Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
izek
1999. I discuss the impact of such interventions
concerning the incommensurability of psycho-
analysis and versions of social constructionism
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
300 Felicity Callard
later in this essay.) The question of how a
Freudian account of subjectivityone that
does justice to the psychoanalytic concept of
the unconsciousfundamentally differs from a
social constructionist or historicist account is
clearly huge and worthy of a paper in itself. For
now, I would emphasize that the Freudian
unconscious is not strictly a cultural artefact,
and hence is not subject to the kinds of cultur-
alist reworkings or resignications of identity
characteristic of social constructionist ap-
proaches.
5
But psychoanalytic theory has entered ge-
ography largely in the service of social con-
structionism and, in particular, under the sign
of resistance. Psychoanalysis has been enlisted
under the umbrella of a critical geography that
is committed to attending to difference, to
understanding regimes of power, and to think-
ing the shape of a liberatory cultural politics.
Hence psychoanalysis has, for example, been
used to undermine what are understood as the
hegemonic formations of masculinity, white-
ness and Occidentalism by pointing to how
such formations are riven by instability and
impurity (Jacobs 1996; Pile 1996). Such a model
of subjectivity, politics, resistance and the psy-
che is driven by great and unsustainable opti-
mism. Such a model is at odds with what I
think of psychoanalysiss most profound in-
sightsinsights concerning the intractability of
the unconscious and its imperviousness to pol-
itical goadings, and the anarchic and implac-
able movement of the drives. We have, in my
mind, too quickly co-opted psychoanalysis into
the service of a particular model of political
resistance without fully interrogating the pro-
found challengespsychic resistancesthat
psychoanalysis poses to such an endeavour.
6
In the remainder of this essay, I shall elabor-
ate on my hasty claims by moving more slowly
through geographers engagements with psy-
choanalytic theory. I do so with the hope that
the reasons for my concern over the prevalence
of a politically idealistic psyche within geogra-
phy will become clearer.
* * *
Psychoanalysis has entered geography through
several, overlapping routes. Some scholars have
direct or indirect connections with the clinical
practice of psychotherapy or psychoanalysis,
and have drawn psychoanalytic and/or psy-
chotherapeutic insights that they use with
powerful effects in their geographical work (see
particularly Bondi 1999a, 1999b). Several fem-
inist scholars have produced revisionist read-
ings of metapsychological psychoanalytic
material in order to critique geographys episte-
mological claims. (For example, Bondi 1997
and Rose 1995a, 1996 have found Irigaray in-
spiring for this purpose, and Blum and Nast
1996, 2000 have provided riveting critiques of
Lacans analytic framework.) Most geogra-
phers using psychoanalysis have found in the
writings of particular psychoanalysts fertile
material for addressing pressing geographical
questions emerging in the context of their own
research projects (Nast 1998, 2000; Pile 1996;
and Sibley 1988, 1995a, 1995b).
Let me turn to Steve Piles early writings as
an exemplary instance of the manner in which
psychoanalysis was brought within the fold of
geography. Pile was central in effecting geogra-
phers serious engagement with psycho-
analysis.
7
As Pile himself emphasized,
geographers such as Jacqueline Burgess and her
colleagues had already utilized the insights of
the psychoanalytic clinician Foulkes in relation
to group therapy (Burgess, Limb and Harrison
1988a, 1988b). Despite the existence of this
work, however, a wide-ranging appreciation of
the productivity of psychoanalytic methods and
theories for geographical inquiries was not yet
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
The taming of psychoanalysis in geography 301
in place. Piles rst intervention was directed
towards the practice of qualitative research. In
1991, he argued that debates about qualitative
research methods could benet enormously
from psychoanalysis, since
nowhere has the relationship between the ques-
tioner, questioned and the lived world been more
closely examined than in the psychoanalytic litera-
ture , and much of this debate concerns power
relations in the nexus of knowing, communicating
and the personal. (Pile 1991: 460)
For Pile, the analytic principles of transference
and counter-transference were enormously im-
portant in untangling the complex relationships
between qualitative researchers and their sub-
jectsmost obviously because, as he put it,
geographers had much to learn from the recog-
nition of the power relationships between the
analyst and analysand in therapeutic discourse
(1991: 462). Pile argued that by recognizing the
operations of transference, and by framing that
transference in relation to the third register of
the social and signifying order governing ev-
eryday life, geographers might be able to move
away from attempting to capture the insights
of their research subject and towards partici-
pating in the recovery of that subjects voice
(1991: 467).
Two years later, Piles intervention into the
structureagency debate that dominated discus-
sions between human geographers in the 1980s
pivoted on his important claim that psycho-
analysis broke the opposition between structure
and agency. Arguably, this paper was the cata-
lyst for bringing psychoanalysis into the
purview of a wide range of human geogra-
phersespecially given the fact that it acted as
a kind of manifesto. For as Pile put it in his
abstract,
I suggest that it is inconceivable that the self can
be understood, and therefore that a truly human
geography can be imagined, without drawing on the
insights of psychoanalysis because it offers a theory
of the self which neither denies, nor relies on, a
structureagency dichotomy. (1993: 122)
In that paper, Pile demonstrated how psycho-
analysis transforms lay understandings of ex-
ternal (social) and internal (individual) forces:
psychoanalytic theory, in its theories of the
unconscious, describes how the social enters,
constitutes and positions the individual and,
similarly, by showing that desire, fantasy and
meaning are a (real) part of everyday life, it
shows how the social is entered, constituted
and positioned by individuals (1993: 123).
Crucially for Pile, psychoanalysis could be used
to address the relation between power and
language and, as a corollary to this, might
be enormously useful for geography by virtue
of its ability to contribute to contemporary
debates on the politics of identity, to help
articulate a politics of movement (and not
merely position), [and] to respond to the
demand for a politics of desire (1993: 136
137).
I am interested in both these papers not only
because of their manifest importance in ex-
plaining the difference that psychoanalysis
could make to practices of human geography,
but because they demonstrate the epistemologi-
cal and political contexts surrounding the in-
cursion of psychoanalysis into geography. For
both papers show how psychoanalysis was in-
voked in order to help address the understand-
ing of power relations, and the development of
politicized identity formations. I suggest that a
similar context and similar imperatives frame
much other work in the eld of psychoanalytic
geography. Let me now briey and schemati-
cally gesture towards what I see as three over-
lapping arenas in which psychoanalytic
geography is currently animating debates and
research within social and cultural geography:
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
302 Felicity Callard
1 Boundaries, territory and spatial trans-
gression
Psychoanalysis has perhaps been of most direct
and obvious help in illuminating the manner in
which boundaries (between the interior and the
exterior, and between groups) are over-invested
and hence liable to become locales of anxiety
and hostility. David Sibley (1988, 1995a, 1995b)
is the most important proponent of this line of
enquiry. Sibley, accounting for his interest in
psychoanalysis, has averred that
psychoanalytical theory has considerable value be-
cause it can help us to understand better not only the
representation of others but also our own feelings
about the abject, our own insecurities about differ-
ence The psychoanalytic turn, rather than being
a fad as this term suggests, provides a vocabulary
and cues for observation and analysis which are
helpful in getting to grips with difference. (1995b:
185186)
Sibleys work on exclusion has drawn jointly
on the work of object relations and on Kris-
tevas famous argument concerning the cate-
gory of the abject (Kristeva 1982). Other
writers have followed Sibleys lead in address-
ing the drawing and maintenance of psychic
and material boundaries (Hoggett 1992; Wilton
1998). Robyn Longhurst, following the work of
psychoanalytically inuenced cultural theorist
Anne McClintock (1995), argues for a situated
psychoanalysis that would pay specic atten-
tion to the notion of abjection in Longhursts
own work on bodily boundaries and their ex-
cesses and transgressions (2001: 28). Freuds
conception of the unheimlichthe uncanny as
the unhomely (Freud 1919)has also been
enormously productive for geographers. Jane
M. Jacobs, for example, in thinking through
the implications of psychoanalysis in her own
work on the city, has argued that The uncanny
appearance of an embodied Aboriginal occu-
pation and an unknowable Aboriginal sacred in
the secular space of the city of Perth set in train
an anxious politics of reterritorialisation
[1996: 130; see also Wiltons use of the uncanny
(1998)].
2 Subjectivities and spatialities
A preoccupation with how psychoanalysis
might more generally aid investigations into the
formation of subjectivity, society and space
characterizes most scholarship produced by
psychoanalytically oriented geographers. Steve
Pile, for example, has described his interpret-
ation of Freud and Lacan as one which is open
to the uidity and xity of subjectivityand
beyond this, spatiality (1996: 95). Several geog-
raphers have mobilized psychoanalytic insights
to develop a trenchant critique of existing
socio-spatial relations. Heidi Nast, for exam-
ple, has developed the concept of the het-
eronormative Oedipal (1998, 2000) to
understand how [o]edipalized versions of
heterosexuality inform modern socio-
spatialities, national and international laws and
practices, and social, political, and economic
imaginaries and language (1998: 197). She has
described her work as turning Freud on his
head, arguing that congurations of desire are
not historically and culturally transcendent
but are rather subject to larger political econ-
omic conquests (1998: 198). Stuart Aitkens
work has engaged psychoanalysis in an imagin-
ative variety of ways. What draws that work
together is Aitkens commitment to critiquing
what he sees as Freuds depoliticizing and
deterministic view of repressive social rela-
tions. Aitken pushes instead for the develop-
ment of contemporary, post-structural readings
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
The taming of psychoanalysis in geography 303
of object relationships that he believes will
provide a psychoanalytic interpretation of no-
tions of spatialities of difference that are not
only tolerant but liberatory (2001: 91, 99).
3 Epistemological critiques
As I indicated earlier, feminist geographers
have drawn on psychoanalytic writers and
other feminist readings of psychoanalysis to
provide detailed accounts of the problematic
constitution of geographical knowledge. Gillian
Rose, in her ongoing investigation of the oper-
ations of phallocentrism (1993, 1995a, 1995b,
1996) has argued that the phallocentric space
of self/knowledge can be destabilized once one
has identied its complex and unstable mobili-
sations of fetishism and voyeurism (1995a:
775). Blum and Nasta wonderful pairing of a
literary scholar and a geographerhave, in
their intricate readings of Lacan, argued that
he is embedded in a two-dimensional account
of identity-formation, and that, moreover, his
universalization of the two-dimensional subject
guarantees an implacable bourgeois order of
the nuclear family (2000: 183). In challenging
the accounts of space and spatiality at work in
Lacans writings, they open to view the connec-
tions between those accounts and the problem-
atic models of social relations they assert lie at
the heart of his oeuvre.
Is it possible to draw together these diverse
projects? In the next section, I hope to show
that it is. I do so by arguing that this collectiv-
ity of psychoanalytically inected geographers
is united by the theoretical and political imper-
atives that drive varied, individual projects. I
shall show, in other words, how current psy-
choanalytic geographies are wedded to a par-
ticular kind of politicized reading of
psychoanalysis.
Whither psychoanalytic geographies?
[I]f psychoanalysis does not inform a politics of
resistance, of position and of subjectivity, then there
is little point in using it. (Pile 1996: 167)
Steve Pile delivers a potent warning against
what would, for him, be a useless form of
psychoanalysis. That kind of psychoanalysis
would be one that did not take a politics of
resistance, of position and of subjectivity as
one of its primary concerns. Piles warning
comes at the end of a summary of what he
believes a psychoanalytically informed account
of space might do. That summary includes the
claim that such an account would be alert to
social sanction, social power and the possibili-
ties of resistance (1996: 167). Piles warning is
an exemplary demonstration of the place that
psychoanalysis must take within current social
and cultural geographical theory and practice.
Psychoanalysis, in such a scenario, must be
used as a tool that will intimately assist with
political imperatives. Shurmer-Smith and Han-
nam, for example, have arguedshowing their
indebtedness to Piles workthat a tentative
geographical engagement with psychoanalysis,
may perhaps offer individuals of different gen-
ders and sexualities a chance to begin formulat-
ing a radical politics of desire (1994: 99). What
we see here, I suggest, is a strong commitment
to moving away from essentialist conceptuali-
sations of identity formation and space, and an
equally strong belief that psychoanalysis can
help us do so. Psychoanalytic geographers in
this respect are allied with a much more widely
spread commitment to non-essentialist, social
constructionist accounts pervasive across much
of the humanities and social sciences. Such
accounts are widely viewed as being the best
bet of developing, as Pile puts it, a politics of
resistance, position and subjectivity. I un-
doubtedly share the political urge towards de-
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
304 Felicity Callard
veloping a politics of resistance, position and
subjectivity. But I want also to add further
commentary about the manner in which such a
political project is imagined, and to express
some caution about the speed with which deci-
sions about what resistance and subjectivity
might mean tend to be made.
I am troubled by this kind of politicized
mode of reading psychoanalysis. For such a
reading crucially depends, I believe, upon an
assumption that the unconscious can in some
way be resigniedin other words, that it can
shift under the weight of discursive interven-
tions. That assumption is, I believe, mistaken.
My argument here is indebted to the work of
Tim Dean who has, both in a series of articles,
and then in his book Beyond Sexuality (2000),
eloquently demonstrated how the Anglo-Amer-
ican reception, and subsequent deication, of
Foucault has vastly impacted the academy and
its understandings of sexuality, historicism and
psychoanalysis. Dean argues that, broadly
speaking, social constructionism in its various
guises has tended:
To either assimilate psychoanalysis to an essentially
Foucauldian epistemology or repudiate it as an
avatar of the ahistorical, universalizing view of sexu-
ality that social constructionism rightly sets out to
dismantle. Thus by way of amiable hermeneutic
domestication, on the one hand, or misguided rejec-
tion, on the other, what is most valuable about
psychoanalysis disappears completely. (Dean 2000:
4)
What is most valuable about psychoanalysis?
For Dean, psychoanalysis fundamentally chal-
lenges the oppositional nature of the debate
between essentialism and constructionism since
the unconscious cannot be conceived in either
biological or cultural terms. Dean, drawing on
Lacans formulations, and I, drawing on Jean
Laplanches careful readings of Freud (1976,
1999a, 1999b), would emphasize the following.
The unconscious is not a historical construct
if by this we mean that its contents might be
recuperated via discursive reclamation. That is
because the unconscious, while an effect of
language, is not reducible to discourses and
their effects. That is not because for Laplanche
and Lacan language is ahistorical, but rather
that because for them history itself is not
thoroughly discursive. That the unconscious is
not reducible to discourses entails the realiza-
tion that the unconscious is implacable in the
face of attempts to resignify its contents.
8
As
Laplanche has commented, elaborating on how
the unconscious must not be thought wholly on
a model of signication and representation:
The path I deliberately took consists in consid-
ering the unconscious element or trace not as a
stored memory or representation, but as a sort
of waste-product of certain processes of mem-
orisation (1999b: 89, italics in original).
I suggest that the current social construction-
ist orthodoxy within social and cultural geogra-
phy dictates that everythingprocesses,
practices, conceptscan be captured within the
skeins of discourse and that, consequently,
everything is (socially/culturally) constructed.
Given my commitment to Deans reading of the
genuinely psychoanalytic concept of the un-
conscious, I argue that this orthodoxy necess-
arily assimilates psychoanalysis to social
constructionism and hence reduces it of its
potential to move us beyond the frequent im-
passes of the social constructionist debate. To
repeat: the great interest of Freuds account lies
in the fact that the unconscious is only partly
reducible to the historical and geographical
co-ordinates in which it nds itselfand this is
because the unconscious is not and cannot be
reduced to a historical construct. More criti-
cally, this means that the unconscious, and
hence subjectivity, is not malleable in the way
that much current cultural and social theory
wishes.
9
Geographical work that has engaged
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
The taming of psychoanalysis in geography 305
psychoanalysis has therefore tended to walk a
short-cut whereby it is imagined that psycho-
analysis can be seamlessly and immediately
sutured to a radical politics of resignication. A
short-cut imagines that we can reach the same
end point in a shorter time. But I would suggest
that such a short-cut cuts out the trouble that
intervenes on the way. It does so by ignoring
how the unconscious throws up large, intrac-
table obstacles in the path of the hoped-for
achievement of subjective transformation.
* * *
An examination of the citations and bibliogra-
phies of those geographers who have engaged
with Freud and psychoanalysis provides an
oblique way with which to afrm my sense that
critical geography has not as yet been very
willing to attend to the bleakest psychoanalytic
writings that discuss the refractory operations
of the unconscious. What follows derives from
a perfunctory and unsystematic perusal of psy-
choanalytically inclined geographers citations
and bibliographies. What is immediately no-
ticeable is the general paucity of references to
Freuds work (in comparison, say, with the
regular enumeration of Foucaults texts). Of
those Freudian texts that are referenced, of
particular interest to geographers is Freuds
essay The uncanny (1919) (cited, for example,
by Jacobs 1996, Pile 1996 and Wilton 1998);
Group psychology and the analysis of the ego
(1921) (cited by Pile 1991); and Civilisation and
its Discontents (1930) (cited by Sibley 1995b
and Pile 1996). As far as I have been able to
determine, there are virtually no references to
two of Freuds most important, and pessimistic
works, namely Beyond the Pleasure Principle
(1920) and Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety
(1926).
10
While this brief perusal of texts cer-
tainly cannot be used authoritatively to prove a
point, I think what it can indicate is the fa-
voured approach to Freud that geographers are
taking. [Notable for its absence in the geo-
graphical literature is the tradition of metapsy-
chological and philosophical psychoanalytic
theory that, drawing on Freud, has developed
Continentally in the work of Jacques Lacan
and Jean Laplanche (and that is being extended
today in the writings of those such as Joan
Copjec 1994, Tim Dean 1997, 2000, John
Fletcher 1992, 1999, Renata Salecl 1999 and
Slavoj Z
izek.
Geography as a whole is, I would say, funda-
mentally wary about more extensive uses of
Lacantending to regard Lacan as blind to
historical and geographical difference, and
hence remaining unconvinced by the claims of
those such as Dean, Copjec and Z
izek that
Lacan can provide rich resources for cultural,
historical and social analysis.]
I also want to suggest that the imperatives
driving geographers uses of psychoanalysis can
be gleaned by analysing those geographical
scholars who have chosen to move away from
Freud and Lacan and towards other psychoan-
alytic thinkers. For such a move can itself be
read as an indicator of the dominant approach
to interpreting psychoanalysis tout courtof
how a particular kind of psychoanalysis is be-
ing installed in the geographical imaginary.
Aitken and Herman, for example, turn towards
Winnicott because they see him as not concep-
tualizing the separation of the child and her
external environment primarily in terms of ob-
jective distancing, naming, rationalizing or
compartmentalizing (1997: 63)which is their
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
306 Felicity Callard
reading of Freud and Lacan. For Aitken and
Herman, Winnicott allows one to think about
identity formation in terms of a play of differ-
ences and through a uid, recursive process of
separation involving intuition, experimentation
and play (1997: 65). Freud and Lacan are
abandoned because they are seen as not tting
in with the current imperative to theorize dif-
ference, uidity and resistance in particular
ways. In other words, Freud and Lacan are
acceptable only if they can be made compatible
with those imperatives.
Preliminary conclusions
I have aimed to uncover some of the reasons
why social and cultural geography might have
experienced a recent psychoanalytic turn. My
account has emphasized that the kind of psy-
choanalysis towards which geographers have
been drawn is one that promises to buttress
their own commitment to particular models of
political resistance, transgression and re-
signication. I should point out that several
schools of psychoanalysis would be in agree-
ment concerning the compatibility of psycho-
analysis and those kinds of models. I, however,
following Tim Dean, have argued that estab-
lishing that compatibility involves eschewing
the psychoanalytic unconscious. I, of course,
realize that this kind of argument can be read
simply as a purists campaign for yet another
misguided return to the right Freud (a project
of course bound to fail). I acknowledge that
few geographers are likely to endorse my overly
stringent pronouncements concerning, in
Deans phrase, a genuinely psychoanalytic con-
cept of the unconscious. But if my argument
does not convince in that respect, I want to
conclude by emphasizing what is at stake in
illuminating which concepts are in the process
of being solidiedand which, simultaneously,
being rendered invisiblein the nascent sub-
disciplinary domain of psychoanalytic geogra-
phy. I return, therefore, to the problematics
laid out at the start in order to clarify how my
claims might relate to the current practices of
social and cultural geography.
Hence to the question of interdisciplinarity.
Erica Schoenberger, in addressing how matters
of interdisciplinarity are inevitably underlain
by questions of social power, has used the
phrase disciplinary cultures in order to focus
on the ways in which disciplines become in-
vested in particular ways of producing and
disseminating knowledge. For Schoenberger,
disciplinary cultures and their associated epis-
temological commitments shape our ways of
thinking about the material and social world
and how we understand ourselves and our
possibilities for action in that world (2001:
370). Disciplinary cultures, she adds, therefore
have enormous power in shaping identityof
who we understand ourselves to be in the
world and what we do there (2001: 370; italics
in original). What happens if we apply Schoen-
bergers insights to the disciplinary culture of
todays critical social and cultural geography?
One of the most characteristic features of this
disciplinary culture would be a commitment on
the part of its contributors that not only they
but their scholarly productions are capable of
acting, and do act, in the world. By this I mean
that the disciplinary culture demands that criti-
cal geographies in some way contribute to the
production of politicized subjectivities. (Here I
leave in abeyance the complex question of what
production might meanin particular the
manner in which the connections between
texts, discourses and subjectivities are imag-
ined.) Such a disciplinary culture makes it
difcult to countenance the lack of a capacity
to act, or the presence of severe obstacles to a
subjects agency. It is difcult, for example, to
imagine a critical geographer advocating a
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
The taming of psychoanalysis in geography 307
theoretical approach that plays up, not down,
inertia and impotence, or one that does not in
some way gesture to the malleability of subjec-
tivity. Indeed I suggest that the disciplinary
culture of current critical social and cultural
geography makes it nigh impossible to draw
attention to, let alone dwell upon, the possibil-
ity that individuals might need to be theorized
in terms of impotence, the loss of agency, or
the lack of progressive transformation. But
such questions lie at the heart of Freuds pro-
found inquiries into the operations of human
subjectivity. I should emphasize that I am not
claiming that Freuds account is one in which
subjectivity is static or immovablefar from it.
But I am claiming that Freuds account, and his
insistence on the refractory operations of the
unconscious and of fantasy, puts many serious
obstaclesobstacles that should not and can-
not be banished by disavowing themin the
path of narratives of efcacious subjective
transformation. (To put it another way: those
serious obstacles do not block all formulations
of transformation and mobility, but they do
re-route the ways in which the concepts of
psychic transformation and mobility are imag-
ined.) Geography tends to operate with a polit-
ically idealistic psyche, I have claimed. That
psyche is politically idealistic because the inter-
disciplinary union of geography and psycho-
analysis has shrugged off the dark undertow in
Freuds writings.
Freudian texts that are not so beloved of
geographers include many of Freuds more
pessimistic writingsBeyond the Pleasure Prin-
ciple (1920), Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxi-
ety (1926), Analysis terminable and
interminable (1937), for examplewritings
that are profoundly under the sway of the
notorious concept of the death drive and of
aggressivity. What might happen if more social
and cultural geographers extended the range of
Freuds writings in which they took an interest?
I suggest that the texts just enumerated would
force a confrontation with a psyche deeply
antagonistic towards change; individuals
trapped in the repetition, rather than the super-
session, of traumatic formations; and deeply
rooted, unsmiling fantasies. Such a confron-
tation would pose unavoidable questions for
any political endeavour. In particular, it would
point to the danger of assuming that psycho-
analysis, as a theoretical apparatus, can be
unproblematically and quickly put to work to
effect political transformation. But such a con-
frontation would result in far from apolitical
consequences. Christopher Lane, in his work
on the psychoanalysis of race, has emphasized
the crucial importance of engaging with the
unconsciousand hence with the strength and
endurance of fantasy and aggressivityif one
wishes to address racial prejudice and hatred.
As Lane puts it, and indeed as Heidi Nasts
work has powerfully demonstrated (1998,
2000), What, Freud effectively asks, could be
more political than fantasy when it determines
the fate of entire communities, nations, and
even continents? (Lane 1998: 7). It is certainly
not the case that psychoanalysis and politics do
not go together; rather, it is perhaps the case
that the models of politics and the political that
we as critical geographers tend to favour can-
not be smoothly sutured to the models of sub-
jectivity adumbrated by psychoanalysis.
The central question underlying any psycho-
analytic geography must continue to be: What
are the formidable difculties in employing
psychoanalysis in the study of socio-cultural
and socio-spatial formations? Geographers
have, up till now, tended to subordinate psy-
choanalysis to social constructionist analyses in
which culturalist interpretations have trumped
the psychoanalytic unconscious. In my view,
what has not yet been fully imagined is a
psychoanalytic geography that does justice to
psychoanalysis rather than rendering it
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
308 Felicity Callard
smoothly compatible with culturalist impera-
tives. The psychological unconsciousas op-
posed to the genuinely psychoanalytic concept
of the unconsciousis a lot more appealing to
critical geography because it is far easier to
change and transform. The terror associated
with the psychoanalytic unconscious is the need
to consider intransigence as well as transform-
ation (or perhaps intransigence in the very
process of transformation). And that, I think, is
not something that critical social and cultural
geography is particularly keen to consider.
Freudian psychoanalysis does, of course, coun-
tenance change; it does not, however, consider
change understood at the level of discursive
resignication to be all that it is cracked up to
be. Freud, in his pessimistic late paper Analysis
terminable and interminable (1937) asks
whether it is possible to dispose of an instinc-
tual conict permanently and denitivelyi.e.
to tame an instinctual demand in that fash-
ion (1937: 225). He can give no clear answer.
But psychoanalytic geography has, I suggest,
not faced such doubts in relation to its own
procedures of taming.
* * *
Pile, in a deliciously wry paragraph, has com-
mented on the reactions that psychoanalysis
received until recently amongst human geogra-
phers:
It is easy to claim that psychoanalysis has been
systematically misrepresented, but I would prefer to
suggest that particular aspects of psychoanalysis
have been selected and presented as if they were
symptomatic of the whole approach. Until very re-
cently, then, only specic characters from psycho-
analysis, wearing grotesque masks, have been
allowed to take the stage and they have been booed
off. From stage left, however, psychoanalysis has
appeared in other, different guises. The audience
waitstentatively and suspiciously. (Pile 1996: 81)
Those of us sympathetic towards psychoanaly-
sis are wearily familiar with the scene that Pile
colourfully narrates: we have been repeatedly
frustrated by how particular Freudian concepts
(most notoriously, penis envy) are dangled like
trophies to prove the woefully mistaken nature
of psychoanalytic interpretation. Such attacks
are now, mercifully, much less frequent within
geographyprecisely because of those geogra-
phers who have demonstrated why psychoanal-
ysis might be vital in thinking through
questions of subjectivity and spatiality. I want
to add a spin to Piles vignette. For I would
suggest that the current eld of psychoanalytic
geography shows certain similarities to the
scene Pile describes, whereby particular as-
pects of psychoanalysis have been selected and
presented as if they were symptomatic of the
whole approach. On the current stage, gures
such as the abject and the ego have centre
stage. The truly monstrous (in contrast to the
grotesquely parodic) gures of psychoanaly-
sisthose of the repetition compulsion, the
death drive, the traumatic neuroses, the
Freudian unconsciousare kept hiding in the
wings. If they enter, the entire stage of psycho-
analytic geography might shake, for such
gures threaten the models of resistance,
agency, and resignication that have, till now,
dominated discussions of psychoanalytic ge-
ography in particular and social and cultural
geography more broadly. It is time for those
gures to make their entrance.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Chris Philo and Hester Parr for
organizing the panels on Psychoanalytic Ge-
ographies at the 2001 Annual Conference of
the Royal Geographical Society (with the Insti-
tute of British Geographers) in Plymouth. I am
also indebted to the other participants in those
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
The taming of psychoanalysis in geography 309
panels for their papers and for their comments
on the early version of this paper; to David
Sibley in his role as discussant; to the anony-
mous referees of this paper; and to Steve Pile
for many conversations over the years about
psychoanalysis and its place in geography. I
heard Erica Schoenberger deliver her paper on
interdisciplinarity at the 2000 RGSIBG confer-
ence in Leicester and, as is customary when I
hear or read her arguments, have thought hard
about it ever since. My discussions with
Constantina Papoulias on the question of how
to think the articulation between the sphere of
the psychic and that of the social are always
inspiring.
Notes
1 I should add that Liz Bondi has provided a brief
summary of psychoanalytically inected geographical
scholarship (1999a: 1517).
2 I am implicitly not placing myself squarely within this
rst generation of psychoanalytic geographers since,
although I have worked with psychoanalysis for a
number of years, I have not yet published psychoanalyt-
ically oriented essays. This is perhaps a duplicitous
gesture since arguably my conference papers could be
considered part of this process of legacy making.
3 As the referees of this paper rightly pointed out, I do
not mention Jungs corpus, nor the paucity of geo-
graphical work that engages with Jung. The question of
Jung and what geographers relationship to his work
might be is fascinating and worthy of further scholar-
ship; it is a question that I feel unable to address within
the theoretical constraints I use to frame this paper.
4 This is a large claim the smaller steps of which I am
unable to provide within the connes of a short journal
paper. See my previous essay (Callard 1998) where I
describe how the work of scholars such as Foucault and
Butler has been assimilatedoften in diluted form
within human geography, and the effects this has had
on the theoretical commitments of critical geography.
5 Tim Dean, articulating Lacans formulations concern-
ing sexuality, puts it thus: for Lacan sexuality is explic-
able in terms of neither nature nor nurture, since the
unconscious cannot be considered biologicalit isnt
part of my body and yet it isnt exactly culturally
constructed either. Instead, the unconscious may be
grasped as an index of how both biology and culture
fail to determine subjectivity and sexual desire. Think-
ing of the unconscious as neither biological nor cultural
allows us to distinguish (among other things) a properly
psychoanalytic from a merely psychological notion of
the unconscious (Dean 2000: 221). For Dean, this
failure on the part of both biology and culture to
determine subjectivity and sexual desire opens up the
possibility of an account that is not captive to the
endless redrawing of boundaries between the natural
and the cultural that so characterizes current debates
over identity and its cultural construction. In other
words, Deans model of a (Lacanian) psychoanalytic
unconscious gestures towards a conception of the pol-
itical that does not take as its project the privileging of
the resignication or denaturalization of identities
a privileging that is so widespread in todays discus-
sions concerning cultural politics.
6 Steve Pile has emphasized how psychic resistance oper-
ates to counter the operations of (political) resistance.
In his introduction to Geographies of Resistance he
writes: Psychic resistance is not only unconscious, it is
also highly dynamic. It can work in many ways to
defend people against interventionswhether thera-
peutic or politicalthat seek to persuade, to move
things on, to enable people to draw new conclusions
about the reasons for things (1997: 25). I would suggest
that such an acknowledgement of the depth and exten-
siveness of unconscious resistance is rare in psycho-
analytic geography.
7 As I note, there were geographers besides Pile working
with psychoanalysis at that moment. However, for a
variety of reasons, it was Piles papers of the early 1990s
that were, I believe, most visible in calling for geogra-
phys engagement with psychoanalysis.
8 My thanks to Constantina Papoulias who claried my
thoughts on this difcult point. I should also stress that
Lacan and Laplanche disagree extensively in the
specics of their conceptualization of the unconscious.
9 There is, of course, much more to be said about the
implications of this statement. A genuinely psychoana-
lytic concept of the unconscious radically reframes
how we might think the question of subjectivity and
subjective transformation. Psychoanalysis offers many
accounts of subjective transformationbut they are
not, I believe, equivalent to or compatible with many of
those animating discussions of identity and subjectivity
within critical geography. I hope to explore those psy-
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
310 Felicity Callard
choanalytic accounts in future research. In particular, I
hope to demonstrate in greater detail why formulating
the unconscious as only partly reducible to the histori-
cal and geographical co-ordinates in which it nds itself
opens up different ways of interrogating the concept of
subjectivity.
10 I stress that Pile cites both Inhibitions, Symptoms and
Anxiety (Pile 1996, 1997) and Beyond the Pleasure
Principle (Pile 1996).
References
Aitken, S. (2001) Geographies of Young People: The Mor-
ally Contested Spaces of Identity. London: Routledge.
Aitken, S. and Herman, T. (1997) Gender, power and crib
geography: transitional spaces and potential places, Gen-
der, Place and Culture 4: 6388.
Blum, V. and Nast, H. (1996) Wheres the difference? The
heterosexualization of alterity in Henri Lefebvre and
Jacques Lacan, Environment and Planning D: Society
and Space 14: 559580.
Blum, V. and Nast, H. (2000) Jacques Lacans two-dimen-
sional subjectivity, in Crang, M. and Thrift, N. (eds)
Thinking Space. London: Routledge, pp. 183204.
Bondi, L. (1993) Locating identity politics, in Keith, M. and
Pile, S. (eds) Place and the Politics of Identity. London:
Routledge, pp. 84101.
Bondi, L. (1997) In whose words? On gender identities,
knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the
Institute of British Geographers NS 22: 245258.
Bondi, L. (1999a) Stages on journeys: some remarks about
human geography and psychotherapeutic practice, Pro-
fessional Geographer 51: 1124.
Bondi, L. (1999b) Small steps: a reply to commentaries on
Stages on journeys, Professional Geographer 51: 465
468.
Burgess, J., Limb, M. and Harrison, C.M. (1988a) Explor-
ing environmental values through the medium of small
groups. Part one: theory and practice, Environment and
Planning A 20: 309326.
Burgess, J., Limb, M. and Harrison, C.M. (1988b) Explor-
ing environmental values through the medium of small
groups. Part two: illustrations of a group at work,
Environment and Planning A 20: 457476.
Callard, F. (1998) The body in theory, Environment and
Planning D: Society and Space 16: 387400.
Copjec, J. (1994) Read My Desire: Lacan Against the
Historicists. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dean, T. (1997) Two kinds of other and their conse-
quences, Critical Inquiry 23: 910920.
Dean, T. (2000) Beyond Sexuality. Chicago, IL: University
of Chicago Press.
Deutsche, R. (1991) Boys town, Environment and Planning
D: Society and Space 9: 530.
Fletcher, J. (1992) The letter in the unconscious: the enig-
matic signier in the work of Jean Laplanche, in
Fletcher, J. and Stanton, M. (eds) Jean Laplanche: Seduc-
tion, Translation and the Drives. London: Institute of
Contemporary Arts, pp. 93120.
Fletcher, J. (1999) Introduction: psychoanalysis and the
question of the other, in Laplanche, J. Essays on Other-
ness. London: Routledge, pp. 151.
Freud, S. (1919) The uncanny, in The Standard Edition of
the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,
trans. Strachey, J., 19531974, London: Hogarth Press
and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis (hereafter referred
to as SE), vol. 17, pp. 219256.
Freud, S. (1920) Beyond the Pleasure Principle, in SE, vol.
18, pp. 764.
Freud, S. (1921) Group psychology and the analysis of the
ego, in SE, vol. 18, pp. 67143.
Freud, S. (1926) Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, in SE,
vol. 20, pp. 77174.
Freud, S. (1930) Civilisation and its Discontents, in SE, vol.
21, pp. 59145.
Freud, S. (1937) Analysis terminable and interminable, in
SE, vol. 23, pp. 211253.
Hoggett, P. (1992) A place for experience: a psychoanalytic
perspective on boundary, identity, and culture, Environ-
ment and Planning D: Society and Space 10: 345356.
Jacobs, J. (1996) Edge of Empire: Postcolonialism and the
City. London: Routledge.
Kristeva, J. (1982) Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjec-
tion, trans. Roudiez, L. New York: Columbia University
Press.
Lane, C. (1998) The psychoanalysis of race: an introduc-
tion, in Lane, C. (ed.) The Psychoanalysis of Race. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Laplanche, J. (1976) Life and Death in Psychoanalysis,
trans. Jeffrey Mehlman. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press.
Laplanche, J. (1999a) The unnished Copernican revol-
ution, in Essays on Otherness. London: Routledge,
pp. 5283. First published in Jean Laplanche, La revol-
ution copernicienne inachevee, 1992.
Laplanche, J. (1999b) A short treatise on the unconscious,
in Essays on Otherness. London: Routledge, pp. 84116.
First published in La Nouvelle Revue de Psychanalyse,
no. 48, 1993.
Longhurst, R. (2001) Bodies: Exploring Fluid Boundaries.
London: Routledge.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d
B
y
:
[
K
i
n
g
s
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
]
A
t
:
1
9
:
1
5
2
5
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
0
The taming of psychoanalysis in geography 311
Lukinbeal, C. and Aitken, S. (1998) Sex, violence and the
weather: male hysteria, scale and the fractal geographies
of patriarchy, in Nast, H. and Pile, S. (eds) Places
Through the Body. London: Routledge, pp. 356380.
McClintock, A. (1995) Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and
Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge.
Mitchell, S. and Aron, L. (eds) (1999) Relational Psycho-
analysis: The Emergence of a Tradition. Hillsdale, NJ:
Analytic Press.
Nast, H. (1998) Unsexy geographies, Gender, Place and
Culture 5: 191206.
Nast, H. (1999) Staging her journey: a commentary on
Stages on journeys, Professional Geographer 51: 460
465.
Nast, H. (2000) Mapping the unconscious: racism and the
Oedipal family, Annals of the Association of American
Geographers 90: 215255.
Pile, S. (1991) Practising interpretative geography, Transac-
tions of the Institute of British Geographers 16: 458469.
Pile, S. (1993) Human agency and human geography revis-
ited: a critique of new models of the self, Transactions
of the Institute of British Geographers 18: 122139.
Pile, S. (1996) The Body and the City: Psychoanalysis, Space
and Subjectivity. London: Routledge.
Pile, S. (1997) Introduction: opposition, political identities
and spaces of resistance, in Pile, S. and Keith, M. (eds)
Geographies of Resistance. London: Routledge, pp. 132.
Pile, S. (1998) Freud, dreams and imaginative geographies,
in Elliott, A. (ed.) Freud 2000. Cambridge: Polity,
pp. 204234.
Rose, G. (1993) Feminism and Geography: The Limits of
Geographical Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity.
Rose, G. (1995a) Distance, surface, elsewhere: a feminist
critique of the space of phallocentric self/knowledge,
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13:
761781.
Rose, G. (1995b) Making space for the female subject of
feminism, in Pile, S. and Thrift, N. (eds) Mapping the
Subject. London: Routledge, pp. 332354.
Rose, G. (1996) As if the mirrors had bled: masculine
dwelling, masculinist theory and feminist masquerade, in
Duncan, N. (ed.) BodySpace: Destabilizing Geographies
of Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge, pp. 5674.
Salecl, R. (1999) (Per)Versions of Love and Hate. London:
Verso.
Schoenberger, E. (2001) Interdisciplinarity and social power,
Progress in Human Geography 25: 365382.
Shurmer-Smith, P. and Hannam, K. (1994) Worlds of
Desire, Realms of Power: A Cultural Geography. Lon-
don: Edward Arnold.
Sibley, D. (1988) Survey 13: purication of space, Environ-
ment and Planning D: Society and Space 6: 409421.
Sibley, D. (1995a) Families and domestic routines: con-
structing the boundaries of childhood, in Pile, S. and
Thrift, N. (eds) Mapping the Subject: Geographies of
Cultural Transformation. London: Routledge, pp. 123
137.
Sibley, D. (1995b) Geographies of Exclusion: Societies and
Difference in the West. London: Routledge.
Sibley, D. (1999) Comments on Stages on journeys by Liz
Bondi, Professional Geographer 51: 451452.
Wilton, R. (1998) The constitution of difference: space and
psyche in landscapes of exclusion, Geoforum 29: 173185.
Z