Teringie WMP Final Small

Teringie Wetland Complex
MANAGEMENT PLAN 2006
LAPS
Lower Murray Local Action Planning Groups
Kjartan Tumi Bjornsson
This management plan was written by Kjartan Tumi Bjornsson for the Coorong District Local
Action Plan Committee, and reviewed and endorsed by the SA River Murray Wetland Technical
Group.
Funding was provided by the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality, the Natural
Heritage Trust, and the River Murray Catchment Water Management Board.
The management plan has been prepared according to the Guidelines for developing wetland
management plans for the River Murray in South Australia 2003 (River Murray Catchment Water
Management Board et al. 2003) and as such fulfils obligations under the Water Allocation Plan for
the River Murray Prescribed Watercourse.
Disclaimer:
The Coorong District Local Action Plan Committee do not guarantee that the publication is without
flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaim all
liability for any error, loss or other consequences which may arise from you relying on any
information in this publication.
Cite as:
Bjornsson, K. T. (2006). Teringie Wetland Complex Management Plan. Coorong District Local
Action Plan Committee, Tintinara.
Acknowledgements:
This wetland management plan has been developed with the support of a number of organisations,
community groups and individuals. Special thanks go to Adrienne Frears and Jem Tesoriero for
assistance with the draft. Ian Baird and Kim Rumbelow of Greening Australia for their cooperation
in the restoration of the Teringie Wetland Complex.
Thanks also go to those that contributed their knowledge including; Derek Gollan, Derek Walker
and Steven Walker of the Ngarrindjeri nation (traditional landowner cultural values) the Teringie
Wetland Complex landowners, Richard and Alison Hancock landowners of a large part of the
Southern Basin of the Teringie Wetland Complex, the River Murray Catchment Water Management
Board, SA MDB NRM Board and the members of the South Australian River Murray Wetland
Technical Group.
For further details contact:
Coorong District LAP
PO Box 1021
Tintinara SA 5266
Phone: (08) 8757 2100
Fax: (08) 8757 2222
Photographs:
Cover photograph: Top Teringie wetland complex dry (TB),
Middle photographs: Teringie Wetland Complex permanently wet depression (TB)
Bottom: Teringie Wetland Complex and lake shore (TB)
Photographs in document by Tumi Bjornsson (TB), Jem Tesoriero (JT)
© Coorong District Local Action Plan 2006

Teringie Wetland Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF MAPS .......................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... iv
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
Section 1.01 Environmental, Social and Cultural Significance of wetland ............................. 1
(a) History of Teringie Wetland Complex ........................................................................... 2
Section 1.02 Why does Teringie Wetland Complex need a management plan? ................... 3
(a) Mission Statement ....................................................................................................... 3
(b) Vision Statement ......................................................................................................... 3
(c) Broad Objectives ......................................................................................................... 3
(d) Current Achievements ................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 2. SITE DESCRIPTION OF TERINGIE WETLAND COMPLEX ................................... 5
Section 2.01 Wetland Location and description .................................................................... 5
Section 2.02 Survey Sites, Dates & Locations ...................................................................... 7
Section 2.03 PHYSICAL FEATURES ................................................................................... 8
(a) Teringie Wetland Complex in Current State ................................................................. 8
(b) Geomorphology, Geology And Soils .......................................................................... 10
(c) Climate ...................................................................................................................... 10
(d) Wetland Volumes and Water Requirements for various filling stages ........................ 10
(e) Surface and Groundwater Features ........................................................................... 11
Section 2.04 ECOLOGICAL FEATURES ............................................................................ 17
(a) Flora .......................................................................................................................... 17
(b) Fauna ........................................................................................................................ 19
Chapter 3. SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL VALUES .................................................. 23
Chapter 4. LAND TENURE, JURISDICTION AND MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS ..... 24
Section 4.01 LAND TENURE .............................................................................................. 24
Section 4.02 LAND AND WATER USE ............................................................................... 24
Section 4.03 JURISDICTION AND MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY ...................................... 25
Section 4.04 ACCESS ........................................................................................................ 25
Section 4.05 CONTACT DETAILS ...................................................................................... 25
Chapter 5. THREATS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO TERINGIE WETLAND COMPLEX 26
Chapter 6. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES .............................................................................. 29
Chapter 7. IMPLEMENTATION OF PLAN ............................................................................... 32
Section 7.01 ON GROUND ACTION AND TIMETABLE ..................................................... 36
Section 7.02 WETLAND WATER OPERATIONAL PLAN ................................................... 38
Chapter 8. MONITORING ....................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 9. EVALUATION, REVIEW AND REPORTING .......................................................... 42
i
Section 9.01 Evaluation and Review ................................................................................... 42
Section 9.02 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 10. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 43
Appendix A. Wetlands Atlas Data for Wetland Main Body .......................................................... 46
Appendix B. Surface Water Archive Graph ................................................................................ 47
Appendix C. Baseline Survey Locations (Source SKM (2004)) .................................................. 48
Appendix D. Baseline Survey DEM (Source SKM (2004)) .......................................................... 49
Appendix E. Baseline Survey Groundwater ............................................................................... 51
Appendix F. Baseline Survey Vegetation Zones ........................................................................ 56
Appendix G. Species List for Teringie Wetland Complex ........................................................ 57
Section G.01 FLORA ........................................................................................................... 57
Section G.02 WETLAND AND FLOODPLAIN FAUNA ......................................................... 58
(a) Birds of Teringie Surrounds and Lower Lakes ........................................................... 58
Appendix H. Evaporation and precipitation obtained using the Wetland Loss Calculator. ....... 61
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Marjorie and Norman Rumbelow, on the beach, Teringie, Lake Alexanrina, C. 1930.
Raukkan (Point McLeay) in the background. ........................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Location 1, Most northern lagoon 17/03/05 (TB) .............................................................. 9
Figure 3: Location 1, Most northern lagoon 28/09/05 (TB) .............................................................. 9
Figure 4: Location 2, A normally dry wetland inundated (TB) .......................................................... 9
Figure 5: Location 3, Habitat availability for waders at one lagoon (TB) .......................................... 9
Figure 6: Location 4, permanent wetland 25/11/05 (TB) .................................................................. 9
Figure 7: Location 4, permanent wetland (TB) ................................................................................ 9
Figure 8: Location 5, Wet condition of the surrounding land (TB) .................................................... 9
Figure 9: Location 5, Wet condition of the surrounding land (TB) .................................................... 9
Figure 10: Wet condition of the southern most lagoon 25/11/05 (TB) ............................................ 10
Figure 11: Erosion of the lakeside banks 27/01/06 (TB) ................................................................ 10
Figure 12: Lakeside banks with foredunes 25/11/05 (TB).............................................................. 10
Figure 13: Area of Teringie used for volume estimates (SKM 2004) ............................................. 11
Figure 14: Rollover Dune formation adapted from (Davis and FitzGerald 2004) ............................ 15
Figure 15: Location 4, Sand bank build up due to waves (TB)....................................................... 16
Figure 16: Location 4, Waves bringing water into wetland (TB) ..................................................... 16
Figure 17: Sand bank build up on Lake Alexandrina foreshore following a storm 24/10/03 (JT) .... 16
Figure 18: Grass growing through deposited sand, on Lake Alexandrina foreshore, binding it
30/8/04 (JT) ........................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 19: Offshore reeds 27/01/06 (TB) ....................................................................................... 23
Figure 20: Offshore reeds 27/01/06 (TB) ....................................................................................... 23
Figure 21: Juncus acutus (JT) ....................................................................................................... 26
Figure 22: Juncus acutus detail far right, left and centre native species (JT) ................................. 26
Figure 23: Flow Channel at OGW1 (TB) ....................................................................................... 34
Figure 28: Lake Alexandrina water level at Narrung Jetty (10 year period) ................................... 47
iii
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Teringie wetland complex location ...................................................................................... 6
Map 2: Map of wetland complex monitoring locations ..................................................................... 8
Map 3: Major depressions and channels identified by Woodward-Clyde (2000) (adapted from
(Woodward-Clyde 2000)) ...................................................................................................... 14
Map 4: Cadastral boundaries covering Teringie wetland complex and surrounds. ........................ 24
Map 5: Teringie existing and planned stock fences ....................................................................... 32
Map 6: On-groundwork and expected water movement and inundation within Teringie wetland
complex................................................................................................................................. 33
Map 7: On-groundwork site 1 (OGW01) ........................................................................................ 35
Map 8: On-groundwork site 2 (OGW02) ........................................................................................ 36
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Baseline survey monitoring of following parameters .......................................................... 7
Table 2: Summary of wetland volumes within Teringie wetland complex (adapted from (SKM
2004)) ................................................................................................................................... 11
Table 3: Water quality (SKM 2004) ............................................................................................... 11
Table 4: Groundwater monitoring locations (SKM 2004) ............................................................... 17
Table 5: Groundwater salinity EC (ms/cm) .................................................................................... 17
Table 6: Teringie Lakeshore Wetland Plant List 25/11/05 ............................................................. 18
Table 7: Habitat features identified in Teringie wetland complex table adapted from (SKM 2004). 20
Table 8: Native fish ....................................................................................................................... 21
Table 9: Introduced fish................................................................................................................. 21
Table 10: Teringie wetland complex responsible positions contact details .................................... 25
Table 11: Existing and prospective threats to Teringie wetland complex ....................................... 27
Table 12: Management objectives for Teringie wetland complex. ................................................. 30
Table 13: Potential surface areas inundated following on-groundwork .......................................... 33
Table 14: Implementation plan for Teringie wetland complex land based activities. ...................... 37
Table 15: Water use calculation at average lake height ................................................................ 39
Table 16: Monitoring plan for Teringie wetland complex................................................................ 41
Table 17: Teringie wetland complex, Wetland atlas data (Jensen, Paton et al. 1996) ................... 46
Table 18: Plant Associations at Teringie wetland complex (adapted from River Murray Wetlands
Baseline Survey (SKM 2004)) ............................................................................................... 57
Table 19: Bird species identified at Teringie wetland complex (adapted from River Murray
Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004))................................................................................ 58
Table 20: Water birds at 23 sites bordering Lakes Alexandrina and Albert (adapted from (Gosbell
2004)) ................................................................................................................................... 58
Table 21: Calculated water loss (evaporation – precipitation) from the Wetland Loss Calculator for
the North Basin ..................................................................................................................... 61
iv
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Since the adoption of the Water Allocation Plan for the River Murray in 2002 the wetlands of South
Australia have an annual water allocation of 200GL. To access this water allocation for wetland
management, a licence is now required.
The allocation of water required for Teringie Wetland Complex is mainly in response to Section
5.1. Objectives of the Water Allocation Plan for the River Murray (River Murray Catchment Water
Management Board 2002) Principle:
2 “Provide for the water needs of water-dependent ecosystems” and
6(e) “Provide for the allocation and use of water to prevent adverse impacts on the health,
biodiversity status of habitat value of floodplains, or wetlands of conservation significance”
Teringie Wetland Complex is listed in the Water Allocation Plan for the River Murray (River
Murray Catchment Water Management Board 2002) and has therefore a right to access to the
200GL. This wetland management plan is structured in accordance with the criteria set out in the
Guidelines for developing wetland management plans for the River Murray in South Australia
(River Murray Catchment Water Management Board and Department of Water Land and
Biodiversity Conservation 2003).
SECTION 1.01 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF

WETLAND
The Wetland Atlas of the South Australian Murray Valley (Jensen et al. 1996) listed Teringie
Wetland Complex as having a moderate conservation value and to be of international, national,
basin and local importance (see Appendix A on page 46). The Teringie wetland complex was
identified by Woodward-Clyde (2000) as being one of to six priority wetlands for restoration
around the Lower Lakes.
Australia is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of National and International
Significance and was the first nation to establish a Ramsar site. Ramsar listing recognises the
importance of wetlands on an international scale on the basis of ecological, botanical, zoological,
limnological or hydrological criteria with includes the role a wetland plays as a waterbird habitat
(Bjornsson et al. 2002; National Wetlands Program 1998). Teringie is adjoined to Lake Alexandrina
which is listed in the Ramsar area “The Coorong, Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert” listed 1 st
November 1985 (National Wetlands Program 1998), which provide habitats for a number of water
birds including migratory species (see box). A part of the vision statement for the Coorong, and
Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Ramsar Management Plan includes the protection and restoration of
natural habitats and the restoration of viable native species (Anonymous 2000), this management
plan is a contribution towards this vision.
“The Coorong, Lake Alexandrina & Lake Albert. 01/11/85; South Australia; 140,500 ha;
35º40‟S 139º00‟E. National Park, Game Reserves and Crown Land; Shorebird Network Site. A
saline to hypersaline lagoon separated from the ocean by a dune peninsula and connected to
two lakes forming a wetland system at the river‟s mouth. The lakes contain fresh to brackish
water. The site is of international importance for migratory waterbirds, providing habitat for more
than 30% of the waders summering in Australia. The site includes important nesting colonies of
cormorants, herons, egrets, ibises and terns. The globally endangered Orange-bellied Parrot
(Neophema chrysogaster) over-winters on the reserve. Human activities include camping,
boating and regulated duck hunting. The area is noted for its extensive aboriginal, historic and
geological sites. Ramsar site no. 321.” (Peck 2000).
1
(a) HISTORY OF TERINGIE WETLAND COMPLEX
A short timeline of management at Teringie Wetland Complex (some data from local anecdotal
evidence):
Salinisation of the Lower Lakes following settlement until the construction of the barrages
(Sim et al. 2004)
Construction of channel 30 years ago into northern part of wetland with the purpose of
restoring the wetland (or at least some of the basins in the complex). The intention was to
restore the cultural value of the wetland with healthy growth of vegetation (basket weaving
reeds, bush foods etc.) and bring back the water birds (D. Walker pers. com)
Teringie grazed since the establishment of the Point McLeay Mission in 1859 (State Library
of South Australia)
2000 included in the survey of wetlands around the lower lakes Identification of Potential
Wetland Rehabilitation Sites (Woodward-Clyde 2000)
2003-2004 included in River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004)
The photograph Figure 1, courtesy of Ken Strother, shows Teringie wetland complex lakeshore in
the 1930‟s.
Figure 1: Marjorie and Norman Rumbelow, on the beach, Teringie, Lake Alexanrina, C.
1930. Raukkan (Point McLeay) in the background.
2
SECTION 1.02 WHY DOES TERINGIE WETLAND COMPLEX NEED A MANAGEMENT

PLAN?
The Teringie Wetland Complex has over time been degraded to the extent that limited native
vegetation remains, and the majority of the surrounding area is dominated by the introduced pasture
and weed species such as veldt grass Ehrharta calycina and African boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum.
Information on the natural inundation or hydrological regime and the wetland condition is very
scarce, and to a large part only anecdotal. It is clear, however, that many changes to both the
hydrology and flora of the area have occurred partly since the regulation of the river and partly due
to introduced land use practices following settlement.
(a) MISSION STATEMENT
To restore the wetland condition for cultural values of the Ngarrindjeri nation as well as for
ecological values such as habitat values (wetland fringing and aquatic vegetation) for the benefit of
waterbirds, native fish species and native vegetation.
(b) VISION STATEMENT
The vision for Teringie wetland complex is a restored semi permanent wetland fulfilling a diversity
of habitat requirements for both water birds and for native fish species. It is envisaged that the
wetland will be a „healthy‟ shallow clear wetland with a high diversity of macrophytes (emergent
and submerged) providing habitat for native fish and birds. The wetland would as a consequence be
expected to have regular visits by water birds, including migratory species. The riparian area would
be restored, through the active removal of weed species and the encouragement of the
growth/reestablishment of native fringing vegetation. The restoration of the riparian areas through
planting of Melaleucas and other suitable species would also be envisaged.
(c) BROAD OBJECTIVES
The management of the wetland, due to a change in legislation, now requires a water licence, for
which a detailed operational management plan needs to be developed. The objectives listed below,
and in detail in Chapter 6 on page 29, fulfil a number of the water allocation criteria from Section
5.3 of the Water Allocation Plan for the River Murray (River Murray Catchment Water
Management Board 2002). Once the wetland restoration has been achieved through the
reinstatement of an appropriate water regime and on-groundwork, the wetland would need to be
maintained. The maintenance of a restored wetland, fulfilling the functions described above and
without an adverse impact on adjacent farming operations, wetland and lake salinity or fish habitat
requirements would involve regular monitoring and adequate timely response to any issues that
arose. The maintenance phase would require regular monitoring of water quality, bird life, fish and
other aquatic dependent species as well as aquatic and fringing vegetation.
The broad objectives of the wetland restoration include:
Restore wetland (hydrological regime and water quality)
Restore native aquatic and fringing vegetation and therefore habitat for native fauna
Restore habitat diversity for water birds and aquatic wildlife:
o Birds - assist to maintain diversity in the Ramsar area
o Fish - increase diversity and abundance
o Frogs - increase abundance and maintain (or increase) diversity
o Tortoises - provide breeding and nesting habitat
Monitor the impact of restored hydrology regime for adaptive management
3
(d) CURRENT ACHIEVEMENTS
The surrounding landholders have a grazing management plan implemented. The wetland shoreline
has been fenced off to exclude stock. This fencing is to be extended to include a larger section of
the wetland complex as can be seen in Map 5 on page 32. The Hancock‟s have fenced of the
wetland area within their property boundary and commenced revegetation work.
4
Chapter 2. SITE DESCRIPTION OF TERINGIE WETLAND

COMPLEX
SECTION 2.01 WETLAND LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
Teringie wetland complex is listed as wetland number S0019 in the Wetlands Atlas (Jensen, Paton
et al. 1996) and is part of the Lake Alexandrina fringing wetland complex. The wetland is located
approximately 3 km south west of the Raukkan community within the Coorong District Council
area (Map 1 on page 6). AMG coordinates 328147E 6066392N (Grid Zone 54). Teringie can be
found on the 1:50,000 Narrung map sheet number 6726-4. The wetland is found in the Hundred of
Baker. See Appendix A for more information.
The wetland complex is listed as having areas of both permanent and temporary water regimes and
considered to cover an area of 409 ha (Jensen, Paton et al. 1996), of which 270 ha is to have an
altered hydrology as discussed in this wetland management plan. However only 30.9 ha was
surveyed as part of the baseline survey (area information obtained from River Murray Wetlands
Baseline Survey (SKM 2004)). The depth of the surveyed sections of Teringie is regarded as very
shallow with most of the wetland lagoons having a depth of less than 0.5 m (SKM 2004). The
wetland complex is separated from Lake Alexandrina by a small levee bank (foredune) built up
through the sediment and wave actions since the wetland has been maintained at a constant level.
Teringie Wetland Complex was classified mainly as a back-basin by Pressey (1986) although the
lagoons closer to the lake shore were classified as well developed littoral wetlands (see box).
Seaman (2003), as part of the Coorong and Lower Lakes habitat-mapping program, classified the
habitat condition of Teringie wetland complex as degraded (see box).
The wetland sits to a large degree on land owned by the Aboriginal Lands Trust being managed
though the Raukkan community. The surrounding area is used mainly for grazing. All management
decisions have been worked out and agreed to by the landholders.
“Littoral wetlands: areas of emergent vegetation, in many cases containing discrete basins of
standing water, which fringe the lakes or which occur as „islands‟ on shallow banks within the
lakes;
Back Basin: essentially the same habitats as littoral wetlands except that they are largely
surrounded by areas of high ground and linked to the lakes by relatively narrow openings;”
(Pressey 1986)
“Basic vegetation structure severely impacted by disturbance. Scope for revegetation but not to
a state approaching good condition without intensive management. Disturbance to vegetation
structure caused by cropping, grazing or clearance, presence of very aggressive weeds, partial
clearing, dieback and livestock grazing. Weed presence greater than 70%. Habitats are
impacted by disturbances and are not connected with remnant buffers.” (Seaman 2003).
5
Map 1: Teringie wetland complex location
6
SECTION 2.02 SURVEY SITES, DATES & LOCATIONS

The River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004) monitored different wetland parameters
(Table 1). The monitored area of Teringie wetland complex was not inundated for the entire time of
the baseline survey, therefore not all parameters could be considered for monitoring. The baseline
survey did; however, monitor water quality parameters in a small area near the access road from
Raukkan at the start of the survey time. This pool did not remain until the end of the survey. As a
consequence, of those parameters monitored for Teringie, not all were monitored as frequently as in
other wetlands. The locations of the baseline survey sites can be seen in Appendix C.
An area within the Teringie complex has now been identified as a permanently inundated wetland
(drying only at very low lake levels), further monitoring was conducted on the 25th of November
2005 at this site. This extra monitoring was intended to establish a baseline of what may be
achieved through appropriate management in the littoral lagoons of the complex (those closest to
the lake edge). The parameters monitored during this visit are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Baseline survey monitoring of following parameters
Parameter Surveyed Date 1 Date 2 Date 3 Date 4 Date 5 Date 6 See
BLS LL (BLS) (BLS) (BLS) (BLS) (BLS) (LL) page
Site physical Y N 5
25/11/0
Vegetation Y Y ? 17
5
25/11/0
Fish N Y 20
5
Birds Y N Spring Summer 19
25/11/0
Frogs Y Y 29/1/04 12/3/04 2/9/04 20
5
25/11/0
Macroinvertebrates N Y 22
5
17/12/0 25/11/0
Water Quality Y Y 11
3 5
21/7/04
Groundwater Y N 22/1/04 12/3/04 11/6/04 2/9/04 16
31/7/04
NR = Not Recorded, BLS = baseline survey (SKM 2004), LL = Littoral Lagoon
7
Map 2: Map of wetland complex monitoring locations
SECTION 2.03 PHYSICAL FEATURES

(a) TERINGIE WETLAND COMPLEX IN CURRENT STATE
Teringie has been grazed for an extended period of time, probably since the establishment of the
Point McLeay Mission in 1859, renamed Raukkan in 1982 (State Library of South Australia). As a
result a lot of the native vegetation has been lost and weeds have been able to spread throughout the
complex. The past land use would account for the degradation of the vegetation currently found in
the wetland complex and therefore the weed infestation throughout.
Figure 2 on page 9 through to Figure 9 on page 9 show the wetland and its fringing vegetation in its
current state (photos taken on the 28th of September 2005 unless otherwise indicated). Figure 2 and
Figure 3 show Teringie wetland complex at the same location during a dry autumn and a wet spring.
8
Figure 2: Location 1, Most northern lagoon Figure 3: Location 1, Most northern lagoon
17/03/05 (TB) 28/09/05 (TB)
Figure 4 shows a normally dry lagoon in wet state. Figure 5 shows mudflats developed within one
of the lagoons during the wet spring phase.
Figure 4: Location 2, A normally dry Figure 5: Location 3, Habitat availability

wetland inundated (TB) for waders at one lagoon (TB)
Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the state of the littoral lagoon.
Figure 6: Location 4, permanent wetland Figure 7: Location 4, permanent wetland

25/11/05 (TB) (TB)
Figure 8 and Figure 9 below show the very wet condition of the surrounding land between the
different littoral pools (lagoons) and Figure 10 on page 10 shows the inundated southern lagoon.
Figure 8: Location 5, Wet condition of the Figure 9: Location 5, Wet condition of the
surrounding land (TB) surrounding land (TB)
9
Figure 10: Wet condition of the southern most lagoon 25/11/05 (TB)
Figure 11 shows the significant erosion of approximately 1 meter of lakeshore banks Figure 12,
taken 2 months earlier, shows the same bank approximately 20 m to the north with minimal erosion.
Figure 11: Erosion of the lakeside banks Figure 12: Lakeside banks with foredunes
27/01/06 (TB) 25/11/05 (TB)
(b) GEOMORPHOLOGY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS

The soil in the southern part of the wetland, marshy area, consists mainly of clay with some layers
of clay with minimal sand content. The soil in the northern part of the wetland has a shallow 0.5m
clay profile on mainly sand and clayey sand (SKM 2004). Copies of the soil logs from the baseline
survey can be found in Appendix E on page 51. Locations are presented in Section 2.03(e)(ii) on
page 16. The wetland complex sits on the Saint Kilda Formation from the Holocene.
(c) CLIMATE
The following climatic conditions are taken from the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) Meningie
station (number 024518) (Latitude (deg S): -35.6904; Longitude (deg E): 139.3375) (BOM 2005).
The recording of data commenced at Meningie in 1864; the latest records used in the assessment of
the climatic condition of the area stemming from 2004.
Teringie wetland complex has a Mediterranean climate with warm dry summers and cool wet
winters. The median (5th decile) annual rainfall is 457 mm. The mean monthly maximum rainfall is
in June (61.9 mm), the minimum in February (16.9 mm). The expected mean daily maximum
temperature is highest in February at 25.4 C, lowest in July at 14.9 C, and has an annual mean of
20.8 C. The minimum daily temperature is at its maximum in January and February at 13.8 C, for
both months, and its minimum in July at 6.7 C. The annual mean daily minimum temperature is
10.3 C.
(d) WETLAND VOLUMES AND WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS FILLING STAGES
The wetland volume was calculated in the baseline survey. Table 2 on page 11 summarises the
wetland water requirement for Teringie wetland complex as calculated for the area shown in Figure
13. A DEM was developed for this area by the baseline survey (see Appendix D on page 49).
Unfortunately this does not cover the full extent of area intended for restoration, an estimate for the
10
remaining area had to be made. The water requirement including evaporative losses are covered in
Section 7.02 on page 38.
Figure 13: Area of Teringie used for volume estimates (SKM 2004)
Table 2: Summary of wetland volumes within Teringie wetland complex (adapted from (SKM
2004))
RLm Volume m3
2
Filling Stage Area (ha) Area (m ) Depth m (AHD)* (KL) Volume ML
Full 30.9 308947 1.04 1 133203 133
Three quarters full 24.4 204365 0.78 0.74 69252 69
Half full 11.3 112840 0.52 0.481 27447 27
Quarter full 5.1 51208 0.26 0.221 6047 6
Result Reliability 70% (SKM 2004); *Base of wetland is at -0.038 mAHD.
(e) SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER FEATURES
(i) Surface water

For a short time, at the commencement of the baseline survey monitoring, some water remained
within the wetland, which was monitored for water quality (see Table 3 below). A second
independent monitoring date on the 25th of November 2005 was performed at 2 separate locations.
One location (TER01 at 54H 328735 E 6067880 N (6m accuracy)) was within the northern pool of
the lagoons included in the baseline survey and the other (TER02 at 54H 327247 E 6066479 N
(7.7m accuracy)) was at the permanent lagoon south of the baseline survey monitored lagoons.
Table 3: Water quality (SKM 2004)
Parameters 17/12/03 25/11/05 25/11/05 25/11/05
(TER01) (TER02) Lake
11
Alexandrina
EC μS/cm Mean >100,000 ± 0 49,100 2,280 1,265
Min. >100,000
Max. >100,000
-1
DO mg/L Mean 0.9 ± 0.2
Min. 0.3
Max. 1.3
pH Mean 7.75 ± 0.07
Min. 7.53
Max. 7.84
Turbidity NTU Mean 435 ± 74 16 (@ 25 cm 18 (@ 40 cm
depth) depth)
Min. 279
Max. 581
Water Temperature C Mean 20.8 ± 0.1 20.1 23.9 22
Min. 20.6
Max. 20.9
n 4
N = sample size
The very high salinity within the lagoon as well as the time of year (minimal precipitation) would
indicate evapoconcentration within the lagoon which is potentially exacerbated by saline
groundwater intrusion (SKM 2004). Most of the lagoons of the wetland complex are not
permanently connected with the lake and are only rarely flushed. This condition would contribute to
the high saline concentrations within the lagoons due to the repeated evapoconcentrations. The
concentration within the wetland is more than double that of the EC expected in seawater of
approximately 50,000 μS/cm. In comparison the monitored Lake Alexandrina salinity obtained
from the, DWLBC Surface Water Archive (Department of Water Land and Biodiversity
Conservation 2005), has a median (calculated from mean daily readings between 16/01/2004 and
27/04/2004) EC of 1364 μS/cm. The monitoring location from which the DWLBC Surface Water
Archive is derived is at Narrung Jetty (Zone 54, 335275E and 6068331N).
The dissolved oxygen concentrations were low, SKM (2004) attributed this to the high salt
concentration within the wetland as well as the time of day the samples were taken. High water
temperatures and organic content is however a more likely cause for the low DO concentrations.
The turbidity of the wetland were high, this can potentially be contributed to the shallow nature of
the wetland and therefore the extreme likelihood of resuspension of sediment as a consequence of
wind action. Lake Alexandrina water temperature on the day of wetland monitoring was equivalent
to the wetland water temperature at 20.6 C (Department of Water Land and Biodiversity
Conservation 2005). These temperatures reflected the ambient summer air temperatures (SKM
2004). The median water levels within Lake Alexandrina for a 10-year period (1994 to 2004) is
0.774 m AHD (calculated from the daily mean water level obtained from the, DWLBC Surface
Water Archive (Department of Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation 2005)). For a description
of the implications of water quality in wetlands refer to Your Wetland: Supporting Information
(Tucker et al. 2003).
The Flood Inundation Model (FIM III) does not extend downstream beyond Mannum and is
therefore unavailable for this region. No simulations were therefore performed for Teringie Wetland
Complex based on the Flood Inundation Model.
12
Woodward-Clyde (2000) identified two major depressions in the north of the complex (see Map 3
on page 14), both currently blocked from Lake Alexandrina by what they termed artificial
blockages. Their recommendation is the connection, through these two channels, of two of the
northern lagoons to Lake Alexandrina, thereby providing shallow habitat for waders. To achieve
this the sill level of the banks of the southern most lagoon could be brought down to allow easier
access of lake water into the wetland lagoon, reinstating a more frequent inundation regime driven
by lake height.
13
Map 3: Major depressions and channels identified by Woodward-Clyde (2000) (adapted from
(Woodward-Clyde 2000))
14
Due to the formation of fore dunes (rollover dunes) along the lake edge the flow paths into the
lakeside lagoons has been restricted (see Figure 15 to Figure 18 on page 16). The development of
the fore dune is most likely a historically recent issue as a result of the stable lake height and the
loss of reed beds. The reed beds that used to grow around both lakes were significantly destroyed
through salinsation of the lakes (Sim and Muller 2004). Prior to the stable lake height any fore
dunes in the process of developing would have been eroded due to the constant change in lake water
levels. The sill level of the flow paths into the lakeside lagoons would therefore not have been as
high. These fore dunes have become rollover dunes, which have a gradual landward migration. This
landward migration is often caused through storm over wash, this is where beach sand is transported
(eroded) from the beach through the dune and deposited on the landward side of the barrier (Carter
1988; Davis et al. 2004). Effectively the shore and the fore dune recede landwards. A diagram of
the process can bee seen in Figure 14 below. Figure 15 and Figure 16 on page 16 show the wave
action slowly filling the semi permanent lagoon, at that date (28th of September 2005) the lake
height varied between 0.808 and 0.956 m AHD. Figure 17 and Figure 18 on page 16 show the build
up of sand following a storm in the area, i.e. a prime example of over wash. Figure 17 shows the
deposit of sand and Figure 18 the start of stabilisation through the growth of grass. In situ fore
dunes at Teringie can be seen in Figure 23, Figure 24 and Figure 25 on page 34. A lower barrier is
found on the south lagoon allowing it to be inundated on an annual basis (R. Hancock pers. com.).
Figure 14: Rollover Dune formation adapted from (Davis and FitzGerald 2004)
15
Figure 15: Location 4, Sand bank build up Figure 16: Location 4, Waves bringing
due to waves (TB) water into wetland (TB)
Figure 17: Sand bank build up on Lake Figure 18: Grass growing through
Alexandrina foreshore following a storm deposited sand, on Lake Alexandrina
24/10/03 (JT) foreshore, binding it 30/8/04 (JT)
If the reed beds were re-established their role in preventing beach side erosion and therefore over
wash of sand onto the lee side of the fore dunes would be reinstated. Reed reestablishment would
therefore contribute to the prevention of further shore erosion. The most relevant management or
restoration of these wetlands would therefore be the removal of the fore dune from the flow path
into the wetland lagoons, to allow the free flow of lake water into and out of the lagoons at a lower
sill level. This will not be required for the south basin (lagoon) as the water flow into this section of
the complex overcomes the barrier on an annual basis. Map 3 on page 14 shows the identified
channels in the wetland complex. To reduce or stop landwards migration of fore dune and the
erosion of the lakeshore the sand of the beach needs to be stabilised. The stabilisation would also
ensure the long-term restoration of the wetland flow paths by preventing the build up of fore dunes.
This stabilisation of the lakeside beach could be achieved through the restoration/revegetation of
offshore reed beds using river club-rush (Schoenoplectus validus), primarily in front of the flow
paths into the wetland lagoons and, within the near future, along the entire wetland complex
beachfront.
(ii) Groundwater
The baseline survey installed 4 groundwater wells within Teringie wetland complex. These wells
were monitored 6 times during the survey period (22nd January, 12th March, 11th June, 21st July, 31st
July and 2nd September 2004). The water level measurement of TE4 on the 31st of July was
erroneous. The locations of the wells are presented in Table 4 on page 17 and a map of the
groundwater flow direction in Appendix E.
16
Table 4: Groundwater monitoring locations (SKM 2004)
Elevation of Bore Ground Elevation Benchmark

NAME EASTING NORTHING Hole casing (m-AHD) (m-AHD) (m-AHD)
TE1 328746.212 6067866.040 2.907 1.763 1.8100
TE2 329623.279 6066176.919 3.050 2.058
TE3 327667.090 6065267.852 1.751 1.689
TE4 327351.856 6065326.480 2.880 1.784 Broken
The groundwater appears to flow in a south-easterly direction from the lake towards the floodplain
(SKM 2004). The ground water levels were found to fluctuate with the seasonal climatic
fluctuation, with the depth (mbgl) increasing towards March and then decreasing with the onset of
winter (SKM 2004) (see Appendix E).
The groundwater salinity was found to be relatively high, see Table 5 below. The high salinity of
the groundwater and the shallow groundwater table has probably been contributing to the surface
salinity of the complex through evapoconcentration (SKM 2004).
Table 5: Groundwater salinity EC (ms/cm)
NAME 22/1/04 11/6/04 21/6/04
TE1 21.02 29.00
TE2 28.8 44.7
TE3 32.7 48.6
TE4 28.3 39.5
(iii) Implications for management

The salinity of the system seems to be the main detrimental impact to the water quality. Through the
restoration of a regular hydrology regime a freshwater lens may be developed under the lagoons of
the wetland complex, this would effectively restrict the evapoconcentration of the ground water
eliminating this source of salts to the wetland area. The free connection to the lake would allow the
exchange of water and therefore minimise the evapoconcentration within the wetland maintaining
the wetland lagoons at a similar salinity to Lake Alexandrina. The high turbidity within the wetland
may decrease following revegetation of the fringing banks and the growth of emergent
macrophytes. The reduction of turbidity would occur both through the reduction of wind reaching
the water surface area and the increased sedimentation though the emergent macrophytes. The
threats to the wetland posed by the current water quality and additional threats are discussed in
Chapter 5 on page 26.
SECTION 2.04 ECOLOGICAL FEATURES

(a) FLORA
There is not much remnant native vegetation remaining within the Teringie wetland complex
(Woodward-Clyde 2000) although some native species and areas of native grasses can be found
(Jem Tesoriero pers. com.) (see species list Appendix G Section G.01). The wetland basins
themselves are not vegetated; see Appendix F on page 56 and much of the surrounding area is
heavily infested with either African boxthorn *Lycium ferocissimum and/or artichoke thistle
*Cynara cardunculus. Both these weeds exclude native species and therefore reduce the value of
habitat. The boxthorn shrubland has an understorey with introduced grasses, these grasses being
mainly wimmera rygrass *Lolium rigidum, sea barley-grass *Critesion marinum and perennial veldt
grass *Ehrharta calycina (SKM 2004).
17
For most of the complex the lagoons are surrounded by Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata
shrubland with invasive pasture grasses in some areas (SKM 2004). The baseline survey (SKM
2004) identified Ruppia polycarpa herbland in the southernmost lagoon of the complex. The rest of
the lagoons in the complex were dry at the time of sampling. Ruppia polycarpa is a high salt
tolerant species that often inhabits temporary water bodies. It is able to persist through unfavourable
conditions (Nicol 2005). It could therefore be anticipated that Ruppia polycarpa would inhabit most
lagoons within the wetland complex. The water flowing into this lagoon stems from Lake
Alexandrina flooding over saltwater couch Paspalum vaginatum grassland with emergent spiky
club-rush Schoenoplectus pungens. The western shores of the lagoon have the plant association
Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata (see below) and supported an aquatic herb understorey
in the wetter areas with water buttons *Cotula coronopifolia, streaked arrowgrass Triglochin
striatum and creeping brookweed Samolus repens (SKM 2004). The aquatic macrophytes identified
in the lagoon include creeping monkey-flower Mimulus repens, amphibious milfoil Myriophyllum
simulans, fennel pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus and widgeon grass Ruppia tuberosa. An area
identified by SKM (2004) as a large depression adjacent to the shore, and is most probably the semi
permanent wetland identified since, has broad-leaf bulrush Typha orientalis and river club-rush
Schoenoplectus validus sedgelands. At the lake edge there were salt-water couch Paspalum
vaginatum grassland in the low areas, scattered tussocks of Juncus sp., and kikuyu *Pennisetum
clandestinum grasslands in the higher areas (SKM 2004). A supplementary plant survey was
included in the follow up monitoring which was conducted on the 25th of November 2005. The
plants identified are listed in Table 6 below.
Table 6: Teringie Lakeshore Wetland Plant List 25/11/05
Scientific Name Common Name
Azolla filiculoides Floating duck weed (Pacific Azolla)
Ceratophyllum demersum Hornwort
Chara sp. Charophytes
Eleocharis acuta Common spike-rush
Halosarcia pergranulata Beaded samphire (Black-seed samphire)
Isolepis nodosa Knobby clubrush
Lemna sp.
Paspalum distichum Water couch
Rumex bidens Mud-dock
Samolus repens Creeping brookweed
Schoenoplectus pungens Sharpleaf rush
Schoenoplectus validus River clubrush
Suaeda australis Austral sea-blight
Triglochin procerum Water ribbons
Triglochin striatum Streaked arrow-grass
Typha domingensis Cumbungi
The three plant associations were surveyed by the baseline survey were:
Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata / Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Low Closed
Shrubland
Schoenoplectus validus Sedgeland over Paspalum vaginatum
Ruppia polycarpa Herbland
18
A detailed list of species found within the plant associations can be found in Appendix G Section
G.01 on page 57. For a description of the function of vegetation in wetlands refer to Your Wetland:
Supporting Information (Tucker, Dominelli et al. 2003).
(i) Implications for management

The River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004) recommends a weed control program to
address the heavy infestation of African boxthorn and artichoke thistle. The removal of African
boxthorn and artichoke thistle and the revegetation with local native species is a priority in the
restoration of the Teringie wetland complex. Greening Australia, in a partnership between the local
landholders and Indigenous community of the Ngarrindjeri Nation, the Coorong District and
Goolwa to Wellington LAPs, as part of the river restoration demonstration sites project is currently
producing the weed management and revegetation management plan.
(b) FAUNA
The River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004) conducted a number of surveys on fauna
in the wetland environment. These surveys are described below.
(i) Birds
The bird assessment of the River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004) was conducted in
the north western part of the wetland close to the lake edge. Seven species of waterbird were
observed in the wetland complex with only 58 individuals in total (SKM 2004). Three of these
species were EPBC (Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) listed, one of
these regarded as rare in South Australia. These include the Cape Barren goose, the Caspian tern
and the masked lapwing, all migratory species (SKM 2004). Table 19 in Appendix G Section
G.02(a) contains a list of the birds observed at the Teringie wetland complex. SKM (2004) believe
that the Australian Pelican uses the wetland area for resting although the complex itself does not
provide suitable habitat. The black swan Cygnus atratus was seen to use one of the wetland lagoons
on the 25th of November 2005.
The limited habitat conditions, due to the degradation of the wetland complex, were considered to
have influenced the diversity and abundance of bird populations in Teringie wetland complex. The
reason therefore for the lack of birds using Teringie, is considered to be the poor habitat condition
and variability in the wetland complex. The habitat availability identified by the baseline survey
(SKM 2004) are listed in Table 7 on page 20. The inundation of the wetland should contribute to
the development of more diverse habitats than presently available, e.g. open water, water‟s edge,
mud flats and sedges. The development of a more diverse habitat within Teringie wetland complex
should consequently benefit the birds found in the surrounding Ramsar area.
A surveys of bird species found in the area of the Lower Lakes from the period of January 2003 and
February 2004 was preformed (Gosbell 2004). This survey was conducted at 23 sites over a period
of twelve months; Table 20 in Appendix G Section G.02(a) contains a list of the water birds seen as
part of this survey. The findings of the survey were that waterfowl made up 94% of all observations
with 45 species, compared to 17 species of waders. It is anticipated that some of these species
would take advantage of the increased habitat availability at a restored Teringie wetland complex.
Of the 17 waders, 8 were migratory. The scarcity of waders may indicate a lack of suitable habitat
or habitat quality. Further, a steady decline in waterbirds over the past 30-40 years may be due to a
loss of habitat and habitat diversity (Gosbell 2004).
Further, a duck hunter has reportedly, seen a Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis (CAMBA
listed & listed as vulnerable in the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972) in samphire area close to
Narrung, however this sighting was not been confirmed by D. Dadd (2005). The CAMBA (China
Australia Migratory Birds Agreement) and JAMBA (Japan Australia Migratory Birds Agreement)
listed species were taken from (Anonymous 1986a; Anonymous 1986b). CAMBA and JAMBA are
intergovernmental agreements for the protection of migratory birds and their habitats.
19
Teringie Wetland Complex is listed as a potential habitat for the orange bellied parrot Neophema
chrysogaster by Seaman (2003). Seaman (2003) also identifies Teringie Wetland Complex as a
potential habitat for Migratory wadders including Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata,
Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis and Common
Greenshank Tringa nebularia.
Table 7: Habitat features identified in Teringie wetland complex table adapted from (SKM
2004).
Habitat features Spring Summer
Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2
Shoreline Simple Simple Simple Simple
Fringing vegetation Continuous low Continuous low Continuous low Continuous low
cover cover cover cover
Reeds Absent Absent Absent Absent
Sedges Absent Absent Absent Absent
Herbs Extensive Extensive Extensive Extensive
Wet mud Extensive Extensive Absent Absent
Dry mud Occasional Occasional Extensive Extensive
Hollow bearing trees Absent Absent Absent Absent
Perching trees Absent Absent Absent Absent
Water‟s edge 1–10 m from 1–10 m from NA NA
veg veg
Fringing River Red Gums Absent Absent Absent Absent
Water depth (m) 0.05 0.05 0 0
Water level Falling Falling NA NA
(ii) Frogs
No frog species were recorded at Teringie. The common froglet Crinia signifera and spotted grass
frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis were heard in the vicinity of the wetland. During an independent
survey of the permanent wetland, identified and discussed on page 7, numerous tadpoles were
caught. No identification was made of the individual species, although two separate morphological
species were seen.
(iii) Fish
The baseline survey did not include a fish survey for Teringie wetland complex due to the lack of
water during the survey. Therefore, an independent survey was conducted on the 25th November
2005. This independent survey was performed on the small permanent wetland identified and
discussed earlier. During this survey no fish were collected within the wetland, although numerous
small native fish were caught in a seine net on the lakeside of the shoreline.
As no fish were collected within the wetland, the Lower Lakes Fish Inventory (Wedderburn et al.
2003), provides the best available data as to the fish that may potentially migrate into the wetland
complex. Within the Lower Lakes Fish Inventory (Wedderburn and Hammer 2003) the fish species
and relative abundance presented in Table 8 and Table 9 on page 21 were recorded for Lake
Alexandrina (tables were adapted from (Wedderburn and Hammer 2003)) close to the Teringie
wetland complex. The sampling point of the Lower Lakes Fish Inventory for Teringie wetland
complex was located near the Raukkan community at 54H 330954E 6069594N. The site at
Raukkan had the most native species of all the sites for this region of Lake Alexandrina
20
(Wedderburn and Hammer 2003). Wedderburn and Hammer (2003) recommend the protection and
restoration of sheltered fish habitat around the lake.
The fish found in Lake Alexandrina, 3 km NE of the Teringie wetland complex, may take
advantage of the development of habitat within the wetland complex. The wetland restoration
would thereby contribute to the preservation of these species. However, flow control structures can
have an impact on the movement of fish in and out of wetland environments, due to changes in
water quality and/or water flow (velocities, turbulence) (see Your Wetland: Supporting Information
(Tucker, Dominelli et al. 2003)). This will be taken into account when considering flow
management.
Table 8: Native fish
Abundance Abundance Status
Common Name Scientific Name Teringie Lake SA Australia
18/02/03 Alexandrina
Australian smelt Retropinna semoni 12 34
Bony herring Nematalosa erebi 1 42
Common galaxias Galaxias maculatus 1 33
Congolli Pseudaphritis urvillii 4 5 R (C)
Dwarf flathead Philypnodon sp. 3 R (C)
gudgeon
Flathead gudgeon Philypnodon 4 10
grandiceps
Flyspecked Craterocephalus 2 R
hardyhead stercusmuscarum
fulvus
Lagoon goby Tasmanogobius lasti 57 82
Midgley‟s carp Hypseleotris sp. 2
gudgeon
Murray Darling carp Hypseleotris sp. 3 C
gudgeon
Sandy sprat Hyperlophus vittatus 2 2
Smallmouthed Atherinosoma 13 13
hardyhead microstoma
Southern pygmy Nannoperca australis 70 P
perch
Western blue spot Pseudogobius olorum 54
goby
Number of Species 8 14
R = Rare (taxon in decline or naturally limited presence), C = provisional State conservation concern under the draft
Threatened Species Schedule NPWSA, P = protected under the Fisheries Act 1982 (Anonymous 1982; National Parks
and Wildlife Council et al. 2003)
Table 9: Introduced fish
Abundance Abundance Status
Common Name Scientific Name Teringie Lake SA Australia
18/02/03 Alexandrina
Gambusia Gambusia holbrooki 1130
Goldfish Carassius auratus 1
21
Common Carp Cyprinus carpio 4
Redfin Perca fluviatilis 2
Number of Species 0 4
(iv) Macroinvertebrates
The River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004) did not monitor macroinvertebrates at
Teringie. Macroinvertebrates were therefore included in the separate monitoring event on the 25th
November 2005. These included snails Physa acuta, water boatmen, ostracods, bloodworms and the
mayfly larvae.
For a description of the function of macroinvertebrates in wetlands refer to Your Wetland:
Supporting Information (Tucker, Dominelli et al. 2003).
(v) Implications for management

The SKM (2004) bird survey found the abundance of birds at Teringie to be below the mean of all
wetlands included in the survey. Their recommendations aimed at waterbirds of the wetland
complex were the development of more diverse habitat; principally open water, fringing vegetation
and mud flats. Therefore, to manage the wetland with an aim of increasing bird habitat availability,
the diversity must be increased and maintained. With the establishment of more diverse and healthy
aquatic habitats, the abundance of frogs within Teringie wetland complex itself should also
increase. The improvement in connection between the wetland and the lake should provide fish
habitat. The movement of fish in and out of the wetland should play a role in contributing to their
reproduction in Lake Alexandrina.
22
Chapter 3. SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL VALUES

Teringie wetland complex is a culturally significant area for the Ngarrindjeri community, Teringie
being the Ngarrindjeri word for burial ground (Carter 2006). The summary of the cultural
significance as described by Ngarrindjeri elders Derek Gollan, Derek Walker, and Ngarrindjeri man
Steve Walker, which is detailed below discusses some of the significant cultural aspects of the
Teringie wetland complex area.
The wetland area encompassed traditional hunting grounds for the Cape Barren Goose, ducks and
kangaroos. Of significance to any on-groundwork in the future are the 2 significant burial sites,
which are to be found on the wetland complex area. Any work disturbing the soil should therefore
seek site clearance from the local indigenous representatives. Protection of these burial sites will be
undertaken as part of the revegetation plan in preparation by Greening Australia (Baird 2006).
Some of the vegetation that can be found in the wetland complex is also very important to the
Ngarrindjeri community. Cyperus gymnocaulos was and still is used by Ngarrindjeri women for
basket weaving. This important tradition is still practiced and the presence of Cyperus gymnocaulos
is an important cultural resource.
Derek Gollan spoke of reeds extending along the lakeshore protecting the shoreline from erosion,
some of the reeds extending into the wetlands immediately adjacent to the lake. Some patches of
reeds are still visible on the foreshore as can be seen in Figure 19 and Figure 20 below. The wetland
complex is of current cultural significance as it is used for community recreation, including fishing
on the lakeshore, camping and hunting of rabbits.
In conclusion, Teringie wetland complex is a highly significant area for the Ngarrindjeri community
and they are very supportive of its restoration, not only for the ecological benefits but also for
cultural benefits. Of significant interest is the increased community ownership of restoration works
and the improvements to the site, the active involvement of the community particularly the younger
generations through capacity building is seen as essential. The Ngarrindjeri community is actively
involved in the current management planning and on-going management of the area.
1. The Ngarrindjeri community recommend that environmental/cultural waters be allowed to
enter the Teringie lagoons again to allow rejuvenation of this once important
wetlands/nursery.
2. The Ngarrindjeri community recommend that native revegetation take place in Teringie
wetland complex.
3. The Ngarrindjeri community needs to be a party to the management/restoration of the
Teringie wetland complex.
Figure 19: Offshore reeds 27/01/06 (TB) Figure 20: Offshore reeds 27/01/06 (TB)
23
Chapter 4. LAND TENURE, JURISDICTION AND

MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS
SECTION 4.01 LAND TENURE
There are multiple properties, which encompass Teringie wetland complex. The Aboriginal Lands
Trust owns most of the properties with the south end of Teringie wetland complex owned by R. R
and A. P. Hancock. The ownership of the wetland properties is under „Fee Simple Entirety‟. The
property boundaries and the ownership details can be seen in Map 4 below.
Map 4: Cadastral boundaries covering Teringie wetland complex and surrounds.
SECTION 4.02 LAND AND WATER USE

The main land use in the surrounding area is cattle grazing. In the past Teringie wetland complex
was open to stock access. Most of the wetland is now fenced off to exclude all stock. See Map 5 on
page 32 for fence locations. However, evidence of stock grazing impact was evident for both the
baseline survey (SKM 2004) and the report complied by Woodward-Clyde (2000), which had the
aim of identifying potential wetland rehabilitation sites. The social, economic, and environmental
benefits of stock exclusion from sensitive areas, identified by Woodward-Clyde (2000) are:
Improved wetland water quality
Increased aquatic invertebrate diversity and abundance
Promotion of wading bird habitat
Promotion of waterbird habitat
24
Stabilisation of dunes
The restoration of areas culturally significant to the Ngarrindjeri.
Therefore the River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004) recommends the exclusion of
stock from sensitive areas to promote the value and diversity of natural habitats this
recommendation is echoed in the report by Woodward-Clyde (2000). The removal of stock has
been agreed to by Derek Walker (pers. com.) with new fencing being funded by the Coorong
District LAP. This new fence will encompass the entire wetland complex (see Map 5 on page 32).
Crash grazing may be required to reduce fuel load in parts of the wetland until revegetation has
been undertaken. The landholder on the southern end of the complex uses a small area of the
wetland parallel to the lakeshore for grazing during extreme draught periods (R. Hancock pers.
com.). This area has been fenced off to exclude stock at all other times and revegetation works,
supported by the Coorong District LAP, are well under way within this area.
SECTION 4.03 JURISDICTION AND MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

The Raukkan community with support from the Coorong District LAP and Greening Australia will
be responsible for the management of the wetland in consultation with the neighbouring
landholders.
SECTION 4.04 ACCESS

Access can be gained through Raukkan, the Raukkan Dairy or to reach the south end of the wetland
through the Hancock‟s property. Access needs to be arranged through consultation with the relevant
landholder.
SECTION 4.05 CONTACT DETAILS

Contact persons for Teringie wetland complex management will be Raukkan community, Coorong
District LAP Officers, Wetland Management Planning Officer or SA MDB NRM Board Wetland
Project Officer, see Table 10 below for contact details. Access to the wetland will need to be
arranged through consultation with the relevant landowner.
Table 10: Teringie wetland complex responsible positions contact details
Position Present Phone
Officers Organisation Mailing Address number
Dairy manager Derek Raukkan Dairy Loveday Bay Rd Narrung SA 5259 0418 830 848
Walker
Landholder Richard Loveday Bay Rd Narrung SA 5259 (08)
Hancock 8574-0067
Coorong District Graham Coorong District LAP PO Box 1021 Tintinara SA 5266 (08)
LAP Project Gates 8757 2100
Officer
Lower Lakes Jem Coorong District LAP PO Box 2056 Murray SA 5253 (08)
Project Officer Tesoriero & Goolwa to Bridge 8532 5262
Wellington LAP 2100
Wetland Tumi Lower LAPS Mt. Lofty Ranges Mount SA 5251 (08)
Management Bjornsson Catchment Centre Barker 8391 7515
Planning Officer Upper Level, Cnr
Mann and Walker St's
Wetland Project Adrienne SA MDB NRM Board PO Box 2056 Murray SA 5253 (08)
Officer, Lower Frears Bridge 8232 6753
Murray
25
Chapter 5. THREATS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO

TERINGIE WETLAND COMPLEX
There are a number of existing and potential threats to Teringie wetland complex, some of which
have become apparent in the description of the wetland and available data in the chapters above.
The identification of these threats is essential for appropriate adaptive management of the wetland.
Their early recognition allows for an appropriate monitoring strategy for early identification of
adverse impacts of management and therefore rapid response through altered management.
The major current threat to the wetland is the infrequent inundation and associated groundwater
salinity intrusion and the loss of biodiversity such as the surrounding vegetation and therefore
habitat. The lack of inundation facilitates the saline groundwater intrusion through
evapoconcentration of groundwater leading to salinisation of the wetland soil with saltpans evident.
This „source‟ threat, a lack of inundation, is being addressed by this management plan. The past
clearing of the wetland area and the heavy infestation of African boxthorn and artichoke thistle have
degraded native habitat leaving few native flora and fauna species. Particularly evident is the lack of
habitat for water bird species. The disconnection from the Lake Alexandrina would also limit the
use of the wetland lagoons by native fish, the lack of escape during the following drying event
being a detriment should fish have found their way into the wetland during overbank flooding.
However, the altered management of a wetland will in itself bring with it potential threats that need
to be identified, these and other threats identified so far have been listed in Table 11 on page 27.
The most immediate threat, as a result of the proposed wetland restoration management, i.e. the
change in wetland inundation, is the initial hypersaline lagoons. It is hoped that a freshwater lens
will form below the wetland effectively reducing the impact of the ground water salinity intrusion
allowing the wetland lagoons to freshen over time. The awareness of this potential threat is
therefore central to future management actions and monitoring set out in this wetland management
plan, the monitoring designed to observe whether the wetland lagoons do freshen over time.
One threat recently identified in the Lower Lakes area is the invasive weed sharp rush Juncus
acutus Figure 21 and Figure 22. It should be included in future weed removal strategies as part of
the wetland surrounding area restoration work.
Figure 21: Juncus acutus (JT) Figure 22: Juncus acutus detail far right,
left and centre native species (JT)
26
Table 11: Existing and prospective threats to Teringie wetland complex
THREATS SYMPTOM CAUSE IMPACT CATEGORY EXTENT (IF POTENTIAL SOLUTION
KNOWN)
Altered hydrology Dry wetland Foredunes/artificial Dieback of native vegetation (Aquatic Regional & Local Wetland proper and Addressed in this management plan
Saline ground blockages and riparian) Local management fringing low lying Introduce “natural” water regime
response areas
Existing
water intrusion Low variability in lake Loss of habitat variability for fauna Lowering of sill level of overflow channels
Loss of height/man made (birds, fish, frogs, turtles & (Regional cause Instillation of flow control structures
vegetation/habitat macroinvertebrates) river and lake
Saltpans on dry lagoon beds regulation, Local
Hypersaline wetland when inundated cause man made
structures)
Fringing banks/blockage Dry wetland Bank build-up through wave Dry wetland Regional & Local Wetland proper and Addressed in this management plan
of flow path Saltpan action/deposition of sand (see No outflow of water once inundated Local management fringing low lying Lowering of sill level of overflow channels
Section 2.03(e)(i) on page 11) followed by; response areas Instillation of flow control structures
Existing
Possible artificial blockages Evapoconcentration of water (Regional cause

No freshwater lens below wetland river and lake
Increase in salinity of groundwater regulation, Local
Loss of habitat for native fauna (fish, cause man made
birds, frogs, macroinvertebrates) structures)
Loss of aquatic vegetation
Bank erosion/ loss of Erosion of Loss of reeds protecting the Landwards migration of foredunes Regional & Local Large stretch of lake Reestablishment of offshore reeds
Existing
land banks (see Figure shore from wave action and (rollover dunes) Local management shore of Lakes
11 on page 10) erosion Loss of land response 95% of shoreline of
Continued degradation of wetland wetland complex
complex
Salinisation of the Increasing EC Blockage of flow path Degradation of wetland water quality Local Wetland proper and Open up flow path.
Potential (following management and freshening
wetland of wetland water Evapo-concentration (hypersaline) fringing low lying

body Loss of wet phase Degradation of wetland areas
Increasing Lack of exchange with Lake environments
salinity in wetland Alexandrina Degradation of habitat quality for
ABIOTIC
base/soil Saline seepage from native fish

groundwater Less native fish diversity
No water license Degradation of bird habitat
Wetland maintained at a dry
of wetland)
phase for to long leading to a

loss of freshwater lens
(becomes relevant once
management is initiated and
freshwater lens is developed,
need to install piezometers in
wetland base to monitor if
freshwater lens develops)
Hydraulic pressure from lake
Alexandrina (pushes saline
groundwater toward southern
end of wetland)
Poor Water Quality: Turbid wetland, Wind resuspension of Blocking of light penetration and Local Wetland body Restoration of macrophytes particularly
Turbidity restricting sediment therefore reducing macrophyte growth (when wet) emergent (reeds sedges (macrophytes have
Potential/Existing
(when inundated)
growth/loss of Lack of macrophytes – less nutrient been shown to increase sedimentation within
macrophytes and uptake which become available to algae wetlands and therefore reduce turbidity))
therefore potential which are not as impacted on by high Restoration of fringing vegetation (the
algal bloom turbidities riparian vegetation will act as a windbreak and
Algal blooms may therefore reduce wind induced
Degradation of habitat quality for resuspension)
fauna (e.g. macroinvertebrates, native
fish and birds)
Hyper saline lagoons Saline water in Water exchange with Lake No or only salt tolerant species Local Wetland Allow exchange with Lake Alexandrina
Potential/
Existing
wetland Alexandrina present Inundate wetland for extended period of time

No or only salt restricted/prevented Reduced biodiversity to develop freshwater lens under wetland
tolerant species Saline groundwater intrusion Limited habitat availability
present
27
THREATS SYMPTOM CAUSE IMPACT CATEGORY EXTENT (IF POTENTIAL SOLUTION
KNOWN)
Loss of aquatic Their Lack of water (inundation) Loss of habitat availability and Local Wetland Addressed in this management plan
vegetation absence/low Mismanagement of wetland diversity lagoons/regional Inundate wetland
numbers in most hydrology (will impact on bird Freshen wetland
Existing
lagoons Highly saline soils habitat availability) Revegetation of surrounding areas

Low diversity Revegetation of wetland if natural
regeneration fails
Loss of native riparian No large trees Clearing Loss of habitat/breeding hollows Local Surrounding area. Addressed in separate revegetation plan
vegetation in the area Grazing (birds) Extensive. written by Greening Australia as part of river
Existing
Invasive Lack of water (inundation) Loss of snags in water body Revegetation option restoration demonstration sites (Baird 2006)
species present Weed infestation Loss of windbreak for riparian area. Inundate wetland
Mismanagement of wetland Revegetate, cooperation between GA,
hydrology Coorong district LAP, and local landholders
(Ngarrindjeri)
Reduction of biodiversity Low species Loss of natural variability of Extensive degradation of wetland Local and Regional Wetland and Restore wetland
diversity following inundation ecosystem (Domino effect on food wetland influenced Addressed in this management plan and
clearing (State Loss of native species (fish, chain) surrounding area revegetation plan
Library of South riparian and aquatic vegetation)
Australia) Grazing – reduction of
Existing
biodiversity
Grazing – introduction of
weeds (introduction of seed,
aiding invasion)
Mismanagement of wetland
hydrology
Mismanagement of wetland
environment
Weeds (African Their presence Degradation of native Exotic species Local Higher ground of Active removal – poisoning
Existing
boxthorn, artichoke vegetation Competition with native vegetation wetland area See revegetation plan in preparation by
BIOTIC
thistle, introduced Ability to grow in saline & dry Loss of habitat (food source?) Greening Australia (Baird 2006)
grasses) environments (boxthorn)
Lack of habitat (birds) Low abundance Degradation of wetland Low abundance of birds Local and Regional Wetland and Restore wetland ecology
Existin
of bird species ecosystem Loss of bird habitat wetland surrounding Restore hydrology
g
during survey area Revegetate

Increase habitat availability
Lack of frogs Lack of frogs Possibly due to lack of Loss/reduction of frogs in ecosystem Local Wetland and Restore wetland ecology
Existing
suitable habitat wetland surrounding Restore hydrology

Degradation of wetland area Revegetate
ecosystem Increase habitat availability
Lack of native fish No water/fish in Blockage of flow channels Reduction in available breeding Local and Regional Wetland and lake Restore wetland ecology
habitat wetland into wetland (see threats above) areas (nurseries) fringe Restore hydrology
Existing
Fish loss currently when wetlands Revegetate

are cut of from lake during drying phase Increase habitat availability
Allow fish passage between wetland and lake
Invasive fish species Turbid wetlands Well known environmental Competition for habitat. (domination Regional and local Wetland water body If carp exclusion trials are successful in other
(carp, gambusia, Reduction in problem in region (large pest of available habitat) (Managed locally) (when wet) wetlands it could be considered for Teringie
goldfish and redfin) native fish diversity population), introduced for various Predation/aggressive interaction Removal of large carp during dry phase (if
Potential
and abundance reasons including mosquito control, on/with small and young native fish relevant)
aquaculture and aquarium industry
(discarded specimens)
(redfin/gambusia) Monitor abundance of invasive species with
Rapid breeding cycles (carp Damage to aquatic vegetation comparative monitoring of abundance of native
~2/year), live bearing Decrease in water quality (Turbidity species
(gambusia), unpalatable eggs increase)
(redfin) Predation on native fish (redfin)
Increased fuel load Large areas of Excessive growth of grass Possible bush fire Regional & Local Complex and Crash grazing until revegetation and weed
Potential
long dry grass No grazing and no shading Damage to wetland ecology Local management surrou8bding area control has been performed
out of grasses Damage to revegetation work response
28
Chapter 6. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

The main management objective is the restoration of the ecology of Teringie wetland and therefore
the restoration of the cultural values of the wetland complex to the Ngarrindjeri nation. Based on
the objectives presented in Section 1.02(c) on page 3 and the threats to the wetland discussed in
Chapter 5 on page 26, more detailed ecological based management objectives can now be
developed. The objectives, including solutions, actions needed and priorities are detailed in Table
12 on page 30.
Adaptive management will drive the actions undertaken to achieve the objectives. Due to the
complexity of the groundwater/wetland interactions and identified potential threats to the wetland
(see Chapter 5 on page 26) the management and therefore detailed objectives will need to be
flexible. A minor review of the objectives and the wetland management plan is recommended at the
end of each year, community groups can achieve this by reviewing their monitored data with the
assistance of the SA MDB NRM Board Wetland Project Officer. A major review should follow
after 5 years.
29
Table 12: Management objectives for Teringie wetland complex.
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES SOLUTIONS ACTIONS (Management (M) or QUANTIFIABLE MONITOR LEGISLATION PRIORITY
Engineering or structural (ES)) /MEASURE OF ACHIEVEMENT (TIMING)*
Reestablishment of Active revegetation Revegetation (ES) Establishment of reed beds Photo point (Q) High
Native
lakeshore reed beds (Schoenoplectus validus) Vegetation

Long term natural establishment of survey (Y)
Phragmites and Typha.
Regeneration of wetland Improve water regime to Clear flow channels (ES) Diversity of aquatic species, Photo point (Q) WAP (water Medium
aquatic species trigger/induce aquatic and riparian Refer to revegetation plan continued presence of ruppia spp. in Vegetation license)
(Improved water plant vegetation regeneration saline lagoons, establishment of survey (Y)
communities) submerged and emergent macrophytes Monitor water
Native
in fresher lakeside lagoons (similar to quality (M)

VEGETATION
the macrophytes identified in the

permanently inundated lagoon)
Maintain clear wetland (Turbidity
NTU 80 for ~ 90% of time)
Regeneration of riparian Establish native re-vegetation Actively revegetate using locally Recovery of 50% of standing Photo point (Q) WAP (water High
vegetation projects collected seed specimens (short term) Vegetation license)
Native
Refer to revegetation plan Re-establishment and survival of survey (Y)

missing species (e.g. Melaleuca)
Numbers based on expert
recommendation
Removal of weeds from Establish weed removal projects Weed control as per revegetation Reduction of weeds (as per Vegetation N/A High
Invasive
wetland area in the wetland area (boxthorn, plan revegetation plan) survey (Y)
artichoke thistle etc.)
Ease of movement of fish Establish open connection Lowering sill height Visible migration during flow Opportunistic N/A Medium
Native
between wetland and Number of fish in wetland

Lake Alexandrina
Restore native fish Open connection between Lower sill level Presence of 3 native fish species Fish survey (Y) WAP (water High
habitat wetland and the lake Restore riparian vegetation found outside of wetland (see Table 8 license)
Improved fish habitat through on page 21)
improved and more diverse
ecological niches, such as
macrophytes (emergent and
submerged), snags (therefore need
FISH
riparian vegetation) and open water.

Native
As well as more food sources,

biofilms etc. This would lead to an
increased diversity and abundance
of small native fish, which are
prayed upon by larger native fish.
Both are in turn prayed upon by
waterbirds who also obtain a more
diverse habitat though the
development of aquatic and riparian
vegetation
30
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES SOLUTIONS ACTIONS (MANAGEMENT (M) QUANTIFIABLE MONITOR LEGISLATION PRIORITY
OR ENGINEERING OR /MEASURE OF ACHIEVEMENT (TIMING)
STRUCTURAL (ES))
Restore native frog Improved frog habitat through Restore riparian vegetation Presence of 2 native frog species Frog survey (Q) Low
habitat improved and more diverse found outside of wetland (see Section
FROGS
Native
ecological niches (habitat) 2.04(b)(ii) on page 20)
Improved habitat for Manage water regime to restore Restoration of wetland habitat and Increase in bird abundance using Bird survey High (Teringie is a
water birds (waterfowl, habitat values for water birds and conditions for native fish species, wetland (At least double current levels) (1/2Y) wetland in the Ramsar
Native/Migratory
waders and shorebirds, therefore enhance their breeding migratory water birds, native water Increase in habitat (open water, Vegetation area)
etc.) (where appropriate) (All habitat birds and fringing species, and mudflat and vegetation) diversity survey (Y)
BIRDS
including open water) aquatic and riparian plant species. Observation

Manage water regime to restore (See vegetation objectives & Section
habitat values for migratory bird 7.02 on page 38)
species Restore hydrology regime
Revegetate surrounding area Revegetate as per revegetation
with native vegetation plan
Reduce groundwater Develop freshwater lens under Inundate wetland for an extended Monitor wetland salinity (no net Monitor water High
impact on wetland wetland time period increase over time after inundation, quality (M)
Establish a hydrological regime steady decrease of extended period)
based on best knowledge of past Monitor soil salinity (no net increase
wetland hydrology in soil salinity, some reduction)
GW
Monitor effect of restored hydrology

and adapt management accordingly
(need to install 2 piezometers in
wetland base to monitor for the
potential development of a freshwater
lens)
Salinity Manage water regime to Keep flow path open to allow for Long term decrease of water salinity Monitor water High
minimise salinity impact of water exchange between lake and quality (M)
WQ
management strategy, maximising wetland

MANAGEMENT
the wetland restoration
Turbidity Restore aquatic and riparian Revegetate riparian vegetation Visibly clear water Monitor water Medium
vegetation Revegetate macrophytes if quality (M)
Turbidity of wetland water below 80
WQ
Manage water regime to regeneration does not occur Observation

NTU for majority of time (~90%)
minimise turbidity of wetland water
of management strategy,
maximising the wetland restoration
Improve connectivity of Restore flow paths into wetland Clear channel of debris (and Clear distinct channel Photo point (Q) Development Act High/paramount to
Structural
wetland with Lake sediment if necessary) Observation and/or council restoration

Alexandrina approval
Removal of stock from Fence of stock for entire wetland Fence of area (ES) Fence as shown in Map 5 on page Observation High
wetland area area as agreed to by landholder 32
Structural
(Ngarrindjeri)
* see Chapter 8 on page 40; WAP, water allocation plan; GW, Ground Water; WQ, Water Quality; W, Weekly; M, Monthly; Y, Yearly
31
Chapter 7. IMPLEMENTATION OF PLAN

The initial step in the restoration of Teringie wetland complex is the exclusion of stock. This will
protect both the revegetation efforts underway and the wetlands from further or future hoof and
grazing damage. To this purpose stock fences will be constructed around the complex as shown in
Map 5 below. If stock are found to access the wetland during low lake periods the fence may need
to be extended into the water/lake.
Map 5: Teringie existing and planned stock fences

The essential restoration of Teringie wetland complex involves the restoration of a regular
hydrology regime. The achievement of this involves the reconnection of the larger lagoons, here
termed basins, to Lake Alexandrina through the clearance of the old channels identified in
Woodward-Clyde (2000). The location of the channels and an identification of the basins can be
seen in Map 6 on page 33. Figure 23 and Figure 24 on page 34 show the fore dune that has built up
to block the inflow into the northern basin (as discussed in Section 2.03(e)(i)) at which channel
clearance is intended identified as on-ground work 1 (OGW1) in Map 6. Figure 25 shows the very
low fore dune at the south basin which overflows annually, an erosion of this bank was later
observed on January 11 2006, 200 m to the south of the location of Figure 25. Figure 26 and Figure
27 on page 34 show the channel identified by Woodward and Clyde (2000) that connects the north
and east basin of the wetland complex, i.e. OGW2. All the photographs were taken on the 25th
November 2005. Map 6 on page 33 shows the anticipated flow direction of water following on-
ground works and should provide some understanding of the anticipated flow following
management within Teringie wetland complex.
Given the lack of information on the accurate volumes, depth and surface areas of most of the
lagoons within the Teringie wetland complex only estimates of the surface area, the depth and
32
therefore the volume can be made. The wetland inundation will be estimated as part of the
individual basins, which are similar to the areas identified by Woodward-Clyde (2000). The
potential surface area inundated in each of the basins, at approximately the median lake level of
0.78 m AHD, can be seen in Table 13 below.
Table 13: Potential surface areas inundated following on-groundwork
Basin Expected surface area (ha)
North Basin 20
East Basin 90
South Basin 70
Full Complex 409
Not all lagoons will be connected to Lake Alexandrina. Therefore, some lagoons will remain
temporary wetlands filling only when the lake and connected lagoons are high enough to overflow
the banks, or from rainwater. This will leave some of the current habitat availability of drying
lagoons for waders.
Map 6: On-groundwork and expected water movement and inundation within Teringie
wetland complex
33
Figure 23: Flow Channel at OGW1 (TB) Figure 24: Flow Channel at OGW1 (TB)
Figure 25: Flow Channel at OGW3 (TB)
Figure 26: Flow Channel at OGW2 (TB) Figure 27: Flow Channel at OGW2 (TB)
34
Map 7 below shows a close up of the on-groundwork site (OGW01). The flow channel cleared is to
resemble the natural flow channel previously exiting for the wetland, which can still just be
identified in the aerial photograph used in the map. This channel will be approximately 40 to 70
meters wide and 30 to 40 meters long. The current height of the fore dune has been built up to 0.95
m AHD and is to be excavated to a depth of 0.5 m AHD. It is anticipated that this depth will leave
the foremost wetland as a permanent lagoon for perhaps the first year. Sedimentation in the flow
channel should slowly return this lagoon to a semi permanent state with short dry events similar to
the semi permanent/permanent wetland also found on the Teringie wetland complex site and
discussed previously in this wetland management plan. It is anticipated that by this time offshore
reed bed establishment, as discussed in Chapter 2 Section 2.03(e)(i) and management objectives in
Chapter 6, will have progressed to the stage of reducing the lakeshore erosion and the fore dune
build-up.
As the reeds will be established as far out into the lake as possible a secondary channel with a shore
parallel current may develop. The reeds would then minimise the shore directed waves minimising
fore dune build up, the shore parallel current sweeping the secondary channel clear from
sedimentation. No evidence, however, exists for this assumption and this would therefore be a basis
for adaptive management practises. It may therefore, be necessary to maintain a clear flow channel
by re-excavating the channel, if the fore dunes are re-established or, if the reeds promote excessive
sediment deposition in the flow channel. The spill from the on-groundwork should be removed
from off site preventing it from washing back into the channel and minimise its impact on the
existing vegetation.
Map 7: On-groundwork site 1 (OGW01)

Map 8 on page 36 shows a close up of the on-groundwork site (OGW02). The channel cleared is to
follow a channel previously exiting between the wetland previously blocked to provide vehicle
access to stock in this part of the wetland complex during wet periods. A box culvert will be
35
installed to allow vehicle access in the future, the top of the culvert to be a metal grid allowing light
into the channel. This channel can still be easily identified on ground and in the aerial photograph
used in the map. This channel is approximately 15 meters wide. The length of excavation will be
between 50 to 250 metres bringing the barrier from a height of 0.75/0.8 m AHD down to 0.5 m
AHD. As for OGW01 the spill from the on-groundwork should be removed from off site preventing
it from washing back into the channel and minimise its impact on the existing vegetation.
Map 8: On-groundwork site 2 (OGW02)
SECTION 7.01 ON GROUND ACTION AND TIMETABLE

Table 14, on page 37, provides a timetable and prioritisation for the on-groundwork in the Teringie
wetland complex. The table does not address monitoring which is discussed in Chapter 8 on page
40. A log of all activities should be maintained. This log would assist in the review process of the
wetland management plan discussed in Chapter 9 on page 42.
36
Table 14: Implementation plan for Teringie wetland complex land based activities.
ACTIVITY PRIORITY RESOURCES TIMETABLE RESPONSIBILITY

Install permanent photo points (including High 2 persons 1 hrs Prior to flood event SA MDB NRM Board/LAP (Adrienne Frears, Tumi
PRIOR TO CHANNEL
overview of wetland, revegetation works, Materials and tools (available) Bjornsson, Jem Tesoriero) and Greening Australia
flowpaths and shoreline/reed establishment)
CLEARING
Weed removal as per revegetation plan High See revegetation plan See revegetation plan Greening Australia
Install gauge board in lagoons Medium Gauge board Prior to flood event SA MDB NRM Board/LAP (Adrienne Frears, Tumi
2 person/ ~1hrs Bjornsson, Jem Tesoriero)
Install 2 piezometers in lagoon beds to monitor High Piezometers Prior to flood event SA MDB NRM Board/LAP (Adrienne Frears, Tumi
potential freshwater lens development 2 person/ ~1hrs Bjornsson, Jem Tesoriero)
Clearing of channels High Work crew (finance) Prior to late winter 2006 LAP/Community group
OGW1 clear channel approximately 40 to 70 Raukkan community group have equipment
meters wide and 30 to 40 meters long. From which could be used to contribute to the work
CLEARING
0.95 m AHD down to 0.5 m AHD

CHANNEL
OGW02 clear channel approximately 15 meters

wide and from 50 to 250 meters long. From 0.75
m AHD down to 0.5 m AHD. Instillation of
culvert.
Maintain clear flow path Medium As appropriate As required Community group with assistance from LAP
INUNDATION
Funding
AFTER
Monitor as per monitoring plan High See Chapter 8 below See Chapter 8 below See Chapter 8 below
Weed removal as per revegetation plan Medium See revegetation plan See revegetation plan Greening Australia
Revegetation Medium See revegetation plan As appropriate for seed collection and Greening Australia
AS APPROPRIATE
revegetation works. See revegetation plan
Revegetation of offshore reed beds High Reeds Mid November to Mid February Community group with assistance from LAP
Work crew (finance)
Annual review of monitored data High Monitored data End of each inundation year (End of Summer) Community group with assistance from LAP
Establish sill levels following on-groundwork Medium Consultant (finance) As finance allows Community group with assistance from LAP
And obtain wetland depth/volume estimate
37
SECTION 7.02 WETLAND WATER OPERATIONAL PLAN

The strongest tool in managing a wetland is the control of the wetland hydrology. Hydrology
controls the germination and growth of aquatic and riparian vegetation. Healthy vegetation and
appropriate inundation leads to the growth of biofilms, the vegetation and biofilms being a food
source for macroinvertebrates and small native fish. The vegetation and appropriate water regime
also provide a more diverse habitat for waterbirds and fish. The restoration of Teringie Wetland
Complex and fulfilment of the major objectives, the restoration of a complex wetland ecosystem, is
therefore reliant upon the establishment of an appropriate water regime. As the restoration of the
water regime for the wetland complex sees the removal of fore dunes and the lowering of the sill
level, the management of the hydrology regime and the fill rate, volume will be entirely dependent
on Lake Alexandrina levels. The lowered sill level leads to a longer inundation period as well as
water exchange between the wetland and Lake Alexandrina. A basic assessment of the water
volumes needed annually is presented in Table 15 on page 39.
The seasonality of flooding for wetlands is important as it impacts on the germination of vegetation,
its production, completion of life cycle as well as impacting on fauna such as macroinvertebrate
growth and bird breeding (Roberts et al. 2000; Scott 1997; Tucker, Dominelli et al. 2003; Tucker et
al. 2002). Best fill times based on bird breeding events and of a duration to increase the potential of
a successful breeding season is late winter to early spring with an inundation period of 4 to 8
months (Scott 1997). A 4-month minimum inundation is also required for vegetation both riparian
and aquatic, preferably longer, to allow for adequate time for the vegetation to germinate, grow and
set seed, i.e. allowing the vegetation to complete its life cycle (Roberts and Marston 2000).
Therefore, the optimal time for inundation of Teringie wetland from the ecological perspective
would be in late winter to early spring. This inundation would be achieved by raising the lake
heights to approximately 0.8 m AHD or slightly higher.
At the end of each inundation season a review of monitored data is required to assess the impact of
the changed hydrology, this would be as part of an annual review of the wetland management plan.
An annual review of the WMP is essential for best practice management to guide efforts according
to the vision and therefore objectives. This will assist to assess whether the current management of
lowered sill level is an effective hydrology management strategy or whether a revision of the
wetland management plan is required.
The wetland currently only receives water from Lake Alexandrina when the lake levels are at
approximately 0.85 m AHD, and at 0.5 to 0.75 following on-groundwork (removal of fore dune)
The wetland water level is and will continually be impacted on by the lake water levels. The water
volume used for the estimate of water allowance were based on average monthly lake height data
obtained from the surface water archive (Department of Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation
2005). As stated in Chapter 2 Section 2.03(e)(i) the median water levels within Lake Alexandrina
for a 10-year period (1994 to 2004) is 0.774 m AHD, a graph of the fluctuations is presented in
Appendix B. It is anticipated that a large proportion of the water that enters the wetland will
evaporate within it, with only minor outflow. To compare salinity levels between the wetland and
Lake Alexandrina refer to Chapter 2 Section 2.03(e)(i) on page 11.
The DEM was not complete for the entire wetland complex, only for the North Basin (see Map 6 on
page 33). Therefore, to obtain the water volume required at different wetland depths, a polynomial
relationship was established between the depth of the water in the wetland vs. the area (both given
in the SKM baseline survey data for select wetland depths) and depth vs. volume (also given in the
SKM baseline survey data). Equation 1 which was used to calculate the surface water area based on
wetland depth for the North Basin had an R2 value of 0.9996. Equation 2, established to calculate
the volume at a given depth, had an R2 of 1. Where volume is in ML, area in m2 and depth in
metres.
38
2
Equation 1: Area 159145 depth 126690 depth 6846 . 9
2
Equation 2: Volume 157 . 67 depth 41 . 44 depth 6 . 2755
As little data existed for the South and East Basins the area of probable inundation was identified
for both these basins, the probable extent of inundation can be seen in Map 6 on page 33. Based on
this identified area and the assumption that the morphology of the lagoons in the wetland complex
would be very similar, given the same soil structure and history, an estimation of the volume of
water within the basins could be extrapolated. For this purpose, Equation 3, established (using line
of best fit) to calculate the volume at a given area, had an R2 of 0.9784. Compared with the alternate
option of calculating the volume within the basins, surface area multiplied by depth, this equation
delivered a better fit when tested on the available North Basin data.
7 1 . 5259
Equation 3: Volume 5E Area
The evaporation rates were attained using the Wetland Loss Calculator obtained from RMWCMB.
The details of the estimated volume of evaporation used for the calculation of water requirements
can be seen in Appendix H, the monthly average lake height used to as an indicator of wetland
water levels area also to be seen in Appendix H. The total annual water requirements were
calculated following Equation 4.
Equation 4: TotalAnnua lWater Re quirements Volume PotenialEv aporation
The estimated water use calculations for Teringie wetland complex, including evaporation loss can
be seen in Table 15 below. The total annual allocation requirements for Teringie wetland complex
annually amounts to 1760 ML (1.7 GL or 1,760,000 kL). The 1110 ML used in the south lagoon is
not used in the calculation of the water requirements as this water enters the wetland annually
without altered management; therefore the management of this wetland will not alter its current use
of water. This estimate of water use is to be reassessed as soon as adequate sill level and wetland
volume data become available for the entire complex.
Table 15: Water use calculation at average lake height
Basin Surface Volume (ML) * Potential Total Annual Water
area (ha) Evaporation (ML) * Requirement (ML)
North 20 60 190 250
East 90 610 900 1510
South 70 410 700 1110
* Rounded to nearest 10 ML
The salinity impact of wetland management was to be estimated using the SIWM model. However
the Department of Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation (DWLBC) has withdrawn the use of
the SIWM model. Some inherent difficulties were found in developing and finalising this model for
general use leading to a new modelling approach to be undertaken. DWLBC is presently developing
a new model for the simulation of, the impact wetland management will have on salt accumulation
within wetlands, as well as, the potential impacts to the river (Croucher 2005). A salinity
assessment will be conducted on Teringie Wetland Complex once the model is available for use, a
brief report outlining the results of this modelling will be included in the plan in the future.
39
Chapter 8. MONITORING
For the development of a wetland management plan, Teringie wetland complex was included in the
River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004). The data collected during this survey
provided a basis by which objectives for the wetland management could be refined, initial
hydrology guidelines could be developed and review procedures scheduled. However this data did
not cover all the issues related to managing the Teringie wetland complex. Partly as a consequence,
but also as part of adaptive management and best practise wetland management, monitoring of the
wetland has been devised to answer some of the unknowns to the changed hydrological regime.
That is, ongoing monitoring during wetland management plays a role in adaptive management by
providing managers with information on how the wetland is responding to management strategies,
whether the objectives are being met, whether there are off-target implications (wetland in regional
context) or (as per Your Wetland: Monitoring Manual (Tucker 2004)) whether the Golden Rules are
being broken. The Golden Rules being:
Don‟t salinise your wetland.
Don‟t kill long lived vegetation.
Don‟t destroy threatened communities or habitats of threatened species.
To ensure that monitored data is available for evaluation, review and reporting, a log of all
activities, monitoring and site description should be maintained at an accessible and convenient
location. The data will ultimately be stored in the appropriate state government databases. See
report by Hydro Tasmania (2003).
The purpose of such a log is to maintain a record of management steps undertaken, their
justification and observed impacts/implications. The maintenance of a log is both good management
practice, allowing future reference to potential impacts of management, and a requirement of the
Wetland Water License. Refer to Your Wetland: Monitoring Manual (Tucker 2004) for examples of
data log sheets and further description of monitoring methods.
40
Table 16: Monitoring plan for Teringie wetland complex.
Time
Parameter Method Priority SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG Required Responsible
Level and 1 monitoring Community, LAP, SA
Groundwater LOW
Conductivity     day event MDB NRM Board
Water quality
monitoring (cond, HIGH 1 monitoring Community, LAP, SA
turb, temp)    day event MDB NRM Board
Surface Water Surface level LOW             0.5 hour Community

(using gauge
boards)
Mapping (Flow LAP, SA MDB NRM
Low
channel sill level) As funding allows 1 day Board
Seine net, dip net

Fish (and fyke nets if HIGH 1 monitoring Community, LAP, SA
deep enough)   day event MDB NRM Board
1st
Photopoint HIGH monitoring Community, LAP, SA
Installation  day event MDB NRM Board, GA
Vegetation Photopoint 1 monitoring Community, LAP, SA
HIGH
monitoring     day event MDB NRM Board, GA
Quadrat/line 1 monitoring Community, LAP, SA
MODERATE
intercept  day event MDB NRM Board
Community, LAP, SA
Frogs Recording Calls MODERATE 0.5 hour
  MDB NRM Board
Community, LAP, SA
Birds Fixed area search HIGH 0.5 hour
 MDB NRM Board
Dip net survey 1 monitoring

day event
Macro-
LOW (not
invertebrates
including Community, LAP, SA
  identification) MDB NRM Board
41
Chapter 9. EVALUATION, REVIEW AND REPORTING

SECTION 9.01 EVALUATION AND REVIEW
A review, of the implications of changed management of Teringie wetland complex, needs to be an
ongoing process. For the wetland management plan to be an adaptive and complete document,
periodic reviews have been scheduled in the monitoring and evaluation framework.
The full impact of a changed hydrology regime and the effectiveness of the new regime cannot be
fully predicted, nor can the exact timing of a change in water regime. Therefore, the data obtained
through monitoring need to be regularly reviewed to respond to impacts of the management
strategy. An annual review of the monitored data and the condition of the wetland should be
conducted by the Community group, and if necessary assistance is be available from the Coorong
District LAP and the SA MDB NRM Board. A full review of the Wetland Management Plan should
be scheduled in 5 years.
For the annual review to be effective it needs to include an assessment of the progress towards the
vision for the wetland, and update of the threats and actions to be undertaken as well as an upgrade
of the monitoring schedule to reflect changes in the wetland management plan.
SECTION 9.02 REPORTING

The wetland management plan for Teringie wetland is comprehensive and includes an estimation of
the water requirements over the period covered in this plan. Should the volume used deviate
substantially from the plan the Department of Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation
(DWLBC) will need to be notified. The records noted in the activity and monitoring logs will assist
in reporting to DWLBC.
Further as part of the requirements of the water license, any substantial change in the wetland
management plan, e.g. objectives, monitoring timetable or hydrology regime change, also needs to
be reported to DWLBC. That includes the lack of use of licensed water, should Lake Alexandrina
levels not be high enough to supply or maintain the planned wetland water levels.
42
Chapter 10. REFERENCES

Anonymous (1982). South Australia: Fisheries Act 1982. Accessed November 17 2005,
http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Catalog/legislation/Acts/f/1982.58.un.htm.
Anonymous (1986a). Australian Treaty Series 1981 No 6 (JAMBA). Accessed 16 June 2005,
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1981/6.html.
Anonymous (1986b). Australian Treaty Series 1988 No 22 (CAMBA). Accessed 16 June 2005,
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treties/1988/22.html.
Anonymous (2000). Coorong, and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Ramsar Management Plan.
Adelaide, South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage.
Baird, I. (2006). Teringie Wetlands Rehabilitation Project, Greening Australia (SA).
Bjornsson, K. T., A. Brodie, et al. (2002). Riparian Areas and On-farm Wetlands in the Australian
Sugar Industry. Townsville, CRC for Sustainable Sugar Production.
BOM (2005). Climate Averages. Accessed 18 March 2005,

www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_024518.shtml.
Carter, M. F. (2006). Ngarrindjeri elder.
Carter, R. W. G. (1988). Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological &

Cultural Systems of Coastlines. London, Elsevier.
Croucher, D. (2005). Personal Communication.
Dadd, D. (2005). Personal Communication.
Davis, R. A. and D. M. FitzGerald (2004). Beaches and Coasts, Blackwell Publishing.
Department of Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation (2005). Surface Water Archive.
Accessed 3 August 2005,
http://www.dwlbc.sa.gov.au/subs/surface_water_archive/a1pgs/mapindex.htm.
Gosbell, K. (2004). Waterbird Surveys around the Shoreline of Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert
January 2003 to February 2004 in Response to a Drawdown in Water Levels. South East Region,
South Australia, Department for Environment and Heritage. Draft Report 14-4-04
Hydro Tasmania (2003). River Murray Wetlands Data Management Project Final Report, River
Murray Catchment Water Management Board.
Jensen, A., P. Paton, et al. (1996). Wetlands Atlas of the South Australian Murray Valley.
ADELAIDE, South Australian River Murray Wetlands Management Committee. South Australian
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003). 2003
Review of the Status of Threatened Species in South Australia: Proposed Schedules under the South
Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, Government of South Australia. Discussion Paper
43
National Wetlands Program (1998). Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance). Accessed 7 October 1999,
http://www.anca.gov.au/environm/wetlands/ramindex.html.
Nicol, J. (2005). The ecology of Ruppia spp. in South Australia, with reference to the Coorong.
Adelaide, South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences): 44p. SARDI
Aquatic Sciences Publication Number RD04/0247-2
Peck, D. (2000). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: The Annotated Ramsar List: Australia.
Accessed 27 April 2005, http://www.ramsar.org/profiles_australia.htm.
Pressey, R. L. (1986). Wetlands of the River Murray, River Murray Commission.
River Murray Catchment Water Management Board (2002). Water Allocation Plan for the River
Murray Prescribed Watercourse. Berri, South Australia, Government of South Australia.
River Murray Catchment Water Management Board and Department of Water Land and
Biodiversity Conservation (2003). Guidelines for Development of Wetland Management Plans for
the River Murray in South Australia.
Roberts, J. and F. Marston (2000). Water regime of wetland and floodplain plants in the Murray-
Darling Basin: A source book of ecological knowledge. Canberra, CSIRO Land and Water.
Technical Report 30/00
Scott, A. (1997). Relationships between waterbird ecology and river flows in the Murray-Darling
Basin. Canberra, CSIRO Land and Water. Technical Report
Seaman, R. L. (2003). Coorong and Lower Lakes habitat-mapping program. South Australia,
Department for Environment and Heritage. Conservation Programs
Sim, T. and K. Muller (2004). A Fresh History of the Lakes: Wellington to the Murray Mouth,
1800s to 1935. Berri, River Murray Catchment Water Management Board.
SKM (2004). River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey, South Australian Murray Darling Basin
Natural Resources Management Board.
State Library of South Australia River Murray Timeline. Accessed 23 February 2006,
http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/murray/timeline.htm.
Tucker, P. (2004). Your Wetland: Monitoring Manual - Data Collection. Renmark SA, River
Murray Catchment Water Management Board
Australian Landscape Trust.
Tucker, P., S. Dominelli, et al. (2003). Your Wetland: Supporting Information. Renmark SA,
Australian Landscape Trust.
Tucker, P., M. Harper, et al. (2002). Your Wetland: Hydrology Guidelines. Renmark SA, Australian
Landscape Trust.
Wedderburn, S. and M. Hammer (2003). The Lower Lakes Fish Inventory:Distribution and
Conservation of Freshwater Fishes of the Rasmar Convention Wetland at the Terminus of the
Murray Darling Basin, South Australia. Adelaide, Native Fish Australia (SA) Inc.
44
Woodward-Clyde (2000). Identification of Potential Wetland Rehabilitation Sites.
45
Appendix A. Wetlands Atlas Data for Wetland Main Body

Table 17: Teringie wetland complex, Wetland atlas data (Jensen, Paton et al. 1996)
AREA 4090053.94037672000
PERIMETER 28275.48825573210
WETLANDS_ 1020
WETLANDS_I 1019
AS2482 44190
AUS_WETNR S0019
AUSDIRNO_9 NCP016SA
AUSDIR_NO SA063
THOM_WETNR L018
NAME TERINGIE COMPLEX
COMPLEX LAKE ALEXANDRINA FRINGING WETLAND
WATERCOURS
MDBC_DISTN 2
WATER_REGI TEMPORARY
INTERNATIO 1
NATIONAL 1
BASIN 1
VALLEY 1
SHOULD_REA 1
ConsValue Moderate
ConsCode 2
DataSource Murray SA Atlas
46
Appendix B. Surface Water Archive Graph
DWLBC, Surface Water Archive HYPLOT V128 Output 13/10/2004
Period 11 Year Plot Start 00:00_01/01/1994 1994-05

Interval 1 Month Plot End 00:00_01/01/2005
AW426583 LAKE ALEXANDRINA @ Narrung Jetty
102.00 Max & Min Lake Level (m) Recording
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 28: Lake Alexandrina water level at Narrung Jetty (10 year period)
47
Appendix C. Baseline Survey Locations (Source SKM (2004))
48
Appendix D. Baseline Survey DEM (Source SKM (2004))
49
50
Appendix E. Baseline Survey Groundwater
51
52
53
54
55
Appendix F. Baseline Survey Vegetation Zones
56
Appendix G. Species List for Teringie Wetland Complex

SECTION G.01 FLORA
This species list (Table 18) has been derived from the River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM
2004).
Table 18: Plant Associations at Teringie wetland complex (adapted from River Murray Wetlands
Baseline Survey (SKM 2004))
Species Common Name Conservati Plant
on Rating Association *
Introduced
1 2 3
AUS
MU
SA
Azolla filiculoides Pacific azolla X
*Cotula bipinnata Ferny cotula X X
*Cotula coronopifolia Water buttons X X
*Critesion marinum Sea barley-grass X X
Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny flat-sedge
Distichlis distichophylla Emu grass
*Ehrharta calycina Perennial veldt grass X
Frankenia pauciflora var. Southern sea-heath X
gunnii
Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. Black-seed samphire X X
pergranulata
Lemna disperma Common duckweed X
Lepilaena australis Austral water-mat X
*Lolium rigidum Wimmera rygrass X X
*Lycium ferocissimum African boxthorn X X
*Medicago polymorpha var. Burr-medic X X
polymorpha
Mimulus repens Creeping monkey-flower X
Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum R
Myriophyllum simulans Amphibious milfoil Q X
Myoporum insulare Boobialla
*Parapholis incurva Curly ryegrass X X
*Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water couch X X
*Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu grass X
*Polypogon monspeliensis Annual beard-grass X X
Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel pondweed X
Ruppia polycarpa Widgeon grass X
Ruppia tuberosa Widgeon grass X
Samolus repens Creeping brookweed X
Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire X
57
Schoenoplectus validus River club-rush X
Schoenoplectus pungens Spiky club-rush
Senecio runcinifolius X
*Soncus oleraceus Common sow-thistle X X
*Spergularia marina Salt sand-spurrey X X
Suaeda australis Austral seablite X
Triglochin striatum Streaked arrowgrass X
Typha orientalis Broad-leaf bulrush X
Total species 16 11 2
% introduced 56 18 0
* Plant association:
1. Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. Pergranulata / Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Low Closed Shrubland
2. Schoenplectus validus Sedgeland over Paspalum vaginatum
3. Ruppia polucarpa Herbland
SECTION G.02 WETLAND AND FLOODPLAIN FAUNA

(a) BIRDS OF TERINGIE SURROUNDS AND LOWER LAKES
Table 19: Bird species identified at Teringie wetland complex (adapted from River Murray
Wetlands Baseline Survey (SKM 2004))
Common Scientific Name Spring Summer Total Conservation
Name abundance status
Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2
Australian pelican Pelecanus 0 3 0 0 3 NA
conspicillatus
Cape Barren Cereopsis 0 34 0 0 34 SA – Rare
goose novaehollandiae EPBC _
Migratory
Caspian tern Sterna caspia 0 5 0 0 5 EPBC _
Migratory
Eurasian coot Fulica atra 0 1 0 0 1 NA
Great cormorant Phalacrocorax 2 0 0 0 2 NA
carbo
Masked lapwing Vanellus miles 2 2 0 0 4 EPBC _
Migratory
Silver gull Larus 0 9 0 0 9 NA
novaehollandiae
Total Individuals 4 54 0 0 58
Species 2 6 0 0 7
Table 20: Water birds at 23 sites bordering Lakes Alexandrina and Albert (adapted from (Gosbell
2004))
Number Number
WATERFOWL Observed WADERS Observed
Hoary head Grebe 200 Latham's Snipe 0
58
Australasian Grebe 14 Black-tailed Godwit 1
Great Crested Grebe 990 Bar-tailed Godwit 0
Little Pied Cormorant 551 Godwit Spp. 0
Little Black Cormorant 3306 Little Curlew 0
Great Black Cormorant 20839 Whimbrel 0
Pied Cormorant 7736 Eastern Curlew 0
Black Faced Cormorant 77 Marsh Sandpiper 132
Australian Darter 64 Common Greenshank 173
Australian Pelican 9869 Wood Sandpiper 32
Little Egret 11 Terek Sandpiper 0
Intermediate Egret 36 Common Sandpiper 0
Great Egret 344 Grey-tailed Tattler 0
White Faced Heron 153 Wandering Tattler 0
Australasian Bittern 2 Great Knot 0
Royal Spoonbill 202 Red Knot 0
Yellow -billed Spoonbill 311 Knot spp. 0
Straw-necked Ibis 3250 Sanderling 0
Australian White Ibis 1114 Red-Necked Stint 5498
Glossy Ibis 256 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 2533
Cape Barren Goose 1921 Curlew Sandpiper 195
Black swan 10011 Bush-stone Curlew 0
Australian Shelduck 26890 Beach-stone Curlew 0
Freckled Duck 716 Pied Oystercatcher 0
Wood Duck 127 Sooty Oystercatcher 0
Hardhead 941 Black-winged Stilt 1460
Pacific Black Duck 8520 Banded Stilt 345
Australasian Shoveler 1400 Red-necked Avocet 635
Grey Teal 28478 Pacific Golden Plover 3
Chestnut Teal 962 Grey Plover 0
Pink- eared Duck 921 Double-Banded Plover 152
Blue-billed Duck 0 Lesser Sand Plover 0
Musk Duck 6 Sand Plover Spp. 0
Spotless Crake 2 Oriental Plover 0
Australian Crake 3 Black-Fronted Dotterel 6
Baillon's Crake 0 Hooded Plover 0
Buff-banded Rail 0 Red-Kneed Dotterel 64
Eurasian Coot 64325 Banded Lapwing 49
Dusky Moorhen 7 Red-capped Plover 256
Purple Swamphen 1080 Masked Lapwing 2576
Blacktailed Native hen 2 Unidentified Large 0
Pacific Gull 0 Unidentified Meduim 0
59
Silver Gull 5155 Unidentified Small 192
Gull-billed Tern 7 Unidentified WaderSpecies 0
Crested Tern 1424 Other Wader Species 7
Caspian Tern 2001
Little Tern 164
Fairy Tern 6
Whiskered Tern 18704
TOTAL
WATERFOWL 223,165 TOTAL WADERS 14,945
TOTAL
WATERBIRDS 238,110
60
Appendix H. Evaporation and precipitation obtained using the Wetland Loss Calculator.
Table 21: Calculated water loss (evaporation – precipitation) from the Wetland Loss Calculator for the North Basin
TOTAL
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC (ML)
Average Monthly Lake level m AHD
(1994-2004) 0.707 0.651 0.61 0.695 0.757 0.763 0.785 0.808 0.848 0.829 0.802 0.755
Area used in calculation (ha) 18 16 14 17 19 20 20 21 23 22 21 19
Net Loss (ML) Year 1 27 20 18 16 7 2 2 8 15 14 26 30 185
TOTAL
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC (ML)
Average Monthly Lake level m AHD
(1994-2004) N/A as DEM not available
Area used in calculation (ha) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
Net Loss (ML) Year 1 140 117 110 86 34 11 9 33 59 56 110 138 902
61

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Teringie Wetland Complex

MANAGEMENT PLAN 2006

© Coorong District Local Action Plan 2006

SECTION 1.01 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF

SECTION 1.02 WHY DOES TERINGIE WETLAND COMPLEX NEED A MANAGEMENT

Chapter 2. SITE DESCRIPTION OF TERINGIE WETLAND

Map 1: Teringie wetland complex location

SECTION 2.02 SURVEY SITES, DATES & LOCATIONS

Birds Y N Spring Summer 19

Map 2: Map of wetland complex monitoring locations

SECTION 2.03 PHYSICAL FEATURES

Figure 4: Location 2, A normally dry Figure 5: Location 3, Habitat availability

Figure 6: Location 4, permanent wetland Figure 7: Location 4, permanent wetland

(b) GEOMORPHOLOGY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS

(i) Surface water

Elevation of Bore Ground Elevation Benchmark

(iii) Implications for management

SECTION 2.04 ECOLOGICAL FEATURES

(i) Implications for management

(v) Implications for management

Chapter 3. SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL VALUES

Chapter 4. LAND TENURE, JURISDICTION AND

Map 4: Cadastral boundaries covering Teringie wetland complex and surrounds.

SECTION 4.02 LAND AND WATER USE

SECTION 4.03 JURISDICTION AND MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

SECTION 4.04 ACCESS

SECTION 4.05 CONTACT DETAILS

Chapter 5. THREATS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO

Possible artificial blockages Evapoconcentration of water (Regional cause

wetland of wetland water Evapo-concentration (hypersaline) fringing low lying

base/soil Saline seepage from native fish

phase for to long leading to a

wetland Alexandrina present Inundate wetland for extended period of time

lagoons Highly saline soils habitat availability) Revegetation of surrounding areas

during survey area Revegetate

suitable habitat wetland surrounding Restore hydrology

Fish loss currently when wetlands Revegetate

Chapter 6. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

lakeshore reed beds (Schoenoplectus validus) Vegetation

in fresher lakeside lagoons (similar to quality (M)

the macrophytes identified in the

Refer to revegetation plan Re-establishment and survival of survey (Y)

between wetland and Number of fish in wetland

riparian vegetation) and open water.

As well as more food sources,

ecological niches (habitat) 2.04(b)(ii) on page 20)

including open water) aquatic and riparian plant species. Observation

Monitor effect of restored hydrology

management strategy, maximising wetland

the wetland restoration

Manage water regime to regeneration does not occur Observation

wetland with Lake sediment if necessary) Observation and/or council restoration

Chapter 7. IMPLEMENTATION OF PLAN

Map 5: Teringie existing and planned stock fences

Figure 25: Flow Channel at OGW3 (TB)

Map 7: On-groundwork site 1 (OGW01)

Map 8: On-groundwork site 2 (OGW02)

SECTION 7.01 ON GROUND ACTION AND TIMETABLE

ACTIVITY PRIORITY RESOURCES TIMETABLE RESPONSIBILITY

0.95 m AHD down to 0.5 m AHD

OGW02 clear channel approximately 15 meters

revegetation works. See revegetation plan

SECTION 7.02 WETLAND WATER OPERATIONAL PLAN

East 90 610 900 1510