studied the way to design the low voltage network (secondary distribution network) in the power system, which begins with the distribution transformers and ends with the center of loads. In this chapter, well study the different ways to connect the medium voltage network, which can also be named as primary distribution network which begins with the high voltage distribution substations (for example 66/22 KV substation) which step down the high voltage to a medium voltage which feeds the primary distribution feeders.
4.2 General Overview on Medium Voltage Network (Primary Distribution Network)

Well begin our talk by a quick overview on the main components of the medium voltage network (primary distribution network). 4.2.1 Substation The medium voltage network begins with the substations; each substation contains transformers that step down the high voltage coming from the generating source through transmission lines to medium voltage coming out from these substations by means of underground cables. There are many ratings of stepping down substations, there are 66/11 KV substations, 66/22 KV substations, and also there are substations of higher ratings that began to appear in Egypt like the ones of rating 220/66/11 KV substations, and these ones steps down the high voltage from 220 KV to 66 KV and steps from this high voltage to a medium voltage of 11 KV. Here in Egypt, the medium voltage is mainly 11 KV, but lately new networks of 22 KV are being installed for their better operation and the more advantages they have. The electric power is taken from these substations and delivered to medium voltage distributors then to distribution transformers. The cables used in the medium voltage network are 18/30 KV Aluminum cables, for their lower cost and because the probability of stealing copper cables is high compared to Aluminum cables. In the figure 4.1 below, theres a substation that feeds a number of distributors in a medium voltage network.
Fig 4.1 Substation feeding some distributors
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4.2.2 Distributor (MVSG) It the second step in the medium voltage network, as the medium voltage (22 KV). We can consider it a sectionalized busbar supplied from two different 66/22 KV transformers in the same substation or from different substations to assure the continuity of supply in case of occurring of a fault in a cable between a transformer and the distributor, this cable will be disconnected and the distributor will be supplied from the other transformer and thus helps the reliability of this distributor. The bar of the distributor will be fed from two different transformers through medium voltage with-draw able circuit breakers. There is one with-draw able circuit breaker on the bar called the bus coupler. This circuit breaker splits the bar in two isolated parts each part is fed from one transformer. In case a fault occurs; this circuit breaker will connect the isolated parts of the bar (after isolating the faulty feeder) to feed all loads on the bar of the distributor. This system is known as two out of three system (2/3 condition). The number of the outgoing feeders connected to the first part of distributor bar is equal to the number of the outgoing feeders connected to the other part. One feeder of the first part is connected to other one in the other part through ring main feeder to make sure that the continuity of supply is achieved. In case of fault; the ring main has a supply from one of the feeders coming from distributor. The standard cross section area of the feeder coming from sub-station is (3x1x400) mm (AL/XLPE/(18/30)KV/STA) for the two (24 MVA) distributors which is used in this city , these feeders are always double, and each pair came from different sub-station or from the same substation as mentioned above. The rule here in Egypt is that each pair of cables can carry the whole load of the distributor alone in case of loss of the other pair; that is the feeders are loaded by only 50% of their current carrying capacity in the normal conditions (when the bus coupler is opened). Loading the cable with only 50% of its capacity is of course a much exaggerated rule from the economical point of view and we recommend that the feeder is loaded up to 70% of its capacity. The outgoing of the two distributors has standard cables (3x240) mm (AL/XLPE/ (18/30)KV/STA). Each feeder in first part connected to another one on the second part and forms an open loop. Number of transformers in each loop ranges between 816 transformers. A schematic diagram of the distributor is shown in figure 4.2.
Fig 4.2 The Distributor
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4.2.3 Distribution Transformer This transformer is equipped to the ring main feeder through two units of switchgear (Load break switch, which can switch at light loads), then through a fused load break switch (which is cheaper than the circuit breaker) to protect the transformer from over current at fault time. This is known as Ring Main Unit (R.M.U). Connection of the RMU's to the distributor is shown in figure 4.3.
Fig 4.3 Transformer supplied from RMU
A schematic diagram of the distribution transformer point for 22 KV systems with all its equipment is given in figure 4.4.a
Fig 4.4.a schematic diagram of distribution transformer
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A single line diagram of the distribution transformer point for 22 KV systems with all its equipment is given in figure 4.4.b 22 KV
500KVA 22KV/380v
Fig 4.4.b Single line diagram of a distribution transformer point
4.3
Medium Voltage Network Types
4.3.1 Medium voltage switchboard supply modes 4.3.1. a One bus bar, one supply source It consists of 1 supply and 1 busbar, if a fault occurs that lead to unavailability of supply, then the busbar will get out of service until the fault is repaired and the source is available again.
Fig 4.5 1busbar, 1 supply source
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4.3.1.b One bus bar with no coupler, 2 supply sources Only one supply feeds the busbar at a time, while the other can be considered a back up supply, and its advantage is that the busbar is supplied even if one of the supplies is unavailable. But the disadvantage is in case of a fault on the busbar itself which rarely occurs, so the outgoing feeders are no longer fed from either of the 2 sources.
Fig 4.6 1 bus bar with no coupler, 2 supply sources 4.3.1.c Two bus sections with coupler, two supply sources This method is called two out of three operation (2/3 operation), which states that only 2 of the 3 circuit breakers are closed and the third one is open. The bus coupler circuit breaker is normally open and each section of the busbar is fed from its source supply, but if there is a fault in one of the supply, this source is disconnected and the bus coupler is connected, and both busbar sections are fed from one source supply, until the faulted source supply is repaired. The advantages of this method is the continuity of supply to all loads in case of a fault on one of the sources, but if a fault occurs on one of the bus sections, then the loads on this bus section are no more fed up from any of the 2 sources.
Fig 4.7 2 bus sections with bus coupler, 2 supply sources 107
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4.3.1.d One bus bar with no coupler, three supply sources The busbar is supplied from 2 parallel connected sources and third one is a back up on case of loss of one of the two sources. The same problem occurs here which is the unavailability of supplying the loads in case of a fault on the busbar, or in case of its maintenance.
Fig 4.8 1 bus bar with no coupler, 3 supply sources
4.3.1.e Three bus sections with couplers, three supply sources Each supply source feeds its own bus section and the bus couplers are kept normally open. In case of loss of one of the supplies, the bus coupler associated to it is closed and so the loads on this bus section are still supplied from another source. But we suffer also from the same problem in case of a fault on one of the bus sections, and then the loads connected to it are no more supplied by any of the supply sources.
Fig 4.9 3 bus sections with couplers, 3 supply sources
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4.3.1.f Two bus bars, 2 connections per outgoing feeder, two supply sources Each outgoing feeder is supplied by one of the two bus bars, depending on the state of isolators which are associated with it and only one isolator per outgoing feeder must be closed.
Fig 4.10 2 bus bars, 2 connections per outgoing feeder, 2 supply sources 4.3.1.g Two interconnected double bus bars This arrangement is almost identical to the previous one. The advantage of this arrangement appears from splitting up the double bus bars into two switchboards with coupler (via CB1 and CB2) which provides greater operating flexibility and facilitates the maneuver in the network. Another advantage is that each busbar feeds a smaller number of feeders during normal operation. Of course the reliability increase so much with this arrangement.
Fig 4.11 Interconnected double bus bars 109
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4.3.1.h Duplex distribution system In this arrangement each source can feed one or other of the bus bars via its two draw out circuit breaker cubicle. For economical reasons, there is only one circuit breaker for the two draw out cubicles which are installed alongside one another so it is easy to move the circuit breaker from one cubicle to the other. Thus if source 1 is to feed BB2, the circuit breaker is moved into the other cubicle associated with source 1. The same principle is used for the outgoing feeders. Thus, there are two draw out cubicles and only one circuit breaker associated with each outgoing feeder. Each outgoing feeder can be fed by one or other of the bus bars depending on where the circuit breaker is positioned.
Fig 4.12 Duplex distribution system
There are many advantages in this system such as: If one source is lost, the other source provides the total power supply. If a fault occurs on one of the bus bars or maintenance is carried out on it, the coupler C.B is tripped and each circuit breaker is placed on the busbar in service, so all the outgoing feeders are fed. This arrangement is very reliable and the power supply continuity is high. This arrangement is more economic since the amount of switch gear required is reduced. 4.3.2 Medium voltage network structure 4.3.2.a Radial systems It consists of a number of feeders getting out radial from a common source, and the transformers are connected to the taps along the length of feeders. The main disadvantage of this type is that if a fault occurs on one feeder, all the loads connected to that feeder will no longer be supplied until this feeder is repaired, and thus theres no continuity in the supply.
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Fig 4.13 Radial system 4.3.2.b Loop (Ring) system The main advantage of this system is the continuity of supply where two feeders are taken from the same substation to the load. The ring system is a complete loop and has an isolating switch.
Fig 4.14 Loop system There are two main types of loop system which are: I. Open loop The main switchboard is fed by two sources with coupler. The loop heads in A and B are fitted with circuit breakers. Switchboards 1, 2 and 3 are fitted with switches. During normal operation, the loop is open (on the figure it is normally open at switchboard 2). The switchboards can be fed by one or other of the sources. Reconfiguration of the loop enables the supply to be restored upon occurrence of a fault or loss of a source. This reconfiguration causes a power cut of several seconds if an automatic loop reconfiguration control has been installed. The cut lasts dozens of minutes if the loop reconfiguration is carried out manually by the operators.
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Fig 4.15 Medium voltage open loop system II. Closed loop The main switchboard is fed by two sources with coupler. All the loop switching devices are circuit breakers. During normal operation, the loop is closed. The protection system ensures against power cuts due to a fault. This system is more efficient than the open loop since it avoids power cuts. On the other hand, it is more costly since it requires circuit breakers in each switchboard instead of switches in case of open loop system. Also the protection system is complex.
Fig 4.16 Medium voltage closed loop system 112
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4.4 Calculation of the distribution point and sizing of the 22 KV cables

This city has transformers of 500 KVA and 1000 KVA rating. There are two methods to calculate the total load of this city; either to consider the rating of the transformers or to consider that each transformer is loaded by no more than 80% of its full load. The second method is to be considered here since it is more secure. Well use two MVSG each up to 32MVA to supply all these residential loads, commercial loads and the estimated loads. Each MVSG has three loops, two loops for the actual loads and one loop for the estimated loads. The estimated loads are shown in table 4.1 for the first MVSG and table 4.2 for the second MVSG.
Loads school 3 Institute of High 2 school 2 Institute of High 1 Headquarters collectivist school 1 hotel Commercial building 5 Commercial building 4 Commercial building 3 Commercial building 2 Commercial building 1 club mosque3 mosque 4
area 20500 6550 14600 5900 2711 27000 5550 6850 9200 10700 6600 37400 45212 1860 245
building area 12300 3930 8760 3540 1626.6 16200 3330 4110 5520 6420 3960 22440 27127.2 1116 147
estimated KVA/100m 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 6 6 6 6 6 5 3 3 sum
KVA 369 117.9 262.8 106.2 48.798 486 333 246.6 331.2 385.2 237.6 1346.4 1356.36 33.48 4.41 5664.948
Table 4.1
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Loads Commercial building 6 Commercial building 7 mosque 1 mosque 2 House Decoration clinic school hospital Administrative building 1 Administrative building2 Administrative building 3 Administrative building 4 Service-based
area 24000 19600 1500 1150 617 590 25125 23000 21227 20500 11500 71000 5200
building area 14400 11760 900 690 370.2 354 15075 13800 12736.2 12300 6900 42600 3120
estimated KVA/100m 6 6 3 3 5 5 3 12 5 5 5 5 3 sum
KVA 864 705.6 27 20.7 18.51 17.7 452.25 1656 636.81 615 345 2130 93.6 7582.17
Table 4.2
The MVSG is connected to a number of Ring Main Unit (R.M.U). Each R.M.U consists of load break switches and fuses .The specifications of the used R.M.U are: o Load Break Switches: Rated Voltage 24 kV Basic Impulse Level 125 kV Power Frequency Withstand Voltage 50 kV Rated Current 600 A Rated Short-time Withstand Current 1 sec 20 kA Rated Making Withstand Current peak 50 kA Inductive Breaking Current 10 A Capacitive Breaking Current 40 A for Cable L.B.S. o Fuse Ratings: Rated Voltage detaR Current Rated Frequency Rated Breaking Capacity
24 KV 20 or 40 A 50 Hz 40 kA
The transformers connected to the first and the second MVSG are shown in fig 4.17 and fig 4.18 .The single line diagram of first and the second MVSG are shown in fig 4.19 and fig 4.20.
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Calculation: The maximum loads for one loop = 8 MVA The loads of one of the two feeders of the loop = 4 MVA 4000 So, the feeder current at normal operation = 104.97 Amperes 22 3 104.97 And the maximum feeder current in case of fault = 209.94 Amperes 0.5 From tables of El Electro Cable Egypt Co. Cables used have the following properties: o Voltage Rating: 18/30 KV o 18/30 KV Multi cores Aluminum conductors, XLPE Insulated, Steel tape Armored and PVC Sheathed. o C.S.A.: 3 240 mm2 o Conductor resistance = 0.163 / km Calculation of the voltage drop in the primary distribution network (between the distributor and the last transformer) o V.D = 104.970.1630.0011200m=20.53 volt 20.53 o Percentage V.D = 100 =0.0933 % 22000 So, the voltage drop is neglected, since the operating voltage in the primary distribution network is high (22 KV). Some notes: 1-We will use what is called TYPICAL DISTRIBUTER ,each contains 12 cell, 4 cells for input, 6 cells for output , one coupler & one riser, as shown in figure 4.20 . 2- We will use two distributors (MVSG) each up to 32MVA, the four input arms of (31400 mm) & the six output arms of 3240 mm.
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CHAPTER 5
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Chapter 5 66/22 KV SUBSTATION 5.1 Introduction

In the previous chapter we have designed the medium voltage network (MVSG), this network is supplied from 66/22 KV Substations which is our concern in this chapter, these Substation consisting of one or more transformers (the number of transformer is preferred to be even), with associated switchgear, protective gear and control panels .the input power to the substation is from transmission lines. Transformers substations equipment include bus bars, transformers, High Voltage transmission lines and cables entrances, Medium Voltage feeders and switchgear, either at the highest transmission voltage or at lower voltages has two separate functions, to determine the paths of power flow, and a protective function which may require it break the fault at the point or which it is situated switchgear thus, include circuit breakers, isolating switches earthling switches potential and current transformers, lighting arrestors , ...etc.
5.2 General Overview

At many places in the power system, it is desired to change some characteristics of the electric power supplied like voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, improving power factoretc. and that is accomplished in suitable arrangement which we call substation. A substation is named according to its function in the power system, for example: Transformer substation: in which the voltage is changed from one level to another. Switching Substation: in which an adequate method is used to switch on the power lines. Power Factor correction Substation: this contains condensers for improving the power factor. Frequency changer Substation: this is used to change the frequency of the electric power supply to different frequencies required in different applications. Converting Substation: this converts A.C. to D.C. and vice versa which are used in special applications in the power system.
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5.3 Substation Classifications

I. Step up substation
Its located after the generating source of electric power; the voltage is stepped up in this substation before transmitting this electric power in the transmission lines. And that helps to decrease the voltage drop in the transmission lines as well as offering the probability to choose conductors of less c.s.a and less cost as the current is decreased.
II. Bulk power substation

This substation receives power from the transmission system supplying a very high voltage (132, 220 or 500 KV) and transformers it to sub-transmission system having lower high voltage (66 KV).
III. Distribution substation

This substation received power from the sub-transmission system at high voltage (66 KV) and transforms it to a medium voltage of (11 or 22 KV) to flow in the primary feeder system.
5.4 Types of substation

I. Outdoor substation
This type is installed outdoor, and it needs more protection against pollution. Its used in rural and urban areas where the cost of land is not high and its available. Its capital cost is less because of the less building needed in it. Extension in this type of substation will be easy. Bad weather conditions and rains may cause some problems. It requires a large space. Easy to identify fault location as the whole substation can be viewed. Needs high maintenance and cleaning cost.
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II. Indoor substation

Its installed inside building and it has fewer problems against pollution. Its used in cities and residential areas where the availability of land is low and its cost is high Its capital cost is high due to the higher cost of land and the cost of buildings needed. Extension in this type of substation will be very difficult. It will have an easy operation. It requires a small space. Difficult to identify fault location. Needs less maintenance and cleaning cost.
III. Gas Insulated substation (GIS)

Advantages of GIS Due to insulation (sulpher hexafluoride SF6), the area of the GIS plan is much less than the area of conventional type, hence it is very suitable for the high population regions where the cost of land is very expensive. Also the clearance between each unit and other will decrease hence the area decreases. There is a possible leakage of the gas, but its acceptable if occurs in range 1% for one kit and 5% for all kits in substation annually. All parts of substation inside depth which is filled by SF6, and there is a manometer for each distance to measure the pressure inside the ducts if it decreases than that certain limit and steps out the range then it will close the tripping coil circuit of C.V. hence, the C.B. is opened to protect the system.
Yet the GIS type is more expensive than other types and needs continuous check that the SF6 level is within the acceptable ranges. Anyway, the following points are the requirements of a good substation: It should be located at a proper site. It is better to be located at the load center as much as possible. Circuits are designed so that failure chances become small. In case of fault; protection switchgear should work correctly. 122
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Fire extinguishers are installed. Reactors to limit the short circuit current are used. It should be easily operated and maintained. It should involve minimum capital cost.
5.5 Substation layout

The layout of the substation is very important since there should be a Security of Supply. In an ideal substation all circuits and equipment would be duplicated such that following a fault, or during maintenance, a connection remains available. Practically this is not feasible since the cost of implementing such a design is very high. Methods have been adopted to achieve a compromise between complete security of supply and capital investment. There are four categories of substation that give varying securities of supply:

Category 1: No outage is necessary within the substation for either maintenance or fault conditions. Category 2: Short outage is necessary to transfer the load to an alternative circuit for maintenance or fault conditions. Category 3: Loss of a circuit or section of the substation due to fault or maintenance. Category 4: Loss of the entire substation due to fault or maintenance.
Different Layouts for Substations

I. Single Bus bar
The general schematic for such a substation is shown in the figure below.
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With this design, there is an ease of operation of the substation. This design also places minimum reliance on signaling for satisfactory operation of protection. Additionally there is the facility to support the economical operation of future feeder bays. Such a substation has the following characteristics.
Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. A bus bar fault causes loss of one transformer and one feeder. Maintenance of one bus bar section or isolator will cause the temporary outage of two circuits. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit. Mesh Substation
II.
The general layout for a full mesh substation is shown in the schematic below.
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The characteristics of such a substation are as follows.
Operation of two circuit breakers is required to connect or disconnect a circuit, and disconnection involves opening of a mesh. Circuit breakers may be maintained without loss of supply or protection, and no additional bypass facilities are required. Bus bar faults will only cause the loss of one circuit breaker. Breaker faults will involve the loss of a maximum of two circuits. Generally, not more than twice as many outgoing circuits as in feeds are used in order to rationalize circuit equipment load capabilities and ratings. One and a half Circuit Breaker layout
III.
The layout of a 1 1/2 circuit breaker substation is shown in the schematic below.
The reason that such a layout is known as a 1 1/2 circuit breaker is due to the fact that in the design, there are 9 circuit breakers that are used to protect the 6 feeders. Thus, 1 1/2 circuit breakers protect 1 feeder. Some characteristics of this design are:
There is the additional cost of the circuit breakers together with the complex arrangement. It is possible to operate any one pair of circuits, or groups of pairs of circuits. There is a very high security against the loss of supply.
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5.6 Substation Equipment

To do its task in a proper way, substations contain much equipment. The most important and common equipment in the transformers substations are the following 1. Bus Bars
When a number of lines operating at the same voltage must be directly connected electrically, bus bars are used as the common electrical point. Bus bars are rigid aluminum or copper bars (generally of rectangular cross-section) and operate at constant voltage and frequency. The incoming and outgoing lines in a substation are connected to the bus bars. Bus bars receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits. There are many arrangements of bus bars in substations. Some of them are: 1- Simple single bus bar. 2- Sectionalized single bus bar system. 3- Double bus bar system. 4- Double sectionalized bus bar system. While the system in (2) is commonly used for medium and low voltages (22KV and less), the system in (4) is commonly used for high and extra high voltages (66 KV and more).
2. Insulators
The porcelain insulators employed in the substations are of past and bushing type. They serve as supports and insulations of the bus bar. A past insulator consists of porcelain body, an iron cap and a flanged cast iron base. Bushing insulators are used to pass the conductor through a wall or a tank transformer. A bushing consists of porcelain shell body and upper and lower locating washers used for fixing the position of the bus bar or rod in shell. For current rating above 2 KA, the bushings are designed to allow the main bus bars to pass directly through them.
3. Lightning Arrestors and Surge Arrestors
Lightning and surge arrestors are shunt resistors used to divert the lightning and high voltage surges to earth and protect other equipment from H.V surges. They are connected generally between phase conductor and ground. They are located where the first equipment is seen from the incoming overhead line and also near transformer terminals phase to ground. There are two types of surge arrestors; Gapped Arrestors and Gapless Zinc-Oxide Arrestors.
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4. Isolators (disconnecting switch)
In substation, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an disconnecting switches or isolators. They are located at each side of the circuit breaker. They are disconnected after tripping the C.B and closed before closing the C.B. That's why they don't have any rating for current breaking or current making. From the common types of isolators: center rotating horizontal swing isolators, vertical swing and pantograph type isolator (for 420 KV). Isolators are interlocked with circuit breaker
5. Earthing switch
Its function is to discharge the trapped charges on the circuit to earth for safety. They are mounted on the frame of isolators.
6. Current Transformer (CT)
It is used to step down the current for measurement, protection and control. The need for a CT comes from the fact that the measuring, control and protection instruments are designed for working at low ratings (usually 110V and 5A). The C.T usually has three secondary coils; one for measuring, the 2nd for protection and the 3rd for controlling.
7. Voltage (potential) transformer (PT)
It is used to step down the voltage for measurement, protection and control. Its location is at the feeder side of the circuit breaker. Its secondary voltage is usually 110 V.
8. Circuit Breaker (C.B)
There are two forms of open circuit breakers: 1. Dead Tank - circuit breaker compartment is at earth potential. 2. Live Tank - circuit breaker compartment is at line potential. Circuit breakers are installed to perform the following duties: Switching during normal and abnormal operating conditions Interrupting short circuit currents.
C.Bs are located at both ends of every protective zone. Types of C.B depend on the rated voltage and the medium of arc quenching. Among the types of C.B: SF6, Vacuum, Air blast and minimum oil.
9. Power transformers
The power transformer used to step down the voltage from 66 KV to 22 KV. The common connection of the power transformers is delta/star-earthed to trap the zero sequence and third harmonic components and prevent them from reaching the secondary side and thus the distribution networks.
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The rating of power transformers depends on the loads of the substation zone. In general the most common used ratings for power transformers used in the distribution substations are 25 and 35 MVA. Power transformers are usually oil filled. They have two or three windings. They are provided with coolers. Power transformers have tapped windings, which permit adjusting the output voltage to broaden the range of primary voltage inputs. The transformer will have a manual tap changer, which can be operated if the transformer is de-energized. An automatic on load tap changing (OLTC) feature installed on a transformer provides automatic tap changing under load, and normally varies the voltage to 10% of the systems rated voltage in steps by changing tap connections using a motor-driven, tapchanging switch. Sometimes voltage regulation is needed and the system transformers. Voltage regulators are used to supply the control for the variations in load. Industry standards classify transformers as outdoor and indoor transformers. An outdoor transformer is constructed of weather-resistant construction, suitable for service without additional protection from the weather. Several types of transformers are used in substation such as a) Power Transformers It is usual to provide some standby plant, since transformers require maintenance in respect of their cooling system and tap changing equipment , so the operation of two or three 3-phase transformers in parallel to carry a given load, with one similar unit as standby, is usually providing 25 or 33 % spare plant capacity. Power transformers are roughly by their means of cooling and by whether the circulation of the insulating oil, which is also the cooling medium, takes place by natural circulation, using the thermal head, or is forced by an external pump. Power transformers are usually oil immersed with all three phases in one tank. Auto transformers can offer advantage of smaller physical size and reduced losses. The different classes of power transformers are:

O.N.: Oil immersed, natural cooling O.B.: Oil immersed, air blast cooling O.F.N.: Oil immersed, oil circulation forced O.F.B.: Oil immersed, oil circulation forced, air blast cooling
Power transformers are usually the largest single item in a substation. For economy of service roads, transformers are located on one side of a substation, and the connection to switchgear is by bare conductors. Because of the large quantity of oil, it is essential to take precaution against the spread of fire. Hence, the transformer is usually located around a sump used to collect the excess oil. Transformers that are located and a cell should be enclosed in a blast proof room. 128
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b) Auxiliary Transformers To supply all services in substation such as lighting and control circuits. c) Potential Transformers It is used just for measurements and protection devices operate under low voltage. A Potential Transformer is basically a conventional constant-voltage transformer with primary and secondary windings on a common core connected in shunt or parallel to the power supply circuit to be measured or controlled. d) Current Transformers Since measuring and protection devices cannot withstand high current, a current transformer is used. A Current Transformer is a constant-current transformer that reduces line currents into values suitable for standard measuring devices such as ammeters and watt meters and standard protective and control devices. It also isolates these devices from line voltages. The primary winding is connected in series with the circuit carrying the line current. CT's may be accommodated in one of six manners:

Over Circuit Breaker bushings or in pedestals. In separate post type housings. Over moving bushings of some types of insulators. Over power transformers of reactor bushings. Over wall or roof bushings. Over cables.
10. Marshalling Kiosk
They are used in the outdoor substations. They are used to mount both monitoring instruments and control equipment and to provide access to various transducers. Marshalling kiosks are located in the switchyard near every power transformer. They are used in the indoor substations. They are used to house various measuring instruments, control Instruments and protective relays. They are located in airconditioned building. Control cables are laid between switchyard equipment and these panels.
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11. Shunt reactors
They are used with extra high voltage transmission lines to control the voltage during low-load period by compensating the capacitance of the transmission line during these periods.
12. Series reactors (current limiting reactors)
They are used to limit the short circuit currents and to limit current surges associated with fluctuating loads.
13. DC Bus bars
The trip coils of all circuit breakers operate using a dc supply, thus we need dc bus bar in the substation. This is achieved using two auxiliary transformers to step down from 22 KV to 380 V. These transformers feed two rectifying units supplying two chargers. These are charging two battery cells which are kept floating on the supply. If the dc bus bars are de-energized for any reason, the batteries can fill in its place. The 380 voltage supplies necessary lighting, air conditioning, motors for the cooling fans and any other auxiliaries.
14.
Station Earthing System
It is used to provide a low resistance earthing for doing the following tasks: discharge currents from surge arrestors, overhead shielding and earthing switches for equipment body earthing for safe touch potential and step potential in substation for providing path for the neutral to ground currents for the earth fault protection
5.7Earthing and Bonding

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees eqipotential bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
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In designing the substation, three voltages have to be considered. 1. Touch Voltage: This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthed equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure. 2. Step Voltage: This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet while not touching any other earthed equipment. 3. Mesh Voltage: This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.
Earthing Materials
1. Conductors: Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is bonded. 2. Connections: Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted, and in this case, the face of the joints should be tinned. 3. Earthing Rods: The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper, or copper clad steel. 4. Switchyard Fence Earthing: The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different utilities. These are: (i) Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is then bonded to the grid at regular intervals. (ii) Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the main substation earthing grid. 5. Neutral Grounding Equipment They are either resistors or reactors. They are used to limit short circuit current during ground faults. They are short time rated. They are connected between neutral point and ground.
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5.8 Essential Civil Structure in outdoor substations

The following civil structures are necessary in a conventional outdoor substation: Towers of incoming and outgoing transmission lines. These are generally located outside the substation boundary, adjacent to the substation. Towers (columns) and beams (gantries) for supporting strain conductors, and flexible bus bars. These are used for mounting isolators, surge arrestors and other equipment. Suitably; thereby eliminating additional separate foundations. Towers and gantries for supporting rigid tubular bus bars mounted on post insulators. These insulators are supported on horizontal beams (gantries). Support structures for post insulators which support the tubular rigid bus bars. Support structures for mounting the substation equipment such as CTs, VTs, isolators, circuit breakers, etc. Supporting structures for auxiliaries such as cooling water system, fire fighting system, etc.
The major items of the substation such as transformers and circuit breakers are usually mounted on reinforced cement concrete plinths at ground level
5.9 Description of the Single Line Diagram and Layout for the Present 66/22KV Substation
Figure which presents the single line diagram of the 66/22KV substation that feeds the residential area in our project shows that the substation consists of a sectionalized double bus bar system fed by six 66KV cables, two incoming from the preceding substation in the 66KV ring and two are outgoing to the next substation in the ring and remains two 66KV feeder cells as reserve. The bus bar sections are coupled near a bus coupler consisting of a circuit breaker and two isolating switches, together with four isolating switches dividing the bus bars into four sections. Four 66/22KV, 35MVA transformers are fed from the bus bars, and are connected in parallel groups or each to a separate section of the bus bars. The transformer connection circuit to the bus bar, as well as the feeder connection circuit, consists of a 66KV circuit breaker with two isolating switches towards the bus bars and one after the circuit breaker on the other side. Current and potential transformers are connected in the circuits for the objectives of protection and measuring. The transformers are connected via circuit breakers to the 22KV sectionalized bus bar. This is cut into four sections coupled with four bus couplers. Outgoing 22KV feeders come out of the 22KV bus bar sections, running outside the substation to feed 132
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the distribution points as well as some loops of distribution transformers and some big consumers directly. Two auxiliary transformers are fed from two different sections of the 22KV bus bar. The ratings of these are 500KVA, 22/380KV in order to feed the substation services; lighting, compressors, rectifiers to supply dc batteries, etc. The figure while presents the layout of the substation on a plan at the ground level indicates the substation arrangement. Four rooms for the four main transformers as shown on one side of the 66KV-switchgear hall. Meanwhile, the 22KV switchgear hall, the control room, the auxiliary transformers room, as well as other service areas and the stairs are shown on the other side. Above this several offices are arranged as well as the rest of services rooms, which could be shown on anther plan at the level of the first floor. The 66KV bus bars could be shown on a third plan at a higher level. The figure which presents cross sections in two 66KV cells, one for a feeder cell, the other is for a transformer cell. These side views describe clearly the circuit connections of the 66KV feeder and the 66/22KV transformers to the 66KV bus bars. They also show clearly the arrangement of the various apparatus in the circuit; the circuit breakers, the isolating switches, the potential and current transformers. Further, the single line diagram as well as the substation layout show lightning arrestors to protect the substation from lightning surges, in the case of overhead transmission lines feeding the substation. Earthling switches are also connected to the 66KV and 22KV feeders to ground these before carrying out maintenance or repair. Interlocks are provided between these earthling switches and the respective circuit breakers.
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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
CHAPTER 6
Chapter 6 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

6.1 Introduction
There is a great importance of protection of power system and this importance clearly appears though: 1. Ensuring the reliability and continuity of supply to different loads. 2. The large amount of capital investment in the power system justifies the importance of protection. So, we shall care for protecting every part in the power system to save ourselves, to save the expensive components in the power system and to ensure the reliability of supply in this system.
6.2
General Overview
Effect of short circuit currents on power system: The fault current could be several thousands of amperes, which has a heating effect and could result in melting of conductors or insulation failure. Short circuits are associated with arcs which lead to fires. Excessive currents lead to excessive forces between conductors, busbars, transformers and coils. When a fault occurs, the voltage drops to zero causing the nearest generating station to go out of step. In oil transformers, bubbles maybe formed which may lead to arc occurrence and possibility of explosion. As a result we should make a design for a good protective system which can ensure a safe operation of the power system. Requirements in any protection system: 1. Fast acting(speed): when a fault occurs, the protection system should clear that fault as quickly as possible. 2. Sensitive: it should be sensitive to all kind of faults. 3. Reliability: the protection system should be reliable. 4. Selectivity (Discrimination): the protection system should be selective where only faulty sections should be isolated. 5. Economical.
6.3
Types of faults in power systems

The faults in a power system can be classified into: 1. Symmetrical faults 2. Unsymmetrical faults
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6.3.1 Symmetrical faults
Fig 6.1 Symmetrical fault It occurs when the three phases are connected together and to the ground. Its the most severe fault (has maximum short circuit current). Its the least probable type of fault (probability of happening is very small~5%). Its used to determine the breaking (rupturing) capacity of circuit breakers. 6.3.2 Unsymmetrical faults a) Line to Ground fault
Fig 6.2 Line to Ground fault It occurs when a conductor of one phase touches the ground. Its the most common type fault (probability of occurrence equals about 80 % of faults). It results from flashover on insulator string. b) Line to Line fault
Fig 6.3 Line to Line fault It occurs when conductor of different phases touch each others. Probability of occurrence equals about~15% of faults. c) Line to Line to Ground fault (Double Line to Ground fault)
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Fig 6.4 Double Line to Ground fault This is similar to line to line fault but also involves a fault to earth. Probability of happening is small.
6.4 Division of power systems into protective zones

6.4.1 Defining protective zone Its a part of the power system protected by circuit breakers, such that in case of fault occurrence inside it, only that faulted part is isolated and the remainder of the system remains in normal operation. 6.4.2 Advantages of division of power system into protective zones It can be used for circuit switching during normal operation. It limits the damage caused during faults or overloads and minimizes its effect on the remainder of the system. And this is what is called Selectivity or Discrimination of the protection system.
Fig 6.5 Overlapping of protective zones
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6.5 Fuses
Fuses are the oldest and most simple protective devices. When the current flowing through the fuse exceeds a predetermined value, the heat produced by the current in the fusible link melts the link and interrupts the current. Since the current must last long enough for the link to melt, fuses have inherently a time delay. Fuses are relatively economical devices, they do not need any auxiliary devices such as instrument transformers and relays, they are reliable, and available in a large range of sizes. Their one disadvantage is that they are destroyed in the process of opening the circuit, and then they must be replaced. There are four quantities that are important for a particular fuse application I. Maximum Rated Voltage Is the highest nominal system voltage at which the fuse can be used. The voltage is given as an r.m.s and line to line value. The idea is that a blown fuse should be able to withstand the system voltage. II. Maximum Continuous Current is the maximum r.m.s current the fuse should be able to carry indefinitely. This current is given by an allowable temperature rise for the fuse, and therefore it also depends on the ambient temperature. III. Maximum Interrupting Current is the largest current the fuse is capable of interrupting. This value should be higher than the maximum possible fault current on this circuit. IV. Time Response This is given by the time-current characteristic. Medium voltage fuses are available up to voltages of 36 kV for indoor use, and up to 161 kV for outdoor use. Classification of fuses I. Non-time delay fuses The Non-time delay fuse consists of a single type of fusible element, called a short circuit element. Normal overloads and current surges often cause nuisance openings of this type of fuse. Therefore, Non-time delay fuses should be used only in circuits with noninductive loads such as circuit breaker back-up protection.
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II. Time delay fuses The time delay fuse is constructed with two different types of fusible elements: overload and short-circuit. The overload element will interrupt all overload currents, and the short-circuit element will open in response to short-circuit currents. The time delay fuse can be applied in circuits subject to normal overloads and current surges (e.g., motors, transformers, solenoids, etc.) without nuisance opening. III. Current-limitation Current-limiting fuses are so fast acting that they are able to open the circuit and remove the short-circuit current well before it reaches peak value. Current-limiting fuses limit the peak short-circuit current to a value less than that available at the fault point and open in less than one-half cycle. To be effective, however, such fuses must be operated in their current-limiting range. IV. Medium-voltage fuses There are two categories of the medium voltage fuses Distribution fuse cutouts: developed for overhead distribution lines Power fuses: developed for substations applications. Power fuses are available at higher voltage and current ratings than the distribution fuse cutouts. They come in two types: 1. Current limiting fuses 2. Solid material fuses V. High-voltage fuses Some medium-voltage fuses and all high-voltage fuses are rated for outdoor fuse use only. VI. Current-limiting power fuses Current-limiting power fuses are suitable for use on medium-voltage motor controllers only.
6.6
1. 2. 3. 4.
Basic elements of protective switchgear

The main components of switchgear are: Relays Current Transformers (C.T.) Potential (Voltage) Transformers (P.T. or V.T). Circuit Breaker
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5. Tripping coil of circuit breaker 6. D.C. supply for energizing the tripping coil of circuit breaker
Fig 6.6 Main components of protective switchgear
6.7
Relay
Its a device which senses the abnormal condition of the power system, sends signal to the circuit breaker to open the circuit. Relays cant operate on power system voltages and currents, therefore current transformers (C.T.) and potential transformers (P.T.) are used. 6.7.1 Operation of Relays: When the current in the main line exceeds a certain value, the current in R increases. The relay contact (R.C.) closes the circuit of the tripping coil (T.C.). The T.C. opens the contacts of the circuit breaker which opens the circuit.
6.7.2 Development of Relays 6.7.2.a Electromechanical Relays Most common type used. Converts the electrical signal to a mechanical motion, closing or opening the contacts of the relay. Simple in operation. Most widely used. Operate by electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction.
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Advantages: Not expensive. Simple in construction. Easy in adjustment. Disadvantages: Maintenance required due to movements of relay parts. 6.7.2.b Static Relays Involve no motion inside the relay. Consist of electronic circuits (diodes, transistors, etc). Advantages: Lower power consumption therefore current and potential transformers are of smaller ratings. Mechanical problems are eliminated. Disadvantages: Very sensitive to voltage transients and spikes of small duration can damage the semiconductor. Sensitive to changes in the temperature. 6.7.2.c Digital Relays Consist of digital circuits (AND, OR gates). Almost disappeared now.
6.7.2.d Programmable (Microprocessor) Relays Can be programmed by certain software. Has an interface with the user such that the setting of the relay can be changed. Multi-function relays.
6.7.2.e Artificial Intelligence Relays These relays employ an artificial intelligence (AI) technique for its operation. Examples are: Neural Network, Fuzzy System, Expert Systems, and Genetic Algorithms.
6.7.3 Classification of Relays Relays are classified according to: 6.7.3.a Construction of the relay. Solenoid type. Attracted Armature type. Balanced beam type. Induction type.
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6.7.3.b Function of the relay: Over-current relays Over-voltage relays Under-voltage relays Directional power relays Distance relays Phase balance relays 6.7.3.c Time characteristics of the relay: Instantaneous: complete operation occurs after a negligible small interval of time. Inverse time lag: time of operation is approximately inversely proportional to the magnitude of current or other quantity causing operation. Definite time lag: time of operation is independent on the magnitude of current or other quantity causing the operation.
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6.7.4 Types of Electromechanical Relays 6.7.4.a Solenoid Type Relay When a current passes in the coil, a force is exerted on the plunger. The plunger moves and closes the relay contacts which energize the trip coil of circuit breaker. It has instantaneous time characteristics. Relay Adjustment: Taps on the coil. Initial plunger position. i0 Minimum current to operate the relay.
Fig 6.7 Solenoid Type Relay
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6.7.4.b Balanced Beam Relay It consists of a balance beam with a spring on one side and electromagnet on the other side. When the current is below the set value, the spring force and the force of electromagnet are equal and the beam is balanced. If the current exceeds the set value, the force of electromagnet overcomes the spring force which closes the relay contacts and energizes the trip coil of circuit breaker. It has instantaneous time characteristics. Relay Adjustment: By adjusting the air gap between the magnet and the iron piece. By using coil taps.
Fig 6.8 Balance Beam Relay
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6.7.4.c Attracted Armature Relay The electromagnet attracts the armature which closes the relay contacts, energizing the tripping coil of circuit breaker. i0 Minimum value of current after which the relay starts to operate. It has inverse time characteristics.
Fig 6.9 Attracted Armature Relay 6.7.4.d Induction Relay It is the most widely used relay because of their reliability. It has more flexibility in coordination with other relays or fuses. It has an inverse time characteristics. Induction relays include the following types: i. Induction Disc Type Relay A.C. current is supplied to the lower pole, by induction to the upper pole directly or through a saturating transformer. The upper pole induces currents in the disc, and torque is produced by the reaction between currents and flux from the lower pole. Current setting: by adjustment of the coil taps. Time setting: by adjustment of the contact travel. Breaking (Damping) magnet: its function is to give an eddy current breaking effect to relay movement. This relay will operate only as long as the fault still exists.
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Fig 6.10 Induction Disc Type Relay ii. Induction Disc Directional Power Relay The operating torque is produced by the interaction of magnetic fields derived from both the voltage and current sources of the circuit it protects. A relay of this type is essentially a wattmeter and the direction of torque set up in the relay depends on the direction of current relative to the voltage. The voltage coil is connected either directly or through a voltage transformer to the circuit voltage source. Directional power relays are normally used for controlling the flow of power in a circuit under normal load conditions or the reverse power protection of synchronous machines. Figure 6.11 shows a schematic of this type of relay.
Fig 6.11 Induction Disc Directional Power Relay
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iii. Induction Type Three Phase Balance Relay Figure 6.12 shows the main constructional features of this relay. Contacts are usually open and the spring makes the disc in a central position. For appreciable unbalance of load on phases a, b, the contacts will close either due to the right or left movement of the disc. A second disc on the same shaft is mounted to provide means of response for any appreciable unbalance between phases a, c.
Fig 6.12 Induction Type Three Phase Balance Relay
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iv. Impedance (Distance) Relay The balance beam has an operating coil on one side and a restraining coil on the other side. The operating coil operates by the current I, whereas the restraining coil operates by the voltage V. The balance point, i.e. the critical impedance value Zo could be adjusted by current coil taps and by the air-gap adjustment. The balance point, i.e the critical impedance value Zo is the impedance above which the relay will not operate. The impedance relay is suitable for long lines. However, for short lines the effect of a resistance may give false indication for the value of (Z) seen by the relay. To overcome this, reactance relays are used. Reactance relays operate when X= constant. Figure 6.13 shows the construction and the impedance diagram of the impedance relay.
Fig 6.13 Impedance Relay
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6.8
Differential Protection of Power systems
If a fault occurs on any section of a transmission or distribution system, it is essential that the faulty section should be rapidly isolated automatically from the remainder of the network, hence preventing the damage resulting from the fault and to localize the area of disturbance. The ideal characteristics of switchgear are:
It must be sufficiently sensitive to detect the presence of a fault. It must discriminate between currents fed to faults in different sections in order to prevent the isolation of healthy feeders. It must operate in the shortest possible time. It must be absolutely reliable in operation, simple and robust. Protective system may be divided broadly into two broad classes: namely pilot systems and pilotless systems. Pilot systems are those which employ pilot wires. In general, pilot systems are more simple and reliable than pilotless systems, but the cost of pilot wires limits their use on long transmission lines. 6.8.1 Merz-Price differential protection This method of protection is based on the fact that the current entering one end of a healthy feeder is equal to that leaving the other end. If a fault occurs, this equality will not be maintained and the difference between the two currents is arranged to operate relay which consequently trips the circuit breaker and hence the faulty section is isolated. There are two methods for applying the Merz price differential protection; namely the circulating current method and the opposed voltage method. Circulating current method In the circulating current method, the current in the secondaries of the two identical C.Ts will circulate in the pilot wires and no current will pass in the relay. However, if an internal fault occurs, the difference in the currents in the secondaries of the current transformers will operate the relay. Figure 6.14 shows the principle of the circulating current method.
Fig. 6.14 Circulating Current method, Differential protection.
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Opposed voltage method :
In the opposed voltage method, the secondaries of the identical C.Ts are connected in series together through relays by means of pilot wires. Under healthy conditions, the secondary voltages of the C.Ts are in phase-opposition hence balance each other and no current passes in the relay. If a fault occurs on the line, the currents at both ends will no longer be equal and hence the induced e.m.f. in the C.Ts secondaries will no longer balance, thus causing the flow of current in both relays. Each relay closes its local circuit, energizing the trip coils which opens the C.B. In order that the C.Bs shall balance as regard to both voltage and phase angle for all primary current up to high current values, e.g. several thousands amperes, it is necessary to prevent saturation of the iron core by providing a number of air-gaps in the iron circuit. Figure 6.15 shows the schematic of this method.
Fig. 6.15 Opposed Voltage method, Differential protection Advantages of Merz Price system The operation is reliable. The discrimination is ideal. No potential transformers are required. The operation is practically instantaneous. The method is applicable to all kinds of systems, e.g. overhead lines, underground cables, alternators, transformers, etc. It operates for all types of faults whether to earth or between phases. Disadvantages of the Merz Price system The cost of the pilot wires is considerable especially for the long distance transmission. The possibility of operation by heavy through currents due to the capacitances of the pilot wires. Such currents may induce voltage of about 1000 volts or more in pilot wire circuit. Therefore, to prevent the resulting capacitance current from operating the relays, the setting of the relay must be higher than is desirable. Frequent testing of the pilot circuit is necessary, since no warning would be given for the break in the pilots, as these normally carry no current. The C.Ts used should give exactly equal currents in their secondaries or else the system operates in a wrong way. This is treated by using the biased beam relay (sometimes called percentage differential relay)
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6.8.2 Biased Beam relay: The disadvantage of the current differential protection is that current transformers must give identical secondary currents; otherwise there will be current flowing through the current relays for faults outside of the protected zone or even under normal conditions. Sensitivity to the differential current due to the current transformer errors is reduced by biased beam relays (sometimes called percentage differential relays). The biased beam relay is a circulating current method but with an additional restraining coil which carries both circulating currents i1 and i2 Thus if the main current is large, there is a comparatively large restraining force which cannot be overcome by an error in the C.Ts. The relay operates when the ratio of the difference ( i1 - i2 ) to the currents i1 or i2 exceeds a certain minimum value which is adjustable by varying the number of turns of the restraining coil (R.C). A schematic diagram of this method is given in figure 6.16
Fig. 6.16 Biased Beam relay Advantages of this system Since the relay operates on the percentage of the difference, settings down to 5% or 10% can be used without the risk of faulty tripping due to the through currents. This means more sensitivity of the gear. Ordinary C.Ts are used. The pilot capacitance current flows through the restraining coil and will actually produce a stabilizing effect.
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6.9
Applications:
Differential Protection is applied to bus-zones, because of its great selectivity. A
6.9.1 Protection of Bus bars:
simple method of bus-bar protection is by comparing the vector sum of currents entering and leaving the bus zone. Figure 6.17 shows bus-zone protection, two incoming supplies, based on the circulating current method. Current will pass in the relay only in case of a fault on the bus-bar .The same principle can be applied for any number of incoming supplies. The relay current will be equal to zero as long as there is no fault on bus-bar zone.\
Fig. 6.17 Differential Protection of Bus bars
The following relays are installed in each busbar section of switchboard: Under-voltage relay: A stationary under-voltage situation shall initiate tripping of the connected motors. Frequency relay: Input to Load Shedding System. Arc detection relay: An arc detection system is installed either alone or in combination with a current relay. Detection will sectionalize the busbar and trip the incomer(s). This is not applied for single-phase air or gas (SF6 =Sulpher Hexa-florid) insulated switchboards.
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6.9.2 Graded type over current protection: In these systems each relay is assigned a certain time setting. The most important types of graded type over current protection are the following: 6.9.2.a Radial feeder protection In the protection of radial feeders in series, relays are adjusted to have a decreasing time setting with the increase of distance from the generating station. The time to clear a fault (clearing time) is the sum of the times occupied in operating the relays, energizing the tripping coils, moving the circuit breakers parts and extinguishing the arc in the circuit breaker. Thus a fault on feeder between S/S 2 and S/S 3 will results in the operation of relay R3 in a time of 1 second, as shown in figure 6.18
Fig. 6.18 Graded Type Over-current protection (Radial feeder protection)
Disadvantages of this system Not very sensitive. To obtain proper discrimination, the minimum lag between operating times of relays should not be more than 0.25 to 0.5 second. This limits the number of relays in series to a maximum of six, since a short circuit should not be kept on the generator for longer than 2 seconds. The maximum fault current generally occurs at the generating end of the feeder where the need of high clearing speed is the greatest, but actually the time delay is maximum.
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6.9.2.b Protection of ring main: The ring main system is an interconnection between a series of stations by means of which provision is made for alternative routes of power supply without the necessity for running feeders in parallel. If there is no reversal of power in any section under normal operating conditions, then a series of directional relays with graded time lags can be used. The grading is done in clock wise and anti-clockwise direction as shown in figure 6.19 Each substation is protected by 2 relays, the one with the lower time setting being directional and operates only for fault currents in the direction of arrow. With a fault on any feeder section, this section only is isolated and all loads are still supplied without any interruption of service.
Fig. 6.19 Graded Type Over-current protection. (Ring Main system)
The disadvantage of this system is the same the previous one, plus the additional one of using potential transformers that are necessary for the directional relays.
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6.9.3 Transformer protection: Differential protection is applied for transformers. The difference in the current magnitudes of the primary and the secondary windings of the main transformer is corrected and taken into account by adjusting the turns ratio of the current transformers. For three phase transformers, the connection of the current transformers depends on the connections of the main transformer. Figure 6.20 shows a typical scheme for a Y/ transformer. In order to account for the phase shift of current in the secondary winding of the main transformer, the C.Ts are connected as /Y, i.e. on the delta connected side of the main transformer, the C.Ts are connected to star and vice versa. It can be proven that the currents in the pilot wires are exactly in phase opposition. Hence their summation at the relay (R) will be zero i.e no current will pass in the relay. Thus under normal conditions no current will pass in the relays.
Fig. 6.20 Protection of Y/ Transformer For Y/Y power transformers, the C.Ts are connected as / . For an internal fault, the relays will operate and the tripping coils (T.C) at the both ends will be energized; hence C.Bs at both ends will trip. This is shown in figure 6.21
Fig. 6.21 Protection of Y/Y Transformer
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The Bucholz relay
This relay is fitted to most oil filled transformers. It is fitted in the oil pipe between the transformer tank and the oil conservator. Figure 6.22 shows a sketch of the internal construction of the Bucholz relay. Under healthy conditions, the relay is full of oil, and hence the mercury switch is open, since the ball float is at its highest position. If there is any partial failure of the insulation anywhere inside the transformer, gas will accumulate at the top of the relay. Hence the ball float will drop down causing operation of the alarm mercury switch M.S1 causing the alarm (visual or audible) to start. If there is a short circuit inside the transformer, the explosion will instantly force the oil against the plate P and thus closes the mercury switch which will trip the C.B.
B: Float Ball MS: mercury switch P: Plate
Fig. 6.22 Bucholz Relay.
6.10 Circuit Breakers

Circuit breakers are used to control the flow of power in power systems and also as the disconnecting equipment when high faults occur on power systems. Circuit breakers then must be capable of performing switching operations on power systems under both, normal and short-circuit conditions . Requirements put on every circuit breaker - It must be a perfect conductor in the closed position (Z = 0) . - It must be a perfect insulator in the open position (Z = infinity). - It must be fast when closing. Current starts flowing before the contacts actually touch and slow closures could damage the contacts. - It must be fast when opening but it must not extinguish current before its zero crossing and it must not produce over voltages.
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Classification of Circuit Breakers: Classification of circuit breakers in common use is done according to the medium that is used to interrupt the arc. Thus the breakers are classified as: I. Air Circuit Breaker Interruption of the circuit by using separation of contacts in air was sufficient, although this process drew arc and was damaging to the contacts of the switches. air blast breakers were also developed. The design followed two diverging paths. One was to design a single break breaker for a high voltage (up to 110 kV); the other was to connect several lower voltage (about 35 kV) II. Oil Circuit Breaker The mineral oil was held by a steel tank. there were made improvements to the plain break circuit breakers by providing arc and pressure control by enclosing the arcs inside arc pots III. Sulpher Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) was introduced as an interrupting medium. The initial tendency was to use the design of air blast breakers and the SF6 gas was blown under high pressure into the arc. The latest design is towards lower pressure SF6 breakers (these are called puffer type). IV. Vacuum Circuit Breaker The main problem was in joining the metal bellows enabling motion of the moving contact, and the ceramic container enclosing the contacts and the arc during breaker opening. The loss of vacuum resulted in explosions, and then in a great reluctance to accept the improved vacuum breakers.Vacuum breakers are now extensively used up to voltages of about 33 kV. Circuit Breaker Ratings 1) Rated Voltage Highest r.m.s voltage for which the circuit breaker is designed and is the upper limit for continuous operation. 2) Rated Current The maximum r.m.s current, which the breaker is capable of carrying continuously without exceeding the given temperature, rise at the given ambient temperature. 3) Rated Frequency Frequency at which the breaker is designed to operate (60 Hz in North America).
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4) Rated Interrupting current Current at instant of contact separation. The interrupting current rating can be given as one of the following values. 5) Symmetrical Interrupting Current RMS value of the A.C. component of the short circuit current the breaker is capable to interrupt. 6) Asymmetrical Interrupting Current RMS value of the total short circuit current the breaker is capable to interrupt. This includes the dc and ac components. 7) Rated Making Current : RMS value of the short circuit current on which the breaker can safely close at the rated voltage. 8) Rated Short Time Current RMS value of current that the circuit breaker can carry in a fully closed position without damage for a specified short time interval. Normally given for 1s or 4s. These ratings are based on thermal limitations. 9) Rated Impulse Withstand Voltage BIL (Basic Insulation Level) Maximum short duration impulse voltage tat the breaker can withstand. BIL is tested with a prescribed shape and duration of the test impulse voltage.
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Chapter 7
STREET LIGHTING
CHAPTER 7
STREET LIGHTING
Chapter 7 STREET LIGHTING

7.1 Introduction
Lighting is a vital rule to describe the importance of major and minor roads, which constitute the lifelines of communication in the motorized world today. For these roads, to fulfill their function properly, they must be made as safe as technological and economic resources will permit .Lighting for guidance, lighting to reveal all the features of roads and point up hazards. Lighting to aid perception and provide clear visual information for both drivers and pedestrians. So we can say that the basic purpose of street lighting is to promote safety and convenience on the streets at night through adequate visibility, and to promote civic progress. Statistics show that good street lighting installations results in: Reduce traffic accidents Respect the environment
7.2
Classification of factors affecting the design of street lighting
7.2.1 Area classification 7.2.1.a Commercial That portion of a municipality in a business development where ordinarily there are large numbers of pedestrians during business hours. This definition applies to densely developed business areas outside, as well as within, the central part of a municipality. The area contains land use, which attracts a relatively heavy volume of nighttime vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic on a frequent basis. 7.2.1.b Intermediate That portion of a municipality is often characterized by a moderately heavy nighttime pedestrian activity such as in blocks having libraries, community recreation centers, large apartment buildings or neighborhood retail stores. 7.2.1.c Residential A residential development or a mixture of residential and commercial establishments is characterized by a few pedestrians at night. This definition includes areas with single family homes, town houses, and/or small apartment buildings. 7.2.2 Roadway classification 7.2.2.a Freeway Its a divided major roadway with full control of access and with no crossings at grade. This definition applies to toll as well as non-toll roads. 7.2.2.b Expressway Its a divided major roadway for through traffic with partial control of access and generally with interchanges at major crossroads. Expressways for non-commercial traffic within parks and park-like areas are generally known as parkways. 11.2.2.c Arterial The part of the roadway system that serves as the principal network for through traffic flow. The routes connect areas of principal traffic generation and important rural highways entering the city. 158
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7.2.2.e Local Roadways used primarily for direct access to residential, commercial, industrial, or other abutting property. They do not include roadways carrying through traffic. Long local roadways will generally be divided into short sections by collector roadway systems. 7.2.2.f Alleys These are narrow public ways within a block, generally used for vehicular access to the rear of abutting properties.
7.3
Street lighting arrangements
7.3.1 Two way traffic roads There are four basic types of street lighting arrangements, which we can summarize in the following points. 7.3.1.a Single sided This type of arrangement, in which all luminaries are located on one side of the road, is used only when the width of the road is equal to, or less than the mounting height of the luminaries. This is shown in fig 7.1.
Fig. 7.1 Single sided arrangement 7.3.1.b Staggered This type of arrangement in which the luminaries are located on both sides of the road in a staggered, or zigzag, arrangement is used mainly when the width of the road is between 1 to 1.5 times the mounting height of the luminaries. This is shown in fig 7.2.
Fig. 7.2 Staggered arrangement 159
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7.3.1.c Opposite This type of arrangement, with the luminaries located on both sides of the road opposite to one another, is used mainly when the width of the road is greater than 1.5 times the mounting height of the luminaries.
Fig. 7.3 Opposite arrangement 7.3.1.d Span wire This type of arrangement, with the luminaries suspended along the axis of the road, is normally used for narrow roads that have buildings on both sides.
Fig. 7.4 Span wire arrangement 7.3.2 Curves Curves of large radius (in the order of 300 m) can be treated as straight roads and the luminaries can be sited in accordance with one of the schemes outlined above. The locations of luminaries on curves of smaller radius, however, should be such as to ensure both adequate road-surface luminance and effective visual guidance. Where the width of the road is 1.5 m less than the mounting height, the luminaries should be placed above the outside of the curve in a single sided arrangement. For wider roads an opposite arrangement should be used since the staggered arrangement gives visual guidance, and should therefore be avoided.
7.4
Street lighting design process
The illumination design process involves the selection of the proper lighting equipment and the establishment of the geometry of the system in order to provide the most effective lighting system to satisfy the needs.
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7.4.1 The major steps of the design process are outlined as follows: 7.4.1.a Existing conditions Determination of roadway facility and land use area classifications. 7.4.1.b Selection of illumination level The recommended average intensity of horizontal illumination may be determined based upon the classifications of roadway facility and area type .Table 7.1 shows the recommended average maintained illumination (in foot candles). The precise method of measuring light levels uses the foot-candle, the amount of illumination provided by a single lumen distributed over a foot-square surface. VEHICULAR ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION AREA CLASSIFICATION
Commercial intermediate Residential Freeway 0.6 0.6 0.6 Expressway 1.4 1.2 1 Major ( arterial ) 2 1.4 1 Local 0.9 0.6 0.4 Alley 0.6 0.4 0.4 Table 7.1 recommended average maintained illumination (in foot candles).
7.4.1.c System characteristics Detailed calculations using selected lighting source types and sizes and luminaries mounting heights and spacing locations are employed in order to determine the average intensity of horizontal illumination. The uniformity of illumination is checked by comparing the ratio of average maintained illumination to minimum maintained illumination, commonly referred to as the uniformity ratio, with the recommended criteria in order to determine optimal effectiveness of lighting system. In our project ,we use two types of lighting poles of different mounting height .the first one is 12 meter(mounting height) used for express way and arterial streets and arranged usually in staggered or opposite sided system .the second type is used for local streets and alleys and this type is a single sided arrangement. e.g. the following figure illustrates one of the lighting poles.
Fig. 7.5 pole of 8m
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Checking illumination of local street, single sided arrangements Calculation field test using DIAlux program Valuation Field Roadway 1 & Sidewalk 1 Length: 30.000 m, Width: 14.000 m Grid: 10 x 10 Points Accompanying Street Elements: Roadway 1, Sidewalk 1. Selected Lighting Class: CE5 (All lighting performance requirements are met). Calculated values: Required values according to class: Fulfilled/Not fulfilled: Eav [lx] 27 7.5 U0 (uniformity) 0.4 0.4
7.5
Types of lamps used in Street lighting
We have to choose suitable kinds of lamps for different streets. The lamp must be convenient for vehicles and pedestrians. In internal streets, its recommended to use mercury lamps to give a white color, with enough levels of average luminance to promote civic progress, and ensure pedestrians safety. On highways, where there are no pedestrians, we use high-pressure sodium lamps. Its yellow light is suitable for such kinds of lighting, even in cloudy weather. The human eye is very sensitive to yellow light, e.g. TPP- 250 watt, 33200Lm, 118 Lm/watt. Article No.: Philips SRS427 1xSON-TPP250W P9 Luminary Luminous Flux: 33200 lm Luminary Wattage: 274.0 W Luminary classification according to CIE: 100 CIE flux code: 38 75 97 100 80 Fitting: 1 x SON-TPP250W/- (Correction Factor 1.000).
7.5.1 High pressure sodium lamps
Fig.7.8 HPS lamp
Fig.7.7 250W luminary
The high-pressure sodium discharge lamp is a lamp providing the highest efficiency in a light source with a good color rendition. Fig.
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Fig. 7.9 internal construction of HPS The high-pressure sodium discharge is enclosed in an arc-tube envelope of high temperature, alkali-vapor resisting high density, polycrystalline alumina. The difference from the former low-pressure sodium lamp is that the sodium pressure, with high volume loading, results in a well stabilized discharge and maximum efficiency. The high- pressure sodium discharge lamp has an initial efficacy in excess of 100 lumens per watt. Median lamp lifetime is in order of 6000 hours but may be expected to improve with improved construction techniques. High efficiency with acceptable color and a small, high brightness source with low ultraviolet radiation make the high-pressure sodium lamp attractive as a lighting source for street, roadway and area lighting.
Spectrum of High Pressure Sodium Lamp

Spectrum of high pressure sodium lamp. The yellow-red band on the left is the atomic sodium D-line emission; the turquoise line is a sodium line which is otherwise quite weak in a low pressure discharge, but become intense in a high pressure discharge. Most of the other green, blue and violet lines arise from mercury.
Fig. 7.10 spectrum of HPS lamp 7.5.2 Low pressure sodium lamps
Fig. 7.11 LPS of 35W
Fig. 7.12 running LPS
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This type of lamp has special purposes because they give very strong light under small power. This type of lamps has dark yellow light and is used in tunnels and closed public places. They also have relatively long life. 7.5.3 Metal halide lamps This is a very special purpose lamp it has special advantage that it can response very fast to electric power when turning on and very slow when turning off, i.e. it turns on quickly and turn off slowly. Thus this type of lamps could be used in medical operation room and flood lighting. e.g. HSLL-BW-400, 400 watt, 2300 lm/watt. Metal halide lamps operate under high pressure and temperature, and require special fixtures to operate safely It gives a bright white light thus it could be used in illumination of open places such as large stadiums since this type of lamps have strong glass, they should be put when they should be hanged over large arm poles.
Fig. 7.13 metal halide in stadium
Fig. 7.14 metal halide in baseball Stadium
7.5.4 Mercury lamps There are several types of mercury lamps such as high-pressure, low pressure and compound mercury lamps. This type has special applications.
Fig. 7.15 A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, 164
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protection from ultraviolet radiation, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube. Mercury vapor lamps (and their relatives) are often used because they are relatively efficient. Phosphor coated bulbs offer better color rendition than either high- or lowpressure sodium vapor lamps. Mercury vapor lamps also offer a very long lifetime, as well as intense lighting for several special purpose applications.
7.6
Methods of switching of lamps
There are various methods, some of which are: a) Photo cell b) Control switch c) Timer
7.7
Street lighting system
The distribution lighting network consists of: 1. Lighting distribution box 2. Poles 3. Lighting luminaries 4. Cables 7.7.1 Lighting distribution box (LDB) The LDB is a pad-mounted-explosion proof type provided with the following equipment and devices. a) One incoming C.B. b) Four outgoing circuit breakers. c) One KWH meter d) Automatic contactor (photocell or timer) The lighting distribution box is shown in fig 7.16.
Fig 7.16 Lighting Distribution Box 165
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7.7.2 Poles There is a wide range of street lighting poles which can be classified according to their height (15m, 12m, 10m, 8m, 3m) or according to their type (stepped, octagonal, .., or round). The poles of 12m height are used in lighting system for most of streets, and the poles of 3m height are mainly used for gardens lighting. For Alleys and Local streets, poles of 8 m are used to fulfill the required lighting characteristics. Fig 7.17 shows the main construction of poles used in street lighting. (1) (2) (3) (4)
Mounting Height (Height above working plane). Overhang. Boom Angle. Boom Length.
Fig 7.17 Construction of street lighting poles The total pole heights depend on the method of installation. The manufacturer should increase the pole height by at least 1-5m if its directly mounted in soil or in concrete. Fig 7.18 shows the recommended type of lighting poles (12m high)
Fig 7.18 The 12m high pole used in street lighting
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The 3m poles are of decorative or round types. This is shown in fig 7.19.
Fig 7.19 The 3m high poles used in gardens Each pole should be provided with a door opening for cable connection at a height not less than 80 cm from ground level.
7.7.3 Lighting luminaries The street lighting designed here to use several types of luminaries. Their type of lamps is: 250, 400 watt high pressure sodium vapor lamps. 160 watt mercury lamps. Different shapes of luminaries are shown in fig 7.20. This type used in our project.
250W HPS street lamp
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400W HPS street lamp
160W mercury vapor lamp Fig 7.20 Different shapes of luminaries
7.7.4 Cables I. Cables of aluminum types should be used to connect the low voltage side of distribution transformer to the lighting distribution box (LDB), and the cross sectional area of cables is chosen according to the lighting loads and the rating of the lighting distribution box (LDB). II. Types of Aluminum conductors are : A. ALL Aluminum Alloy Conductor(AAAC) B. Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced(ACSR) C. Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced(AACSR) D. Aerially bunched cables(ABC) III. Available cross section areas of aluminum cables are (425) mm2 or (416mm2). IV. In our project design, the selected cable is AAAC with cross section area in is (425mm2). V. Cables of 2 mm copper are used to connect power cables and luminaries. The following figures show some types of Aluminum Conductors
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Fig. 7.21 AAAC
Fig. 7.22 Abc cables
Fig. 7.23 ACSR for O.H.T.L
7.8
Lighting control and Wiring system
7.8.1 On-off control Luminaries for dusk to dawn operation will normally be controlled by a photoelectric cell installed on each luminary, however, central control may be more economical for luminaries having fixed hours of operation. An automatic system using a time switch with an astronomical dial or a manual on-off control will be used for such cases. 7.8.2 Type of system Multiple wiring systems will be installed, except for extensions to existing series systems or for long access roads where voltage drops exceeding that permitted for multiple lighting systems would occur. Circuits for multiple lighting will be designed to utilize the highest low-voltage level appropriate for the installation in order to keep wire sizes and voltage drops to a minimum. Lamps will be connected phase-to-neutral rather than phase-to-phase. Where practically, units will be connected to transformers, which serve other loads. Also protection and disconnection of lighting circuits will be provided. 7.8.3 Grounding All lighting circuits will include an equipment grounding conductor. The equipment grounding conductor may be any conductor approved by the NEC, and will be bonded to the non-current-carrying metal parts of each lighting standard and luminary.
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7.9
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Design of the street lighting scheme using DIAlux program:

We specify the width, we have in our plan. Open red DIALux program Select DIALux wizards Select quick street planning In DIALux street wizard :click next Enter the various street elements and their properties such as a. Width of side walk b. Width of bicycle lane c. Roadway width d. Number of lanes 7. Enter the various valuation fields for the streets .select a lighting class for Each valuation field in order to define the photometric requirements of the Street. Example: a) Open lighting class selection: click next b) Enter the typical speed of the main user type. e.g. Medium(between 30 &60 km/hr) c) Enter the main user type & the other permitted user types. d) Enter the main weather type. e.g. dry e) Enter the type and frequency of the interchanges. f) Enter the number of vehicles that pass a defined point in a defined time(determination of traffic flow) g) Enter whether or not to take a conflict zone into consideration, conflict zones are zones that are also used by other traffic participants. h) Enter the complexity of the field of version of the traffic participants i) Enter the navigational difficulty of the traffic participants. j) Enter the estimated luminance level of the environment. e.g. this is a lighting class ME3a 8. Select valuation field for the optimization. 9. Select a luminary for the arrangement from your favorite catalogue 10. Specify which parameters of the luminary arrangement are allowed to vary at which intervals. a) Parameters that may be varied for the optimization. b) Fixed parameters for the optimization. c) Arrangement type(single sided, staggered or opposite sided) 11. Select suitable distance between luminaries that satisfy required illumination.
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Chapter 8
SYSTEM GROUNDING
CHAPTER 8
SYSTEM GROUNDING
CHAPTER 8 SYSTEM GROUNDING

8.1.The importance of Earthing
Earthing or grounding is done for safety of equipment and human beings (including all animals and plants). In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of theconductors relative to that of the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system has implications for the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. Note that regulations for earthing (grounding) systems vary considerably among different countries. A protective earth (PE) connection ensures that all exposed conductive surfaces are at the same electrical potential as the surface of the Earth, to avoid the risk of electrical shock if a person touches a device in which an insulation fault has occurred. It ensures that in the case of an insulation fault (a "short circuit"), a very high current flows, which will trigger an overcurrent protection device (fuse, circuit breaker) that disconnects the power supply. A functional earth connection serves a purpose other than providing protection against electrical shock. In contrast to a protective earth connection, a functional earth connection may carry a current during the normal operation of a device. Functional earth connections may be required by devices such as surge suppression and electromagnetic interference filters, some types of antennas and various measurement instruments. Generally the protective earth is also used as a functional earth, though this requires care in some situations.
8.2.Types of earthing
1. Power or System 2. Equipment Safety The outer housing of electrical equipment is earthed by directly connecting it to a earth grid or earth electrode, thereby providing a low resistance path to ground. In case of a fault involving earth the live part of the equipment gets connected with the low resistance earth path. This produces high earth fault current and the protective devices in the circuit disconnects the circuit from the power source thereby reducing further damage to the equipment. Neutral of electrical equipment are also earthed for equipment safety. Like, neutral of generators in power plants are earthed through Neutral Grounding Resistor to limit the earth fault current. Three phase transformer's neutral are earthed to provide neutral point to supply single phase loads like lighting and small appliances.
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8.3.safety or protective
Human Safety:
If a person touches an appliance which has an earth fault in it he will not get an electric shock as his body (standing on the earth) and the equipment's body are at the same potential provided the equipment is earthed properly. Thus proper earthing protects a person from getting electric shock. That's in the design of villas & apartments we had: Adding the neutral & earth lines at the riser to the 3 phase or even 1 phase & here is single line diagram of one of the model, added cable specifications.
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8.4.System Earthing
8.4.1.Earthing requirements
Each electrically separate part of a system, which is magnetically coupled to other parts at the transformation points, must be separately earthed. The purpose of earth connections in different parts of a system differs. But generally one or more of the following is fulfilled: a) Zero phase-sequence protection. The earth connection must provide a path of low impedance and adequate thermal capacity for earth fault (zero sequence) current so that protective relays may operate satisfactorily. b) Equipment or protective earthing. This is to ensure the safety of the public and of the personal that operate electrical equipment. c) Limitation of earth potential differences. This is to avoid injury or death to persons or to animals that are more susceptible to electric shock than human begins. d) Lightning and over voltage protection. This conducts to earth charges due to lightning and protects equipment from over-voltage by means of surge arresters to which the earth connection is made. On any transmission or distribution system, these requirements are satisfied by both system earths and equipment earths. There must also be adequate bonding of the connections throughout the earthing system to ensure that currents to earth of the highest magnitude may be carried without fusing of joints or of the earth conductor itself and without appreciable voltage drop.
8.4.2. Means of earthing

System earthing may be direct, by a connection straight to earth, or indirect with a resistor or reactor connected in the earth lead. The earth connection is made to the system neutral (star point) where this exists or, on a true 3-phase system, by establishing an artificial star point. The earth wire, when present, not only provides lightning protection but, in the event of a fault to earth, it provides a path to the nearest system earth for zero phasesequence currents additional to that provided by the earth electrodes and the earth itself. For outdoor equipment which is manually operated, the best protection which may be afforded the operator is the provision of an earth-mat, bonded to the equipment at the point where a man must stand to operate it. In the event of a fault to earth, the equipment and the earth-mat, has no voltage across the body.
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8.4.3. neutral systems

8.4.3.1. Insulated neutral system Under healthy, balanced conditions, the star-point will be at earth potential even though it is not connected to earth. When a ground fault occurs on one line, as shown. The fault current is limited by the line to earth capacitances, one of which shorted out by itself. Thus the fault current (If) is the pharos sum of an alternator stator winding or transformer secondary winding with unearthed star-point is shown in fig.
8.5.Methods of Earting
TYPE EXPLAINING *Here a direct metallic connections made from the neutral of system to one or more earth electrodes. *The earth electrodes may be of plates, rods, or pipes buried in the ground. *Here heavy ground current can be reduced by inserting a current limiting device between the neutral of the system & earth. *One of the current limiting devices: (resistance metallic or liquid). *It means earthing through an impedance (reactive) & ratio of X0/X1>3 *By earthing through Peterson coil the effects to prevent unbalanced capacitance currents entering earth fault. ADVANTAGES *The star-point is always at earth potential so that when an earth fault occurs on one line, the potential difference between healthy lines & earth can't exceed max V phase. *Simple protective system. *An arcing ground fault can't occur. *It facilitates the use of discriminative protective gear. *It minimizes the hazards of arcing grounds. *It improves the system stability. DISAVANTAGES * The earth fault current is heavy. * Earth connections must be made at vulnerable point. * Earth fault should be isolated due to heavy I fault.
1. Solid earthing
*Loss of power occurs in resistance. *It adds to the cost of resistor & lightening arrestors have to be added.
2.Resistive earthing
3.Reactance earthing
4. Arc suppression coil (Paterson coil).
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8.6.Circuits & equations

TYPE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT EQUATION
1. Solid earthing.
3 Vphase Z1 + Z2 + Z2
2. Resistive earthing.
Vline 3
3. Arc suppression coil ( Peterson coil )
Vphase
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8.7.Earth Resistivity & Gradient

It varies widely between different types of soil & is affected by the moisture content. Ranges of approximate values for the various types of soil are shown in table
TYPES OF SOIL
Clay &Loam Sandy clay Marsh peat Sand Rock & chalk
RESISTIVITY (/m) 10-16 80-200 150-300 130-500 Up to 1000
8.8.Earth electrodes &networks

8.8.1Hemi sphere Resistance= 2 . Resistance =
4
. (for large burial depth)
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8.8.2. Driven rod
8.8.3. Multi driven electrode.
TYPE
1. Tow rods in parallel 2. Three rods in one line 3. Three rods in triangle 4. Four rods on one line
RESISTANCE
= 0.5(1 + ) (2 + 4 2 ) = 6 7 (1 + 2) = 3 (12 + 16 21 2 ) = (48 40)
Where =(r/s)
8.8.4. Buried plate electrode.
TYPE
1. Normal case 2. Infinite depth 3. Zero depth
RESISTANCE
R= (1 + ) 8r 2.5 + = 8r = 4r
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8.5.Burried horizontal wires
[ ( ) + ( )] 2
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8.9. measurement of earth electrode resistance & earth loop impedance

Type Explain *A transformer supplies current to the electrode under test via the earth to an auxiliary one (50m apart) , h=.618d., *There's third electrode in between, if voltmeter between aux., third electrode reach min. that's proper place. *Suitable for the high values of electrode resistance such as tower footings or single isolated equipment. *Measures the series resistance & an aux. electrode by means of the galvanometer 's connected between the sliding contact & a second aux. electrode Figure Equation
1. Fall of potential method
= 0.5(1 + 2 + 3 )
2. The three point method
3. The ratio method
8.10. Substation earthing:

The requirements for s/s earthing are to dissipate to the earth a large amount current of the order of thousands of amperes & to control the potential gradient over the whole s/s area &to avoid Vstep ,Vtouch,Vmech.
1 1 (4 + )
Where: is average earth resistivity. r is radius of circular plate. L is total length of buried conductor.
Vstep Vtouch Vmesh
*(V)over a horizontal distance of 1 m *(V) between a structure earthed to the mesh &a point on earth surface 1m away. *(V) between a structure to a point on earth at the center of a rectangular formed by mesh conductors.
0.1-0.015 0.6-0.8 , t =time of clearing fault = ,Km,Ki coefficients = (165 + 0.25)
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8.11.The high pulse voltage E.S.E. lightening conductor
A lightning rod (AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod or conductor mounted on top of a building and electrically connected to the ground through a wire, to protect the building in the event of lightning. If lightning strikes the building it will preferentially strike the rod, and be conducted harmlessly to ground through the wire, instead of passing through the building, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. A lightning rod is a single component in a lightning protection system. In addition to rods placed at regular intervals on the highest portions of a structure, a lightning protection system typically includes a rooftop network of conductors, multiple conductive paths from the roof to the ground, bonding connections to metallic objects within the structure and a grounding network. The rooftop lightning rod is a metal strip or rod, usually of copper or aluminum. Lightning protection systems are installed on structures, trees, monuments, bridges or water vessels to protect from lightning damage. Individual lightning rods are sometimes called finials, air terminals or strike termination devices
& thus we have earthed from the building till the substation.
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Chapter 9
The Shopping Mall
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
Chapter 9 The Shopping Mall

9.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will lay down the full design of a three story shopping mall containing 78 outlets and 2 cinema screens to better serve our layouts population prosperity and welfare. The design includes mall lighting details and normal and power socket placement as well as the detailed wiring scheme and circuit breaker ratings and cable trays specifications. The shopping mall is equipped with an emergency backup electrical scheme to avoid mall blackout and severe under voltage which could harm connected appliances. During mall black out the emergency lighting will regain function after a limited time no more than 15 seconds which is the time taken by the emergency generator to start. The emergency lighting illuminates the mall halls and exit stairs which facilitates the easy exit of customers and mall personnel. In the following sections we will show each floors lighting calculations and electrical wiring specifications.
9.2 Ground Floor_
9.2.1_Ground Floor Lighting Calculations_
The lighting calculations are done on basis of 300 lux for stores and 150 lux for hall ways and stairs. Also a utilization factor of 0.66 and a maintenance factor of 0.8 according to a weekly mall cleaning basis The used equation is:
( ) =
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Place
store1 store2 Electrical Room 1 store4 store5 store6 store7 store8 store9 store10(bathr oom) store11 store12 store13 store14 store15 store16(bathr oom) Electrical Room 2 store18 store19 store20 store21 store22 store23 store24 store25 store26 store27 store28 store29 store30 store31 store32 coridoor1 coridoor2 coridoor3 coridoor4 coridoor5 coridoor6 coridoor7 coridoor8 stairs1 stairs2 stairs3 outdoor lighting
Lux
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 _
Area
116.5 161.2 14.43 38.76 38.76 38.76 38.76 38.76 22.94 14.43 29.26 14.44 14.44 14.44 14.44 14.43 43.64 33.07 17 33.07 17 20.83 48.46 116.5 46.01 27.74 27.74 46.01 46.01 27.74 27.74 46.01 108 99.84 211 59.45 61.22 50.13 83.74 83.74 58.8 81.6 91 _
U
0.66 0.66 0.41 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.35 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.35 0.6 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.41 0.41 0.41 _
m
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 _
efficacy( )
35 35 80 35 35 35 35 35 35 80 35 35 35 35 35 80 80 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 80 80 80 _
number of lamps
36.37138 50.32517 5.499238 13.76942 13.76942 13.76942 13.76942 13.76942 8.149394 4.831473 10.39456 5.129784 5.129784 5.129784 5.129784 4.831473 11.36458 11.74628 6.039219 11.74628 6.039219 7.398044 17.21533 36.37138 16.34319 9.854585 9.854585 16.34319 16.34319 9.854585 9.854585 16.34319 34.77243 32.14286 67.93012 19.13987 19.71004 16.1402 26.95828 26.95956 22.40854 31.09756 34.67988 _
Integer number of lamps

37 51 8 14 14 14 14 14 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 8 12 12 6 12 6 8 16 37 19 10 10 19 19 10 10 19 31 28 68 20 20 16 27 27 24 32 36 17
lamp Power
52 52 40 52 52 52 52 52 52 40 52 52 52 52 52 40 40 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 20 20 20 70
PF
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1
Installe d wattage
1924 2652 320 728 728 728 728 728 416 320 520 312 312 312 312 320 480 624 312 624 312 416 832 1924 988 520 520 988 988 520 520 988 806 728 1768 520 520 416 702 702 480 640 720 1190
Current
10.9318 15.0682 1.81818 4.13636 4.13636 4.13636 4.13636 4.13636 2.36364 1.81818 2.95455 1.77273 1.77273 1.77273 1.77273 1.81818 2.72727 3.54545 1.77273 3.54545 1.77273 2.36364 4.72727 10.9318 5.61364 2.95455 2.95455 5.61364 5.61364 2.95455 2.95455 5.61364 4.57955 4.13636 10.0455 2.95455 2.95455 2.36364 3.98864 3.98864 2.72727 3.63636 4.09091 5.40909
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9.2.2 Ground Floor Socket Calculations & Wiring_
Room
Main currents
line numb er 1
line type Lightin g1 Lightin g2
current
MC B
Light Line C.S.A 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
line numb er 3 4 5
line type
numb er of socke ts 7 1 1 7 1 1 3 7 7 7 7 7 6 2 1 7 4 4 4 4 2 4 7 4 7 4 5
Curre nt
MC B
Socket Lines C.S.A 3x2.5m m2 3x4mm 2 3x4mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x4mm 2 3x4mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3*6 mm2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2
shop 1
42.01181 818
5.465909 091 5.465909 091
10 10
1 shop 2 44.76939 394 2 3 Electrical Room 1 shop 4 shop 5 shop 6 shop 7 shop 8 shop 9 4.618181 818 8.536363 636 8.536363 636 8.536363 636 8.536363 636 8.536363 636 6.363636 364 20.99818 182 7.354545 455 4.972727 273 4.972727 273 4.972727 273 4.972727 273 4.218181 818 5.927272 727 7.945454 545 4.972727 273 7.945454 545 4.972727 273 5.963636 364 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bathroom 1
Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g3 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1
3.643939 394 5.022727 273 5.022727 273 1.818181 818 4.136363 636 4.136363 636 4.136363 636 4.136363 636 4.136363 636 2.363636 364 1.818181 818
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
4 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
shop 11 shop 12 shop 13 shop 14 shop 15 Bathroom 2 Electrical Room 2 shop 18 shop 19 shop 20 shop 21 shop 22
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1
2.954545 455 1.772727 273 1.772727 273 1.772727 273 1.772727 273 1.818181 818 2.727272 727 3.545454 545 1.772727 273 3.545454 545 1.772727 273 2.363636 364
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
normal sockets 1 power sockets 1 power sockets 2 normal sockets 1 power sockets 1 power sockets 2 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 power sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1
4.4 20 20 4.4 20 20 2.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4 2.4 25 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.4 3.2 4.4 3.2 4.4 3.2 3.6
10 25 25 10 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 32 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
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shop 23 9.127272 727 1 1 shop 24 38.90954 545 2 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 4.727272 727 2.363636 364 5.465909 091 10 10 10 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2 3 4 5 shop 25 shop 26 shop 27 shop 28 shop 29 shop 30 shop 31 shop 32 10.01363 636 7.354545 455 7.354545 455 10.01363 636 10.01363 636 7.354545 455 7.354545 455 10.01363 636 2.289772 727 2.289772 727 2.068 corridor 2 2.068 5 corridor 3 5 1.475 corridor 4 1.475 1.475 corridor 5 1.475 1.18 corridor 6 1.18 1.994 corridor 7 1.994 1.994 corridor 8 1.994 stairs 1 stairs 2 2.727272 727 3.636363 636 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g2 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 5.613636 364 2.954545 455 2.954545 455 5.613636 364 5.613636 364 2.954545 455 2.954545 455 5.613636 364 2.289772 727 2.289772 727 2.068 2.068 5 5 1.475 1.475 1.475 1.475 1.18 1.18 1.994 1.994 1.994 1.994 1.36364 1.36364 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 power sockets 1 power sockets 2 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1 normal sockets 1
THE SHOPPING MALL

7 7 1 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4.4 4.4 20 20 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 10 10 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x4mm 2 3x4mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5cm 2 3x2.5m m2
corridor 1
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4.090909 091 5.409090 909 20 20 30.303 30.303 Lightin g1 Lightin g1 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 1 1 1 1
THE SHOPPING MALL
stairs 3 outdoor lighting Water pump 1 Water pump 2 Escalator 1 Escalator 2
1 1
1.36364 5.409090 909
10 10
Power Line Power Line Power Line Power Line
1 1 1 1
20 20 30.30 3 30.30 3
25 25 40 40
2x4mm 2 2x4mm 2 2x10m m2 2x10m m2
9.2.3 Ground Floor Local Feeders_
line m1 m2 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15 m18 m19 m20 m21 m22 m23 m24 m25 m26 m27 m28
Room shop 1 shop 2 shop 4 shop 5 shop 6 shop 7 shop 8 shop 9 shop 11 shop 12 shop 13 shop 14 shop 15 shop 18 shop 19 shop 20 shop 21 shop 22 shop 23 shop 24 shop 25 shop 26 shop 27 shop 28
Main currents 42 44.7 8.536363636 8.536363636 8.536363636 8.536363636 8.536363636 6.363636364 7.354545455 4.972727273 4.972727273 4.972727273 4.972727273 7.945454545 4.972727273 7.945454545 4.972727273 5.963636364 9.127272727 38.9 10.01363636 7.354545455 7.354545455 10.01363636
MCB Rating 63 63 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 10 10 10 10 16 10 16 10 10 16 63 16 16 16 16
C.S.A (1ph+n+e) 3x16mm2 3x16mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x3mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x3mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x3mm2 3x16mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2
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m29 m30 m31 m32 m3 m17 m10 m16 m33 m34 m35 m36 m37 m38 m39 m40 m41 m42 m43 m44 m45 m46 m47 m48 m49 m50 m51 m52 m53 m54 m55 m56
shop 29 shop 30 shop 31 shop 32 Electrical Room 1 Electrical Room 2 Bathroom 1 Bathroom 2 corridor 1 corridor 2 corridor 3 corridor 4 corridor 5 corridor 6 corridor 7 corridor 8 stairs 1 stairs 2 stairs 3 outdoor lighting Water pump 1 Water pump 2 Escalator 1 Escalator 2
10.01363636 7.354545455 7.354545455 10.01363636 4.618181818 5.927272727 20.99818182 4.218181818 2.289772727 2.289772727 2.068 2.068 5 5 1.475 1.475 1.475 1.475 1.18 1.18 1.994 1.994 1.994 1.994 2.727272727 3.636363636 4.090909091 5.409090909 20 20 30.303 30.303
16 16 16 16 10 10 32 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 25 25 40 40
3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x3mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x6mm2 3x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x4mm2 2x4mm2 2x10mm2 2x10mm2
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THE SHOPPING MALL
9.2.4 Ground Floor SMDBs_& Cable Tray Dimension

It should be noted that each floor contains 2 electrical rooms, the first electrical room consists of one service panel board "SMDB-G1" where the G indicates that this panel board is in the ground floor and the numeral 1 indicates that this service panel is located in the electrical room 1.The first electrical room also contains an emergency panel board "EMDB-G". The second electrical room consists of only one service panel "SMDB-G2". The service and emergency panel's enclosures are compliant with the standards "service enclosure Ip40 (NEMA1)"
line
Room
Main currents
MCB Ratin g
C.S.A (1ph+n+e)
Local Panel Code
Service Panel Main current (per phase)
Service Panel 3ph MCCB Rating
Service Panel Incoming Cable (3ph+n+e)
Cable Overall Diameter
Cable Tray Width (mm)
Installed Cable Tray Width (cm)
m1
store 1
42
63
3x16m m2
LPPG1-1
6.8
E L E C T R I C A L R O O M 1
m2
store 2
44.7 8.5363636 36 8.5363636 36 8.5363636 36 8.5363636 36 8.5363636 36 6.3636363 64 7.3545454 55 4.9727272 73 10.013636 36 7.3545454 55 7.3545454 55 10.013636 36
63
3x16m m2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2
LPPG1-2 LPPG1-4 LPPG1-5 LPPG1-6 LPPG1-7 LPPG1-8 LPPG1-9 LPPG111 LPPG112 LPPG125 LPPG126 LPPG127 LPPG128
6.8
m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m11
store 4 store 5 store 6 store 7 store 8 store 9 store 11
16 16 16 16 16 16 16
3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 90.1990 91 100 (3x35+16+1 6)mm2 3.8 3.8 554. 4 60
m12
store 12
10
3.6
S M D B G 1
m25
store 25
16
3.8
m26
store 26
16
3.8
m27
store 27
16
3.8
m28
store 28
16
3.8
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Electric al Room 1 Bathroo m1 corridor 1 corridor 2 corridor 3 corridor 7 Water pump 1 Escalat or 1 store 13
THE SHOPPING MALL
m3
4.6181818 18 20.998181 82 2.8068181 82 2.068 5 1.994 20 30.303 4.9727272 73 4.9727272 73 4.9727272 73 7.9454545 45 4.9727272 73 7.9454545 45 4.9727272 73 5.9636363 64 9.1272727 27
10
3x2.5m m2 3x6mm 2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x4mm 2 2x10m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x3mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x3mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x3mm 2 3x16m m2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2 3x3mm 2
LPPG1-3 LPPG110
3.6
m10 m33 m35 m37 m45 m53 m55 m13
32 10 10 10 10 25 40 10
5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.6 5.8
m14
store 14
10
E L E C T R I C A L R O O M 2 S M D B G 2
m15
store 15
10
m18
store 18
16
m19
store 19
10
m20
store 20
16
m21
store 21
10
m22
store 22
10
m23
store 23
16
LPPG213 LPPG214 LPPG215 LPPG218 LPPG219 LPPG220 LPPG221 LPPG222 LPPG223 LPPG224 LPPG229 LPPG230 LPPG231 LPPG232
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.8
3.6 67.1544 55 80 (3x25+16+1 6)mm2 543. 6 60
3.6
3.8
m24
store 24
38.9
63
6.8
m29
store 29
10.013636 36 7.3545454 55 7.3545454 55 10.013636 36
16
3.8
m30
store 30
16
3.8
m31
store 31
16
3.8
m32
store 32
16
3.8
189
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Bathroo m2 Electric al Room 2 corridor 4 corridor 5 corridor 6 corridor 8 outdoor lightnin g Water pump 2 Escalat or 2 4.2181818 18 5.9272727 27 1.475 1.475 1.18 1.994 5.4090909 09 20 30.303 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x4mm 2 2x10m m2 LPPG216 LPPG217
THE SHOPPING MALL
m16
10
3.6
m17 m39 m41 m43 m47 m52
10 10 10 10 10 10
3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
m54 m56
25 40
4.6 5.8
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THE SHOPPING MALL
9.2.5 Ground Floor Emergency Backup Scheme_

The shopping mall is equipped with an emergency backup electrical scheme to avoid mall blackout and severe under voltage which could harm connected appliances. During mall black out the emergency lighting will regain function after a limited time no more than 15 seconds which is the time taken by the emergency generator to start. The emergency lighting illuminates the mall halls and exit stairs which facilitates the easy exit of customers and mall personnel. The following table shows the emergency panel connected loads which mainly include 50% of Hall way lighting providing illumination of 75 lux since the mall shops are not equipped with a backup lighting plan, so this percentage of hallway lighting will provide enough illumination to assure both customer and personnel safety.
Emergency Panel (Lighting :75 lux) EMDB-G Place Corridor 1 Corridor 2 Corridor 3 Corridor 4 Corridor 5 Corridor 6 Corridor 7 Corridor 8 Bathroom 1 Bathroom 2 Electrical Room 1 Electrical Room 2 stairs 1 stairs 2 stairs 3 Line m34e m36e m38e m40e m42e m44e m46e m48e m57e m58e m59e m60e m48e m50e m51e Line current 2.806818182 2.068 5 1.475 1.475 1.18 1.994 1.994 1.81 1.81 1.81 2.72 2.727272727 3.636363636 4.090909091 MCB Rating 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 C.S.A Main Panel Current Main MCB Main CSA
2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 36.59736364 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2
40A
2x10mm2
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THE SHOPPING MALL
192
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THE SHOPPING MALL
9.3 First Floor_ 9.3.1 First Floor Lighting Calculations_

P L A C E Store 1 Store 2 Store 3 Store 4 Store 5 Store 6 Store 7 Store 8 Store 9 Store 10 Store 11 Store 12 Store 13 Store 14 Store 15 Store 16 Store 17 Store 18 Store 19 Store 20 Store 21 Store 22 Store 23 Store 24 L U X A R E A 78.2 9 78.2 9 82.7 9 28.5 64 14.1 71 14.1 71 14.1 71 14.1 71 43.6 2 33.1 08 16.2 78 33.1 08 16.2 78 21.2 93 47.7 67 120. 9 121. 02 166. 23 16.1 07 46.7 58.3 47 46.7 46.7 28.4 62
( ) =
No. of Lamps 24.441 0277 24.441 0277 25.846 029 8.9173 3267 4.4240 1349 4.4240 1349 4.4240 1349 4.4240 1349 13.617 6324 10.335 758 5.0816 3711 10.335 758 5.0816 3711 6.6472 5899 14.912 1816 37.743 8811 37.780 3134 51.895 3234 5.0284 0909 14.579 1708 18.215 2535 14.579 1708 14.579 1708 8.8854 8951 Int. No. of Locati ons 24 24 25 8 5 5 5 5 14 10 6 10 6 7 16 38 38 52 6 15 19 15 15 9 Lam p Watt age 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 P F Instal led Watt age 1248 1248 1300 416 260 260 260 260 728 520 312 520 312 364 832 1976 1976 2704 312 780 988 780 780 468 Light Line Current 7.09090 9091 7.09090 9091 7.38636 3636 2.36363 6364 1.47727 2727 1.47727 2727 1.47727 2727 1.47727 2727 4.13636 3636 2.95454 5455 1.77272 7273 2.95454 5455 1.77272 7273 2.06818 1818 4.72727 2727 11.2272 7273 11.2272 7273 15.3636 3636 1.77272 7273 4.43181 8182 5.61363 6364 4.43181 8182 4.43181 8182 2.65909 0909

Light Line 1 Light Line 2 C. B of Li ne 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 C. B of Li ne 2 10 10 10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 10 10 _ _ _ _ _ _ Lig ht Lin e1 CS A 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Lig ht Lin e2 CS A 2.5 2.5 2.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2.5 2.5 2.5 _ _ _ _ _ _
30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0
0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66 0. 66
0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8
3.5454 5455 3.5454 5455 3.6931 8182 2.3636 3636 1.4772 7273 1.4772 7273 1.4772 7273 1.4772 7273 4.1363 6364 2.9545 4545 1.7727 2727 2.9545 4545 1.7727 2727 2.0681 8182 4.7272 7273 5.6136 3636 5.6136 3636 7.6818 1818 1.7727 2727 4.4318 1818 5.6136 3636 4.4318 1818 4.4318 1818 2.6590 9091
3.54545 4545 3.54545 4545 3.69318 1818 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.61363 6364 5.61363 6364 7.68181 8182 _ _ _ _ _ _
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Store 25 Store 26 Hall 1 Hall 2 Hall 3 Hall 4 Hall 5 Hall 6 Hall 7 Hall 8 Hall 9 WC1 WC2 Entra nce 30 0 30 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 28.4 62 46.7 80.5 2 198. 18 83.5 71 58.8 114. 38 54.1 08 33.8 91 74.2 27 74.2 27 14.4 38 14.4 38 115. 88 0. 66 0. 66 0. 64 0. 64 0. 64 0. 64 0. 66 0. 64 0. 64 0. 64 0. 64 0.3 5 0.3 5 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 8 0 8 0 8.8854 8951 14.579 1708 25.922 9052 63.802 7988 26.905 1554 18.930 2885 35.708 042 17.419 6321 10.910 9289 23.896 9136 23.896 9136 4.8342 8571 4.8342 8571 9 15 18 48 20 22 28 20 9 22 20 5 5 36 52 52 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 40 40 70 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 7 468 780 468 1248 520 572 728 520 234 572 520 200 200 2520 2.65909 0909 4.43181 8182 2.65909 0909 7.09090 9091 2.95454 5455 3.25 4.13636 3636 2.95454 5455 1.32954 5455 3.25 2.95454 5455 1.13636 3636 1.13636 3636 16.3636 3636
THE SHOPPING MALL

2.6590 9091 4.4318 1818 1.3295 4545 3.5 1.4772 7273 1.625 2.0681 8182 1.4772 7273 1.3295 4545 1.625 1.4772 7273 1.1363 6364 1.1363 6364 8.18 _ _ 1.32954 5455 3.5 1.47727 2727 1.625 2.06818 1818 1.47727 2727 _ 1.625 1.47727 2727 _ _ 8.18 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 _ _ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 _ _ 10 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 _ _ 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 _ _ 2.5
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9.3.2 First Floor Socket Calculations & Wiring_
L I N E
R O O M
Store Main Current
LINE number
Line Type
C U R R E N T
C B
C.S.A (1phas e+neut ral) 2 mm
Line No.
T Y P E
Number Of Sockets
C U R R E N T
4.4 20 20 4.4 20 20 4.4 20 20 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.6 4.4 4.4 20 20 4.4 20
C B
C.S.A (1phase+neu tral+earth)m 2 m
L1 m1 Shop1 38.08 L2
LIGH TING LIGH TING
3.5 3.5
1 0 1 0
2x2.5 2x2.5
L3 L4 L5
N.S P.S P.S N.S P.S P.S N.S P.S P.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S P.S P.S N.S P.S
7 1 1 7 1 1 7 1 1 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 7 7 1 1 7 1
L1 m2 Shop2 38.08 L2
LIGH TING LIGH TING
3.5 3.5
1 0 1 0
2x2.5 2x2.5
L3 L4 L5
L1 m3 Shop3 38.38 L2
LIGH TING LIGH TING
3.8 3.5
1 0 1 0
2x2.5 2x2.5
L3 L4 L5
m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m10 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15
Shop4 Shop5 Shop6 Shop7 Shop8 Electrica l room 2 Shop10 Shop11 Shop12 Shop13 Shop14 Shop15
5.48 3.71 3.71 3.71 3.71 6.34 5.19 3.94 5.19 3.94 4.59 7.81
L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
m16
Shop16
42.28
L2
LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING
2.4 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 4.1 2.95 1.7 2.95 1.7 2.07 4.73 5.6 5.6
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5
L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L3 L4 L5
L1 m17 Shop17 42.28 L2
LIGH TING LIGH TING
5.6 5.6
1 0 1 0
2x2.5 2x2.5
L3 L4
1 0 2 5 2 5 1 0 2 5 2 5 1 0 2 5 2 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 5 2 5 1 0 2 5
3x2.5 3x4 3x4 3x2.5 3x4 3x4 3x2.5 3x4 3x4 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x3 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x4 3x4 3x2.5 3x4
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L5 L1 m18 shop18 46.48 L2 LIGH TING LIGH TING 7.7 7.7 1 0 1 0 2x2.5 2x2.5 L3 L4 L5 m19 m20 m21 m22 m23 m24 m25 m26 Electrica l room 1 shop20 shop21 shop22 shop23 shop24 shop25 shop26 Bathroo m1 3.76 7.48 8.68 7.48 7.48 5.73 5.73 7.48 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 20.58 LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING 1.8 4.4 5.6 4.4 4.4 2.65 2.65 4.4 1.4 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L3 L1 m28 Bathroo m2 20.58 LIGH TING 1.4 1 0 2x2.5 L2 L3 1.33 HALL1 m30 m31 HALL2 m32 m33 HALL3 m34 m35 HALL4 m36 m37 HALL5 m38 2 L38 LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING 1.625 2 L36 L37 1.48 1.625 L34 L35 LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING 3.5045 1.48 L32 L33 1.33 3.5045 L30 L31 L29 LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING 1.33 1.33 3.50 45 3.50 45 1.47 727 3 1.47 727 3 1.62 5 1.62 5 2.06 818 2 2.06 818 2 1.47 727 3 1.47 727 3 1.32 954 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 P.S N.S P.S P.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S P.S N.S P.S
THE SHOPPING MALL

1 7 1 1 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 1 2 1 20 4.4 20 20 2.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.4 25 2.4 25 2 5 1 0 2 5 2 5 1 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 3x4 3x2.5 3x4 3x4 3x3 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x2.5 3x6 3x2.5 3x6
m27
m29
2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5
2x2.5
m39 HALL6 m40 m41 HALL7
1.48
L39
2x2.5
1.48 1.33
L40 L41
2x2.5 2x2.5
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5 m42 HALL8 m43 m44 HALL9 m45 m46 Entrance m47 m48 Escalato r3 Escalato r4 8.18 30.303 L47 1.48 8.18 L45 L46 LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING 1.625 1.48 L43 L44 1.625 L42 LIGH TING LIGH TING LIGH TING 1.62 5 1.62 5 1.47 727 3 1.47 727 3 8.18 8.18 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5
THE SHOPPING MALL
2x2.5 2x2.5 2x2.5 1 Pow er Line Pow er Line 1 30. 303 30. 303 4 0 4 0 3x10mm2
m49
30.303
3x10mm2
9.3.3 First Floor Local Feeders
Line m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m10 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15 m16 m17 m18 m20 m21 m22
Room Store 1 Store 2 Store 3 Store 4 Store 5 Store 6 Store 7 Store 8 Store 10 Store 11 Store 12 Store 13 Store 14 Store 15 Store 16 Store 17 Store 18 Store 20 Store 21 Store 22
Main Current 38.08 38.08 38.38 5.48 3.71 3.71 3.71 3.71 5.19 3.94 5.19 3.94 4.59 7.81 42.28 42.28 46.48 7.48 8.68 7.48
MCB Rating 40 40 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 63 63 63 10 10 10
C.S.A (1ph+n+e) 3x6mm2 3x6mm2 3x6mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x16mm2 3x16mm2 3x16mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2
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m23 m24 m25 m26 m19 m9 m27 m28 m29 m30 m31 m32 m33 m34 m35 m36 m37 m38 m39 m40 m41 m42 m43 m44 m45 m46 m47 m48 m49
Store 23 Store 24 Store 25 Store 26 Electrical room 1 Electrical room 2 Bathroom 1 Bathroom 2 HALL1 HALL2 HALL3 HALL4 HALL5 HALL6 HALL7 HALL8 HALL9 Entrance Escalator 3 Escalator 4
7.48 5.73 5.73 7.48 3.76 6.34 20.58 20.58 1.33 1.33 3.045 3.045 1.48 1.48 1.625 1.625 2 2 1.48 1.48 1.33 1.625 1.625 1.48 1.48 8.18 8.18 30.303 30.303
10 10 10 10 10 10 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 40 40
3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x4mm2 3x4mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x10mm2 2x10mm2
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9.3.4 First Floor SMDBs_& Cable Tray Dimension_

It should be noted that each floor contains 2 electrical rooms, the first electrical room consists of one service panel board "SMDB-F1" where the F indicates that this panel board is in the First floor and the numeral 1 indicates that this service panel is located in the electrical room 1.The first electrical room also contains an emergency panel board "EMDB-F". The second electrical room consists of only one service panel "SMDB-F2". The service and emergency panel's enclosures are compliant with the standards "service enclosure Ip40 (NEMA1)"
line
Room
Main curren ts
MC B Rat ing
C.S.A (1ph+n+e)
Local Panel Code
Service Panel 3ph MCCB Rating
Cable Overall Diamet er
Cable Tray Width (mm)
Installed Cable Tray Width (cm)
m1 m2 m3
Store 1 Store 2 Store 3 Store 4 Store 5 Store 6 Store 17 Store 18 Store 20 Store 21 Store 22 Electrical room 1 Bathroom 1 HALL1 HALL5 HALL6 HALL7 HALL8
38.08 38.08 38.38 5.48 3.71 3.71 42.28 46.48 7.48 8.68 7.48 3.76
40 40 40 10 10 10 63 63 10 10 10 10
3x6mm2 3x6mm2 3x6mm2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x16mm 2 3x16mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x4mm2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x10mm 2
E L m5 E C m6 T R m17 I m18 C A m20 L

m21
m4
R O m22 O M m19 1 S M D B F 1
m27 m29 m37 m39 m41 m42 m46
LPPF1-1 LPPF1-2 LPPF1-3 LPPF1-4 LPPF1-5 LPPF1-6 LPPF1-17 LPPF1-18 LPPF1-20 LPPF1-21 LPPF1-22 LPPF1-19 LPPF1-27
5 5 5 3.6 3.6 3.6 6.8 6.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 106.2026 667 160A (3x70+35+35) mm2 3.6 536. 4 60
20.58 1.33 2 1.48 1.33 1.625 8.18
25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 40
4.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.8
Entrance m47 m48 Escalator 3 8.18 30.30 3
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m7 m8 m10 Store 7 Store 8 Store 10 Store 11 Store 12 Store 13 Store 14 Store 15 Store 16 Store 23 Store 24 Store 25 Store 26 Electrical room 2 Bathroom 2 HALL2 HALL3 HALL4 HALL9 Escalator 4 3.71 3.71 5.19 3.94 5.19 3.94 4.59 7.81 42.28 7.48 5.73 5.73 7.48 6.34 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 63 10 10 10 10 10 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x16mm 2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x2.5m m2 3x4mm2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x2.5m m2 2x10mm 2 LPPF2-7 LPPF2-8 LPPF2-10 LPPF2-11 LPPF2-12 LPPF2-13 LPPF2-14 LPPF2-15 LPPF2-16 LPPF2-23 LPPF2-24 LPPF2-25 LPPF2-26 LPPF2-9 LPPF2-28
THE SHOPPING MALL

3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 6.8 3.6 57.701 80A (3x25+16+16) mm2 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 470. 4 60
E L E C T R I C A L
m11 m12 m13 m14 m15 m16 m23
R O m24 O M m25 2
m26
S m9 M D m28 B F m31 2
m33 m35 m44 m49
20.58 3.045 1.48 1.625 2.95 30.30 3
25 10 10 10 10 40
4.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.8
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9.3.5 First Floor Emergency Backup Scheme_

The shopping mall is equipped with an emergency backup electrical scheme to avoid mall blackout and severe under voltage which could harm connected appliances.
During mall black out the emergency lighting will regain function after a limited time no more than 15 seconds which is the time taken by the emergency generator to start. The emergency lighting illuminates the mall halls and exit stairs which facilitates the easy exit of customers and mall personnel.
The following table shows the emergency panel connected loads which mainly include 50% of Hall way lighting providing illumination of 75 lux since the mall shops are not equipped with a backup lighting plan, so this percentage of hallway lighting will provide enough illumination to assure both customer and personnel safety.
Emergency Panel (Lighting :75 lux) EMDB-F Line current 1.33 3.045 1.48 1.625 2 1.48 1.625 2.95 1.14 1.14 4.1 1.8 Main Panel Current Main MCB Main CSA
Place Hall 1 Hall 2 Hall 3 Hall 4 Hall 5 Hall 6 Hall 8 Hall 9 Bathroom1 lighting Bathroom1 lighting Electrical Room 1 Electrical Room 2
Line m30e m32e m34e m36e m38e m40e m43e m45e m50e m51e m52e m53e
MCB Rating 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
C.S.A 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2
23.715
32A
2x6mm2
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9.4 Second Floor_ 9.4.1 Second Floor Lighting Calculations_

( ) =
U m efficacy () lamp Power number of lamps installed number of lamps
Place
Lux
Area
installed wattage
power factor
lamp current
lines
shop 1 projector 1 cinema 1 cinema 1 electric room 1 stairs 1 pop corn cinema hall information booth bathroom1 bathroom2 cinema 2 cinema 2 projector 2 shop 2 bathroom3 shop 3 shop 4 shop 5 shop 6 shop 7 bathroom4 electric room 2 shop 8 shop 9 shop 10 shop 11 shop 12
300 150 120
103.84 25.44 158.03 0
0.66 0.58 0.58
0.8 0.8 0.6
35 35 18.6
52 52 50 60
32.4168 4.51876 58.5929 16 1.03906 4.6978 22.5614 3.9375 4.83482 4.83482 58.3204 16 6.73177 47.8022 4.83482 10.121 6.65972 4.99479 4.99479 4.99479 4.83482 4.04688 4.58981 9.42118 4.58981 4.83138 17.1703
36 5 70 16 2 6 21 4 6 6 70 16 6 57 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 12 6 7 15
1872 260 3500 960 80 312 1050 160 240 240 3500 960 240 2964 240 520 312 312 312 312 240 160 312 624 312 364 780
0.8 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.8 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
10.63636 1.477273 15.90909 4.363636 0.454545 1.772727 4.772727 0.909091 1.363636 1.363636 15.90909 4.363636 1.363636 16.84091 1.363636 2.954545 1.772727 1.772727 1.772727 1.772727 1.363636 0.909091 1.772727 3.545455 1.772727 2.068182 4.431818
1,2 3 4,5,6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10,11,12 13 14 15,16,17 37 18 19 20 21 22 38 39 23 24 25 26 27
150 150 300 150 300 300 300 120
6.65 71.75 11.4 70.5 16.8 14.44 14.44 157.29 0
0.5 0.5 0.63 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.58
0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6
80 35 18.6 80 80 80 18.6
40 52 50 40 40 40 50 60
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
25.85 153.12 14.44 28.49 14.06 14.06 14.06 14.06 14.44 12.95 12.92 26.52 12.92 13.6 52.5
0.45 0.66 0.35 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.35 0.5 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.63
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
80 35 80 35 35 35 35 35 80 80 35 35 35 35 35
40 52 40 52 52 52 52 52 40 40 52 52 52 52 52
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shop 13 shop 14 shop 15 shop 16 shop 17 shop 18 shop 19 shop 20 corridor1 corridor2 corridor3 corridor4 corridor5 main hall entrance ticket booth 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 150 150 150 150 150 150 126 20.35 14.06 20.35 56 30 30 56 282 104.4 169.09 74.8 75.6 35 6 0.66 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.63 0.58 0.58 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 80 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 26 26 26 26 26 150 40 39.3357 7.2293 4.99479 7.2293 18.315 10.6574 10.6574 18.315 90.7881 33.6109 54.4375 24.0814 24.3389 35 0.70313 38 8 6 8 19 10 10 19 75 38 44 22 22 35 2 1976 416 312 416 988 520 520 988 1950 988 1144 572 572 5250 80
THE SHOPPING MALL

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 11.22727 2.363636 1.772727 2.363636 5.613636 2.954545 2.954545 5.613636 11.07955 5.613636 6.5 3.25 3.25 29.82955 0.454545 28,29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40,41,42,43 44,45 46,47 48 49 50,51,52,53,54 9
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THE SHOPPING MALL
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9.4.2 Second Floor Socket Calculations & Wiring_
Main
Room
Main current
lighti ng Line
lighting current
lighti ng C.B
lighting C.S.A
sock et line
Socket Line Type
No. of sock ets
sock et curr ent
sock et C.B
sockets C.S.A
m1
shop 1
41.716
line 1 line 2
5.318 5.318
10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
projector 1
m21 cinema 1
23.420 2
m41
electric room 1 ticket booth
2.1345
pop corn
line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 5 line 1 line 1 line 1
1.4772 5.3 5.3 5.3 4.363 0.4545 0.454 1.772
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
line 3 line 4 line 5 line 6
normal sockets power socket power socket normal sockets
7 1 1 2
4.4 20 20 2.4
10 25 25 10
3*2.5 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*2.5 mm2
line 2 line 2 line 2 line 3
normal sockets 3 normal socket 31 normal sockets 4 power socket 3
2 3 3 1
2.4 2.8 2.8 20
10 10 10 25
3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*4 mm2
cinema hall m23 information booth bathroom1 68.6
line 1 line 1 line 1
4.772 0.909090 909 1.363
10 10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
bathroom2
line 1
1.363
10
2*2.5 mm2
line 2 line 2 line 3 line 2 line 3
normal sockets 5 normal sockets 6 power socket 4 normal sockets 7 power socket 5
3 2 1 2 1
2.8 2.4 25 2.4 25
10 10 25 10 25
3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*4 mm2
cinema 2 m22 20.672
projector 2
m2
shop 2
61.639
5.3 5.3 5.3 4.772 1.363 5.613 5.613 5.613
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
line 6 line 4 line 5 line 6 line 7 line
normal sockets 8 normal sockets 9 power socket 6 power socket 7 power socket 8 normal
3 6 1 1 1 2
2.8 4 20 20 20 2.4
10 10 25 25 25 10
3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*2.5
m43
bathroom3
20.543
line
1.363
10
2*2.5
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1 mm2 2 line 3 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 3 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 5 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2 line 2
THE SHOPPING MALL

sockets 10 power socket 9 normal sockets 11 normal sockets 12 normal sockets 13 normal sockets 14 normal sockets 15 normal sockets 16 power socket 10 normal sockets 17 normal sockets 18 normal sockets 19 normal sockets 20 normal sockets 21 normal sockets 22 normal sockets 23 power sockets 11 power sockets 12 normal sockets 24 normal sockets 25 normal sockets 26 normal sockets 27 normal sockets 28 normal sockets 29 normal sockets 30 1 5 4 4 4 4 2 1 3 3 5 3 4 7 7 1 1 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 25 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.4 25 2.8 2.8 3.6 2.8 3.2 4.4 4.4 20 20 3.2 3.2 4 4 4.4 4.4 4.4 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*4 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2 3*2.5 mm2
m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
shop 3 shop 4 shop 5 shop 6 shop 7
5.474 4.0127 27273 4.0127 27273 4.0127 27273 4.0127 27273 20.543
m44
bathroom4 electric room 2 shop 8 shop 9 shop 10 shop 11 shop 12
line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1
2.954 1.772727 273 1.772727 273 1.772727 273 1.772727 273 1.363
10 10 10 10 10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
m42 m8 m9 m10 m11 m12
2.869 3.732 6.06 3.732 4.308 7.51
m13
shop 13
42.307
0.909 1.772 3.54 1.772 2.068 4.43 5.6135 5.6135
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
m14 m15 m16 m17 m18 m19 m20 m24 m25
shop 14 shop 15 shop 16 shop 17 shop 18 shop 19 shop 20
4.603 4.012 5.163 8.4136 36364 6.03 6.03 8.6936 36364 2.77 2.77
corridor1 m26 m27 m28 corridor2 m29 m30 corridor3 2.807 3.25 2.77 2.77 2.807
line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1 line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 1 line 2 line 1
2.363 1.772 2.363 5.613636 364 2.95 2.95 5.613636 364 5.539 5.539 5.539 5.539 2.807 2.807 3.25
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
208
CHAPTER 9
m31 m32 corridor4 m33 m34 corridor5 m35 m36 m37 m38 m39 m40 main hall entrance 1.625 5.964 5.964 5.964 5.964 5.964 1.625 1.625 3.25 1.625 line 2 line 1 line 2 line 1 line 2 line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 line 5 3.25 1.625 1.625 1.625 1.625 5.964 5.964 5.964 5.964 5.964 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2 2*2.5 mm2
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.4.3 Second Floor Local Feeders_
Line m1 m21 m41
Room shop 1 projector 1 cinema 1 electric room 1 ticket booth pop corn cinema hall information booth bathroom1 bathroom2 cinema 2 projector 2 shop 2 bathroom3 shop 3 shop 4 shop 5 shop 6 shop 7
Current 41.7 23.4202 2.2254
MCB 63 25 10
C.S.A (1ph+n+e) 3x10mm2 3x4mm2 3x2.5mm2
m23
68.6
80
3x25mm2
m22 m2 m43 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
20.672 61.639 20.543 5.474 4.012727273 4.012727273 4.012727273 4.012727273
25 63 25 10 10 10 10 10
3x4mm2 3x10mm2 3x4mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2
209
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
m44 m42 m8 m9 m10 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15 m16 m17 m18 m19 m20 m24 m25 m26 m27 m28 m29 m30 m31 m32 m33 m34 m35 m36 m37 m38 m39 m40
bathroom4 electric room 2 shop 8 shop 9 shop 10 shop 11 shop 12 shop 13 shop 14 shop 15 shop 16 shop 17 shop 18 shop 19 shop 20
20.543 2.869 3.732 6.06 3.732 4.308 7.51 42.307 4.603 4.012 5.163 8.413636364 6.03 6.03 8.693636364 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77
25 10 10 10 10 10 10 63 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3x4mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x10mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2
corridor1
corridor2 corridor3 corridor4 corridor5
2.807 2.807 3.25 3.25 1.625 1.625 1.625 1.625 5.964 5.964
main hall entrance
5.964 5.964 5.964
210
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.4.4 Second Floor SMDBs_& Cable Tray Dimension_

It should be noted that each floor contains 2 electrical rooms, the first electrical room consists of one service panel board "SMDB-S1" where the S indicates that this panel board is in the second floor and the numeral 1 indicates that this service panel is located in the electrical room 1.The first electrical room also contains an emergency panel board "EMDB-S". The second electrical room consists of only one service panel "SMDB-S2". The service and emergency panel's enclosures are compliant with the standards "service enclosure Ip40 (NEMA1)"
Line
Room
Curren t
M C B
C.S.A (1ph+n+e)
Panel Code
Servic e Panel 3ph MCCB Rating
Cable Overall Diamet er
Cabl e Tray Widt h (mm)
Installe d Cable Tray Width (cm)
M 1 m2 m14 m15 m16 m21
shop 1
41.7 61.63 9 4.603 4.012 5.163 23.42 02 20.67 2
63
3x10mm2
LPP-S1-1
5.8
E L E C T R I C A L R O O M 1
shop 2 shop 14 shop 15 shop 16 projector 1 cinema 1 cinema 2
63 10 10 10 25
3x10mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x4mm2
LPP-S1-2 LPP-S1-14 LPP-S1-15 LPP-S1-16 LPP-S1-21
5.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.6
m22
projector 2 ticket booth pop corn cinema hall informatio n booth bathroom 1 bathroom 2 corridor2
25
3x4mm2
LPP-S1-22
4.6
88.220 53333 68.6 80 3x25mm2 LPP-S1-23
100A
(3x35+16+16) mm2 8.4
391. 2
50
m23
S M D B m28 - m36 S 1 m37

m38 m39 m40 m41
2.807 5.964 5.964
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 LPP-S1-41
3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
main hall entrance
5.964 5.964 5.964
electric room 1
2.225 4
211
CHAPTER 9
m3 m4 shop 3 shop 4 shop 5 shop 6 shop 7 shop 8 shop 9 shop 10 shop 11 shop 12 shop 13 shop 17 shop 18 shop 19 shop 20 corridor1 m26 m30 m32 m34 m43 m44 m42 corridor3 corridor4 corridor5 bathroom 3 bathroom 4 electric room 2 2.77 3.25 1.625 1.625 20.54 3 20.54 3 2.869 10 10 10 10 25 25 10 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 3x4mm2 3x4mm2 3x2.5mm2 LPP-S2-42 5.474 4.012 727 4.012 727 4.012 727 4.012 727 3.732 6.06 3.732 4.308 7.51 42.30 7 8.413 636 6.03 6.03 8.693 636 2.77 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 63 10 10 10 10 10 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x10mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 3x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 LPP-S2-3 LPP-S2-4 LPP-S2-5 LPP-S2-6 LPP-S2-7 LPP-S2-8 LPP-S2-9 LPP-S2-10 LPP-S2-11 LPP-S2-12 LPP-S2-13 LPP-S2-17 LPP-S2-18 LPP-S2-19 LPP-S2-20 58.112 06061 80A
THE SHOPPING MALL

3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.8 (3x25+16+16) mm2 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.6 4.6 3.6 522 60
E L E C T R I C A L
m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m10 m11 m12
R m13 O O m17 M
m18 m19 m20
S M D B S 2
m24
212
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.4.5 Second Floor Emergency Backup Scheme_

The shopping mall is equipped with an emergency backup electrical scheme to avoid mall blackout and severe under voltage which could harm connected appliances.
During mall black out the emergency lighting will regain function after a limited time no more than 15 seconds which is the time taken by the emergency generator to start. The emergency lighting illuminates the mall halls and exit stairs which facilitates the easy exit of customers and mall personnel.
The following table shows the emergency panel connected loads which mainly include 50% of Hall way lighting providing illumination of 75 lux since the mall shops are not equipped with a backup lighting plan, so this percentage of hallway lighting will provide enough illumination to assure both customer and personnel safety.
Emergency Panel (Lighting :75 lux) EMDB-S Line current 2.77 2.77 2.807 3.25 1.625 1.625 8 8 0.45 0.909 Main Panel Current Main MCB
Place Corridor 1 Corridor 2 Corridor 3 Corridor 4 Corridor 5 Cinema 1 Cinema 2 Electrical Room 1 Electrical Room 2
Line m25e m27e m29e m31e m33e m35e m45e m46e m47e m48e
MCB Rating 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 10 10
C.S.A 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x4mm2 2x4mm2 2x2.5mm2 2x2.5mm2
Main CSA
32.206
40A
2x10mm2
213
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
214
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.5 Air Conditioner and Elevator Panel (Roof Panel) _

The air conditioning scheme of the mall is composed of 15 shellers, each with an expected current of 154.988 which is based on the approximate prediction of mechanical engineers which is 600 KVA for the whole mall.
Roof Panel (SMDB-R) MCCB & MCB 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 32 Service Panel Main current (per phase) Service Panel 3ph MCCB Rating Service Panel Incoming Cable (3ph+n+e)
Line m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m10 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15 m16
Room
Current 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988
C.S.A 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x95mm2 2x6mm2
Air Cond.
154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988 154.988
547.7593333
630A
(3x300+150)mm2
Elevator
22.72
9.6 Mall Panel Boards Connection Diagram & Cable Specifications_

Mall Cables are based on two types of cables which lay in two parts. The first type of chosen cables is 450/750 Volts PVC 85"C insulated with copper conductor Single core Solid or Stranded Up to 6 mm2 and Stranded up to 630 mm2, this type is used for the connections between the floor service panels and the "SMDB's" and mall loads which are represented in floor lighting and store feeders. The second type of cables is 600/1000 Volts Single core (cu) PVC 85"C insulation - PVC sheath, this type is used in the rest of the mall wiring as shown in the diagram, it should also be noted that cables are placed in cable trays and an assumptions is made that the cable is exposed to the worst possible conditions when using the cable tables to provide us with a good safety margin.
215
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
Panel ER's 1 PB ER's 2 PB SMDB-R E-Panel SPARE
Current (per phase) 270.65 180.99 547.7593333 32.84
MCCB (3ph) 320A 200A 630A 80A 320
Riser CSA (3ph+n+e) (3x240+120+120)mm2 (3x120+70+70)mm2 (3x300+150)mm2 (3x25+16)mm2 (3x240+120+120)mm2
Mall Current (per phase)
MCCB (3ph)
Mall Feeder
1032.239333
1600A
4x(3x300+150)
216
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
217
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.7 Detailed Single Line Diagram of Each Panel Board_
218
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.7.1 Electrical Rooms 1 Panel Boards_
219
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.7.2 Electrical Rooms 2 Panel Boards_
220
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.7.3 Emergency Panel Boards_
221
CHAPTER 9
THE SHOPPING MALL
9.8 Emergency Operation_

In case of a black out or a fault ,safety must be provided for both customers and mall personnel so we built our emergency operation scheme on basis of immediate evacuation of the mall during black out, so we provided emergency illumination for hallways and stairs ,also an emergency cable was provided to the cinema in order to insure the safe evacuation of cinema viewers in case of occurrence of a blackout .The emergency hallways' illumination is 75 lux which is very sufficient for evacuation keeping in mind that stores' emergency plan is left to their decision in this matter, so as a worst case scenario that store owners dont equip their stores with a back up electrical plan ,we provided sufficient illumination in the hallways ,which is 50% of normal hallway illumination.
9.8.1 ATS specifications_
The used ATS in the Mall is of the brand "ZTE Automatic Transfer Switches". The chosen standard is "Standard Open Transition" which is characterized by double throw, solenoid operated, Break-before-Make mechanism. The chosen ATS rating is 100A which can transfer 66KVA which is very sufficient for our emergency loads which are 21.67 KVA. This margin is chosen in order to accommodate any future loadings on the emergency scheme. The automatic transfer switch continually monitors the incoming utility power. Any anomalies such as voltage sags, brownouts, spikes, or surges will cause the internal circuitry to command a generator to start and will then transfer to the generator when additional switch circuitry determines the generator has the proper voltage and frequency. When utility power returns or no anomalies have occurred for a set time, the transfer switch will then transfer back to utility power and command the generator to turn off, after another specified amount of "cool down" time with no load on the generator.
9.8.2 Emergency Generator_

The Chosen generator rating is 50 KVA which is more than double the current emergency load in order to accommodate any future loading on the emergency scheme. 222

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 2: BUILDING WIRING CALUCLATION

2.4. Artificial sources of light

2.5. Building wiring calculations

Chapter 3: LOW VOLATGE DISTUBUTION NETWORK PLANNING

3.3. Low Voltage Network (LVN) types

3.6. Example of calculations

Chapter 4: MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

4.4. Calculation of the distribution point and sizing of the 22 KV cables

Chapter 5: 66/22 KV SUBSTATION

Chapter 6: POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Chapter 7: STREET LIGHTING

Chapter 8: SYSTEM GROUNDING

Chapter 9: The Shopping Mall

9.3 First Floor

9.4. Second Floor

9.7. Detailed Single Line Diagram of Each Panel Board

9.8. Emergency Operation

Chapter 10 Appendices References

History of electric industry and its expansion

Distribution system planning

Factors affecting planning system

C) Substation site selection.

Objective of the projects

BUILDING WIRING CALUCLATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Chapter 2 BUILDING WIRING CALUCLATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

General Overview on Light

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Types of lighting schemes

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Artificial sources of light

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Building wiring calculations

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

General points to be considered in the design:

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

b) Normal & Power Sockets:

Power sockets calculations:

Air conditioner (2.25 HP):

=8.4771.25=10.59 A (Starting current) Water Heater: Washing machine: Dryer: = = = = . . = . . = . .

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Line Current Line Current Line Current Lighting Normal Sockets

Fuse=160 A (3 phase). C.S.A =370+35+35 mm. 18

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Fig 2.1 Distribution of lighting in at type (A).

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Fig 2.2 Distribution of Sockets in at type (A).

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Fig 2.3 Distribution board in at type (A).

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

Fig 2.4 Riser diagram in at type (A).

2.7.2 Flat type (B) a) Lighting:

BUILDING WIRING CALCULATION

b) Normal & Power Sockets: