Internet Technologies problem set

1. 網路協定中傳輸層及網路層的目的為何?
A: Transport layer: The purpose of the Transport layer is to provide
transparent transfer of data between end users such as congestion
control for TCP, thus relieving the upper layers from any concern
with providing reliable and cost-effective data transfer.
Network layer:(routing) The network layer provides the
functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data
sequences from a source to a destination via one or more networks
while maintaining the quality of service requested by the transport
layer.

2. 說明那些是那一層的協定
1、 Application layer
i. DHCP • DNS • FTP • HTTP • IMAP4 • IRC • NNTP • XMPP •
MIME • POP3 • SIP • SMTP • SNMP • SSH • TELNET • BGP •
RPC • RTP • RTCP • TLS/SSL • SDP • SOAP • L2TP • PPTP
2、 Transport layer
i. TCP • UDP • DCCP • SCTP • GTP • …
3、 Network layer
i. IP (IPv4 • IPv6) • ARP • RARP • ICMP • IGMP • RSVP • IPSec
•…
4、 Data link layer
i. ATM • DTM • Ethernet • FDDI • Frame Relay • GPRS • PPP •
…
5、 Physical layer
i. Ethernet physical layer • ISDN • Modems • PLC • RS232 •
SONET/SDH • G.709 • Wi-Fi • …

3. IP 層的 Fragmentation 及 reassembly 的目的為何? 以底層 ethernet 為

例, 要傳 4000Bytes 的資料時下圖中的那些??各應該為何?
A: The Internet protocol suite was designed to work over many
networking technologies. While a host will know the MTU of its own
interface and possibly that of its peer (from initial handshakes) it will
not initially know what the lowest MTU on the link is and in any case
a higher protocol design may require packets of a size larger than
the network links support. To get around this issue IP performs
fragmentation.
If a receiving host receives an IP packet which is fragmented, it has
to reassemble the IP packet and hand it over to the higher layer.

length: 1500, 1500, 1040 offset(1480/8): 0, 185, 370

4. HTTP 協定是 Stateless, 何謂?

A: Server maintains no information about past client requests.

5. 請說明 Nonpersistent HTTP 及 Persistent HTTP 之差異?

A: Nonpersistent: At most one object is sent over a TCP
connection.
Persistent: Multiple objects can be sent over single TCP
connection between client and server.

6. 請說明在 HTTP 協定中 COOKIES 之原理及目的?

A: Principle: Technically, cookies are arbitrary pieces of data
chosen by the Web server and sent to the browser. The browser
returns them unchanged to the server, introducing a state (memory
of previous events) into otherwise stateless HTTP transactions.
Without cookies, each retrieval of a Web page or component of a
Web page is an isolated event, mostly unrelated to all other views of
the pages of the same site. By returning a cookie to a web server,
the browser provides the server a means of connecting the current
page view with prior page views.
Purpose: HTTP cookies are used by Web servers to differentiate
users and to maintain data related to the user during navigation,
possibly across multiple visits.

7. 何謂 web cache, 其好處有那些?

A: a. Reduce response time for client request.
b. Reduce traffic on an institution’s access link.
c. Internet dense with caches enables “poor” content providers to
effectively deliver content. (but so does P2P file sharing)

8. 請說明 HTTP 協定中 conditional GET 之原理?

A: Don’t send object if cache has up-to-date cached version. For
example,
cache: specify date of cached copy in HTTP request:
If-modified-since: <date>
server: response contains no object if cached copy is up-to-date:
HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified

9. 何謂 CIDR? 如果有個 subnet 是 200.23.16.0/23, 試問這個 subnet 可以

有多少台電腦?
A: Classless InterDomain Routing: subnet portion of address can be
of arbitrary length.

29-2=510

10.何謂 NAT? 試說明 NAT 的工作原理?

A: Network Address Translation: local network uses just one IP
address as far as outside word is concerned

Principle: Datagrams with source or destination in this network

have 10.0.0/24 address for source, destination (as usual)
All datagrams leaving local network have same single source NAT IP
address: 138.76.29.7, different source port numbers

11.何謂 CSS? CSS style 有四種來源, 分別那四種, 順序為何?

A: Cascading Style Sheets: Styles sheets define HOW HTML
elements are to be displayed, and CSS allows developers to control
the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once.

Origins: External Style Sheet, Internal Style Sheet, Inline Styles,

Browser default

By default, rules in author style sheets have more weight than rules
in user style sheets. All rules user and author rules have more
weight than rules in the UA's default style sheet.

12.何謂 HTML Parser, 目的為何?

13.說明 XML 及 HTML 的差異?
14.何謂 DTD, DOM, SAX?
15.DOM 及 SAX 的差異為何, 優缺點為何?
16.何謂 Web Service? 其特性為何? 繪圖說明 web service 的架構?
17.何謂 SOAP? UDDI? WSDL? 並說明與 web service 的關係?
18.何謂 RPC? 繪圖說明 RPC 的架構?
19.WSDL 的 Element 可以分成那幾種?
20.SOAP 中定義那些東西? SOAP 的訊息格式包含那些?
21.請根據下列的 DTD 列出文件的 XML tag.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to, from, heading, body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)> ]>
22.Web service model 中 Client Service Invocation Programming
Models 可以分成三種，分別是那三種? 有何差異?
23. UDDI 的 Data types 分成四種，那四種?