Name: ________________________ Class: _____ Teacher: __________________

Standard Grade Physics

" "" "ELECTRONC8 ELECTRONC8 ELECTRONC8 ELECTRONC8" "" "
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2 22 2
1) ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
Any electronic system consists of 3 parts:
eIectricuI
signuI
eIectricuI
signuI
Information is passed along the system by
_________ _______.
The table shows examples of electronic systems and
their input, process and output parts:
system input process output
CD
pIuyer
eIectronic
cuIcuIutor
eIectronic
stopwutch
computer
rudio
The Electrical Signals
The electrical signals are either analogue or digital.
Analogue Signals
These can have many __________ values.
Often, their value keeps __________.
Digital Signals
These have only 2 values.
We describe these values in different ways:
_____/_____ or _____/_____ or _____/_____
Are fhese signoIs on on osciIIoscope unuIogue or digituI7
3 33 3
2) INPUT DEVICES
Input devices measure the
energy surrounding them
and change it into
electrical energy.
For example:
microphone
thermocoupIe soIur ceII
_______ ___________
_______ ___________
_______ ___________
The resistance of some input devices changes as the
energy they measure changes.
For example:
thermistor
Iight dependent resistor {LDR}
The resistance of a
thermistor changes as its
_____________ changes.
The resistance of a LDR
____________ as the light level
____________ (and vice versa).
The thermistor in this
circuit controls the size of
the current flowing around
the circuit. As the
temperature changes, the
resistance of the
thermistor changes, so
the size of the current
changes.
This groph shows how fhe resisfonce of fhe fhermisfor in
fhe obove circuif chonges os ifs femperofure chonges.
Defermine fhe current fIowing fhrough fhe circuif when fhe
femperofure of fhe surroundings is:
(o) I0
o
C (b) 30
o
C
(c) o0
o
C
temperature/
o
C
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
/

t
A
thermistor
12 V
The electrical energy is in the form of a changing voltage.
+
-
Current {I} =
VoItuge {V}
Resistunce {R}
4 44 4
The LDR in this circuit
controls the size of the
current flowing around the
circuit. As the light level
changes, the resistance
of the LDR changes, so
the size of the current
changes.
This groph shows how fhe resisfonce of fhe LDP in fhe
obove circuif chonges os fhe Iighf IeveI chonges.
Defermine fhe current fIowing fhrough fhe circuif when fhe
Iighf IeveI of fhe surroundings is:
(o) I00 Iux (b) 400 Iux (c) 800 Iux
light level/ lux
A
LDR
25 V
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
/

Voltage Divider Circuits

To obtain a voltage from a thermistor or LDR, we
connect them in a voltage divider circuit:
As the resistance (R) of the thermistor or LDR
changes, the voltage (V) across it changes.
To calculate the voltage (V) across the top or bottom
resistor in a voltage divider, we use the
"voltage divider equation" :
V
top
=
R
top
R
top
+ R
bottom
V
suppIy
V
bottom
=
R
bottom
R
top
+ R
bottom
V
suppIy
voItuge ucross
top resistor
voItuge ucross
bottom resistor
= suppIy voItuge
+
or
V
V
V
V
t
L
D
R
t
h
e
r
m
i
s
t
o
r
V
supply
V
supply
+
-
+ +
-
-
Current {I} =
VoItuge {V}
Resistunce {R}
5 55 5
For eoch voIfoge divider circuif, coIcuIofe fhe voItuge ocross fhe bottom resistor ond fhe voItuge ocross fhe top resistor:
V
V
V
V
t
6 V
120
240
9 V
20 k
t
16 k
5 V
15
10
12 V
45 k
15 k
+ +
+ +
- -
- -
6 66 6
V
V
V
V
In a voltage divider circuit, the voltage across a
resistor is related to its resistance.
The h _ _ _ _ _ the resistance of a resistor, the
h _ _ _ _ _ the voltage across it.
This equation applies:
V
V
V
top
V
bottom
R
top
R
bottom
+
-
For eoch voIfoge divider circuif beIow:
(o) Defermine fhe missing quuntity,
(b) CoIcuIofe fhe current possing fhrough bofh resisfors.
3V
+
-
6V
R
500
V
+
-
2V
125 k
50 k
4V
+
-
V
15 k
90 k
8V
+
-
4V
20
R
7 77 7
V
bottom
R
bottom
R
top
V
top
=
Because a voltage
divider circuit is a
series circuit, the
current passing
through both
resistors is the
s _ _ _.
Current {I} =
VoItuge {V}
Resistunce {R}
Two other input devices which can be placed in a voltage divider circuit are a switch and a capacitor:
V
switch
When the switch is open, the
voltmeter reads _____ (which
is the ________ voltage).
The supply voltage splits
between the top resistor and
the switch depending on the
resistance of each.
Because the open switch has
an infinitely high
(____________) resistance
compared to the top resistor,
_____ of the voltage is found
across the open switch.
V
When the switch is closed, the
voltmeter reads _____.
The supply voltage splits
between the top resistor and
the switch depending on the
resistance of each.
Because the top resistor has a
much ________ resistance
compared to the closed switch,
_____ of the voltage is found
across the top resistor and
_____ is found across the
closed switch.
6 V
6 V
cupucitor
A capacitor is a device which stores electric charge.
As a capacitor charges up, the voltage across it
increases from _____ up to the ___________ voltage:
V
When the switch is closed,
the capacitor starts to charge
up and the voltage across it
increases.
The time taken for the
capacitor to charge up fully
to the supply voltage
depends on the value of the
___________ and the value of
the series _____________.
time/ s
0
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
/

V
suppIy
voItuge
open
switch
cIosed
switch
switch
cupucitor
series
resistor
6 V
+
+
+
-
-
-
8 88 8
8y drowing Iines, mofch eoch input device wifh fhe input gob if does for o porficuIor eIectronic system:
The "singing input" for
u kuruoke muchine,
The "temperuture sensor"
for u smuII eIectronic
thermometer,
The "Iight input" for un
eIectronic cuIcuIutor's
power suppIy,
The "Iight detector"
for the fIush system of u
cumeru,
The "temperuture
sensor" for u very hot
eIectric oven,
The "on/off input" for
u microwuve oven,
The "time deIuy input" for u pedestriun-
controIIed crossing, {The red Iight switches on
when someone hus pressed the "wish to cross"
button und the voItuge hus buiIt up from zero to
u high enough vuIue},
Input
devices
microphone
thermocoupIe soIur ceII
thermistor
Iight dependent
resistor {LDR} switch cupucitor
9 99 9
3) OUTPUT DEVICES
Output devices take the electrical signal
(electrical energy) from the process part of an electronic
system and change it into a useful form of energy.
For example:
Analogue Output Devices
The output can have many __________ values.
Often, the value keeps __________.
Ioudspeuker
The v _ _ _ _ _ and f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
of the sound keep changing.
__________ ___________
__________ ___________
The s _ _ _ _ of the turning motor
can be changed to many different
values.
__________ ___________
eIectric motor
moving coiI meter
The p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the pointer on
the scale can change from anywhere
between the far l _ _ _ and far r _ _ _ _.
Digital Output Devices
These have only ___ values.
We describe these values in different ways:
_____/_____ or _____/_____ or _____/_____
soIenoid
__________ ___________
When the solenoid is ON, the iron
bar in the centre is pulled i _.
When the solenoid is OFF, the iron
bar in the centre is pushed o _ _.
reIuy
__________ ___________
When the relay is ON, the
reed switch is c _ _ _ _ _.
When the relay is OFF, the
reed switch is o _ _ _.
Iight emitting diode {LED}
__________ ___________
The LED is either o _ or o _ _.
Its b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
does not change.
iron bor
r
e
e
d

s
w
i
f
c
h
eIecfromognef
eIecfromognef
10 10 10 10
Connecting LED's in a Circuit
An LED will only light if it is connected
one way round:
Puf o tick or cross in eoch box beIow fo show
fhe circuif in which fhe LED wiII Iighf.
For fhe circuif in which fhe LED Iighfs, drow
urrows fo show fhe direcfion in which
eIecfrons fIow.
A r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is connected beside (in s _ _ _ _ _ with)
the LED.
This is needed to _________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Seven-Segment Display
Seven separate LED's can be arranged to form the
shape of a number e _ _ _ _ - This is called a
7- s _ _ _ _ _ _ d _ _ _ _ _ _.
Each LED can be switched on or off s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
using the electric circuit below:
This allows any number from __ to __
to be displayed.
CoIour in fhe LED's which musf be Iif fo produce
fhese numbers:
0 1
Z 3
4

7 9
+
-
+
+
-
-
LED symboI
1 11 11 11 1
Calculating the Resistance of the
Series Resistor Protecting an LED
For the electric circuit shown below, the maximum voltage
the LED can safely take is 2 V. The current is 0.01 A.
V
supply
= 5 V
V
LED
= 2 V
V
R
VoIfoge ocross resisfor (V
R
) = V
suppIy
- V
LED

= V - Z V
= 3 V
Pesisfonce of resisfor (R) = V
R

I
= 3 V = 300
0,01 A
I = 0.01 A
CoIcuIofe fhe resistunce of fhe profecfive resisfor
in eoch of fhe foIIowing LED circuifs:
V
supply
= 12 V
V
LED
= 2 V
V
R
I = 0.01 A
V
supply
= 10 V
V
LED
= 2 V
V
R
I = 0.01 A
+
+
+
-
-
-
12 12 12 12
V
supply
= 6 V
V
LED
= 2 V
V
R
I = 0.01 A
V
supply
= 4 V
V
LED
= 2 V
V
R
I = 0.01 A
V
supply
= 8 V
V
LED
= 2 V
V
R
I = 0.01 A
V
supply
= 3 V
V
LED
= 2 V
V
R
I = 0.01 A
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
1 11 13 33 3
8y drowing Iines, mofch eoch output device wifh fhe gob if does in Z differenf eIectronic systems:
Ioudspeuker
eIectric motor
moving coiI meter
soIenoid reIuy
Iight emitting diode
Turning the bIudes of u fun,
Turning the chuck of un eIectric driII,
Showing u current reuding,
Showing u voItuge reuding,
Showing thut u rudio is switched on,
DispIuying numbers in u seven segment dispIuy,
Siving out sound from u teIephone eurpiece,
An eIectricuIIy-operuted door boIt,
Pushing boes off u conveyor beIt,
Switching on u motor,
Switching on u device in u nucIeur reuctor,
Siving out sound from u rudio,
iron bor
r
e
e
d

s
w
i
f
c
h
eIecfromognef
eIecfromognef
14 14 14 14
4) DIGITAL PROCESS DEVICES
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT C
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT C
INPUT A OUTPUT B
Process devices take information from input devices, process the information, then send it to an output device.
Logic Gate Circuits
A logic gate outputs a signal
( _____/_____ or _____/_____ or _____/_____ )
depending on the signal(s) input to it.
Logic gates may have one or more inputs.
A t _ _ _ _ t _ _ _ _ shows the output for all possible
input combinations.
truth tubIe
truth tubIe
truth tubIe
Control circuits in electronic devices use a
combination of logic gates.
For the combinations of logic gates shown, complete
the truth tables:
A B C output
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
A B C D E output
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
output
E D
A
B
C
A
B
C
C
A
B
output
output
A B C output
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
_ _ _ gate
_ _ gate
_ _ _ gate ( _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ )
1 11 15 55 5
A B C D E output
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
A B C D E output
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
A B C D E output
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D E
output
output
output
Simple Logic Gate Control
Two simpIe Iogic gute controI circuits ore shown:
ExpIoin which circuif is used:
push switches
output
output
push switches
circuit A
circuit
8y sfoff in o bonk if fhere
is o robbery.
When either of fhe Z push
swifches is cIosed, fhe
oufpuf becomes 0. An
eIecfromognef which hoIds
up o securify screen in
fronf of fhe bonk worker is
swifched off, so fhe
screen foIIs.
8y soIdiers preporing fo
fire o missiIe.
When both of fhe Z push
swifches ore cIosed, fhe
oufpuf becomes 0 ond fhe
sofefy Iock on fhe firing
mechonism is swifched off
- fhe missiIe is Iounched.
16 16 16 16
1) Capacitor is uncharged.
Input X = __ , so output Y = __ .
2) Capacitor charges up.
Input X = __ , so output Y = __ .
3) Capacitor discharges, so is uncharged again.
4) This process keeps r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at
r _ _ _ _ _ _ i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , so produces
c _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _.
To get more clock pulses every second (increased
frequency), we __________ the resistance of the
resistor or __________ the capacitance of the
capacitor - And vice versa.
+6 V
0 V
input X output Y
They are produced in a digital circuit by a
s _ _ _ _ _ o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( c _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ).
C _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ are a
continuous series of d _ _ _ _ _ _
p _ _ _ _ _ produced at regular
time intervals.
Clock Pulses
C _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _
(a) On the oscilloscope screen
on the right, draw the shape
of clock pulses output from a
simple oscillator.
(b) Is a simple oscillator circuit analogue or digital?
_____________
(c) Sketch a simple oscillator circuit.
Label the resistor, capacitor and inverter.
(d) Explain how the simple oscillator operates.
(e) Describe how to decrease the frequency of the
clock pulses produced by the simple oscillator.
1 11 17 77 7
Simple oscillator
(clock pulse generator)
circuits produce digital
clock pulses for digital
w _ _ _ _ _ _ and
digital c _ _ _ _ _.
The digital clock pulses are counted by a c _ _ _ _ _ _
circuit - This circuit outputs b _ _ _ _ _ numbers.
The b _ _ _ _ _ numbers are then fed to a d _ _ _ _ _ _
which changes them to a d _ _ _ _ _ _ number for display
on a 7-s _ _ _ _ _ _ d _ _ _ _ _ _.
cIock puIse
generutor
counter
circuit
decoder und
7-segment
dispIuy
Changing Binary Numbers to Decimal
Binary numbers are used by electronic devices such as
computers and calculators.
Binary numbers are made up of only ones and zeros
- For example: 1010.
This is how to convert a binary number into a
decimal number:
1 0 1 0

4

Z

1
+ 0 + Z + 0 = 10
Convert these binary numbers into decimal numbers:
1001 0101
0010 0111
0100 0110
0011
1000
18 18 18 18
The Transistor as an Electronic Switch
A transistor can be used in a circuit as an
electronic s _ _ _ _ _.
The circuit symbol for an NPN transistor is shown:
A transistor switching circuit is shown:
When a h _ _ _ voltage (___ V or more) is applied
across the voltmeter, the transistor is switched ___.
The transistor then switches the LED ___.
When a l _ _ voltage (less than ___ V) is applied
across the voltmeter, the transistor is switched ___.
The transistor then switches the LED ___.
This transistor
switching circuit is
used to switch on a
warning LED when the
temperature in a
greenhouse gets too
low. Explain how it
works:
Redraw the circuit with the variable resistor and
thermistor swapped about. Explain what happens this
time when the temperature falls.
buse
emitter
coIIector
0 V
+6 V
t
What is the purpose of the variable resistor?
V
0 V
+6 V
The transistor may
be conducting (ON)
or non-conducting
(OFF).
1 11 19 99 9
This transistor switching
circuit is used to switch on
a warning LED when the
light level in a school
library gets too low for
people to read comfortably.
Explain how it works:
Redraw the circuit with the variable resistor and LDR
swapped about. Explain what happens this time when
the light level falls.
This transistor
switching circuit
contains a capacitor
and switch. It is used to
delay the motor
switching on.
WHEN SWITCH S IS OPEN, THE MOTOR IS ON.
Explain what happens when the switch is closed:
Explain what happens when the switch is opened
again:
What is the purpose of the variable resistor? What is the purpose of the variable resistor?
0 V
+6 V
0 V
+6 V
switch
motor
M
20 20 20 20
5) ANALOGUE PROCESS DEVICES-AMPLIFIERS
Amplifiers play an important part in electronic devices
which have a loudspeaker output - For example:
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
The amplifier increases the a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the
electrical i _ _ _ _ signal.
As a result, the o _ _ _ _ _ signal has a greater
amplitude than the input signal - It now has enough
e _ _ _ _ _ to power the loudspeaker.
For example, a karaoke machine:
microphone
uudio
umpIifier
Ioudspeuker
The audio amplifier does not change the f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of
the input signal - If the input signal has a frequency of
1 000 Hz, the output signal has a frequency of _______ Hz.
The trace below shows the electrical signal from a
microphone which is being input to an amplifier. On the
same trace, draw the possible shape of the output signal.
Voltage Gain of an Amplifier
In an electronic system, the electrical signals are
usually voltages. The number of times an amplifier
increases the amplitude of an input voltage by is
known as the v _ _ _ _ _ _ g _ _ _ of the amplifier
- This does not have a u _ _ _.
voItuge guin =
input voItuge
output voItuge
In each case below, calculate the voltage gain of the
amplifier:
input voltage = 12 V,
output voltage = 36 V
input voltage = 2.5 V,
output voltage = 75 V
input voltage = 1.2 V,
output voltage = 24 V
input voltage = 0.15 V,
output voltage = 45 V
input voltage = 0.25 mV,
output voltage = 12.5 mV
input voltage = 100 mV,
output voltage = 2 000 mV
i _ _ _ _
o _ _ _ _ _
p _ _ _ _ _ _
2 22 21 11 1
Experiment to Measure the
Voltage Gain of an Amplifier
Describe how you would use this apparatus to measure
the voltage gain of the amplifier.
In each case below, calculate the input voltage to the
amplifier:
In each case below, calculate the output voltage from the
amplifier:
input voltage = 0.15 V,
voltage gain of amplifier = 80
input voltage = 0.15 V,
voltage gain of amplifier = 200
input voltage = 18 mV,
voltage gain of amplifier = 30
input voltage = 12.5 mV,
voltage gain of amplifier = 20
voltage gain of amplifier = 75,
output voltage = 210 mV
voltage gain of amplifier = 15,
output voltage = 25.5 V
voltage gain of amplifier = 250,
output voltage = 90 V
voltage gain of amplifier = 120,
output voltage = 36 mV
amplifier
voItuge input voItuge output
a.c. signal
generator
loudspeaker
0.25 V
a.c. voltmeter
(measures
INPUT voltage)
a.c. voltmeter
(measures
OUTPUT voltage)
7.25 V
22 22 22 22
Amplifier Power
The electrical power input to and power output from an
amplifier can be calculated using the formula:
power =
voItuge
Z
resistunce
In each case, calculate the power input or power output
of the amplifier:
input voltage = 12 V,
resistance = 6
input voltage = 6 V,
resistance = 9
input voltage = 5 V,
resistance = 2.5
input voltage = 8 V,
resistance = 8
input voltage = 2.5 V,
resistance = 6.25
input voltage = 13 V,
resistance = 26
input voltage = 5.5 V,
resistance = 0.25
output voltage = 12 V,
resistance = 3
output voltage = 2 V,
resistance = 8
output voltage = 9 V,
resistance = 18
output voltage = 100 V,
resistance = 25
output voltage = 5.5 V,
resistance = 1.25
output voltage = 100 V,
resistance = 500
output voltage = 7.5 V,
resistance = 1.25
Note - In amplifier problems, the word "impedance" is
sometimes used instead of the word "resistance".
2 22 23 33 3
Power Gain of an Amplifier
The number of times an amplifier increases the
amplitude of an input power by is known as the
p _ _ _ _ g _ _ _ of the amplifier
- This does not have a u _ _ _.
power guin =
output power
input power
In each case below, calculate the power gain of the
amplifier which has amplified the input power:
input power = 10 W,
output power = 300 W
input power = 2.5 W,
output power = 15 W
input power = 0.25 mW,
output power = 525 mW
input power = 3 W,
output power = 180 W
input power = 0.15 W,
output power = 36 W
input power = 10mW,
output power = 350 mW
A loudspeaker of resistance 8 has 6 volts across it.
(a) Calculate the power output of the loudspeaker.
(b) Find the power gain of the amplifier to which the
loudspeaker is connected if the input power to the
amplifier is 0.05 W.
(a) Calculate the power output of a loudspeaker of
resistance 12 which has 24 V across it.
(b) Find the power gain of the amplifier to which the
loudspeaker is connected if the input power to the
amplifier is 0.02 W.
(a) Calculate the power output of a loudspeaker of
resistance 24 which has 8 V across it.
(b) Find the power gain of the amplifier to which the
loudspeaker is connected if the input power to the
amplifier is 0.12 W.
24 24 24 24
1) Electronic Systems Overview
1,
I con sfofe fhof on eIecfronic sysfem consisfs of fhree porfs -
inpuf, process ond oufpuf.
Z,
I con disfinguish befween onoIogue ond digifoI signoIs.
3,
I con idenfify onoIogue ond digifoI signoIs from woveforms
viewed on on osciIIoscope.
3) Output Devices
1,
I con give exompIes of oufpuf devices ond fhe energy
conversions invoIved.
Z,
I con give exompIes of onoIogue oufpuf devices ond digifoI
oufpuf devices.
3,
I con drow ond idenfify fhe symboI for on LED.
4,
I con sfofe fhof on LED wiII Iighf onIy if connecfed one woy
round.
,
I con expIoin fhe need for o series resisfor wifh on LED.
,
I con describe, by meons of o diogrom, o circuif which wiII oIIow
on LED fo Iighf.
7,
I con sfofe fhof differenf numbers con be produced by Iighfing
oppropriofe segmenfs (LEDs) of o 7-segmenf dispIoy.
,
I con coIcuIofe fhe voIue of fhe series resisfor for on LED.
9,
I con idenfify oppropriofe oufpuf devices for o given
oppIicofion.
2) Input Devices
1,
I con describe fhe energy fronsformofions invoIved in o
microphone, fhermocoupIe ond soIor ceII.
Z,
I con sfofe fhof fhe resisfonce of o fhermisfor chonges wifh
femperofure ond fhe resisfonce of on LDP decreoses wifh
increosing Iighf infensify (ond vice verso).
3,
I con corry ouf coIcuIofions using voIfoge, currenf ond
resisfonce for o fhermisfor ond LDP.
4,
I con corry ouf coIcuIofions invoIving voIfoges ond resisfonces
in o voIfoge divider.
,
I con sfofe fhof during chorging, fhe voIfoge ocross o copocifor
increoses wifh fime.
,
I con sfofe fhof fhe fime fo chorge o copocifor depends on fhe
voIues of fhe copocifonce ond series resisfonce.
7,
I con idenfify, from o Iisf, on oppropriofe inpuf device for o
given oppIicofion.
,
I con idenfify, wifhouf o Iisf, oppropriofe inpuf devices for o
given oppIicofion.
LEARNING OUTCOMES blue = General red = Credit
4) Digital Process Devices
1,
I con sfofe fhof Iogic gofes moy hove one or more inpufs ond
fhof o frufh fobIe shows fhe oufpuf for oII possibIe inpuf
combinofions.
Z,
I con drow ond idenfify fhe symboIs for fwo inpuf AMD ond
OP gofes, ond o MOT gofe (inverfer).
3,
I con sfofe fhof:
high voIfoge ~ Iogic I
Iow voIfoge ~ Iogic 0.
4,
I con drow fhe frufh fobIes for fwo inpuf AMD ond OP gofes,
ond o MOT gofe (inverfer).
,
I con idenfify fhe foIIowing Iogic gofes from frufh fobIes:
fwo-inpuf AMD
fwo-inpuf OP
MOT (inverfer)
,
I con compIefe o frufh fobIe for o simpIe combinofionoI Iogic
circuif.
7,
I con expIoin how fo use combinofions of digifoI Iogic gofes for
confroI in simpIe sifuofions.
,
I con sfofe fhof o digifoI circuif con produce o series of cIock
puIses.
9,
I con expIoin how o simpIe osciIIofor (cIock puIse generofor)
buiIf from o resisfor, copocifor ond inverfer works.
10,
I con describe how fo chonge fhe frequency of fhe cIock puIses
produced by o simpIe osciIIofor (cIock puIse generofor).
11,
I con sfofe fhof fhere ore circuifs which con counf digifoI
puIses.
1Z,
I con give on exompIe of o device confoining o counfer circuif.
13,
I con sfofe fhof fhe oufpuf of fhe counfer circuif is in binory.
14,
I con sfofe fhof fhe oufpuf of o binory counfer circuif con be
converfed fo decimoI.
1,
I con coIcuIofe fhe decimoI equivoIenf of o binory number in fhe
ronge 0000 - I00I.
1,
I con drow ond idenfify fhe circuif symboI for on
MPM fronsisfor.
17,
I con sfofe fhof o fronsisfor moy be conducfing (OM)
or non-conducfing (OFF).
1,
I con sfofe fhof o fronsisfor con be used os o swifch.
19,
I con idenfify, from o circuif diogrom, fhe purpose of o simpIe
fronsisfor swifching circuif.
Z0,
I con expIoin fhe operofion of o simpIe fronsisfor swifching
circuif.
5) Analogue Process Devices - Amplifiers
1,
I con idenfify, from o Iisf, devices in which ompIifiers pIoy on
imporfonf porf.
Z,
I con sfofe fhe funcfion of fhe ompIifier in devices such os
rodios, infercoms ond music cenfres.
3,
I con sfofe fhof fhe oufpuf signoI of on oudio ompIifier hos fhe
some frequency os fhe inpuf signoI, buf hos o Iorger ompIifude.
4,
I con corry ouf coIcuIofions invoIving inpuf voIfoge,
oufpuf voIfoge ond voIfoge goin of on ompIifier.
,
I con describe how fo meosure fhe voIfoge goin of on ompIifier.
,
I con corry ouf coIcuIofions invoIving power, voIfoge ond
resisfonce (impedonce).
7,
I con corry ouf coIcuIofions invoIving inpuf power, oufpuf power
ond power goin of on ompIifier.
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES