Improvement (final) Introduction: Need to produce Success and efforts Types of food crops Rabi and Kharif Crops

Crops grown in Rainy season are called Kharif Crops. eg. Paddy, Soyabean, pigeon pea, Maize, cotton, green gram, black gram. Crops grown in winter season November to April are called Rabi Crops. e.g. Wheat, gram, peas, mustard, linseed Improvement in Crop Yields: Major activities for increasing crop yield Crop variety Improvement Crop Production improvement Crop protection management

Crop variety Improvement: The variety of crop selected for growing

in the field should be such that it gives a favorable produce in the given conditions. Factor for which variety improvement is done are: A) Higher yield B) Improved quality. c) Biotic and abiotic resistance d) Change in maturity duration e) Wider adaptability f) Desirable agronomic characters How to improve crop variety: 1) Hybridization 2) Making GMOs Hybridization:-

Crossing may be A) Intervarietal B) Inter specific c) Intergeneric Making GMOs GMO is a genetically modified crop (organism) A gene for a desirable character is introduced in a plant using scientific technique. The resultant plant is a GMO.

Banned GMOs GMOs will severely damage our chances of surviving the food crisis and global warming; organic agriculture and localised food systems are the way forward

Crop Production Management

Many times production is related to inputs.

A). Nutrient Management:

A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment. Source and type of nutrients.

enrich soil in nutrients by manure:

Manure is Organic material that is used to fertilize land, usually consisting

of the feces and urine of domestic livestock, with or without litter such as straw, hay, or bedding. Based on the kind of biological material used, manures can be classified as Compost Vermicompost Green manure

Fertilizers are chemical compounds given to plants to promote growth;

they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. Fertilizers can be organic (composed of organic matter), or inorganic (made of simple, inorganic chemicals or minerals) Organic Farming: Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests, excluding or strictly limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides and plant growth regulators

B).IRRIGATION:
Irrigation is application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. Agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed farming. Types of water resources are: Wells Canals Tanks

C).CROPPING PATTERNS:

Mixed cropping: Mixed Cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. It is also known as multiple cropping. Inter cropping: Intercropping is the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time in a definite pattern. Crop Rotation: Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons for

various benefits such as to avoid the buildup of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped.

Crop Protection Management:

When the crop is in the field, it needs protection against: Weeds Insect pests pathogens

Storage , prevention and control methods

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Animal husbandry, also called animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. History Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years, since the first domestication of animals. IMPORTANCE Agriculture becomes 100% only if animal husbandry is also included. Otherwise it will become crop husbandry only. More over it is essential part of mixed cropping and organic farming. Animals supply milk, meat, dung, etc and useful for sustainable agriculture. The farming of animals also needs planning to meet their basic requirement, to maintain health and control the diseases.

Cattle farming Cattle husbandry or cattle farming is carried out primarily for two reasons milk production by milch animals and for agricultural work, such as ploughing, tilling, irrigation etc, by draught animals. Breeding in Cattle: Indigenous breeds Foreign or Exotic Breeds Cross Breeds

Poultry farming: Poultry (poult= chicken) is the breeding of fowls for egg production and meat which are supposed to be the best sources of proteins and fats.

Poultry breeding: Indigenous breeds Foreign or Exotic Breeds Cross Breeds

Fish production: Fishes are cheap and excellent sources of animal protein. India with a long sea coastline has big wealth of fish fauna.

Inland (Fresh Water) Fisheries: India has a large number of Inland water resources, eg. Rivers, ponds and lakes.