Deptt. of Biotechnology B.Tech Final Yr.

REFRESHER QUESTIONS

1) Antigen and immunogen. 2) Innate immunity and adaptive immunity 3) Active immunization and passive immunization 4) Primary response and secondary response 5) Positive selection and negative selection 6) Function of MHC molecule 7) HLA typing and its importance 8) Direct ELISA and Indirect ELISA 9) ELISA and RIA 10)Antigen presentation by virus and bacteria 11)Isotype, Allotype, Paratype define 12)Complement activation and its function in immune system 13)Cause of autoimmunity 14)central and peripheral tolerance 15)AIDS and the virus causes the disease- describe 16)Graft vs host reaction 17)General Antibody structure 18)Different immunoglobulins and their basic structure and function 19)Epitopes and haptens 20)Types of hypersensitivity 21)Role of macrophage in antibody response 22)SCID 23)What is class switching 24)Immunoelectrophoresis and its application 25)FACS analysis and its importance in diagnosis of disease 26)Cancer and immunity 27)AIDS and immunity 28)Imfection and immunity 29)Single diffusion and double diffusion 30) Describe different defense mechanism of body. 31) What is IPR ? 32)Distinguish the scope of studies of (i) IPR's vis a vis , (ii) E-IPR's 33) Who are responsible for administration of IPRs in the country? 34) Does the agreement require the members to give patent protection plant varieties?

35)What is WIPO? 36)Does TRIPS agreement applies to all members? 37)Does the agreement allows the compulsory lisensening of patents? 38)What is a Trade mark? 39)What is a Patent? 40)What is a Trade Secret? 41)What is copyright? 42) If some one only work with animal cell lines. Does he need a Biosafety certificate? 43)Discuss ethical issues associated with fetal sex determination in India. 44)Illustrate procedure involved in patenting living organisms. 45)Give an account of ethical and safety aspects of animal cloning. 46)Discuss the ethical and safety issues involved in testing of drugs on human volunteers. 47)Write an account on the implications of human genome project. 48)Can only totally new invention be protected? 49)What could be the consequences of infringement? 50)What is the geographic scope of a Patent? 51)What is expected from the patentee as the obligation to the state? 52)Can a public or a disclosed invention be patented? 53)If an employee develops a program in a company would the employee own the copyright of the program? 54)How can a copy right be transferred? 55)What does the copy right covers?

56) Define the following terms A. B. C. D. Fed batch fermentation Dilution rate Specific growth rate Biomass

57) What is the difference between steady state & equilibrium. ? 58) Write a material balance equation for biomass in continuous culture. ? 59) What will happen when dilution rate exceeds specific growth rate. ? 60) What is mixing time. ? 61) What is two film theory of mass transfer. ? 62) What is the importance of critical oxygen concentration. ? 63) How are KLa & gas hold up ratio connected. ? 64) How does bubble size affect KLa ? 65) Define the following terms A. B. C. D. Laminar flow Coalescence Mass transfer coefficient Flooding

66) How does maintenance affect substrate utilization. ? 67) Describe the kinetics of cell death. ? 68) Write monod equation. ? 69) Plot curve between 1/u vs 1/s. ? 70) How will you determine critical dilution rate experimentally. ? 71) What is the importance of Ks. ? 72) What is observed yield coefficient. ? 73) What is continuous plug flow reactor. ?

74) Explain the working of bubble column reactor. ? 75) What is del factor. ? 76) Give an example of liquid solid mass transfer. ? 77) How can we achieve steady state in fed batch culture. ? 78) What is Reynold no. ? 79) What are the functions of agitation in fermentation. ? 80) What is the role of baffles. ?

81) Q.1. Define Biochemistry. 82) Q.2. Define pH and buffer. 83) Q.3. Deficiency of Vitamin K leads to which disease. Explain the process. 84) Q.4. Name the hormones secreted by pituitary gland? 85) Q.5.Which hormone causes artificial fruit ripening? 86) Q.6. Define biomolecules and name them. 87) Q.7. How many ATP are formed during aerobic respiration with ATP formation at each step. 88) Q.8. Name the intermediate step between glycolysis and kreb cycle. Explain it. 89) Q.9. Explain ATP formation in oxidative phosphorylation with reference to Electron transport chain. 90) Q.10. What is the difference between glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis? 91) Q.11. Define fats. Classify different types of fatty acids. 92) Q.12. How many ATP are formed on oxidation of 17 carbon fatty acid? 93) Q.13. Define deamination and transamination.

94) Q.14. Explain urea cycle. 95) Q.15. Define proteins and their role in human body. 96) Q.16. Explain different types of protein structure (primary , secondary, tertiary, quaternary). 97) Q.17. Define nucleic acids and nucleotide and its composition. 98) Q. 18. What is the difference between purine and pyrimidine. 99) Q.19. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis involves which two methods. 100) 101) 102) Q.20. Explain the biosynthesis of Vitamin A. Q.21 Name two deficiency disease caused due to improper protein consumption. Q.22. Name the fat and water soluble vitamins.

103) Q.23. Name the two shuttles required for the energy transfer from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix. What is the difference between the them? 104) 105) Q.24. What do you mean by proteolysis? Q.25. Explain is the role of ATP.

106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112)

Q.1. Define Bioinformatics. Q.2. Give the full form of NCBI and its URL. Q.3. Name two protein databases. Q.4. Name two DNA databases. Q.5. Define alignment. What are the different types of alignment? Explain them. Q.6. Explain Edmand degradation method for protein sequencing. Q.7. Name alignment tools for local, global and multiple alignments.

113) Q.8. What is homology modeling? What are steps involved? Name any software used. 114) 115) 116) 117) Q.9. Define EST, TFB, SNP and ORF. Q.10. Name any two software for structure visualization of proteins. Q.11. What are the different kinds of protein structure prediction methods? Q.12. Define clustering. What are the different types?

118) Q.13. What do you mean by significance testing and how it helps in statistical analysis? 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) Q.14. What is machine learning? Q.15. Explain artificial neural network. Q.16. Explain drug discovery. Q.17. Define BLAST and FASTA. Q.18. Explain the different types of protein structures. Q.19. Name two software for proteins tertiary structure.

125) Q.20. Name two software for gene prediction. 126) Q.21. Explain phylogeny. Name the software by which phylogenetic tree can be drawn. 127) 128) 129) 130) Q.22. Define motifs. Q.23. What are the different types of BLAST. Q.24. Explain microarray data analysis. Q.25. What is HMM ?

131) 132)

Q1) Explain specific growth rate and Monod equation. Q2) Compare batch, continuous and fed batch culture.

133) Q3) How will you design and optimize media requirements for the industrial fermentation process? 134) Q4) Explain del factor and Derive an equation for thermal death kinetics of microorganism . 135) 136) Q5) What do you mean by batch and continuous sterilization? Q6) Elaborately discuss about the different phases of cell growth and its kinetics.

137) Q7) Explain double reciprocal plot, dilution rate,exponential growth law,Malthus law & critical oxygen concentration. 138) 139) 140) 141) Q8) What is advantage of batch culture over continuous culture? Q9) Why do we need to go for fed batch culture? What is its advantage? Q10) Explain Kla (Volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient). Q11) Describe various factors which affect cell growth kinetics?

142) Q12) Explain PID controller,Fuzzy logic based controller and ANN based controller applied in bioreactors. 143) 144) 145) Q13) What is Leudking piret equation? Q14)Explain various kinds of bioreactors. Q15) What is a chemostat and turbidostat? How are they different from CSTR?

146) Q16) Explain plug flow culture. How does it differs from a batch or continuous culture. 147) Q17) What kind of reactors can be used to culture animal cell, plant cell and any microbial cell and why only that kind should be used? 148) Q18) Discuss various types of impellars used in fermentors and what is power requirement in any bioreactor? 149) Q19) Explain gassed and ungassed systems.

150) Q20) Describe newtonian and non newtonian fluid system and explain the fluid rheology.

151) Q21)Enumerate with an examples the role of aeration and agitation in the oxygen transfer processes. 152) Q22)What are the important features involved in the structured models for growth and product formation? 153) Q23)What is ideal and non ideal bioreactor? Discuss their differences.

154) Q24)Describe in detail the mass transfer processes involved in a heterogenous biochemical reaction system. 155) Q25) Enumerate with an examples the role of aeration and agitation in the oxygen transfer processes.

156)Define biotechnology 157) Discuss applications of biotechnology in food, agriculture, healthcare, industry, environment and medicine. 158) How are carbohydrates classified? 159)What is the building block of lipids? 160)What is the building block of proteins and nucleotides? 161) Discuss the bacterial growth curve. 162)What is bioinformatics? 163) Describe nucleotide and protein sequence databases. Give examples. 164)Describe major applications of bioinformatics. 165)Describe microarray technology and its applications. 166)What is Genomics and Proteomics? 167) How is gene prediction done? 168)What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 169)Discuss classification of enzymes. 170)Describe the main parts of a fermentor. 171)What are the unit operations involved ibn the development of biochemical igtprocesses. 172) Explain different types of light microscopy. 173)Explain different types of electron microscopy and its uses in biotechnology. 174)Explain structure of a nucleotide. 175)What are the different forms of IPP? 176)What is Ramachandran Plot? 177)How is protein sequencing done?

178)What is Human Genome Project and its importance? 179)What are sequence file formats? 180)Discuss cellular techniques used to isolate and characterise macromolecules based on molecular weight.