Lecture Sheets

1
Shidhuly’s READING ROOM

english language educator
7/A Kallyanpur, Road # 3, Dhaka-1207; Bangladesh.
Ph: 9013909. Cell: 01711325876.
E-mail: shidhuly@gmail.com
Web Site: www.esnips.com/user/ShidhulysREADINGROOM
__________________________________________________________
Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 001.
Lecturer : RAKIB UDDIN AHMED.
Language : g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi gva¨g|

Alphabet : aŸwb cÖKvk Kivi wPý|
Vowels : ¯^vaxb fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡iÕ Ggb wKQy aŸwb| (a,
e, i, o, u)
Consonants : ¯^vaxb fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡ibvÕ Ggb wKQy aŸwb|
(b, c, d……, z)
Words : A_©m¤úbœ GK ev GKvwaK aŸwb|
Parts of Speech: ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z Ñ GK ev GKvwaK kã| ( Noun,….
Interjection )
Subject : hvÕ ev, hviÕ m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv nq|
Predicate : KZ©v ev Subject Qvov ev‡Kï evKx Ask|
Verb : ‡h kã Øviv Ñ †Kvb wKQz Kiv †evSvq|
Object : wµqv ev Verb ‡K Ñ ÒwKÓ ev ÒKv‡KÓ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j
†h ev h‡ZvUzKz
DËi cvIqv hvq|
Basic Structure
of Sentence : evsjv = (Subject. + Object. + Verb).
Bs‡iRx = (Subject. + Verb + Object.).
Classification
of Sentence : Assertive ( wee„wZ ), Interrogative( cÖkœ ),
Imperative( Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva...), Optative ( B”Qv,
cÖv_©bv..),
Exclamatory ( AvKw¯§K Abyf~wZ )
Clause : mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn ev‡Kï †Kvb kã¸”Q
ev Phrase.
Phrase : mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb Qvov ev‡Kï †Kvb kã¸”Q
hvi GKwU m¤ú~b©
A_© Av‡Q|
Idioms : mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb Qvov (!) ev‡Kï †Kvb
kã¸”Q hvi GKwU m¤ú~b©
wfbœ A_© Av‡Q|
Simple : GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨|

Complex : `yBwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hv Ñ
(and, but, or..)
Qvov Ab¨wKQy Øviv hy³|
Compound : `yBwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hv Ñ (
and, but, or..)
2
Øviv hy³|
Complex-Compound: wZbwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hvi 1g
Ask Ñ
Complex Dcv`v‡b, Ges 2q Ask Ñ Compound Dcv`v‡b
MwVZ|
Compound-Complex: wZbwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨, hvi 1g
Ask Compound Dcv`v‡b, Ges 2q Ask Complex
Dcv`v‡b MwVZ|
“Learn Your Own Way”

All Copy Rights are reserved to Shidhuly’s READING ROOM only. Don’t copy it.
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Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 002.
Tense : Verb ev, ÔwµqvÕ msNwUZ nevi Õmgq, ev ‡m KvÕi‡b

Verb ev, wµqvÕi iƒ†ci
†h AvK…wZ ev MvVwbK cwieZ©b |
Present Indefinite: eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR nq, n‡q _v‡K, ev nIqvi Af¨vm
Av‡Q ... Giƒc †evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + Verb Gi present form + Object ). s/es
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb Mvq|
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mvq Mvb|
: Subject + Verb (Present ) + Object.
: Shidhuly sings a song.
Present Continuous: eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡”Q, NU‡Q, Pj‡Q ... Giƒc
†evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + am/is/are + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing +
Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb Mv†”Q|
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mv†”Q Mvb|
: Sub + am/is/are + (Verb+ing) + Obj.
: Shidhuly is singing a song.
Present Perfect: eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q ev N‡U‡Q
... Giƒc †evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + have/has + Verb Gi past participle
form + Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb †M‡q‡Q|
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx †M‡q‡Q Mvb|
: Sub + have/has + (Verb’s PP) + Obj.
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: Shidhuly has sung a song.

Present Perfect
Continuous: eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb KvR wbw`©ó/ Awbw`©ó-`xN©
mgq n‡Z/hver n‡”Q, NU‡Q, Pj‡Q ... Giƒc †evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + have been/has been + Verb Gi mv‡_

ing + Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx 5N›Uv hver /
mKvj 10Uv n‡Z Mvb Mv†”Q
: Bs‡iRx =wka~jx Mv†”Q Mvb 5N›Uv
hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z : Sub + have
been/has been + (Verb+ing) + Obj.
: Shidhuly has been singing a song for 5
hours/ since 10 A.M.


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Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 003.
Past Indefinite: AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡qwQ‡jv, n‡q _vK‡Zv, ev nIqvi
Af¨vm wQ‡jv ... Giƒc †evSvq Ges AZxZ/MZ mgq D‡jL
_v‡K|
MVb: ( Subject + Verb Gi past form + Object ).
D`vnib : evsjv = MZKvj wka~jx Mvb
‡M‡qwQ‡jv|
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx ‡M‡qwQ‡jv Mvb
MZKvj |
: Subject + Verb( past) + Object.
: Shidhuly sang a song yesterday.
Past Continuous: AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR nw”Q‡jv, NUwQ‡jv, PjwQ‡jv ...
Giƒc †evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + was/were + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing +
Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb
Mvw”Q‡jv|
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mvw”Q‡jv Mvb|
: Sub + was/were + (Verb+ing) + Obj.
: Shidhuly was singing a song.
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Past Perfect: AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡qwQ‡jv, N‡UwQ‡jv... Giƒc

†evSvq Ges AZxZ/MZ mgq D‡jL _v‡K bv|
MVb: ( Subject + had + Verb Gi past participle form +
Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb
‡M‡qwQ‡jv |
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx ‡M‡qwQ‡jv Mvb|
: Sub + had + (Verb’s PP) + Obj.
: Shidhuly had sung a song.
Past Perfect
Continuous: AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR wbw`©ó/ Awbw`©ó-`xN© mgq
n‡Z / hver nw”Q‡jv, NUwQ‡jv, PjwQ‡jv... Giƒc †evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + had been + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing +

Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx 5N›Uv hver / mKvj
10Uv n‡Z Mvb Mvw”Q‡jv
:Bs‡iRx=wka~jx Mvw”Q‡jv Mvb 5N›Uv
hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z : Sub + had been +
(Verb+ing) + Obj.
: Shidhuly had been singing a song for 5
hours/ since 10 A.M.


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Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 004.
Future Indefinite: fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡e, NU‡e, ev nIqvi Af¨vm n‡e
... Giƒc †evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + shall/will + Verb Gi present form +
Object ).
D`vnib : evsjv = AvMvgxKvj wka~jx
Mvb Mv‡e|
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx Mv‡e Mvb
AvMvgxKvj |
: Subject + shall/will + Verb ( present) +
Object.
: Shidhuly will sing a song tomorrow.
Future Continuous: fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡Z _vK‡e, NU‡Z _vK‡e, Pj‡Z
_vK‡e... Giƒc †evSvq|
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MVb: (Subject +shall be/will be +VerbGi mv‡_

ing+Object)
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb †M‡Z
_vK‡e |
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx †M‡Z _vK‡e Mvb|
: Sub +shall be/will be+(Verb+ing)+Obj.
: Shidhuly will be singing a song.
Future Perfect: fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡q _vK‡e, N†U _vK‡e, P‡j
_vK‡e... Giƒc †evSvq Ges fwel¨Z mgq D‡jL _v‡K |
MVb: ( Subject + shall have/will have+ Verb Gi past
participle form + Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx Mvb †M‡q
_vK‡e |
: Bs‡iRx = wka~jx †M‡q _vK‡e Mvb|
: Sub + shall have/will have + (Verb’s PP)
+ Obj.
: Shidhuly will have sung a song.
Future Perfect
Continuous: fwel¨‡Z Kv‡j †Kvb KvR wbw`©ó/ Awbw`©ó - `xN©
mgq n‡Z / hver Ñ n‡Z _vK‡e, NU‡Z _vK‡e, Pj‡Z
_vK‡e... Giƒc †evSvq|
MVb: ( Subject + shall have been/will have been + Verb
Gi mv‡_ ing + Object )
D`vnib : evsjv = wka~jx 5N›Uv hver / mKvj
10Uv n‡Z Mvb †M‡Z _vK‡e |
:Bs‡iRx=wka~jx †M‡Z _vK‡e Mvb 5N›Uv
hver / mKvj 10Uv n‡Z|
:Sub + shall have been/will have been +
(Verb+ing) + Obj.
: Shidhuly will have been singing a song
for 5 hours/ since 10 A.M.


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Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 005.
Voice: Verb Gi GK cÖKvi MVbZvwš¿K Av‡jvPbv †hLv‡b IB

Verb-wU Ò‡KÓ m¤úv`b Ki‡Q ev ÒKvi ØvivÓ m¤úvw`Z
n‡”Q- Zv cÖvavb¨ cvq- |
01. Active Voice: ‡hLv‡b- Verb Gi Action †h KÕ‡i, †mB- H Verb Gi KZ©v
ev Subject.
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02. Passive Voice: ‡hLv‡b- Verb Gi Action †h KÕ‡i, †mB- H Verb Gi Kg© ev
Object wKsev, Dn¨|
Transative Verb: ‡h Verb Gi Object ev Kg©© Av‡QÑ|

Intransative Verb: ‡h Verb Gi Object ev Kg©© ‡bB|
Active Sentence: Subject + Verb + Object.

Passive Sentence Object + Passive-auxiliary + Verb (Past Participle Form)
+ by/to/with + Subject.
How to Make an Active into a Passive:
1. Active-Subject into Passive-Object

2. Active-Object into Passive-Subject.
3. Active-Verb into Past Participle Form.
4. Adding ‘by/to/with…’ –Preposition Before Passive-
Object.
5. Adding Auxiliaries Verbs As In :
a. Present Indefinite Tense : am/ is/ are
b. Present Continuous Tense : am being/ is
being/ are being
c. Present Perfect Tense : have been/ has been
d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense : have been
being/ has been being
e. Past Indefinite Tense : was/ were

f. Past Continuous Tense : was being/ were
being
g. Past Perfect Tense : had been
h. Past Perfect Continuous Tense : had been
being
i. Future Indefinite Tense : shall be/ will be


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j. Future Continuous Tense : shall be being/

will be being
k. Future Perfect Tense : shall have been/ will

have been
l. Future Perfect Continuous Tense : shall have
been being/ will have been being
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Tense (I eat rice.) Active-Verb Passive-Verb
Present Indefinite: eat is eaten

Present Continuous: am eating is being eaten
Present Perfect: have eaten have been eaten
Present Perfect Continuous: have been eating have been being eaten
Past Indefinite: ate was eaten

Past Continuous: was eating was being eaten
Past Perfect: had eaten had been eaten
Past Perfect Continuous: had been eating had been being eaten
Future Indefinite: shall eat will be eaten

Future Continuous: shall be eating will be being eaten
Future Perfect: shall have eaten will have been eaten
Future Perfect Continuous: shall have been will have been being eaten
eating
Quasi-Passive: †hLv‡b Verb - Gi MVb Active Gi g‡Zv wKš‘, A_©-

Passive Gi g‡Zv-| G ai‡bi Active †K Passive i“cvš—wiZ
Kivi we‡kl cÖwµqv ev †KŠkj Gi bvg, †hLv‡b- Active Gi
Subject, Passive Gi Object bv n‡q Subject B _v‡K |
Basic Uses of Passive Voice:

1. Subject D‡j‡Li AcÖ‡qvR‡b-| (The bad people are
punished.)
2. Subject Gi bvg bvÕRvbvq-| (My pen was stolen.)
3. Subject - Õ†K Zv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvivq-| (The thief
was given to the police.)
4. ‡Kvb K_v‡K Nywi‡q ej‡Z PvIqvq-| (Did you beat
him? Yes, he was punished.)
5. wbgš¿b, Aby‡iva eySv‡Z PvIqvq-| (You are invited
to my house today.)

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Passive of Imperative Sentence:
Active: Help the poor.

Passive: Let the poor be helped.
Passive of Infinite:
Active: I found it easy to do.
Passive: It was found easy to do by me.
Passive of Complex Sentence:
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Active: I know what he thinks.

Passive: What he thinks is known to me.
Double Passive:
Active: They proposed to hold a meeting.
Passive: To hold a meeting was proposed by them./It
was proposed by them to hold a meeting.
Complement of Transitive:
Active: We elected him secretary.
Passive: He was elected secretary by us.
Some Exception Passives:

He does,(Act.)___It/Something is done by him.(Pass.)
Nobody could give the answer.(Act.) ___The answer

could not be given by anybody.(Pass.)
We must listen to his words.(Act.)____ His words must

be not listened to.
We ought to respect him.(Act.)____He ought to be

respected by us.(Pass.)
I enjoyed watching T.V.(Act.)____Watching T.V. was

enjoyed by us.(Pass.)
I remember them taking me to zoo.(Act.)___I remember

being taken to zoo.(by them).(Pass.)
He decided to sell the house.(Act.)___He decided that

the house should be sold.(Pass.)
He made us work.(Act.) We were made to work.(Pass.)
People said that he was a poet.(Act.)____It was said that

he was a poet.(Pass.)

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Date :
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Lecture # : 006.
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Narration: e¨Ki‡bi †mB cvV- †hLv‡b e³v ev Speaker Gi Dw³

cÖZ¨¶¨(Direct) wKsev c‡iv¶(Indirect) Zv ch©v‡jvPbv
ev Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq-|
Direct Speech: ‡hLv‡b e³vi Dw³ mivmwi ev Quotation Marks w`‡q

ewb©Z nq-|
Indirect Speech: ‡hLv‡b e³vi Dw³ c‡iv¶ ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv Øviv Quotation
Marks Qvov ewb©Z nq-|
Direct: Shidhuly said to me, “I love poetry.” GLv‡b,
01. Shidhuly = Speaker/Reporter/Subject

02. said to = Reporting Verb
03. me = Reporting Verb Gi Object
04. “I love poetry.” = Reported Speech
Indirect: Shidhuly told me that she loved poetry.
How to Make a Direct Speech into an Indirect Speech:
Reported Speech Gi Person Change:
1. Reported Speech Gi -1st person ____ Reporting Verb

Gi -Subject Abyhvqx-(Case, Number, Gender)
cwieZ©b n‡e|
2. Reported Speech Gi-2nd person ____ Reporting Verb

Gi Object Abyhvqx-( Case, Number, Gender)
cwieZ©b n‡e|
3. Reported Speech Gi -3rd person ____ cwieZ©b n‡e

bv-|
Reported Speech Gi Tense Change:
1. Reporting Verb Present/Future Tense n‡j ____

Reported Speech Gi Tense cwieZ©b n‡e bv-|
2. Reporting Verb Past Tense n‡j ____ Reported

Speech Gi Tense cwieZ©b n‡e- wbæi“‡c:

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Direct Speech Indirect Speech

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Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect

Continuous
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect

Continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect

Continuous
Future Indefinite ïay- shall = should/

will = would
Future Continuous ïay- shall = should/
will = would
Future Perfect ïay- shall = should/
will = would
Future Perfect Continuous ïay- shall = should/
will = would
Reporting Verb Past n‡j Indirect Speech G- wKQy -Time Ges Place adverb
cwiewZ©Z nq :
Now then
Ago before
Last the previous
Next the following
This that
Here there
Today that day
Yesterday the day before

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Reported Speech Gi Others Change:

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Sentence Reporting Verb Joining with
Assertive told that
Interrogative asked, inquired if/WH
Imperative advised, ordered ... to
Optative prayed,(Allah/God) that
wished (Shidhuly/..)
Exclamatory exclaimed with that

joy, grief, surprise..
GQvovI †¶Î we‡k‡l :
ï‡f”Qv, mycÖfvZ †evSv‡j = wish/wished (that e‡m

bv-|)
we`vq †evSv‡j = bid/bade (that e‡m bv-|)
Kvgbv †evSv‡j = strongly wish/desire
m‡¤^vab c` ev Vocative _vK‡j = 01. Addressing + NP/
=02. Addressing + NP + as + NP
(What = great, How = very)
Shall I/We, Gi wZbwU eënvi:

1. Request for advice. (What shall I do sir?)
2. Offers. (Shall I give you a cup of tea?)
3. Suggestion. (Shall we go to the cinema?)
Passage Narration Gi †¶‡Î :
1. so___________________________that is why
2. 2wU Sentence h_vµ‡g _vK‡j ______ added that
3. ‡Kvb Question Gi Answer w`‡j__replied that
4. Answer-“Yes” n‡j ____________in the affirmative
5. Answer-“No” n‡j _____________in the negative
6. But (Amyšy—wó †evSv‡j)___________expressed
dissatisfaction
7. wbðqZv †evSv‡Z ___________________ assured
8. GKUv K_vi cwi‡cw¶‡Z- Ab¨ GKwU K_v ej‡j____ then

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Date :
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Time :
Lecture # : 007.
Noun: Any name is a Noun. ‡h kã Øviv †KvbwKQ~i bvg

eySvq-ZvB- Noun |
Shidhuly lives in Dhaka. She is a beautiful girl. She

reads books. She loves her family. She likes cooking.
But she does eat enough for her sound health.
GLv‡b,
Shidhuly = e¨w³i bvg-| (Person)
Dhaka = ¯’v‡bi bvg-| (Place)
girl = GK †kªbxi gvby‡li bvg-| (Member of a class)
books = e¯‘i bvg-| (Things)
family = mgwói bvg-| (A group of person/animal
/things)
cooking =GKwU we‡kl Kv‡Ri bvg-| (Action/activities)
health = ‡Kvb ¸b ev Ae¯’vi bvg-| (Qualities, emotions/
conditions of people/things
Noun Derived from Verbs:

er’ – as in - driver, player, writer
or’ - as in - editor, visitor, actor
ant’ – as in - servant, attendant, assistant
ist’ – as in - scientist, chemist, typist
age’ – as in - leakage, drainage, coverage

al’ – as in - arrival, refusal, approval
ance’ – as in – attendance, appearance, performance
ery’ – as in – discovery, recovery, delivery
ment’– as in– agreement, arrangement, advancement
sion’ – as in – decision, division, expansion
tion’ – as in – education, solution, attention
ure’ – as in – failure, closure, departure
Noun Derived from Adjective:
ance, ence’ – as in- importance, permanence, absence
ity’ – as in – ability, equality, activity
ness’ – as in – darkness, kindness, happiness
th’ – as in – strength, length, truth

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Countable Nouns: ‡hme Noun †Mvbv hvq-| GK. `yB, wZb .. ..

Uncountable Nouns: ‡hme Noun †Mvbv hvq bv-| GK. `yB, wZb .. ..
Making Singular Nouns into Plural Nouns: (Adding -suffix/letter/syllable)
1. AwaKvsk Noun Gi †k‡l “s’” †hvM K‡i Plural Kiv nq-

(Boys, girls, books)
2. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l - s, x, ch, sh, _v‡K , Zv‡ì ms‡M-

“es” hy³ nq-| (glasses, boxes, watches, brushes)
3. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l- ‘y’ Ges c~‡e© consonant _v‡K

, Zv‡ì ms‡M “es” hy³ Ki‡Z nq, Z‡e- ‘y’ †K ‘i’ G
cwibZ K‡i wb‡Z nq Av‡M-| ( copies, babies)
4. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l ‘y’ Ges c~‡e© vowel _v‡K ,

Zv‡ì ms‡M “s” hy³ Ki‡Z nq, Z‡e- ‘y’ †K cwieZ©b
bv K‡iB-| (toys, keys)
5. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l ‘o’ Ges c~‡e© consonant _v‡K

, Zv‡ì ms‡M - “es” hy³ Ki‡Z nq-| (tomatoes, heroes)
6. ‡hme Noun Gi †k‡l ‘f’ / ‘fe’ _v‡K , Dnv‡ì cwie‡Z©

‘ v’ Ges “es” hy³ Ki‡Z nq-| (wives, leaves)
7. wKQy wKQy Noun Gi †fZ‡i cwieZ©b Kiv nq-|

(men, teeth)
8. Compound-Noun ‡K Plural Ki‡Z g~j k‡ãi ms‡M “s”

†hvM Ki‡Z nq-| (fathers-in-law, passers-by)
9. wKQ~ Noun Gi Singular & Plural GKB iKg nq-|

(deer, fish)
10. KZK ¸‡jv Noun me mgqB Plural nq-| (people, cloths)
11. wKQy Noun Av‡Q - hviv †Kvb wbqg Qvov (Dc‡iv³)

wfbœ g‡Zv nq-| (oxen, children)
Gfv‡e Noun †K Plural ev eûePb Kiv hvq- hv Noun Gi

GKwU wPý-|

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01. Countable Noun ‡K Plural Kiv hv‡e-| Singular n‡j, c~‡e© a/an em‡e-|
02. Uncountable Noun ‡K Plural Kiv hv‡ebv-| c~‡e© a/an em‡e bv-|
Uncountable Nouns:
1. Fluids: water, milk, oil, ink
2. Gases: hydrogen, oxygen, air, smoke
3. Natural Phenomena: electricity, heat, darkness
4. Material too small
to be counted: sand, salt,rice
5. Academic deciplines: mathematics, geography,
6. Other Intangibles: information, knowledge
7. Abstraction: love, sympathy, courage
8. Diseases: cholera, malaria, diabetics
9. Language: Bengali, English, Chines
10. Games: Cricket, Football, Chess
11. Solid Substances: earth, bread, cotton, nylon
12. Verbal Nouns: cooking, walking, packing
Uncountable Noun Õ†K †hfv‡e Countable Noun G cwibZ Kiv hvq:
Numaral + Measure Words + of +Uncountable

Noun
01. Container Based = a bottle of milk

two glasses of water
a bag of rice
three jars of sugar
a cup of tea
02. Portion Based = a slice of bread
two pieces of furniture
a heap of earth
a pinch of salt
03. Length Related = a foot of water
two years of string
a mile of cable
04. Area Based = five acres of land
05. Volume Based = a litre of petrol
two liters of milk
06. Weight Based = a pound of butter
three tons of wheat
07. Abstract Ideas, Quality= a word of advice
an item of news
a bit of luck
an attack of influenza

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__________________________________________________________
Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 008.
Modifier: ‡h kã Noun Gi c~‡e© ev c‡i e‡m ‡mB Noun †K Modify

ev we‡kwlZ K‡i-|
Pre-modifier: ‡h Modifier ¸‡jv Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m-|

01. Determiners
02. Adjectives
03. Noun-Adjective
Post-modifiers: ‡h Modifier ¸‡jv Noun Gi c‡i e‡m-|
01. Prepositional Phrases
02. Appositives
03. Adverbs
04. Participle
05. Infinitives
Determiners: 01. Articles.(a, an, the)
02. Demonstrative. (this, that, these, those)
03. Possessive.(My, his, her, your, its, their, Shidhuly’s)
04. Numerals. (Two, three, or any number)
05. Quantifiers. (all, both, some, any, no, every, each,
either, neither, few, a few, little, a little, many)
01. Singular Noun: (a, an, every, each, either, neither, this, that, my, no, all, some,
any)
02. Plural Noun: (these, those, both, few, a few, many, several, any numeral other
than ‘one, my, no, all, some, any)
03. Uncountable: (little, a little, much, a lot of, a great deal of, this, that, my, no,
all, some, any)
Use of The: 01. b`x, mvMi, mg~‡`ªi bv‡gi c~‡e©-|

02. ce©Zgvjvi c~‡e©-|
03. ev`¨h‡š¿i c~‡e©-|
04. Abb¨ cÖvK…wZK e¯‘i c~‡e©-|
05. evox ev mgv‡Ri cwiwPZ e¨w³ ev e¯‘i c~‡e©-|
06. ‡KvbwKQyi wØZxqevi D‡jL Ki‡j-|
07. Uncountable Noun Gi c‡i hw` Modifiers _v‡K-|
08. ‡Kvb †kªbxi mKjÕ‡K †evSv‡Z-|
09. hyM ev HwZnvwmK NUbv, ivR‰bwZK `j, msev`cÎ,
AvBb cÖ‡qvnKvix ms¯’v, mvgwiK I †emvgwiK ms¯’vi..
.. bv‡gi c~‡e©-|
10. Awbw`©ó cwigvb, ev wbw`©ó msL¨vi c‡i †h “of
phrase” e‡m, Zvi ms‡M e‡m|
‡h me †¶‡Î The e‡m bv : (e¨w³ ev ¯’v‡bi bvg, Family Circle Gi g‡aª, Uncountable
noun in Generic sense, Public Institutions, Meals)
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__________________________________________________________
Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 009.
Model Auxiliaries: Main Verb Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ‡mB Verb Gi wewfbœ
`„wófw½ cÖKvk K‡i-| wKš‘ wb‡R e¨w³MZ †Kvb A_©
†bq bv-|
01. Can: (Ability, Permission)
02. Could: (Past ability, Polite request)
03. May/Might: (Permission, Guess about future)
04. Shall: (To know opinion, To propose something)
05. Should: (Obligation, Duty, Advisability, Natural inference)
06. Will: (Future action, Polite request)
07. Would: (Polite request, Past form of will)
08. Must: (Compulsion/Necessity, Logical deduction)
09. Need: (To mean ‘No-need’, Something that was not needed in past)
10. Dare: (Dare to do something) .interrogative/negative
11. Used to: (Past habit)
12. Am to: (An arrangement, An order/command, Destiny)
13. Be going to: (Future intention, Strong probability)
14. Had better: (To mean-Better doing something)
15. Ought to: (As like should , but stronger – indicate future)
Using Model Auxiliaries we need not to use –‘s’ / ‘es’ in the place of 3 rd Person
Singular Number (he, she, Shidhuly, it).

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Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 010.
Subject-Verb Agreement: Sentence Gi Subject – Noun n‡j, Gi Subject Ges Verb

Gi g‡a¨ ‡h Agrement ev wgj _vK‡Z nq-|
Subject-Verb Agreement Gi wKQy wKQy cÖavb wbqg:
1. Rule-01: Subject- 3rd Person Singular Number n‡j-

Verb- Singular n‡e| (“s”/ “es”/ “has”/ “will”)
2. Rule-02: Subject- Plural n‡j- Verb- Plural n‡e|
3. Rule-03: ‡h Noun ¸‡jv Group of Person/ Animal/

/Things … BZ¨vw` eySvq, Zv‡ì †¶‡Î Verb _
Singular/Plural n‡e-| (Government, Committee)
(British English=Plural, American = Singular)
4. Rule-04: Noun Gi ‡k‡l ‘s’ ev ‘ics’ _vK‡j, Zv- Singular

n‡e-| (News, Physics)
5. Rule-05: eB Gi bvg Plural n‡jI Verb Singular n‡e-|

(Gulliver’s Travels, Great Expectations)
6. Rule-06: Plural Unit-words of distance, money I

time Gi †¶‡Î Verb Singular n‡e-| (100 miles, 5
years)
7. Rule-07: Arithmetical Operation Gi c‡i Verb

Singular e‡m-| ( Two and two, Two minus two, Two
times two, Two divided two)
8. Rule-08: “Either… or”, Ges “Neither…nor” Gi †¶‡Î

Proximity Rule †g‡b Pj‡e, A_©vr-Noun wbKUZg
Verb Gi mv‡_ Agree Ki‡e-|
9. Rule-09: Fraction and Percentage Gi †¶‡Î:

a. Uncountable Noun____ Singular Verb
b. Plural Noun __________ Plural Verb
c. Collective Noun _______ Singular/Plural Verb
(One-half, Two-third, Fifty percent). (Population)
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10. Rule-10:
a. None of the:
i. Uncountable ____ Singular Verb
ii. Plural ____ Singular/Plural Verb
(None of the information, pens)
b. All:
i. Uncountable ____ Singular Verb
ii. Plural ____ Singular/Plural Verb
(All the information, pens)
c. Each: me©`vB ____ Singular Verb

d. Every: me©`vB ____ Singular Verb
e. A number of: Gi c‡i ____ Plural Verb
(A number of students)
f. The number of: Gi c‡i ____ Singular Verb
(The number of students)
11. Rule-11:
a. A set with ‘two’, & “Pair” ___ Singular Verb
(Pair of shoes)
b. A set with ‘two’, Not “Pair” ___ Plural Verb
( shoes)
12. Rule-12: Singular Subject Noun Gi †¶‡Î-
a. Together with _____ Singular Verb

b. Along with ________ Singular Verb
c. As well as _________ Singular Verb
d. Not others ________ Singular Verb
(Shidhuly, together with her friends …)
wKQy mgm¨v:
Shidhuly is one of those girls who have/has come out
successful in the B.C.S. examination.
Have =Traditional grammar (The Antecedent= students)

Has = Native Speaker (The Antecedent= one)-Better.
Rahim is one of the students who/that has ever come

to this department.
Shidhuly is one of those girls who takes regular
exercise.
I am one of those who does believe in Socialism.

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__________________________________________________________
Date :
Time :
Lecture # : 011.
Something More About Tense:
1. Do, Have, Be n‡”Q _____ Primary Auxiliaries.
2. Do Gi Non-negative (do, does, did) form wU e³‡eï

Dci †Rvi †Ìqvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq-|
3. Simple Present/Present Indefinite Gi Basic Use:
a. General Truth
b. Customs & Habit
c. Future Action (By Adding future time)
d. Present Moment
4. Present Continuous Gi Basic Use:
a. Action in Progress
b. Temporary Activity
c. Future Action (Mention time)
d. Emotional Comment on Present Habit
5. Some Verbs can’t be Used in Present Continuous:
i. Verbs of Sensory Perception.

(see, hear, taste, smell) /Appointed – I
am seeing a doctor.
ii. Verbs of Mental Perception.
(know, believe, doubt, understand,
remember)
iii. Verbs of Measurement.
(weight, cost, measure, equal)
iv. Verbs of Relationship.
(have, own, contain, belong)
v. Verbs of Emotion.
(want, desire, love, hate, like, dislike)

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6. Present Perfect Gi Basic Use:
a. Recently Completed Action
b. Events of the Past which have become a part
of Experience now.
c. A Situation that began in the Past and
Continuous up to the Present. (can’t mention
past time)
7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

a. A phrase introduced by “since” (by
mentioning when it is being started)
b. A phrase introduced by “for” (by mentioning
the time that it is continuing for)
c. Less Expression. (lately)
8. Past Perfect:
a. Previous/Late Past in “Past Perfect”, another
Past Indefinite, (Both can be Indefinite too)
9. Past Perfect Continuous:

a. An Action/Habit taking place over a period of
time in the past period to some other Past
Event. Duration of Time is more focused here.
10. Future Tense G “will” †h †Kvb ‘Person’ Gi †¶‡Î

eënvi Kiv hvq-|
11. Future Perfect Tense:
a. To mention that an act will happen before a
specific future-time in future. ( By adding -
“by’, “before”)
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: hv eZ©gv‡b

Pj‡Q Ges fwel¨‡Z GKwU mgq ch©š— Pj‡e | G‡Z
Duration Gi Dci †Rvi †`qv nq Ges `y‡Uv Time
Expression eëüZ nq-|
a. Duration = for … months/years
b. Might happen in the future in a specific time.
How to Write Discourse:
GKwU Composition G GKvwaK ev‡Kï g‡a¨- ÕG‡K-
A‡b¨ †h wbweo m¤úK©-|
1. Using a Specific Basic Time. (Present, Past, Future)
2. Using - Present or, Past.
3. (Present + Future) is okay.
4. (Present + Past) is forbidden.
5. If, (Past + Future) - Use the Past Form of Future
auxiliaries.
21
6.
Previous/Late Past in “Past Perfect Tense”
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How to find out Tense:

1. Find the Finite Verb.
2. Is this -Present/Past/Future?
3. Is it Continuous?
4. If, Present:
a. GB gvÎ n‡q‡Q/ N‡U‡Q/ †kl n‡q‡Q ? (B‡qwQ,
B‡q‡Qv, B‡q‡Q..) = Perfect
b. nq, n‡q _v‡K, nIqvi Af¨vm Av‡Q .. .. =
Indefinite.
5. If, Past:
a. MZ mgq D‡jL _vK‡j = Indefinite.
b. MZ mgq D‡jL bv _vK‡j = Perfect
6. Tense Abyhvqx Sentence MVb g‡b Kiv-|
7. MVb Abyhvqx Subject +Verb+ Object Ges Ab¨vbœ kã
ewm‡q †bqv-|
How to Change the form of Voice:
1. Find the Transitive Verb.
2. Be confirm about the Object ( ÓwKÓ ev ÓKv‡KÕÓ
Øviv ...)
3. What is the Tense of the Sentence?
4. Passive-Auxiliary g‡b Kiv-|
5. Passive MVb Abyhvqx .. ..emv‡bv-| (Obj. + Passive
.Auxiliary + V.p.p + by + Sub.)
How to Change the form of Speech:
1. Watch the Tense of Reporting Verb. (Is it Past?)
2. What kind of Sentence the Reporting Speech is!
(Assertie/ Interrogative/ Imperative/ Optative/.. ..)
3. Joining word (that/if-WH/to/that/that)
4. Change the Person of Reporting Speech. (Case,
Number, Gender)]
a. 1st = Sub
b. 2nd = Obj
c. 3rd = No change.
5. Make Reported Speech as Assertive.
How to Translate into English:
1. Verb
2. Tense
3. Tense Abyhvqx MVb-|
4. Kx ai‡bi Sentence ?
5. Sub + Verb + Obj. + …(Verb Gi iƒc Tense Abyhvqx
n‡e|)
How to Make Negative:
22
Subject +Aux.Verb/do/does/did + not + Verb + Object.
How to Make Interrogative:

Aux.Verb/ do/does/did + Subject + Verb + Object?


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1

Shidhuly’s READING ROOM

Language : g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi gva¨g|

Simple : GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv ev Finite Verb mn evK¨|

“Learn Your Own Way”

Tense : Verb ev, ÔwµqvÕ msNwUZ nevi Õmgq, ev ‡m KvÕi‡b

: Shidhuly has sung a song.

MVb: ( Subject + have been/has been + Verb Gi mv‡_

“Learn Your Own Way”

Shidhuly’s READING ROOM

Past Perfect: AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb KvR n‡qwQ‡jv, N‡UwQ‡jv... Giƒc

MVb: ( Subject + had been + Verb Gi mv‡_ ing +

“Learn Your Own Way”

Shidhuly’s READING ROOM

MVb: (Subject +shall be/will be +VerbGi mv‡_

“Learn Your Own Way”

Shidhuly’s READING ROOM

Voice: Verb Gi GK cÖKvi MVbZvwš¿K Av‡jvPbv †hLv‡b IB

Transative Verb: ‡h Verb Gi Object ev Kg©© Av‡QÑ|

Active Sentence: Subject + Verb + Object.

How to Make an Active into a Passive:

1. Active-Subject into Passive-Object

e. Past Indefinite Tense : was/ were

“Learn Your Own Way”

Shidhuly’s READING ROOM

j. Future Continuous Tense : shall be being/

k. Future Perfect Tense : shall have been/ will

Tense (I eat rice.) Active-Verb Passive-Verb

Present Indefinite: eat is eaten

Past Indefinite: ate was eaten

Future Indefinite: shall eat will be eaten

Quasi-Passive: †hLv‡b Verb - Gi MVb Active Gi g‡Zv wKš‘, A_©-

Basic Uses of Passive Voice:

“Learn Your Own Way”

Passive of Imperative Sentence:

Active: Help the poor.

Active: I know what he thinks.

Some Exception Passives:

Nobody could give the answer.(Act.) ___The answer

We must listen to his words.(Act.)____ His words must

We ought to respect him.(Act.)____He ought to be

I enjoyed watching T.V.(Act.)____Watching T.V. was

I remember them taking me to zoo.(Act.)___I remember

He decided to sell the house.(Act.)___He decided that

He made us work.(Act.) We were made to work.(Pass.)

People said that he was a poet.(Act.)____It was said that

“Learn Your Own Way”

Narration: e¨Ki‡bi †mB cvV- †hLv‡b e³v ev Speaker Gi Dw³

Direct Speech: ‡hLv‡b e³vi Dw³ mivmwi ev Quotation Marks w`‡q

01. Shidhuly = Speaker/Reporter/Subject

Indirect: Shidhuly told me that she loved poetry.

How to Make a Direct Speech into an Indirect Speech:

Reported Speech Gi Person Change:

1. Reported Speech Gi -1st person ____ Reporting Verb

2. Reported Speech Gi-2nd person ____ Reporting Verb

3. Reported Speech Gi -3rd person ____ cwieZ©b n‡e

Reported Speech Gi Tense Change:

1. Reporting Verb Present/Future Tense n‡j ____

2. Reporting Verb Past Tense n‡j ____ Reported

“Learn Your Own Way”

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect