Weapons tools and communication mark the advances of

human technology. It all began a few million years ago.

 THE AGES OF MAN
Stone Age - 2.4 million years ago
Copper Age – 6000 years ago
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Modern Age -150 years ago

‘You do not know anything, unless

you know it from the beginning’
 STONE TOOL MATERIAL
For 2 million years they Obsidian, natural volcanic glass besides Quartz and
Flint were the exclusive material for making tools and weapons.
Blade tool making was a development of the Upper Palaeolithic, which began about 40,000
years ago.

Between 2.5 million years to as recently as 5,000

years ago all human societies on the face of the
earth were essentially still living in the Stone
Age. Stone-using hunters and survived on the
edges of farming zones until a few centuries ago.

ROCKS FROM THE SKY

memory of the use of such stone
tools was lost until the discovery of
the American Indians still using the
Spear head - Stone age appeared
Stone Age weapons 18th century
in America 11,000 years ago.
Greeks and Romans thought them to
Blackwater Draw, New Mexico
have fallen from the sky along with
where archaeologists also found
bolts of lightening.
the first artifacts of the Clovis, an
older Native American culture.
 NEOLITHIC STONE MINERS
There is evidence of Neolithic (<12000 BP) miners who dug for flint with deer antlers and
shoulder blade bones in the chalk downs of southern and eastern England. Lateral
workings were dug from the bottom of pits 100 feet deep along flint bearing beds. For
light they used saucer shaped grease lamps fabricated from chalk.
Copper Age weapons

Copper's discovery precedes

recorded history, and it was the
first metal that was used in
fashioning tools and weapons. Its
use dates at least from 4000 BC
in Chaldea, and perhaps earlier.
Copper mining is reported in
Egypt around 3000 BC. In India
copper mining is reported in the
Maurian period (300 BC).

In the Indus Valley civilization, Four main varieties of metal

have been found: crude copper lumps in the state in which
they left the smelting furnace; refined copper, containing
trace elements of arsenic and antimony; an alloy of copper
with 2 to 5 percent of arsenic; and bronze with a tin alloy,
often of as much as 11 to 13 percent.
 Bronze Age weapons

Copper + Tin 5-8% = Bronze

Copper + Tin 5-8% = Bronze
Copper + Tin 20% = Bell Metal
Copper + Tin 8-10% + 2- 4% Zn
= Gun Metal
In the Indus Valley civilization,
Bronze is less common than
copper, and it is notably rarer in
the lower levels. Did tin come
from Zawar in Rajasthan?

Bronze came into use before 3000 BC but was rare until an
extensive trade in tin developed following the discovery of large
tin deposits. Until the development of iron about 1000 BC
bronze was used widely in weapons, armor, tools, and other
implements.
 TIN
Character: Does not tarnish easily,
soft & ductile (can be beaten into
very fine sheets, 1/200 cm thick)
Chief use - coating to save copper,
brass and Iron from rusting.
Chief ore Cassiterite(SnO2) with
78.7% tin. Occurs as alluvial placer
deposits because of its high specific
gravity.
Found in: Gujarat (Banaskantha &
Palanpur) Madhya Pradesh (Bastar
dist.) ; Orissa (Koraput dist.); Bihar
(Ranchi, Hazaribag & Gaya);
Rajasthan (Bhilwara); W Bengal
(Purulia dist.)
It is a most important strategic metals
that India has to imported from
Malasiya, USA, Japan, Belgium &
Poland.
COPPER
Character: high tensile strength,
ductility, electrical & thermal
conductivity,
Chief use – Electrical, automobile,
telephone, railway equipment, ship
building & engineering works. Copper
salts are used in the manufacture of
paints, insecticide & medicine.
Chief Ore– Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
with 32.2% Cu. Hydrothermal or
magmatic Weathering product
observed as Gossan.
Mined at: Mosaboni & Rakha mines
in Bihar, Khetri, Chandmari, Dariba in
Rajasthan, Singhbhum in Orissa.
Chile, USA, USSR, Canada, Zambia,
Zaire & Poland are the lead producing
countries.
India has to import copper to meet
domestic requirements.
Open cast copper mines – Zambia copper Copper Mines Utah (USA)
mines are still the richest in the world.

Tin mining Oruro, Bolivia

HOW STEEL WAS TEMPERED – IRON AGE INDIA
 IRON AGE

This 8th-century BC (Early

Iron age belt buckle)
 Gatling Gun - Developed during the American Civil War (1861-1865)

Iron Bridge (1777 – 1779) Crystal Palace made of

Britain – a remarkable feat iron and glass -1951,
of engineering ushering in New York
the industrial age.

Eiffel Tower Paris (1889)– A

master piece of 19th century
technology. 6,300 metric
tonnes of wroth iron.

THE EXTRACTION OF IRON
Steel is a form of iron
produced from Iron Ore,
coke, and lime stone in a
blast furnace. Excess carbon
and other impurities are
removed to make strong steel
Smelting iron ore until
relatively recent times
was a method of
charging fuel and ore
and the approximate
position of the nozzle
supplied with air by a
bellows are shown.
Bessemer process of steel production
used between 1855 to 1950,s - A
crucial product of the Industrial Age.
 MODERN AGE
Large Iron Mine, Brazil Weapons implements & transport of
the Modern Era
The use of rifled muskets, rail transport
and telegraphic communication ushered
in the modern age of technology.
The new steel industry since the 1860s
and 1870s produced larger artillery
weapons with greater strength and
durability and recoilless mechanism.
This increased the rate of fire, regardless
of the size of an artillery piece.
scientists and engineers, improved
weapons in large quantities. Such
industrial base proved an effective
indicator of military capacity.

•Salvage, conservation, economy, substitution and exploitation

were the basic motivations of the metallurgical practices of the first
half of the 20th century. This increased manifold as a result of the
two world wars. Stockpiling and by developing marginal mines
have caused some nations to grow rich in metals and independent
of foreign ores.
•Largely the world's highly industrialized nations must seek major
sources of raw materials outside their own political boundaries.
BAILADILA IRON ORE MINES DONAMALAI IRON ORE MINES

What technology created the

Garuda Stambha, 24 feet in
height, 6 1/2 tons, Delhi (500
A.D.)?
The pillar, made of pure iron
next to the Kutub Minar can
be produced today only in
small quantities by
electrolysis.

Steel foundry at Tata truck

works, Jamshedpur, Bihar,
India
Aluminum is a light-weight metallic element
used extensively in the transport sector.
Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminum.
Mining and transport of bauxite into dump trucks, railways and export by ships from the
Shakti mines of the Gosalia Group in Goa.

BAUXITE MINES
 Plastic coated
zinc printing
plates - Used
in the printing
press of
Newspapers

Lead & Zinc

mining in Ucon
(USA)

Mixed alloy of
tin and lead is
used in
soldering

Making of Glass
The ma\jor use of lead is in LEAD STORAGE BATTERIES
Commonly used in vehicles & aeroplanes
Zawar Lead – Zinc mines are
confined to the shear zone within
dolomites occurring between
quartzites and phyllites in the form
of veins and vein lets.
Total reserves 85 million tonnes
with 1.14 to 4.29% lead and 3.25 –
5.66% Zn
Other mines –
Rajpur – Dariba near Udaipur
Rajasthan,
Rampura – Agucha in Bhilwara
dist. Rajasthan, Agnikundala Andra
Pradesh,
Sargipalli –Orissa
A substantial quantity of Lead is
imported to meet domestic
demands.
Bauxite
An important ore of aluminum, forms by the
rapid weathering of granitic rocks in warm,
humid climates. The specific aluminum-
bearing minerals in bauxite are gibbsite,
Al(OH)3, and diaspore, HAlO2,
hardness varying from 1 to 3 and specific
gravity from 2 to 2.55. In color it may vary
from white to brown, and it is dull in
appearance.. and can be easily purified
and converted directly into either alum or
metallic aluminum.
India Ranks 6th in bauxite production
India Ranks 10th in aluminium production
Bauxite is mined in large quantities in
Australia, Guinea, and Jamaica.
Atom Bomb

Nuclear explosion
Hiroshima
Uranium never occurs naturally in the free state but is found as an oxide or complex salt
in minerals such as pitchblende and carnotite. Pitchblende - mineral uraninite, UO2; is a
black, opaque mineral with a dull, pitch like luster. Hardness - 5.5, specific gravity - 9.0
to 9.7. Occurs as a constituent of granite rocks and pegmatite's or as a secondary
mineral associated with silver, lead, or copper ores. Uranium ores are widely distributed
throughout the world. Deposits of pitchblende, the richest uranium ore, are found chiefly
in Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, formerly Zaire), and the United
States. Most of the uranium mined in the United States is obtained from carnotite.
Since 1945 the development of powerful nuclear explosive devices capable of destroying
targets ranging in size from large cities to entire battlefields has changed the nature of modern
warfare. Concentrations of armoured, civilian populations and economic centres that could be
devastated by nuclear warheads launched from a distance of several thousand kilometres via
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). As a result, total warfare between nations equipped
with nuclear weapons has become unacceptable as a sane option.