FULLY AUTOMATED TOLL TAX COLLECTION USING RF TECHNOLOGY.

NO NEED TO STOP CAR ON TOLL GATE

NTRODUCTION:
In todays world it is important to know the where about of many things. This system is an active RF ID tagging system. This device can be placed at highways for identification of cars/Bus for toll tax collection, here we use RF ID tagging system, this tag is implanted in Car/Bus, when Car/Bus passing toll tax collection Barrier RF receiver is received a signal and decode signal, then microcontroller is decide the barrier is open/closed, if your tax is already pay ten barrier is open otherwise closed. RF Transmitter has a four bit code that uniquely identifies the thing to be tracked. Automatic toll tax project is designed, using Atmel 89 series microcontroller & discrete components. Heart of the project is an RF transmitter and receiver modules, these strong powerful modules have a range of more than 30 feets are sufficiently enough for our project. I have designed this project as a simple implementation of the toll collection process automatically in a model form. This should not be considered as a real toll collection system which requires much more considerations, tests and huge amount of money, before they are actually put into use.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: RF ID Transmitter system consists of a RF Tx module and an encoder IC (HT12E).This system transmits Unique Identification Code (UIC) in an encrypted manner. This device is very small in size and can be attached easily to the target. The receiver system consists of RF Rx module and a decoder IC (HT12D).The decoded data is fed into the microcontroller (89series) which processes and displays the corresponding UIC on a 16*2 LCD. If you pay toll tax already then barrier is open. If you are not pay toll tax before barrier is closed, then you pay toll at the toll center then barrier is open.

BLOCK DIAGRAM: RECEIVER:

BARRIER
ANTENNA

MOTOR

MOTOR DRIVER

RF-RX

DECODER HT12D

MICROCONTROLLER

DISPLAY UNIT

TRANSMITTER:

ENCODER RF- TX HT12E ANTENNA

DISADVANTAGES: 1. 2. 3. 4. This device is work only for limited number of cars i.e. 15 car. Range of transmitter and receiver is minimum. This toll tax device is not universal. Pre- paid toll tax recharge is only form of Rs 10, 20, 50 and 100.

DESCRIPTION The complete working of RFID based tagging system can be divided in the following blocks for easier understanding: 1. RFID TAG: This tag is essentially a RF transmitter that transmits encoded signals. It can be further classified into following parts:

 UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION CODE (UIC): This part is unique for every RF Tag. It creates a unique code that is used to identify the tag when the data is read by RF reader. The UIC used here is a 4 bit data. Thus this UIC can be used for unique identification of at most 15 different things. ENCODER: This part converts the UIC into an encrypted data that can be transmitted over RF channels. The encoder used here is HT12E which can be used to encrypt 4 bit data. The encrypted data is a serial digital signal. TRANSMITTER: This part takes the encrypted data from transmitter and transmits it in form of Radio Frequency. The transmitter used here is ASK 315 MHz RF-TX modules. POWER SUPPLY BLOCK: This consist a 12V power supply source and a power regulator (7805) to get 5v power supply. This 5v supply drives the transmitter and the encoder.

2. RFID RECIEVER: This reader is basically a RF receiver that receives encoded signals decodes them and displays the tag number on the displaying unit. It can be further classified into following parts: RECIEVER: It receives the encrypted data in form of RF waves and converts it into The receiver used here is ASK 315 MHz RF-RX modules. electronic signals.

DECODER: This part decrypts the data to yield the UIC of the tag. This UIC is fed into the microcontroller. HT12D has been used here which is compatible with HT12E module. The output is the UIC of the Tag in a 4 bit format. MICROCONTROLLER: Microcontroller takes the UIC data from the decoder. Based on this data it deciphers the source of the signal. It then displays this data and the source on the Display Unit. The microcontroller used in this project is AT89s8253. DISPLAY UNIT: It is 16*2 LCD that shows the Tag ID number as instructed by the microcontroller. POWER SUPPLY BLOCK: This consist a 12V power supply source and a power regulator (7805) to get 5v power supply. This 5v supply drives the receiver, decoder microcontroller and the LCD.

MICROCONTROLLER DETAILS:
The microcontroller used here is a common 8 bit Atmel microcontroller AT89s8253.It is a low-power, highperformance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with12K bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM data memory. It has 32 programmable input output lines. FEATURES: 12K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Program Memory SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2K Bytes EEPROM Data Memory Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz (in x1 and x2 Modes) Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines

 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Nine Interrupt Sources Enhanced UART Serial Port with Framing Error Detection and Automatic Address Recognition Enhanced SPI (Double Write/Read Buffered) Serial Interface

KEY COMPONENTS: TYPE RF RECEIVER DECODER MICROCONTROLLER DISPLAY RF TRANSMITTER ENCODER OSCILLATOR POWER SUPPLY POWER REGULATOR STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER COMPONENT ASK 315MHZ RF-RX HT12D AT89S8253 16*2 LCD ASK 315MHZ RF-TX HT12E 16MHZ CRYSTAL 12V BATTERY 7805 ULN2803 QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ADVANTAGES OVER TRADITIONAL TAGGING SYSTEM: Modernizes the entire tracking system. It is a very user friendly and can even be used by childrens. Simple to operate and can be installed in a short time. Can be used to track virtually everything. No scope for error in detection of RF-ID tags. Facilitates quick and accurate detection and tracking is possible instantaneously. Re-usable by simply attaching the tag to some other object. Easier to manage with very less demand on man-power. It has a variable range of operation and hence it can be used at almost all places.

APPLICATIONS: This RF ID tagging system can used to keep a track of shipping goods and vehicles in a completely automated manner. The transport vehicle can be tracked at the shipping and the receiving organization to automatically update delivery status. These tags can be employed in cars and buses with readers placed at the toll taxes, bus stops and security checks. This modernizes the whole system of travel and saves a lot of time and money. It can be installed at air ports to felicitate the distribution of luggage by putting up an RF-ID tag on luggage and then at the distribution counter the luggage can be easily sorted out.

SPY TREE/POLE CLIMBER ROBOT

1. Scope of work/research and key features

Understanding of RF technology. Development of Robot chassis and motor control. Basics of Mechanical Designing. PCB designing and Circuit designing of RF technology based circuit. PCB designing and Circuit designing of H-bridge circuit. PCB development, Component mounting and soldering. Testing of the circuit.

2. Introduction
A robot is an automatically guided machine which is able to do tasks on its own, almost always due to electronically-programmed instructions. Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers.

Think about the sensitive territory that requires clandestine watch? Think about police operations against naxals in forest or think about army operations against militants in a hotel, Spy Robot is the right security guard, saving number of lives by providing accurate information. Pole/Tree climber is an effort, to make a spy camera, which can climb a tree/pole in no time and can give live videos of enemy activities.

It has got hidden camera in it, which could provide you clear views. The best part is it can be operated and navigated wirelessly and you can view the images sent by it in real time. It can also be used in rescue operations, space exploration etc.

This robot, the pole climbing machineincludes several novel mechanical features, including novel linkage designs We summarize the robots design and document a climbing behavior that achieves rapid ascent of a pole. The behavioral gait of the robot employs the mechanical design to propel the body forward while passively maintaining stability during climbing locomotion.

Motivation

Compared to other conventional mobile robots used for teaching, Pole climbing robot incorporates sophisticated and diverse elements, and tools for reconfiguration and remote control via cable or via RF. Thus, it is possible to monitor it with ease. It is a complete tool for teaching in the design of hardware-software systems, including the design of communication interfaces, adapters or signal conditioners, power circuits, etc.

Objective(s)

Although the appearance and the capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the feature of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. Her we will design a wireless robot which can climb on the pole can be controlled using wireless technology like RF technology. . 3. Project Overview

The work done in this project is part of an effort to develop critical technologies that will enable the design and implementation of a robotic system to climb poles.

Developing this capability will further our understanding of how humans perform such complex tasks as climbing and scrambling. This may prove useful in the future development of sophisticated robotic systems that will either aid or replace humans in the performance of aggressive tasks. Examples include robotic systems for such military and civilian uses as search-and rescue, reconnaissance, and planetary exploration .Many issues need to be

addressed before real robots can climb real, vertical poles. This project considers five of the most fundamental of these issues: hardware design, control, planning, and grasping.

Our prototype of Pole Climbing Robot has the capability to climb over the poles and perform the desired task smoothly .The pole climbing behavior follows a fixed joint trajectory. Tuning such a trajectory and controller involved manual experimentation and study of logged robot data

For climbing a pole, the robot uses claws that hold the pole. The claws currently used for the robot are sufficiently hardened for the task.

The major concepts /components used in this project are RF technology, motor driver, motors .etc. We designed a system which is RF technology based. As the button provided on the control system was pressed the signal get generated and transmitted with the help of antenna, provided on it. Now the receiving section which we already installed on the robot will receive the signals and send the received signals to the motor driver, on the basis of which motor driver will drive the robot and robot climb on the pole.

4. Block Diagram:

Transmitter

Switch

ENCODER

RF Transmitter

Receiver Section
MOTOR RF RECEIVER DECODER DRIVER

MOTOR

5. Description of working
This project consists of two parts:

1) Remote 2) Receiver section

In remote we used the RF technology .It has a number of switches on its control board. As soon as you press any button it generates the signal which was encoded by the help of encoder .Now this encoded data is transmitted using antenna and RF transmitter. In between RF receiver receives the signals and decode them using decoder of 4-bit.

Later on these decoded signals will be sent to the motor driver where the signals will be analyzed and execution takes place as motion.

COMPONENTS DETAILS

MICROSWITCH: A micro switch, also known as snap-action switch, is a generic term used to refer to an electric switch that is actuated by very little physical force, through the use of a tipping-point mechanism. They are very common due to their low cost and durability, greater than 1 million cycles and up to 10 million cycles for heavy duty models. This durability is a natural consequence of the design. Internally a stiff metal strip must be bent to activate the switch. This produces a very distinctive clicking sound and a very crisp feel. When pressure is removed the metal strip springs back to its original state. Common applications of micro switches include the door interlock on a microwave oven, levelling and safety switches in elevators, vending machines, and to detect paper jams or other faults in photocopiers. Micro switches are commonly used in tamper switches on gate valves on fire sprinkler systems and other water pipe systems, where it is necessary to know if a valve has been opened or shut.

The defining feature of micro switches is that a relatively small movement at the actuator button produces a relative large movement at the electrical contacts, which occurs at high speed (regardless of the speed of actuation). Most successful designs also exhibit hysteresis, meaning that a small reversal of the actuator is insufficient to reverse the contacts; there must be a significant movement in the opposite direction. Both of these characteristics help to achieve a clean and reliable interruption to the switched circuit.

The first micro switch was invented by Peter McGall in 1932 in Freeport, Illinois. McGall was an employee of the Burgess Battery Company at the time. In 1937 he started the company MICRO SWITCH, which still exists as of 2009. The company and the Micro Switch trademark has been owned by Honeywell Sensing and Control since 1950.The trademark has become a widely used description for snap-action switches. Companies other than Honeywell now manufacture miniature snap-action switches. Micro switches are applied in appliances, machinery, industrial controls, vehicles, and many other places for control of electrical circuits. Micro switches are usually rated to carry current in control circuits only, although some switches can be directly used to control small motors, solenoids, lamps, or other devices. Micro switches may be directly operated by a mechanism, or may be packaged as part of a pressure, flow, or temperature switch, operated by a sensing mechanism such as a Bourdon tube. A motor driven cam and one or more micro switches form a timer mechanism. The snap-switch mechanism can be enclosed in a metal housing including actuating levers, plungers or rollers, forming a limit switch useful for control of machine tools or electrically-driven machinery.

RF MODULE

Radio Frequency Module is an integral part of boarder security system together with a control module or unit and an antenna it is used for wireless identification. Main tasks of the RF module are to send an energizing signal via the antenna. The RF module delivers a digital data stream and a clock signal for further processing to its control unit or module. Furthermore a field strength dependent digital output is available for synchronization purposes.The RFM is tuned to resonance with the antenna by adjusting the inductance of thetuning coil at the RFM's output stage. RF Module can be categoried into two parts : Transmitter Receiver

Transmitter This wireless data is the easiest to use, lowest cost RF link we have ever seen! Use these components to transmit position data, temperature data, even current program register values wirelessly to the receiver. These modules have up to 500 ft range in open space. The transmitter operates from 2-12V. The higher the Voltage, the greater the range - see range test data in the documents section.We have used these modules extensively and have been very impressed with their ease of use and direct interface to an MCU. The theory of operation is very simple. What the transmitter 'sees' on its data pin is what the receiver outputs on its

data pin. If you can configure the UART module on a PIC, you have an instant wireless data connection. The typical range is 500ft for open area. This is an ASK transmitter module with an output of up to 8mW depending on power supply voltage. The transmitter is based on SAW resonator and accepts digital inputs, can operate from 2 to 12 Volts-DC, and makes building RF enabled products very easy. Features:

434 MHz Transmitter Operation 500 Ft. Range - Dependent on Transmitter Power Supply 2400 or 4800bps transfer rate Low cost Extremely small and light weight

Receiver This receiver type is good for data rates up to 4800bps and will only work with the 434MHz transmitter. Multiple 434MHz receivers can listen to one 434MHz transmitter. This wireless data is the easiest to use, lowest cost RF link we have ever seen! Use these components to transmit position data, temperature data, even current program register values wirelessly to the receiver. These modules have up to 500 ft range in open space. The receiver is operated at 5V. We have used these modules extensively and have been very impressed with their ease of use and direct interface to an MCU. The theory of operation is very simple. What the transmitter 'sees' on its data pin is what the receiver outputs on its data pin. If you can configure the UART module on a PIC, you have an instant wireless data connection. Data rates are limited to 4800bps. The typical range is 500ft for open area. This receiver has a sensitivity

of 3uV. It operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC and has digital output. The typical sensitivity is 103dbm and the typical current consumption is 3.5mA for 5V operation voltage. Features:

434 MHz Operation 500 Ft. Range - Dependent on Transmitter Power Supply 4800 bps transfer rate Low cost Extremely small and light weight

ENCODER (HT12E)

The encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for Remote control system applications.They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and12N databits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states.The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal .The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application flexibility of the series of encoders.

FEATURES

Operating voltage 2.4V~12VfortheHT12E Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Lowstandbycurrent:0.1A(typ.)at VDD=5V Minimum transmission word Four words for the HT12E Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

DECODER (HT12E)

The decoder area series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.They are paired with Holtek series of encoders For proper operation,a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The decoder receive serial addresses and data from a programmed series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses .If no error or unmatched codes are found,the input data codes are de-coded and then transferred to the output pins.The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The series of decoders are capable of decoding informations that consist of N bits of address and 12Nbits of data.Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits.

FEATURES Operatingvoltage:2.4V~12V

Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low stand by current Capableofdecoding12bitsofinformation Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times

MOTOR DRIVER (H-BRIDGE):

H-Bridge controls the direction of rotation of a DC motor Here we used L293D to drive the motors .whatever signals it receives from the circuit on the basis of that it will drive the motors .Imagine an H-Bridge as an array of four switches, as shown below:

Simplified H-Bridge You can alter the states of these four switches in order to manipulate the voltage across the motor, and through that the direction of current flow and rotation of the motor. In , you can see that all the switches are open, and the motor terminals are disconnected from the circuit. This state will allow the motor to spin freely.

S1 and S4 closed If we close two of the switches, S1 and S4 as show in Fig the motor terminals are connected to the voltage supply, and a potential difference across the motor is created, which will cause the motor to begin rotating in one direction.

S2 and S3 Open Now, if we open S1 and S4 again, and close S2 and S3 as in figure 2.3, the voltage across the motor is switched around, and this will cause the motor to rotate in the opposite direction.

Figure 2.4 - Active Braking What happens if we leave S1 and S2 open while S3 and S4 are closed? The motor terminals will be short circuited. This will cause the motor to brake, and rapidly slow down.

Short Circuiting Now, what will happen if we close S1 and S3 at the same time? This will cause a short circuit from V+ to ground. This is known as "Shoot Through" The motor will not spin, and excessive current will flow through the switches, wires, and power supply. In a Mosfet H-Bridge, this can cause Mosfets and batteries to overheat and free trapped smoke, or even explode!! This is dangerous, and you should avoid short circuiting your h-bridge like this at all costs.

Here

is

simple

motor

driver

circuit

using

the

L293D

Motor

driver

DC MOTOR :

A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power. Two examples of pure DC designs are Michael Faraday's homopolar motor (which is uncommon), and the ball bearing motor, which is (so far) a novelty. By far the most common DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types, which use internal and external commutation respectively to create an oscillating AC current from the DC sourceso they are not purely DC machines in a strict sense. Brushed DC motor The classic DC motor design generates an oscillating current in a wound rotor, or armature, with a split ring commutator, and either a wound or permanent magnet stator. A rotor consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a core on a shaft; an electrical power source is connected to the rotor coil through the commutator and its brushes, causing current to flow in it, producing Electromagnetism. The commutator causes the current in the coils to be switched as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles

of the stator field, so that the rotor never stops (like a compass needle does) but rather keeps rotating indefinitely (as long as power is applied and is sufficient for the motor to overcome the shaft torque load and internal losses due to friction, etc.) Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. At higher speeds, brushes have increasing difficulty in maintaining contact. Brushes may bounce off the irregularities in the commutator surface, creating sparks. (Sparks are also created inevitably by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sectionsand hence coil endsmomentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes.) This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also causes electrical noise, and the sparks additionally cause RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large machine is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor. Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking (comparable to the problem of "valve float" in internal combustion engines). (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed, but at the cost of greater friction losses (lower efficiency) and accelerated brush and commutator wear. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power, speed, and efficiency/wear. Brushless DC motors Some of the problems of the brushed DC motor are eliminated in the brushless design. In this motor, the mechanical "rotating switch" or commutator/brushgear assembly is replaced by an external electronic switch synchronised to the rotor's position. Brushless motors are typically 85-90% efficient or more (higher efficiency for a brushless electric motor of up to 96.5% were reported by researchers at the Tokai University in Japan in 2009), whereas DC motors with brushgear are typically 75-80% efficient.

6. Applications This locomotion can be used in various application /fields .some of the are as follows: Military reconnaissance mission Wireless security and surveillance Maneuvering in hazardous environment Search and rescue operation