RECOMMENDATION FOR SPACE DATA SYSTEM STANDARDS

CCSDS SPACE LINKS PROTOCOLS INTERFACE WITH ETSI DVB-S2 LINK LAYER

DRAFT RED BOOK CCSDS 131.3-R-0

May 2011

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AUTHORITY

Issue: Date: Location:

Draft Red Book, Issue 0 May 2011 Not Applicable

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This document has been approved for publication by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS). The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS documents is detailed in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.

This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat Office of Space Communication (Code M-3) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546, USA

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FOREWORD
Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or modification of this document may occur. This Recommended Standard is therefore subject to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Current versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS Web site: http://www.ccsds.org/ Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be addressed to the CCSDS Secretariat at the address indicated on page i.

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At time of publication, the active Member and Observer Agencies of the CCSDS were: Member Agencies Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)/Italy. British National Space Centre (BNSC)/United Kingdom. Canadian Space Agency (CSA)/Canada. Centre National dEtudes Spatiales (CNES)/France. Deutsches Zentrum fr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)/Germany. European Space Agency (ESA)/Europe. Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos)/Russian Federation. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)/Brazil. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)/Japan. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/USA.
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Observer Agencies Austrian Space Agency (ASA)/Austria. Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BFSPO)/Belgium. Central Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMash)/Russian Federation. Centro Tecnico Aeroespacial (CTA)/Brazil. Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)/China. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)/Australia. Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI)/Denmark. European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)/Europe. European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT)/Europe. Hellenic National Space Committee (HNSC)/Greece. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/India. Institute of Space Research (IKI)/Russian Federation. KFKI Research Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics (KFKI)/Hungary. Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)/Korea. MIKOMTEK: CSIR (CSIR)/Republic of South Africa. Ministry of Communications (MOC)/Israel. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)/Japan. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/USA. National Space Organization (NSPO)/Taipei. Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/Pakistan. Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)/Sweden. United States Geological Survey (USGS)/USA.
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PREFACE
This document is a draft CCSDS Recommendation. Its Red Book status indicates that the CCSDS believes the document to be technically mature and has released it for formal review by appropriate technical organizations. As such, its technical contents are not stable, and several iterations of it may occur in response to comments received during the review process. Implementers are cautioned not to fabricate any final equipment in accordance with this document's technical content.

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DOCUMENT CONTROL

Document CCSDS 131.3-R-0

Title CCSDS Space Links Protocols interface with ETSI DVB-S2 Link Layer, Draft Red Book, Issue 0f

Date May 2011

Status
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Current draft
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CONTENTS
Section 1 Page

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE............................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS..................................................................... 1-2 1.3.1 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................ 1-2 1.3.2 NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................... 1-4 1.3.3 CONVENTIONS ........................................................................................ 1-4 1.4 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS.................................................................................... 1-5 OVERVIEW OF TRANSFERRING CCSDS TRANSFER FRAMES OVER DVB-S2 PHYSICAL LINK.......................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 DVB-S2 RECOMMENDED SUBSET FOR EESS ................................................... 2-1 2.2 LICENSING ISSUES ................................................................................................. 2-2 2.3 ARCHITECTURE ...................................................................................................... 2-3 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 2-3 2.3.2 DVB-S2 OVERVIEW ................................................................................ 2-3 INTERFACE DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 3-1 3.3 RECOMMENDED DVB-S2 PROFILE ..................................................................... 3-3 3.3.1 EESS VHDR TELEMETRY PROFILE..................................................... 3-3 3.3.2 PILOT USE................................................................................................. 3-4 3.3.3 VCM USE................................................................................................... 3-4 3.4 BBFRAME METHOD (METHOD 1) ....................................................................... 3-5 3.4.1 BBFRAME STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 3-5 3.4.2 BBFRAME GENERATOR ........................................................................ 3-7 3.5 CCSDS STREAM OR CSFRAME METHOD (METHOD 2)................................... 3-8 MANAGED PARAMETERS ....................................................................................... 4-9 4.1 OVERVIEW OF MANAGED PARAMETERS ........................................................ 4-9 4.2 MANAGED PARAMETERS FOR SELECTED OPTIONS ..................................... 4-9

ANNEX A SERVICE (NORMATIVE)..................................................................................A2 ANNEX B SECURITY .............................................................................................................A5 ANNEX C ACRONYMS..........................................................................................................A8

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CONTENTS (FOLLOWING)
Figure Figure 1-1: Bit Numbering Convention Figure 2-1 : Functional Block Diagram of the DVB-S2 System Figure 3-1: Format required for DVB-S2 Generic Stream Mode Figure 3-2: Stream Format at the Output of the Mode Adapter (CCSDS Compatible) Table Page Page 1-4 2-3 3-5 3-8

Table 4-1: Managed Parameters for Selected Options....................................................................... 4-9

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1
1.1

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND

In recent years there has been an ever-growing demand for high data rates in multimedia communications and earth observation satellites. This demand increase comes in part from the use of high resolution sensors with a large field of view which generate a great amount of data. Additionally, the data is usually transmitted in a short period of time and using a very limited number of ground stations. In order to satisfy these higher data rates innovative modulation and coding schemes, with high spectral and energy efficiency, are required to match the bandwidth and/or power limited conditions of satellite channels. The possible ITU allocated bands for near Earth Exploration Satellites Systems (EESS) remain the same within 8.025/8.4 GHz and 25.5/27 GHz bands. The use of Ka band imposes stringent dish surface requirements for ground stations as well as the reception susceptibility to meteorological conditions, especially at low elevations (under 10 degrees). Therefore, a more efficient use of the X band, less affected by these requirements and phenomena, is becoming attractive. In parallel, new link margin management considerations are also needed for Ka band to avoid tremendous increase of power for short portions of a pass like the initial acquisition when the range is maximum and atmospheric absorption or rain effects may be maximum. Due to the limited quantity of equipment (on-board and ground), it is desirable to use the same transmission scheme for those two bands. Further improvements in the average system throughput are envisaged by using adaptive Physical Layer techniques that allow for reconfiguration of the coding and modulation scheme. This change of coding and modulation scheme is envisaged based on either estimates of channel condition or a pre-determined schedule (for example, as a function of variation in the elevation angle for Low Earth Orbit satellites). Such improvements require more flexibility in the physical and access control layers (MAC) of the transmitter and receiver architecture. The high demand in TV broadcasting has pushed the DVB and ETSI organizations to a new telecom standard called DVB-S2. This has been adapted to the Ku and Ka Telecom bands and offers Variable or Adaptive Coding and Modulation with high power and bandwidth efficiencies. This document describes the interface between the CCSDS Space Links Protocols and the ETSI DVB-S2 standard with the recommended options that can be considered as a Very High Rate Telemetry (between few to hundreds of MBauds) profile. Given that the DVB-S2 standard is owned by the DVB organization it is prohibited to reproduce elements from it within this recommendation. Therefore, all the reference documents are required for complete comprehension of the low layers of the transmission link. 1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

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The purpose of this document is to define a recommended interface to the CCSDS Space Link Protocols and especially the AOS continuous Transfer Frame (see [5]) and the TM continuous Transfer Frame (see [4]) with an efficient and comprehensive coding and modulation solution
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able to support a wide range of spectral efficiency values and data rates. The main drivers are given by requirements of high data rate (in the range of few Mb/s to hundreds of Mb/s) telemetry applications and the use of a robust and already effective proven broadcasting standard. The EESS telemetry payload can improve its system throughput, by means of advanced variable or adaptive techniques which are deemed essential in order to fulfil the requirements imposed by future missions. The DVB-S2 standard is using advanced modulations techniques (including QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK and 32 APSK) and a wide range of coding rates (from 1/4 to 8/9) with the most recent near Shannon coding schemes (LDPC codes). The number of different modulation schemes available, combined with a properly selected coding rate, allows the overall system to make efficient use of the available bandwidth, adapting itself to the variable conditions of the link. The DVB-S2 standard can implement Variable Coding and Modulation mode (VCM), which adapts the transmission scheme to the channel conditions following a predetermined schedule (for example, as a function of the received elevation angle). If a Telecommand channel is available, the transmission scheme can be dynamically adjusted using the Adaptive Coding and Modulation mode (ACM) in real time. A major advantage of the DVB-S2 scheme is the possibility to use generic VHDL Intellectual Property (IP) for the on-board development, while employing a standard DVB-S2 receiver on the ground side without custom modifications. Hardware, i.e. ASICs, developed for the commercial broadcast market may then be used to implement an EESS system in a timely and efficient manner. This hardware implements a wide range of modulation schemes combined with the most recent near Shannon coding schemes (LDPC codes). The further called method 1 is the proper interface for those cases. Conversely the use of equipment developed for commercial telecommunications applications imposes some limitations (use of many encapsulation formats) such as the case of when very high symbol rate is required. In this example, the complexity and the speed of the receiver becomes a key issue, with a custom designed solution preferable. An adaptation of the DVB-S2 BaseBand signalling further called method 2 is also proposed for that reason. 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.1.1 CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS Definitions from the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Basic Reference Model

This document makes use of a number of terms defined in reference [1]. The use of those terms in this document shall be understood in a generic sense; i.e., in the sense that those terms are generally applicable to any of a variety of technologies that provide for the exchange of information between real systems. Those terms are: a) blocking; b) connection; c) Data Link Layer;

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d) protocol data unit;

1.3.1.2

Definitions used in the DVB-S2 standard (see ref [2])

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Normative : configurations or mechanisms that shall be implemented in the transmitting and receiving equipment to comply to the standard. Equivalent to Mandatory for CCSDS. Optional : configurations or mechanisms that need not to be implemented in the equipment but it shall comply with the specification as given in the document. Return channel : Channel from User Terminal (Very Small Aperture Terminal or Transportable Earth Station) to Ground station (Gateway) used for interactive services and corresponding to uplink or Telecommand for CCSDS Signalling : the information exchange concerning the establishment and control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of the network, in contrast to user information transfer (according Wikipedia). Here it deals with in band signalling because inserted inside the user information transmission channel. 1.3.1.3 Terms Defined in this Recommended Standard

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For the purposes of this document, the following definitions also apply. Many other terms that pertain to specific items are defined in the appropriate sections.
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Active frame : any frame that is containing user defined information (opposite to OID frame)
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Asynchronous : not synchronous (see below). Delimited : having a known (and finite) length; applies to data in the context of data handling.
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Mission Phase : a period of a mission during which specified communications characteristics are fixed. The transition between two consecutive Mission Phases may cause an interruption of the communications services.
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Periodic : of or pertaining to a sequence of events in which each event occurs at a fixed time interval (within specified tolerance) after the previous event in the sequence.
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Physical Channel : a stream of bits transferred over a space link in a single direction.
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space link : a communications link between a spacecraft and its associated ground system or between two spacecraft. A space link consists of one or more Physical Channels in one or both directions.
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Synchronous : of or pertaining to a sequence of events occurring in a fixed time relationship (within specified tolerance) to another sequence of events. Note that synchronous does not necessarily imply periodic or constant rate.

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1.3.2

NOMENCLATURE
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The following conventions apply throughout this document: a) the words shall and must imply a binding and verifiable specification; b) the word should implies an optional, but desirable, specification; c) the word may implies an optional specification; d) the words is, are, and will imply statements of fact. 1.3.3 CONVENTIONS

In this document, the following convention is used to identify each bit in an N-bit field. The first bit in the field to be transmitted (i.e., the most left justified when drawing a figure) is defined to be Bit 0; the following bit is defined to be Bit 1 and so on up to Bit N1. When the field is used to express a binary value (such as a counter), the Most Significant Bit (MSB) shall be the first transmitted bit of the field, i.e., Bit 0 (see figure 1-1).
BIT 0 BIT N1

N-BIT DATA FIELD

FIRST BIT TRANSFERRED = MSB

Figure 1-1: Bit Numbering Convention

In accordance with standard data-communications practice, data fields are often grouped into eight-bit words which conform to the above convention. Throughout this Recommended Practice, such an eight-bit word is called an octet. The numbering for octets within a data structure starts with zero. By CCSDS convention, all spare bits shall be permanently set to 0.

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1.4

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommended Practice. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All documents are subject to revision, and users of this Recommended Practice are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the documents indicated below. The CCSDS Secretariat maintains a register of currently valid CCSDS Documents. [1] Information TechnologyOpen Systems InterconnectionBasic Reference Model: The Basic Model. International Standard, ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994. 2nd ed. Geneva: ISO, 1994. [2] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Second Generation Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation Systems for Broadcasting, Interactive Services, News Gathering and other Broadband Satellite Applications. ETSI EN 302 307 V1.2.1 (2009-08). Sophia-Antipolis: ETSI, 2009. 1 [3] TM Synchronization and Channel Coding, Recommendation for Space Data System Standards, CCSDS 131.0-B-1. Blue Book. Issue 1. September 2003.
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[4] TM Space Data Link Protocol. Recommendation for Space Data System Standards, CCSDS 132.0-B-1. Blue Book. Issue 1. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, September 2003. [5] AOS Space Data Link Protocol. Recommendation for Space Data System Standards, CCSDS 732.0-B-2. Blue Book. Issue 2. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, July 2006.

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2 OVERVIEW OF TRANSFERRING CCSDS TRANSFER FRAMES OVER DVB-S2 PHYSICAL LINK

2.1 DVB-S2 RECOMMENDED SUBSET FOR EESS DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by the DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Project in 2004 with small corrections in 2006 and 2009. It benefits from more recent developments in channel coding (LDPC codes) combined with a variety of phase and amplitude/phase shift keying modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK). When used for interactive applications, it may implement Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM), thus optimizing the transmission parameters depending on path conditions. When a Telecommand channel (called return channel in DVB, see 1.3.1.2) is not available, it may implement Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM). DVB-S2 is typically focused and used for television/broadcasting and Internet access by satellite, but it can be used with practically any type of high data rate transmission (above 500 kb/s). DVB-S2 can be also used to transmit a continuous bit stream as packetized data (MPEG stream essentially). This recommendation is to utilize generic IP (Intellectual Property) Cores for the onboard development, while utilizing standard DVB-S2 receivers within existing ground stations. This is the reason that the recommendation in its full compliance mode might appear to be inefficient and over layered. All the data that are entering from the CCSDS parts to the DVB-S2 parts of the transmission chain are sliced and framed completely asynchronously but continuously according to the two proposed methods described in 3.2.6. When a very high symbol rate is required (> 30 MBauds), a mode called method 2 avoiding the BaseBand header (see 3.4.1.3) and then allowing the mapping directly of a CCSDS Transfer Frames within the DVB-S2 physical framing is also detailed (see 3.5). Using this method has the disadvantage of not utilizing the complete DVB-S2 MODE/STREAM adaptation (called method 1) and consequently requires the use of a slightly modified DVBS2 transmitter and a slightly modified receiver (negligible impact in terms of gates and memory changes with respect to full DVB-S2 stack). But this option uses the DVB-S2 optional Mode Adaptation Input Interface (see figure 2-1) being then very close to the original standard.

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2.2

LICENSING ISSUES Implementers should be aware that DVB-S2 is covered by a set of patents. Potential users should direct their requests for licenses w.r.t. that set of patents to: S2 Licensing 2315 Hallowing Point Park, Prince Frederick, MD 20678, USA DVB-S2 licensing is available worldwide, for any type of projects, on a fair and non discriminatory basis. For additional information on licensing, user should connect to : http://www.s2licensing.com/c/255/agreement. It has been clearly already stated by S2 licensing that : 1. No royalties will apply to the satellites. 2. There will be no use-based royalties. 3. Only the ground equipment using the standardized DVB-S2 technology covered by the license scope would be licensed at a Professional products rate.
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2.3

ARCHITECTURE 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION

This section describes an overview of the steps within the DVB-S2 standard and is informative only. The implementer must follow the complete DVB-S2 recommendation, as specified in reference [2], to fully comply with this recommendation except for the method 2 case (see 3.2.6). 2.3.2 DVB-S2 OVERVIEW

The functional block diagram of the DVB-S2 standard for a stream of CCSDS AOS or TM Transfer Frames is given by Figure 2-1 derived from 4.2, Figure 1 of reference [2]. This scheme can be divided into three main blocks that must be implemented:

- Mode and Stream adaptation; - Forward Error Control encoding; - Physical Layer Frame and Modulation.
VCMinterface CCSDS Transfer Frames
ModeandStreamAdaptations Method 2 Input or interface Method 1
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CSFRAME
ModeAdaptationInputInterface Slicer Slicer+ BBsignaling Padder BB scrambler

BBFRAME
FECencoding Bit interleaver LDPC encoder (nLDPC,kLDPC) BCH encoder (nBCH,kBCH)

PLFraming,ModulationandShaping Bitmapper BBFilter and PL into Quadrature Scrambler constellations Modulation FECFRAME Dummy PLSignalling PLFrame &Pilot PLFRAME Insertion Insertion

totheRF satellite channel

PilotUseinterface
Figure 2-1 : Functional Block Diagram of the DVB-S2 System
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In the preceding figure, the grey shaded blocks represent the original DVB-S2 standard. The Mode and Stream Adaptation block provides buffering, signalling, and scrambling functions for transferring data using the protocol data unit called the BaseBand Frame (BBFRAME). The DVB-S2 Generic Stream (GS) transmission interface (continuous or packetized) can work efficiently with CCSDS non-coded Transfer Frame transmission. The BB (BaseBand) signalling block is responsible for a BB Header insertion so as to delimit physical containers. The padder is required for filling of the data packet to the fixed length as specified by the Data Field Length (DFL). The DFL is specified in reference [2] and is related to the data rate selected. The BB scrambler is to ensure sufficient transitions (0 to 1 and reverse) and bit equiprobability, but also to avoid a too short periodicity within the data sequence. The BB scrambler block belongs to the Data Link layer of the OSI. Its function is equivalent to the CCSDS transfer framing, the ASM concatenation and the randomization as specified by the CCSDS TM Synchronization and Channel Coding Blue Book (reference [3]). DVB-S2 and the two CCSDS downlink protocols (TM [4] & AOS [5]) are all synchronous Data Link Protocols. This results in mechanisms within all three to maintain the Physical Layer link when no user data is available. For DVB-S2 it is the generation of DUMMY FRAMES and for CCSDS it is the generation of OID Frames. The Forward Error Control (FEC) encoding provides near Shannon limit error protection when associated with Belief Propagation iterative decoding. The combined use of Irregular Repeat and Accumulate Low Density Parity Check code (IRALDPC) as inner code and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) block code as outer code is for compensation of short cycles in the Tanner graph of the LDPC leading to small errors blocks and permits avoidance of error rate flattening. A wide range of coding rates is possible in the DVB-S2 standard, but it is suggested that the number of possibilities be limited. In DVB-S2 standard, two sizes of coded bits BBFRAME called FECFRAME are possible: 64800 bits (normal FECFRAME) or 16200 bits (short FECFRAME). For this recommendation, only the short one (approximately the same size as a Reed Solomon coded Transfer Frame with interleave I = 8) shall be used preferably. The use of the short FECFRAME limits the buffer size and thus limits the need of additional memory onboard and permits more speed efficient parallel decoding at the receiver side. The DVB-S2 VCM command allows the selection, in real time, of a specific modulation and coding and permits a proper slicing for continuous transmission of a data stream.

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For very high data rate telemetry, because of the limited size of BBFRAME, specific attention should be paid when transmitting null-content BBFRAME, in order to comply with the ITU regulations. This block belongs to the Data Link layer. The Physical Layer Frame (PLFRAME) is obtained when mapping the coded bits of the FECFRAME with a specific Physical Layer Header (PLHEADER) and optional pilot symbols distributed along the PLFRAME, resulting in a XFECFRAME. The PLHEADER is composed of 90 symbols with a Start Of Frame (SOF) of 26 symbols corresponding to a specific Pseudo Random sequence and the Physical Layer Signalling (PLS) code of 64 symbols.
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The PLFRAME with the pilot symbols, excluding the PLHEADER, are scrambled and modulated with a very robust scheme so as to help the demodulator for low SNR operation. This physical scrambling is for energy dispersal and avoiding repetitive contents resulting in spectral spikes. The Physical layer scrambling is applied to all of the PLFRAMEs and is reinitialized at the end of each PLHEADER (see reference [2]). The content of the PLHEADER allows identification of not only the start of PLFRAME, but also the chosen coding and modulation (MODCOD on 5 bits), the length of the PLFRAME (normal or short on 1 bit), and whether or not pilot symbols are used (on 1 bit). The PLHEADER is strongly protected (64, 7) code defined in reference [2]. by a Reed-Muller derived bi-orthogonal

A bit interleaver (for modulations above QPSK) and a shaped (SRC) modulation transform the message in order to be transmitted by the medium. When no user data is present at the Slicer interface, synchronization is maintained by inserting DUMMY PLFRAMES. These DUMMY PLFRAMES are suppressed at the receiver side without any ambiguity. The FECFRAME, PLHEADER, PLFRAMES and DUMMY PLFRAMES insertion processes belong to the Physical Layer.

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3
3.1

INTERFACE DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION This section describes the recommended options or adaptations of the DVB-S2 standard for transferring CCSDS Transfer Frames (generated in accordance to the TM Space Data Link Protocol [4] or the AOS Space Data Link Protocol [5]) over DVB-S2 Physical Layer at the interface between the two protocols. Furthermore, it describes the recommended profile for configuring the DVB-S2 standard for this interface.

3.2

MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS All the three main blocks of the DVB-S2 standard, Mode and Stream Adaptation, 3.2.1 Forward Error Control encoding and Physical Layer Framing, Modulation and Shaping shall be implemented. 3.2.2 The DVB-S2 Generic Stream transmission mode (see [2]) shall be used.

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3.2.3 It is recommended that all CCSDS Transfer Frames (Active and OID, see 1.3.1.3) are transferred over the DVB-S2 link.
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Note : The responsibility for maintaining the continuous data stream is within the DVB-S2 standard. But maximum global throughput is obtained via a continuous CCSDS Transfer Frame generation function.
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3.2.4 The CCSDS Transfer Frame stream shall be split (at the Mode and Adaptation block of the DVB-S2 implementation) into the needed BBFRAMEs or CSFRAMEs chunks for transfer over the DVB-S2 Physical Layer. 3.2.5 The CCSDS Transfer Frame stream and the BBFRAME or CSFRAME stream shall remain octet aligned. 3.2.6 One of the two following methods shall be implemented for the Mode and Stream Adaptation block of the DVB-S2 standard : Method 1: BBFRAME method (both fully CCSDS and DVB-S2 compatible). This requires the CCSDS Transfer Frame stream to be split into blocks of length specified in section 3.4.1.4 and transferred by preceding these blocks with a DVB-S2 BBHEADER. This method is described in 3.4 Method 2: CCSDS Stream or CSFRAME Method (only CCSDS fully compatible). This requires the CCSDS Transfer Frame stream to be split into blocks of length specified in sections 3.5.3 and 3.5.5
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and transferred without preceding these blocks with a DVB-S2 BBHEADER. This method is described in 3.5.

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3.3

RECOMMENDED DVB-S2 PROFILE 3.3.1 EESS VHDR TELEMETRY PROFILE

The configuration described hereunder defines a EESS VHDR TeleMetry Profile with both Mandatory and Optional configuration requirements in order that a ground station to be considered compliant with the recommendations in this book. 3.3.1.1 The Mandatory FECFRAME size (nLDPC) shall be the short one with 16200 bits.

3.3.1.2 An Optional FECFRAME size (nLDPC), the normal one with 64800 bits can be used instead of the Mandatory value. 3.3.1.3 3.3.1.4 The Mandatory Modulations and Codes that shall be implemented are the following : QPSK with rates 1/2, 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9 8PSK with rates 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 8/9 16APSK with rates 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9 As Optional Modulations and Codes, the following configurations can be implemented : QPSK with rates 1/4, 1/3, 2/5 32APSK with rates 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9
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3.3.1.5 When the Optional normal FECFRAME size is selected, another code rate with value 9/10 can be implemented on all the preceding modulations. 3.3.1.6 The Mandatory transmission mode shall be the CCM (Constant Coding & Modulation), corresponding to a fixed and unique value of the Modulations and Codes selection for a given Satellite/Ground Station downlink. 3.3.1.7 The VCM (Variable Coding & Modulation) shall be a preferred Option of the DVB-S2 implementation. Note : The ACM (Adaptive Coding & Modulation) can be an Option of the VCM DVB-S2 implementation. It implies the use of a simultaneous Uplink to allow the adaptation of the downlink modulation and coding schemes. 3.3.1.8 The Roll-Off of the Square Root Raise Cosine of the transmitting and receiving shall be either 0.2 or 0.25 or 0.35. Note : When real TM data is not available at the input of the BB Scrambler, the Physical Layer Framing subsystem will generate and transmit a DUMMY PLFRAME allowing a continuous transmission on the Physical Layer (as stated in 0) using the proper MODCOD field according to [2]. 3.3.1.9 If an "Optional" mode or mechanism is implemented, it shall comply with the recommendation as given in this specification or if not precisely defined according to [2].
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3.3.2 PILOT USE 3.3.2.1 The DVB-S2 side shall implement the Pilot insertion symbols mechanism according to [2] without change of constellation symbol rate. 3.3.2.2 The Pilots insertion PLFRAME configuration (LSB of the TYPE field of the PLHEADER set to 1, see [2] 5.5.2.3) shall be used to implement the Pilot insertion symbols. 3.3.2.3 The use of Pilot symbols is optional and is a managed parameter. Note : Pilotsymbols may be used to improve receiver performance when large Doppler effects are anticipated. However, pilot symbols may be detrimental to the effective CCSDS Transfer Frames rate for the same constellation symbol rate. 3.3.3 VCM USE 3.3.3.1 The VCM is controlled by the VCM interface command and affects the MODCOD field of the PLHEADER and also the different internal rates except the constellation symbol rate that remain fixed. 3.3.3.2 If VCM is implemented, the required input CCSDS Transfer Frame rate shall be variable.
Deleted: insertion Deleted: shall Deleted: when the link signal to noise ratio requires the use of low code rates associated with high order modulations. This use will reduce

3.3.3.3 DVB-S2 shall only change the coding and/or modulation once a complete PLFRAME has been transmitted. .

Deleted: CCSDS Transfer Frame input rate shall only change once a complete CCSDS Transfer Frame has been transmitted. NOTE: The CCSDS Transfer FRAME Frame stream is asynchronous to the DVB-S2 PLFRAME, resulting in a possible coding and/or modulation switch performed within one CCSDS Transfer FRAME Frame transfer. Therefore, the implementation needs to handle this VCM command short asynchronous during this CTFRAME transfer at the interface. The change will be handled by the CCSDS interface side with the corresponding rate change for the next CTFRAME exchange

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3.4

BBFRAME METHOD (METHOD 1) 3.4.1 BBFRAME STRUCTURE

3.4.1.1 The combination of the BBHEADER and the DVB-S2 DATAFIELD is called a BBFRAME. The BBFRAME method shall create BBFRAMEs fully compliant with reference [2]. 3.4.1.2 The CCSDS Transfer Frame stream shall be converted into a Continuous Octet Stream called the DVB-S2 DATAFIELD. 3.4.1.3 The DVB-S2 DATAFIELD shall have a BBHEADER (BaseBand Header) attached to its front, see Figure 3-1.
CCSDSFrame

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Figure 3-1: Format required for DVB-S2 Generic Stream Mode

3.4.1.4 The length specified by the DFL shall be a function of the FEC code rate and the FECFRAME size, see [2], 5.3. 3.4.1.5 The length of the BBFRAME shall be the length of the Continuous Octet Stream plus 10 octets of the BBFRAME header. 3.4.1.6 The CCSDS Transfer Frames are not aligned to the DVB-S2 PLFRAME, therefore Synchronization of the CTFRAME is required and achieved by using the Attached Sync Marker (ASM) between them, the concatenation being called a CADU (Channel Access Data Unit). 3.4.1.7 The ASM shall be inserted as described in [3] for an uncoded CCSDS Transfer Frame (nonReed-Solomon coded or non-turbo coded or non LDPC coded Transfer Frame). 3.4.1.8 The BBHEADER contains additional information, not required for the continuous Generic Stream mode; for precise information, see [2], pages 16-20. The descriptors, required for this recommendation, are the following: First octet (MATYPE-1): TS/GS field (2 bits): Transport Stream Input or Generic Stream Input (packetized or continuous); SIS/MIS field (1 bit): Single Input Stream or Multiple Input Stream;
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Deleted: <#>The use of the CCSDS optional Frame Error Control Field inside the uncoded CCSDS Transfer FRAME Frame is optional. NOTE 1: The DVB-S2 BCH code has an interesting error-correction butand also error-detection capability on blocks of more than 1.62 kbits thus it is at least much powerful than the CCSDS recommended Frame Protocol protection that uses a CRC-16.being then at least much powerful than the CCSDS Frame Protocol CRC-16 advised protection.The DVB-S2 BCH outer code shall be used with a limited-to-12-bit error correction and detection capability on more than 1.62 kbits. NOTE 2: The reach of the maximum iterations value at the DVB-S2 LDPC decoder is also a way to get Frame Error Control Field information if this information can be passed through the interface to the CCSDS parts. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering Deleted: December Deleted: 2010

CCM/ACM field (1 bit): Constant Coding and Modulation or Adaptive Coding and Modulation (VCM is signalled as ACM). This flag is configured by ground and controlled by Telecommand (CCSDS) or DVB-RCS. ISSYI (1 bit), (Input Stream Synchronization Indicator): not active in this case; NPD (1 bit): null-packet deletion active/not active; always non-active in this case; RO (2 bits): Transmission Roll-Off factor (). Three values are possible among 0.35, 0.25 and 0.2. As a compromise between crest factor and length of impulse response and also spectral sharpness, use of a 0.25 roll-off factor value is proposed. Second octet (MATYPE-2): If SIS/MIS = Multiple Input Stream, then second octet=Input Stream Identifier (ISI); else second octet reserved. UPL (2 octets): User Packet Length in bits, in the range [0, 65535], Set to 0 for this recommendation. DFL (2 octets): Data Field Length in bits, in the range [0, 58112]. The Data Field Length is a function of the chosen code rate. For example, use of the 2/5 code implies a DFL = 6312 (decimal) or 18A8 (hexadecimal) SYNC (1 octet): copy of the User Packet Sync-octet, not used in continuous Generic Stream mode. SYNCD (2 octets): distance in bits from the beginning of the DATAFIELD to the first UserPacket in this Frame (first bit of the CRC-8). SYNCD=65535 (decimal) means that no UserPacket starts in the DATA FIELD. Even if there remains some ambiguity; use of this value in the continuous Generic Stream mode is suggested. CRC-8 (1 octet): not used for continuous Generic Stream. 3.4.1.9 The BBHEADER transmission order is octet by octet from the MSB of the TS/GS field. So for the continuous Generic Stream mode, this BBHEADER becomes (in hexadecimal, Most Significant Value first, X representing an undefined content and Y a specific variable content): 61 XX 00 00 YY YY XX FF FF XX

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3.4.2 BBFRAME GENERATOR 3.4.2.1 3.4.2.2 kbch shall be defined in bits. There shall always be a multiple of 8 bits in the DVB-S2 DATAFIELD.

3.4.2.3 The number of bits required in the DVB-S2 DATAFIELD is defined by the following equation: kbch - (80 bits) DFL 0 2 3.4.2.4 A DATAFIELD shall be composed of octets taken from the Continuous Octet Stream and shall be transmitted in a homogeneous transmission mode (FEC code and modulation). 3.4.2.5 The CTFRAME Stream and the BBFRAME stream shall remain octet aligned.

3.4.2.6 The BBFRAME generator shall allocate a number of input bits equal to the maximum DATAFIELD capacity (DFL= kbch -80) in a buffer, breaking the continuous stream in subsequent DATAFIELDs as a function of the code rate.

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kbch as specified in [2], 80 bits are dedicated to the BBHEADER; see 3.3.

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3.5

CCSDS STREAM OR CSFRAME METHOD (METHOD 2) 3.5.1 When a high constellation symbol rate throughput is required and when the presence of the DVB-S2 BBHEADER, on every sliced CCSDS Transfer Frame, is deemed too inefficient for the link, then the CCSDS Frame with ASM (CADU see [3], [4] and [5]), can be inserted directly into the DVB-S2 stream. This is at the expense of full compliance with the DVB-S2 recommendation. 3.5.2 A continuous CCSDS Transfer Frame octet stream shall be sliced in successive CCSDS Sliced Transfer Frames Stream (CSFRAME). 3.5.3 The length of the CSFRAME shall be defined according to the DVB-S2 coding rate and the FECFRAME size chosen.
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Deleted: FRAME Deleted: CTFRAME

Deleted: FRAME

3.5.4 The CSFRAME is further used like a BBFRAME in the DVB-S2 standard (after [2] 5.2.2). 3.5.5 The CSFRAME and the PLFRAME stream shall remain octet aligned.

3.5.6 The slicer shall allocate a number of input bits equal to the maximum DATAFIELD capacity (DFL= kbch) in a buffer, see Figure 3-2.
CCSDSFrame

CSFRAME

Figure 3-2: Stream Format at the Output of the Mode Adapter (CCSDS Compatible)

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4
4.1

MANAGED PARAMETERS
OVERVIEW OF MANAGED PARAMETERS

In order to conserve bandwidth on the space link, some parameters associated with coding, synchronization and modulation are handled by management rather than by inline communications protocol. The managed parameters are those who defined some link parameters or refine the optional capabilities chosen on the transmitter side so as to ensure the receiver has the capability to handle those options. Through the use of a management system, management conveys the required information to the coding, synchronization and modulation systems. In this section, the managed parameters used by coding, synchronization and modulation systems are listed. These parameters are defined in an abstract sense and are not intended to imply any particular implementation of a management system. 4.2 MANAGED PARAMETERS FOR SELECTED OPTIONS

Table 4-1 lists the managed parameters and shows the selected options for a particular Physical Channel. Table 4-1: Managed Parameters for Selected Options
Managed Parameter Square Root Raised Cosine filtering roll-off all optional choices of 3 : * method 1 or 2 * FECFRAME size * VCM use * pilot use Allowed Values 0.2, 0.25, 0.35 see in document
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ANNEX A

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SERVICE (NORMATIVE)
A1. OVERVIEW A1.1. BACKGROUND

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This annex provides service definition in the form of primitives, which present an abstract model of the logical exchange of data and control information between the service provider and the service user. The definitions of primitives are independent of specific implementation approaches. The parameters of the primitives are specified in an abstract sense and specify the information to be made available to the user of the primitives. The way in which a specific implementation makes this information available is not constrained by this specification. In addition to the parameters specified in this annex, an implementation can provide other parameters to the service user (e.g., parameters for controlling the service, monitoring performance, facilitating diagnosis, and so on). A2. OVERVIEW OF THE SERVICE A2.1. The CCSDS Space Links Protocols Interface with ETSI DVB-S2 link layer provides unidirectional (one way) transfer of a sequence of fixed-length TM or AOS Transfer Frames at constant by segment frame rate over a Physical Channel across a space link, with different modulation and error detection/correction.
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The value of the frame rate can be changed from one time interval to the next, within a sequence of time intervals in a mission phase. There can be multiple time intervals within a mission phase. A2.2. Only one user can use this service on a Physical Channel, and Transfer Frames from different users are not multiplexed together within one Physical Channel. A3. SERVICE PARAMETERS A3.1. FRAME

A3.1.1. The Frame parameter is the service data unit of this service and shall be either a TM Transfer Frame defined in reference [4] or an AOS Transfer Frame defined in reference [5]. A3.1.2. The length of any Transfer Frame transferred on a Physical Channel is established by management.
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A3.2.

QUALITY INDICATOR

The Quality Indicator parameter shall be used to notify the user at the receiving end of the service that there is an uncorrectable error in the received Transfer Frame. A3.3. SEQUENCE INDICATOR

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The Sequence Indicator parameter shall be used to notify the user at the receiving end of the service that one or more Transfer Frames of the Physical Channel have been lost as the result of a loss of frame synchronization. A4. SERVICE PRIMITIVES A4.1. GENERAL
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A4.1.1. The service primitives associated with this service are: a. ChannelAccess.request; b. ChannelAccess.indication. A4.1.2. The ChannelAccess.request primitive shall be passed from the service user at the sending end to the service provider to request that a Frame be transferred through the Physical Channel to the user at the receiving end. A4.1.3. The ChannelAccess.indication shall be passed from the service provider to the service user at the receiving end to deliver a Frame. A4.2. ChannelAccess.request
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A4.2.1. Function The ChannelAccess.request primitive is the service request primitive for this service. A4.2.2. Semantics The ChannelAccess.request primitive shall provide a parameter as follows: ChannelAccess.request A4.2.3. When Generated The ChannelAccess.request primitive is passed to the service provider to request it to process and send the Frame.
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(Frame)

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A4.2.4. Effect On Receipt Receipt of the ChannelAccess.request primitive causes the service provider to perform the functions described in section 2.3.2 with specificity and options described in section 3 and to transfer the resulting channel symbols. A4.2.5. Additional Comments None. A4.3. ChannelAccess.indication
Comment [A1]: To be changed to the correct reference in the SCCC Red Book

A4.3.1. Function The ChannelAccess.indication primitive is the service indication primitive for this service. A4.3.2. Semantics The ChannelAccess.indication primitive shall provide parameters as follows: ChannelAccess.indication (Frame, Quality Indicator, Sequence Indicator)

A4.3.3. When Generated The ChannelAccess.indication primitive is passed from the service provider to the service user at the receiving end to deliver a Frame. A4.3.4. Effect On Receipt The effect of receipt of the ChannelAccess.indication primitive by the service user is undefined. A4.3.5. Additional Comments None.
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ANNEX B SECURITY

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B1. INTRODUCTION It is assumed that security is provided by encryption, authentication methods, and access control to be performed at higher layers (application and/or transport layers). Mission and service providers are expected to select from recommended security methods, suitable to the specific application profile. Specification of these security methods and other security provisions is outside the scope of this Recommended Standard. The modulation, synchronization and coding layers have the objective of delivering data with the minimum possible amount of residual errors. There is an extremely low probability of additional undetected errors that may escape the scrutiny performed during reception with the recommended DVB-S2 standard. If some extra performances are expected in term of probability of undetected errors, the CRC code of the CCSDS Transfer Frame must be used with the data in order to insure that residual errors are detected and the frame flagged. These errors may affect the encryption process in unpredictable ways, possibly affecting the decryption stage and producing data loss, but will not compromise the security of the data. B2. SECURITY CONCERNS WITH RESPECT TO THE CCSDS DOCUMENT Security concerns in the areas of data privacy, authentication, access to resources control, availability of resources, and auditing are to be addressed in higher layers and are not related to this Recommended Standard. The modulation, synchronization and coding layers do not affect the proper functioning of methods used to achieve such protection at higher layers, except for undetected errors, as explained above. Concerning the data integrity, the physical integrity of data bits is protected from channel errors by the modulation, synchronization and coding systems specified in the DVB-S2 Standard. In case of congestion or disruption of the link, the modulation, synchronization and coding layers described in the DVB-S2 standard and in this Recommended Interface provide methods for frame re-synchronization. B3. POTENTIAL THREATS AND ATTACK SCENARIOS An eavesdropper can receive and decode the codewords as far as the proposed standard is importantly used in the Digital Video and Data Broadcasting community, but will not be able to get to the user data if proper encryption is performed at a higher layer. An interferer could affect the performance of the demodulator, degrading then the receive signal to noise ratio by an inband signal (pure carrier, modulated bursts, radar or chirp signals,) and can cause data losses. Another type of interferer could send some properly modulated and also properly encoded data and could then produce a congestion of the receiver with unwanted data, but such data could be rejected by an authentication process.
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Such interference or jamming must be dealt with at the physical layer and through proper spectrum regulatory entities. B4. CONSEQUENCES OF NOT APPLYING SECURITY TO THE TECHNOLOGY
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There are no specific security measures prescribed for the demodulation, synchronization and coding layers. Therefore consequences of not applying security are only imputable to the lack of proper security measures in other layers. Residual undetected errors may produce additional data loss when the link carries encrypted data.

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ANNEX C
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ACRONYMS
16APSK 8PSK ACM ASIC ASM BB BBFRAME BCH BPSK CADU CCM CCSDS CRC CSFRAME DFL DVB DVB-S2 Eb/No EESS Es/No ETSI FEC FER GF GS IRA ISSYI ITU LDPC MAC MIS MPEG MSB NA NP NPD OID OSI PL PLS QPSK RF RO SIS SNR 16-ary Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying 8-ary Phase Shift Keying Adaptive Coding and Modulation Application Specific Integrated Circuit Attached Synchronization Marker BaseBand BaseBand Frame Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Binary Phase Shift Keying Channel Access Data Unit Constant Coding and Modulation Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems Cyclic Redundancy Check CCSDS Sliced Transfer Frame Stream Data Field Length Digital Video Broadcasting project DVB System of second generation for satellite broadcasting bit Energy and Noise power spectral density No ratio Earth Exploration Satellites Systems constellation symbol Energy and Noise power spectral density No ratio European Telecommunications Standards Institute Forward Error Correction Frame Error Ratio Galois Field Generic Stream Irregular Repeat and Accumulate (LDPC code) Input Stream Synchronizer Indicator International Telecommunications Union Low Density Parity Check (codes) Medium Access Control Multiple Input Stream Moving Pictures Experts Group Most Significant Bit Not Applicable Null Packets Null Packets Deletion Only Idle Data in its Data Field Open Systems Interconnection Physical Layer Physical Layer Signalling Quaternary Phase Shift Keying Radio Frequency Roll-Off (Nyquist shaping family) Single Input Stream Signal power to Noise power Ratio
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SOF SRC SYNC SYNCD TM VCM VHDL

Start Of Frame Square root Raised Cosine shaping SYNChronization octet SYNChronization octet/beginning of packet Distance TeleMetry link Variable Coding and Modulation VHSIC (Very High Scale Integrated Circuits) Hardware Description Language

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