MySQL Queries

MySQL Select Statement
In this lesson you will be learn how to use SELECT statement in MySQL and you can also learn
how to use SELECT statement with WHERE clause. The SELECT statement is used to retrieve
the records Irom the table. There are some keywords uses in SELECT statement that are
described in the Iollowing table

Keywords Description
SELECT SELECT statement is used to retrieve Iields Irom one or more tables.
FROM Tables containing to the Iields.
WHERE
The WHERE clause is used to describe the criteria to restrict the records
retrieved.
GROUP BY
The GROUP BY clause is used to determine how the records should be
grouped.
HAVING
HAVING clause used with GROUP BY to deIine the criteria Ior grouped
records
ORDER BY The ORDER BY clause is used to described the criteria Ior ordering the record.
LIMIT The LIMIT clause is used to restrict the limit oI number oI records retrieved.
The simple SELECT statement is used to retrieve the all records Irom table. By the Iollowing
example you can retrieve the Iull list oI Emp table.
mysql~ SELECT * FROM Emp;
II you want to retrieve only some Iields Irom a table, then you have to provide a comma
separated list oI column names. By the Iollowing example you select Name, City and Age Iields
Irom the Emp table.
mysql~ SELECT Name, City, Age
Irom EMP;
The WHERE clause is used to limit the number oI records. The comparison operators are used
with WHERE clause to limit the number oI records. Comparison operator`s list are given below:
Operator Description
Equal to
~ or ! Not equal to
Less then
Less then or equal to
~ Greater then
~ Greater then or equal to
Like Used Ior comparing string
Between Used Ior checking value between a range.
IN Used to check values in a list
NOT IN Used to check the value is not in the list.
Character - II you are working with Strings, then character can be used as a wildcard. By
the Iollowing example you can retrieve the all Iields Irom Emp table where the Designation Iield
contain the text, 'Manager'.
mysql~ SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE
Designation LIKE 'Manager';
_ character - The underscore character can be used as a placeholder. By the Iollowing example
you can selects the all records Irom the table Emp, where the Name starts with R` Iollowed by
Iour characters. For this we have to use Iour underscores.
Name LIKE 'R';
BETWEEN Clause - The BETWEEN clause can be used with numbers, dates and text. The
Iollowing example is used to retrieve all Iields Emp table where the Salary is between 10000
AND 20000.
mysql~ SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE Salary
BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
OR Clause - The OR clause is used to check the values against the range oI values that have
been speciIied. The Iollowing example retrieves the list oI all records where the Designation is
either Manager or Assistant in the Emp table.
mysql~ SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE Designation
'Manager' OR 'Assistant';
IN Clause - The IN clause is used to check the values against to many values that have been
speciIied in IN clause. The Iollowing example retrieves the list oI all records where the
Designation is either Manager or Assistant in the Emp table.
Designation IN ('Manager', 'Assistant');
NOT IN Clause - You can use the NOT modiIier with IN clause Ior checking the values,. Which
are not within the list. The Iollowing example retrieves the list oI all records where the
Designation is not equal to Manager or Assistant in the Emp table.
mysql~ SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE Designation
NOT IN ('Manager', 'Assistant');
The Iollowing list shows you a Aggregate Function that available in MySQL.
O ' );
The AVG( ) Iunction returns the average value in a group oI records. Example oI the
AVG( ) Iunction:-
SELECT AVG(ProIit) FROM Income GROUP BY EmpId;

O COUNT );
The COUNT( ) Iunction returns the number oI records in a group oI records. Example oI
the COUNT( ) Iunction:-
SELECT COUNT(ProIit) FROM Income GROUP BY EmpId;

O M );
The MAX( ) Iunction return the maximum value in a group oI records. Example oI the
MAX( ) Iunction:-
SELECT MAX(ProIit) FROM Income GROUP BY EmpId;

O MIN );
The MIN( ) Iunction returns minimum value in a group oI records. Example oI the MIN(
) Iunction:-
SELECT MIN(ProIit) FROM Income GROUP BY EmpId;

O SUM );
The SUM( ) Iunction return the sum oI the Iield. Example oI the SUM() Iunction :
SELECT SUM(ProIit) FROM Income GROUP BY EmpId ;
The H'IN Clause
As you know the WHERE clause is used to restrict the records in a query. But iI you want to
restrict the records by using the Aggregate Iunction then you have to use the HAVING clause.
The HAVING clause restricts the records aIter they have been grouped. The Iollowing example
shows the list oI all Employees who did proIit over 10000 on average.
mysql~ SELECT AVG(ProIit) FROM Income GROUP BY
EmpId HAVING AVG(ProIit) ~ 10000;
The ORDER BY Clause
The ORDER BY clause can be used to set the order oI the retrieved records. The Iollowing
example shows the list oI all employees in the Emp table in alphabetical order. In this clause we
can use the ASC or DESC modiIiers to set the order oI records in ascending or descending order.
II any modiIier is not provided then the records are listed in ascending order.
mysql~ SELECT Name FROM Emp
ORDER BY Name;
The LIMIT Clause
The LIMIT clause can be used to limit the number oI records that have been returned by the
SELECT statement. You can speciIy the start row, and number oI records retrieved.
mysql~ SELECT * FROM Emp
LIMIT 0,10;
Selecting ll Columns or Specific columns
In this section you will be learn how to create database and create a speciIic columns in MySQL
.
CRETE Statement
The CREATE statement is used to create the table.
Example:
Create the tables:

mysql~ CREATE TABLE Employee (
-~ id int unsigned not null autoincrement primary key,
-~ Iname varchar(20),
-~ lname varchar(20),
-~ age int,
-~ salary int,
-~ email varchar(60)
-~ );
Query OK, 0 rows aIIected (0.03 sec)
Insert the Data in the table:
The INSERT statement is used the load the data in the table. Keyword are used in this statement
are Iollows :
INSERT - Insert data into the table
INTO - SpeciIied the Table name Ior inserting the data
'LUES - Data Ior the columns in the table.
mysql~ INSERT INTO Employee (Iname, lName, age,
salary, email) VALUES ("Deepak", "Kumar", 31, 25000,
"Deepakhotmail.com");
Query OK, 1 row aIIected (0.00 sec)
MySQL creates the table by the name oI Employee with the column along the Iirst row. II you
want to only select columns, replace the * with the names oI the columns, separated by commas.
The select statement Iollow just like the , SELECT * FROM Employee :
mysql~ SELECT * FROM Employee;
------------------------------------------------------
, id , Iname , lname , age , salary , email ,
------------------------------------------------------
, 1 , Deepak , kumar , 31 , 25000 ,Dhotmail.com ,
------------------------------------------------------
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Display the MySQL version
mysql~ SELECT VERSION();
For displaying the current date and time
mysql~ SELECT NOW( );
Mysql Evaluating Expression
Expressions have operators and terms and they are evaluated to generate values. Expressions
contain constants, Iunction calls and reIerences to table columns. These values can be combined
using diIIerent kinds oI operators like comparison or arithmetic operators. Expression terms can
be grouped with parentheses.
select concat(lastname, ', ', Iirstname),
(YEAR(death) - YEAR(birth)) - iI(RIGHT(death,5)RIGHT(birth,5),1,0)
Irom president
where
birth ~ '1985-5-5' and death is not null;
When an Expression is encountered MySQL, it evaluates the expression to produce a result.

Writing Expressions
An Writing expression can be as simple as a single constant. Expressions may use Iunction calls.
But some Iunction takes arguments and some does not. And multiple arguments are separated by
commas.
0 Numeric constant
'abc' String constant
'06-11-
22'
Date constant
Example:
mysql~ select ((25*4)/10)35;
----------------
, ((25*4)/10)35 ,
----------------
, 45.00 ,
----------------
CONCT)
The CONCAT() Iunction uses argument between parenthesis. These can be use columns name or
plane text string .
Example
mysql~ SELECT CONCAT(Iname, " ", lname)
Irom employeedata
where title 'Programmer';

-----------------------------
, CONCAT(Iname, " ", lname) ,
-----------------------------
, Alok Kumar ,
, deepak ranjan ,
, sushil pal ,
, chandan kumar ,
-----------------------------
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Data Definition Statement
In this section we will describe you the syntax oI most oI the Data DeIinition statements
supported by MySQL. These statements are given below :
Creating a Database
For creating a database the command syntax :
CRETE DTBSE IF NOT EISTS] <db_name>
By the command CREATE DATABASE we can create the database with the given name. But
using this command you have the CREATE privilege Ior the database. And iI you are trying to
create a database, which already exists and you are not using the IF NOT EXIST option then you
get an error. But iI you are using this option then you will not get the error but the database is not
created again.

Example for Creating a new Database :
mysql CREATE DATABASE IF NJT
EXISTS Employee;
Query JK, 1 row affected (0.02
sec)
In the Iollowing example we are trying to create a database with the same name but without IF
NOT EXISTS option that gives you an error message. Example :
mysql CREATE DATABASE Employee;
ERRJR 1007 (HY000): Can't create database
'employee'; database exists
In the Iollowing example we are trying to create a database with the same name with the IF NOT
EXISTS option that gives you only a warning but the database is not created again. Example :
mysql CREATE DATABASE IF NJT
EXISTS Employee;
Query JK, 1 rows affected, 1
warning (0.25 sec)
II you get this message that means you have successIully created the database. Now we want to
see how many databases are available on the system. We can do this by SHOW statement
Example :
mysql show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| employee |
| mysql |
| test |
+--------------------+
Creating a Table
Syntax Ior creating a table a little more complex than creating a database.
CRETE TEMPORRY] TBLE IF NOT EISTS]
<table_name>create_definition,...)] table_options] select_statement]

IF NOT EXISTS option works like the same as it does in CREATE DATABASE statement. But
TEMPORARY option is used to deIine that the table has been created will available only until
the current connection to the database is open. When the connection is disconnected even by
accidentally, table will be deleted.

There are a variety oI options are available that we can put inside the createdeIinition brackets
Example :
<column_name> <data type> NOT NULL [ NULL] DEFULT
<default_value>]UTO_INCREMENT] PRIMRY KEY <index_column_name>,...)
O 1he column_name ls used Lo deflne Lhe fleld or column of Lhe Lable of each record And each
column name has daLa Lype also
O 1he nC1 nuLL/nuLL opLlon ls used Lo deflne LhaL Lhe fleld ls requlre Lhe daLa or noL
O 1he uLlAuL1 opLlon ls used Lo seL Lhe defaulL value (whlch Lhe daLabase uses ln lleu of lnpuL
daLa)
O An lnLeger column can have Lhe Au1ClnC8LMLn1 aLLrlbuLes 1he Au1ClnC8LMLn1 opLlon ls
used Lo auLomaLlcally seL counLs up when nuLL ls lnpuL lnLo Lhe column's fleld
O 98lMA8? kL? opLlon ls used Lo lndlcaLe whlch column of flelds wlll be used Lo form an lndex for
fasLer access Lo Lhe Lable's records
BeIore issuing the CRETE TBLE statement we have to issue USE db_name command.
Example oI Create Table Command :
mysql use employee
Database changed
mysql CREATE TABLE Emp(
- Eid INT UNSIGNED NJT NULL AUTJ_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
- Ename VARCHAR(20), City VARCHAR(15),
- Designation VARCHAR(20), Salary INT);
Query JK, 0 rows affected (0.83 sec)
For veriIying about the table creation we can issue the SHOW TBLES command. This
command returns the list oI tables are available in selected database.
mysql SHJW TABLES;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_employee |
+--------------------+
| emp |
+--------------------+
ltering tbe Database
The general syntax Ior altering the database is :
LTER DTBSE] db_name] alter_specification alter_specification]......

By ALTER DATABASE command you can change the overall characteristics oI a database.
And these characteristics are stored in db.opt Iile in the database directory. But Ior using ALTER
DATABASE command you have ALTER privilege on the database. The Iollowing example
increase the size oI one Iile that available in the database. Example :
mysql ALTER DATABASE
Emp
- MJDIFY FILE
- (NAME = test1,
- SIZE = 20MB);
ltering tbe Table
The general syntax Ior altering the table is :
LTER TBLE tbl_name alter_specification , alter_specification] ...
By the ALTER TABLE command you can change the structure oI an existing table. This
commands allows you add, modiIy or delete the columns, create or destroy the indexes, rename
the columns or the table itselI. For using the ALTER TABLE command you need the ALTER,
INSERT and CREATE privileges Ior the tables. Here is some examples are given below that
helps you to understand the diIIerent alter speciIication Ior altering the table.
The Iirst example is used to rename the table name by the command LTER TBLE
old_name RENME TO new_name;
mysql show tables;
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| emp |
| employee_data |
+--------------------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE employee_data RENAME TO employe;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql show tables;
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| emp |
| employe |
+--------------------+
The Iollowing example is used to add a new column in existing table by the command LTER
TBLE tbl_name DD column_name column_type; and Ior multiple columns we can use
LTER TBLE tbl_name DD column_1 column_type, column_2 column_type);
mysql DESCRIBE Emp;
+-------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Eid | int(10) unsigned | NJ | PRI | | auto_increment |
| Ename | varchar(20) | YES | | | |
| City | varchar(15) | YES | | | |
| Designation | varchar(20) | YES | | | |
| Salary | int(11) | YES | | | |
+-------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE Emp
-> ADD Age numeric(3);
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql DESCRIBE Emp;
+-------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Eid | int(10) unsigned | NJ | PRI | | auto_increment |
| Ename | varchar(20) | YES | | | |
| City | varchar(15) | YES | | | |
| Designation | varchar(20) | YES | | | |
| Salary | int(11) | YES | | | |
| Age | decimal(3,0) | YES | | | |
+-------------+------------------+------+--25f

Dropping tbe Database
The general syntax Ior dropping the database command is :
DROP DTBSE [ SCHEM] IF EISTS] db_name

DROP DATABASE command is used to drop the all tables in the given database and deletes the
database also. But Ior using the DROP DATABASE statement you need the DROP privilege on
the database. II you are not using IF EXISTS option and the database is not available which you
want to drop then it occurs the error but iI you are using this option then it doesn't occur the
error. Example :
mysql SHJW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| emp1 |
| employee |
| mysql |
| test |
+--------------------+
mysql> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS
emp1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10
sec)
mysql SHJW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| employee |
| mysql |
| test |
+--------------------+

Dropping tbe Table
The general syntax Ior dropping the table command is :
DROP TEMPORRY] TBLE IF EISTS] tbl_name
DROP TABLE statement is used to remove one or more tables in the database but Ior this you
must have the DROP privilege Ior each table. By this command all the data oI table and the
deIinition also has been removed. II you are not using IF EXISTS option and any table name in
the argument list do not exists the MySQL returns an error with the name oI non existing tables it
was unable to drop. But it drops the all tables oI the list that do exist. By using TEMPORARY
keyword, the statement drops only temporary tables, the statement does not end an ongoing
transaction and it does not check the access right because the temporary table is visible only to
the client that creates it, that`s why the access right checking is not is not necessary. II you are
not using the TEMPORARY keyword then the DROP TABLE command automatically commits
the current active transaction. Example :
mysql SHJW TABLES;
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| emp |
| employe |
+--------------------+
mysql> DROP TABLE IF EXISTS
employe;
sec)
mysql SHJW TABLES;
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| emp |
+--------------------+
ename tbe Table
The general syntax oI rename the table command is :
RENME TBLE tbl_name TO new_tbl_name, tbl_name2 TO new_tbl_name2 ...

By this statement we can rename the one or more tables. The rename operation is work
automatically that means no other thread can access any oI the tables while the rename process is
running. Example :
mysql SHJW TABLES;
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| emp |
| employee_data |
+--------------------+
mysql> RENAME TABLE
employee_data TO EMP1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected
(0.14 sec)
mysql SHJW TABLES;
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| emp |
| emp1 |
+--------------------+

Data Manipulation Statements
uaLa ManlpulaLlon SLaLemenL ls used Lo reLrleve lnserL updaLe and deleLe Lhe records ln a daLabase All
daLabase users wlll use Lhese commands durlng rouLlne operaLlon of Lhe daLabase
Data Manipulation Statement is used to retrieve, insert, update and delete the records in a
database. All database users will use these commands during routine operation oI the
database. In this section we are describing the Iollowing Data Manipulation Statements :
O Se|ect Statement
O nsert Statement
O Date Statement
O e|ete Statement
CT tatement
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve a result set oI records Irom one or more tables,
temporary tables or views in a database. It is the most commonly used DML command. In this
statement the user can speciIy a description oI the required result set. There are some
keywords uses in SELECT statement that are described in the Iollowing table
keywords uescrlpLlon
SLLLC1
SLLLC1 sLaLemenL ls used Lo reLrleve flelds from one or more
Lables
l8CM 1ables conLalnlng Lo Lhe flelds
WPL8L
1he WPL8L clause ls used Lo descrlbe Lhe crlLerla Lo resLrlcL
Lhe records reLrleved
C8Cu9 8?
1he C8Cu9 8? clause ls used Lo deLermlne how Lhe records
should be grouped
PAvlnC
PAvlnC clause used wlLh C8Cu9 8? Lo deflne Lhe crlLerla for
grouped records
C8uL8 8?
1he C8uL8 8? clause ls used Lo descrlbed Lhe crlLerla for
orderlng Lhe record
LlMl1
1he LlMl1 clause ls used Lo resLrlcL Lhe llmlL of number of
records reLrleved
The simple SELECT statement is used to retrieve the all records Irom table. By the Iollowing
example you can retrieve the Iull list oI Emp table.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp;
+-----+--------+--------+------------
-------+--------+
| Eid | Ename | City | Designation
| Salary |
+-----+--------+--------+------------
-------+--------+
| 1 | Rahul | Delhi | Manager
| 10000 |
| 2 | Gaurav | Mumbai | Assistant
Manager | 10000 |
+-----+--------+--------+------------
-------+--------+
II you want to retrieve only some Iields Irom a table, then you have to provide a comma
separated list oI column names. By the Iollowing example you select Name, City and Age
Iields Irom the Emp table.
mysql SELECT Eid, Ename, Salary
FRJM Emp;
+-----+--------+--------+
| Eid | Ename | Salary |
+-----+--------+--------+
| 1 | Rahul | 10000 |
| 2 | Gaurav | 10000 |
+-----+--------+--------+
WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to limit the number oI records. The comparison operators are used
with WHERE clause to limit the number oI records. Comparison operator`s list are given
below:
CperaLor uescrlpLlon
Lqual Lo
or ! noL equal Lo
Less Lhen
Less Lhen or equal Lo
CreaLer Lhen
CreaLer Lhen or equal Lo
Llke used for comparlng sLrlng
8eLween used for checklng value beLween a range
ln used Lo check values ln a llsL
nC1 ln used Lo check Lhe value ls noL ln Lhe llsL
Character - II you are working with Strings, then character can be used as a wildcard.
By the Iollowing example you can retrieve the all Iields Irom Emp table where the
Designation Iield contain the text, 'Manager'.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp WHERE
Designation LIKE '%Manager%';
+-----+--------+--------+---------------
----+--------+
| Salary |
+-----+--------+--------+---------------
----+--------+
| 10000 |
Manager | 10000 |
+-----+--------+--------+---------------
----+--------+
_ character - The underscore character can be used as a placeholder. By the Iollowing
example you can selects the all records Irom the table Emp, where the Name starts with C`
Iollowed by Six characters. For this we have to use Six underscores.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp WHERE Ename LIKE
'C______';
+-----+---------+----------+-------------
+--------+
| Salary |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------
+--------+
| 3 | Chandan | Banglore | Team Leader
| 15000 |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------
+--------+
BETWEEN Clause - The BETWEEN clause can be used with numbers, dates and text. The
Iollowing example is used to retrieve all Iields Emp table where the Salary is between 8000
AND 10000.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp WHERE Salary
BETWEEN 8000 AND 10000;
+-----+---------+--------+--------------
-----+--------+
| Salary |
+-----+---------+--------+--------------
-----+--------+
| 10000 |
Manager | 10000 |
| 4 | Santosh | Delhi | Designer
| 8000 |
+-----+---------+--------+--------------
-----+--------+
OR Clause - The OR clause is used to check the values against the range oI values that have
been speciIied. The Iollowing example retrieves the list oI all records where the Designation is
either 'Designer' or City is 'Mumbai' in the Emp table.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp WHERE
Designation='Designer' JR City='Mumbai';
+-----+---------+--------+-------------------
+--------+
| Salary |
+-----+---------+--------+-------------------
+--------+
| 2 | Gaurav | Mumbai | Assistant Manager
| 10000 |
| 8000 |
+-----+---------+--------+-------------------
+--------+
IN Clause - The IN clause is used to check the values against to many values that have been
speciIied in IN clause. The Iollowing example retrieves the list oI all records where the
Designation is either 'Manager' or 'Assistant' in the Emp table.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp WHERE Designation
IN ('Manager','Designer');
+-----+---------+-------+-------------+-----
---+
| Eid | Ename | City | Designation |
Salary |
+-----+---------+-------+-------------+-----
---+
| 1 | Rahul | Delhi | Manager |
10000 |
| 4 | Santosh | Delhi | Designer | 8000
|
+-----+---------+-------+-------------+-----
---+
NOT IN Clause - You can use the NOT modiIier with IN clause Ior checking the values,
which are not within the list. The Iollowing example retrieves the list oI all records where the
Designation is not equal to 'Manager' or 'Assistant' in the Emp table.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp WHERE Designation NJT
IN ('Manager','Designer');
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------
+--------+
| Salary |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------
+--------+
| 2 | Gaurav | Mumbai | Assistant Manager
| 10000 |
| 15000 |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------
+--------+
ROUP BY Clause
The GROUP BY clause is an optional clause. A query has a GROUP BY clause is known as
GROUPING QUERY. A Grouping Query is a special type oI query that is used to groups and
summarized the rows. It operators on the rows Irom the FROM Clause as Iiltered by the
WHERE clause. It is used to collects the rows into groups that`s based on the common values
in the grouping columns. The general syntax oI GROUP BY clause is :
SELECT ` FROM tbl_name ROUP BY column_name;
Example :
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp GRJUP BY Ename;
+-----+---------+----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| 15000 | 999 |
Manager | 10000 | 853 |
| 10000 | 853 |
| 8000 | 825 |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
ggregate Function
The Iollowing list shows you a Aggregate Function that available in MySQL. Our Table
records are listed below and on this table we perIorming these aggregate Iunction :
Table :
+-----+---------+----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| 10000 | 853 |
Manager | 10000 | 853 |
| 15000 | 999 |
| 8000 | 825 |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
O I% )
1he AvC( ) funcLlon reLurns Lhe average value ln a group of records Lxample of Lhe AvC( )
funcLlon

mysql SELECT AVG(Perks) FRJM Emp
GRJUP BY Perks;
+------------+
| AVG(Perks) |
+------------+
| 825.0000 |
| 853.0000 |
| 999.0000 |
+------------+

O D-@% )
1he CCun1( ) funcLlon reLurns Lhe number of records ln a group of records Lxample of Lhe
CCun1( ) funcLlon

mysql SELECT CJUNT(Perks) FRJM
Emp GRJUP BY Perks;
+--------------+
| CJUNT(Perks) |
+--------------+
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 1 |
+--------------+

O ,O% )
1he MAx( ) funcLlon reLurn Lhe maxlmum value ln a group of records Lxample of Lhe MAx( )
funcLlon

mysql SELECT MAX(Salary)
FRJM Emp;
+-------------+
| MAX(Salary) |
+-------------+
| 15000 |
+-------------+

O ,-% )
1he Mln( ) funcLlon reLurns mlnlmum value ln a group of records Lxample of Lhe Mln( )
funcLlon

mysql SELECT MIN(Salary)
FRJM Emp;
+-------------+
| MIN(Salary) |
+-------------+
| 8000 |
+-------------+

O SD,% )
1he SuM( ) funcLlon reLurn Lhe sum of Lhe fleld Lxample of Lhe SuM() funcLlon

mysql SELECT SUM(Perks)
FRJM Emp;
+------------+
| SUM(Perks) |
+------------+
| 3530 |
+------------+
The H'IN Clause

As you know the WHERE clause is used to restrict the records in a query. But iI you want to
restrict the records by using the Aggregate Iunction then you have to use the HAVING clause.
The HAVING clause restricts the records aIter they have been grouped. The Iollowing
example shows the list oI all Employees who got the perks more than 900 on average.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp GRJUP BY Salary
HAVING AVG(Perks)900;
+-----+---------+----------+------------
-+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+----------+------------
-+--------+-------+
| 15000 | 999 |
+-----+---------+----------+------------
-+--------+-------+
The ORDER BY Clause

The ORDER BY clause can be used to set the order oI the retrieved records. The Iollowing
example shows the list oI all employees in the Emp table in alphabetical order. In this clause
we can use the ASC or DESC modiIiers to set the order oI records in ascending or descending
order. II any modiIier is not provided then the records are listed in ascending order.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp JRDER BY Eid
DESC;
+-----+---------+----------+--------------
-----+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+----------+--------------
-----+--------+-------+
| 8000 | 825 |
| 15000 | 999 |
Manager | 10000 | 853 |
| 10000 | 853 |
+-----+---------+----------+--------------
-----+--------+-------+
The LIMIT Clause

The LIMIT clause can be used to limit the number oI records that have been returned by the
SELECT statement. You can speciIy the start row, and number oI records retrieved.
mysql SELECT FRJM Emp LIMIT 0,2;
+-----+--------+--------+-----------------
--+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+--------+--------+-----------------
--+--------+-------+
| 10000 | 853 |
Manager | 10000 | 853 |
+-----+--------+--------+-----------------
--+--------+-------+
T tatement
The INSERT statement is used to add one or more records to a existing table in a database.
This statement can insert the data into only a single table. The general syntax oI the INSERT
Statement is :
INSERT LOW_PRIORITY [ DELYED [ HIH_PRIORITY] INORE] INTO
tbl_name column1, column2, .. ]) 'LUES value1, value2, ..])
and
INSERT LOW_PRIORITY [ DELYED [ HIH_PRIORITY] INORE] INTO
tbl_name 'LUES value1, value2, ...])

II we are speciIying the column name in INSERT statement then the number oI columns and
values must be same. In this situation any column is not speciIied then the deIault value Ior
the column is used. The values are speciIied in the INSERT command must speciIy the all-
applicable constraints like primary keys, NOT NULL and CHECK Constraints. II any
constraints are violated then it occurs syntax error and new row is not added. Example :
mysql INSERT INTJ
Emp(Ename,City,Designation,Salary,Perks)
VALUES('Tapan','Pune',
'Developer',20000,1111);
Query JK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql INSERT INTJ Emp
VALUES(6,'Rajesh','Hyderabad','Developer',18000,1222);
Query JK, 1 row affected (0.41 sec)
INSERT Statement supports the Iollowing modiIiers :
O lf we are uslng Lhe uLLA?Lu keyword Lhen Lhe server puLs Lhe row lnLo a buffer and Lhe
cllenL lssues Lhe lnSL81 command can Lhen conLlnue lmmedlaLely lf Lable ls ln use Lhen
server can holds Lhe rows and when Lhe Lable ls free Lhen only server can beglns lnserLlng Lhe
rows And lLs also used Lo lnserL from many cllenLs are bundled LogeLher and wrlLLen ln one
block

O lf we are uslng Lhe LCW_98lC8l1? keyword Lhen Lhe execuLlon of lnSL81 sLaLemenL ls
delayed unLll no oLher cllenLs are readlng from Lhe Lable lL can be posslble a cllenL whlch
lssues a lnSL81 LCW_98lC8l1? sLaLemenL have Lo walL for a long Llme(forever also) ln a read
heavy envlronmenL

O 8uL lf we are uslng PlCP_98lC8l1? Lhen lL overrldes Lhe effecL of LCW_98lC8l1? updaLes
opLlon

O lf we are uslng lCnC8L keyword Lhen Lhe execuLlon of lnSL81 sLaLemenL error can be LreaLed
as a warnlngs Means wlLh lCnC8L Lhe row sLlll ls noL lnserLed buL no error ls occurred
DT tatement
The UPDATE statement is used to modiIy the record contained with in a table either one row
or more than one row. The general syntax oI UPDATE Statement is :
UPDTE LOW_PRIORITY] INORE] tbl_name SET col_name1expr1 ,
col_name2expr2 ...] WHERE where_condition] ORDER BY ...] LIMIT row_count]
The set clause is used to indicates which columns have to modiIy and the values they should
be given. II WHERE clause is given then it speciIies the conditions that identiIy which rows
to modiIy. II ORDER BY clause is given that the rows are modiIy in the order that is
speciIied. II LIMIT clause is given then it places a limit on the number oI rows that can be
modiIied.
The UPDATE statement supports the Iollowing modiIiers:
O lf LCW_98lC8l1? keyword ls uslng Lhen execuLlon of u9uA1L command ls delayed unLll no
oLher cllenLs are readlng from Lhe Lable

O lf lCnC8L keyword ls uslng and error occurs durlng Lhe execuLlon of updaLe command Lhen
Lhe updaLe sLaLemenL does noL aborL
In the Iollowing example we are updating the salary oI those employees their perks is more
than 800. Example :
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| 10000 | 853 |
Manager | 10000 | 853 |
| 15000 | 999 |
| 8000 | 825 |
| 5 | Tapan | Pune | Developer
| 20000 | 1111 |
| 6 | Rajesh | Hyderabad | Developer
| 18000 | 1222 |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
mysql> UPDATE Emp
-> SET Salary = Salary*1.03 WHERE Perks
> 800;
Rows matched: 6 Changed: 6 Warnings: 0
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| 10300 | 853 |
Manager | 10300 | 853 |
| 15450 | 999 |
| 8240 | 825 |
| 20600 | 1111 |
| 18540 | 1222 |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
DT tatement
The DELETE Statement is used the remove the records Irom the table. The general syntax oI
DELETE Statement is :
DELETE LOW_PRIORITY] INORE] FROM tbl_name WHERE where_condition]
ORDER BY ...] LIMIT row_count];
The DELETE Statement is used Ior deleting the rows Irom the given table. II the WHERE
clause is given then it speciIies the condition Ior identying which rows have to delete. II
ORDER BY clause is given then it speciIies the rows are deleted in the order that is speciIied.
The LIMIT clause is used to place a Limit on the number oI rows which can be deleted.
The DELETE statement supports the Iollowing modiIiers:
O lf LCW_98lC8l1? keyword ls uslng Lhen execuLlon of uLLL1L command ls delayed unLll no
oLher cllenLs are readlng from Lhe Lable

O lf lCnC8L keyword ls uslng and error occurs durlng Lhe execuLlon of uLLL1L command Lhen
Lhe errors are reLurns as warnlngs
In the Iollowing example we are deleting the records oI those employees their salary is less
than 10000. Example :
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| 10300 | 853 |
Manager | 10300 | 853 |
| 15450 | 999 |
| 8240 | 825 |
| 20600 | 1111 |
| 18540 | 1222 |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
mysql> DELETE FROM Emp WHERE Salary<10000;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
| 10300 | 853 |
Manager | 10300 | 853 |
| 15450 | 999 |
| 20600 | 1111 |
| 18540 | 1222 |
+-----+---------+-----------+---------------
----+--------+-------+
C tatement
REPLACE Statement works exactly same as the INSERT Statement, except only then iI an
old record in the table has the same value as in new row Ior a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE
index then old row is deleted and new row is inserted. The general syntax oI REPLACE
Statement is :
REPLCE LOW_PRIORITY [ DELYED] INTO] tbl_name col_name,...)]
'LUES expr [ DEFULT],...),...),...
The REPLACE Statement returns a count Ior indicating the number oI records aIIected. It is
the sum oI rows deleted and inserted. When the count is 1 that means one record was inserted
and no records were deleted. But iI the count is greater than one that means one or more old
records were deleted beIore inserted the new row. For using REPLACE command need the
both INSERT and DELETE privileges Ior the table.
In the Iollowing example we are replacing the record that's having the Eid is 6.
+-----+---------+-----------+-------------------+-
-------+-------+
Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+-----------+-------------------+-
-------+-------+
10300 | 853 |
| 2 | Gaurav | Mumbai | Assistant Manager |
10300 | 853 |
| 3 | Chandan | Banglore | Team Leader |
15450 | 999 |
| 5 | Tapan | Pune | Developer |
20600 | 1111 |
| 6 | Rajesh | Hyderabad | Developer |
18540 | 1222 |
+-----+---------+-----------+-------------------+-
-------+-------+
mysql> REPLACE INTO Emp
VALUES(6,'Amar','Chennai','Developer',16000,1124);
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
10300 | 853 |
10300 | 853 |
15450 | 999 |
20600 | 1111 |
| 6 | Amar | Chennai | Developer |
16000 | 1124 |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
TCT tatement
TRUNCATE Statement is also used to empty the table completely. The general syntax oI
TRUNCATE Statement is :
TRUNCTE tbl_name;
Logically TRUNCATE Statement is same as DELETE Statement, which deletes all rows. But
practically they have some diIIerences :
O 18unCA1L command drop Lhe Lable and recreaLe Lhe deflnlLlon of Lable whlch ls much fasLer
Lhan deleLlng Lhe rows one by one

O 18unCA1L command operaLlon are noL LransacLlon safe

O 18unCA1L command does noL reLurn Lhe number of deleLed rows

O lf Lable formaL flle tb|_namefrm ls valld Lhen Lhe Lable can be recreaLed lf lLs empLy by Lhe
18unCA1L command even lf Lhe daLa or lndex flles have become corrupLed
In the Iollowing example we truncating the Emp1 table.
mysql select from Emp1;
+--------+--------+--------+-----------+------
+------+--------+-------+
| emp_id | f_name | l_name | title | age
| yos | salary | perks |
+--------+--------+--------+-----------+------
+------+--------+-------+
| 1 | Rahul | Jain | Manager | 22
| 1 | 10000 | 5000 |
| 2 | Rajesh | Kumar | Developer | 25
| 2 | 20000 | 500 |
+--------+--------+--------+-----------+------
+------+--------+-------+
mysql> TRUNCATE Emp1;
mysql select from Emp1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql show tables;
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| emp |
| emp1 |
+--------------------+

oins
Sometimes you required the data Irom more than one table. When you select the data Irom more than one table this
is known as Joining. A join is a SQL query that is used to select the data Irom more than one table or views..

Sometimes you required the data Irom more than one table. When you select the data Irom
more than one table this is known as Joining. A join is a SQL query that is used to select the
data Irom more than one table or views. When you deIine multiple tables or views in the
FROM clause oI a query the MySQL perIorms a join that linking the rows Irom multiple
tables together.
Types of oins :
O INNER Joins
O OUTER Joins
O SELF Joins
We are going to describe you the Join with the help oI Iollowing two tables :
mysql SELECT FRJM Client;
+------+---------------+----
------+
| C_ID | Name |
City |
+------+---------------+----
------+
| 1 | A K Ltd |
Delhi |
| 2 | V K Associate |
Mumbai |
| 3 | R K India |
Banglore |
| 4 | R S P Ltd |
Kolkata |
+------+---------------+----
------+
mysql SELECT FRJM
Products;
+---------+-------------+---
---+
| Prod_ID | Prod_Detail |
C_ID |
+---------+-------------+---
---+
| 111 | Monitor | 1
|
| 112 | Processor | 2
|
| 113 | Keyboard | 2
|
| 114 | Mouse | 3
|
| 115 | CPU | 5
|
+---------+-------------+---
---+
INNER oins
The INNER join is considered as the deIault Join type. Inner join returns the column values
Irom one row oI a table combined with the column values Irom one row oI another table that
satisIy the search condition Ior the join. The general syntax oI INNER Join is :
SELECT <column_name1>, <column_name2> FROM <tbl_name> INNER OIN
<tbl_name> ON <join_conditions>
The Iollowing example takes all the records Irom table Client and Iinds the matching records
in table Product. But iI no match is Iound then the record Irom table Client is not included in
the results. But iI multiple results are Iound in table Product with the given condition then one
row will be return Ior each.
Example :
mysql> SELECT * FROM Client
-> INNER JOIN Products
-> ON Client.C_ID=Products.C_ID;
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
| C_ID | Name | City | Prod_ID
| Prod_Detail | C_ID |
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
| 1 | A K Ltd | Delhi | 111
| Monitor | 1 |
| 2 | V K Associate | Mumbai | 112
| Processor | 2 |
| Keyboard | 2 |
| 3 | R K India | Banglore | 114
| Mouse | 3 |
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
OUTER oins
Sometimes when we are perIorming a Join between the two tables, we need all the records
Irom one table even there is no corresponding record in other table. We can do this with the
help oI OUTER Join. In other words an OUTER Join returns the all rows that returned by an
INNER Join plus all the rows Irom one table that did not match any row Irom the other table.
Outer Join are divided in two types : LEFT OUTER oin, RIHT OUTER oin
LEFT OUTER oin
LEFT OUTER Join is used to return all the rows that returned by an INNER Join plus all the
rows Irom Iirst table that did not match with any row Irom the second table but with the
NULL values Ior each column Irom second table. The general syntax oI LEFT OUTER Join is
:
SELECT <column_name1>, <column_name2> FROM <tbl_name> LEFT OUTER
OIN <tbl_name> ON <join_conditions>
In the Iollowing example we are selected every row Irom the Client table which don`t have a
match in the Products Table. Example :
mysql> SELECT * FROM CLIENT
-> LEFT OUTER JOIN Products
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
| 1 | A K Ltd | Delhi | 111
| Monitor | 1 |
| Processor | 2 |
| Keyboard | 2 |
| Mouse | 3 |
| 4 | R S P Ltd | Kolkata | NULL
| | NULL |
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
In the Iollowing example we are using the ORDER BY Clause with the LEFT OUTER Join.
-> LEFT OUTER JOIN Products
-> ON Client.C_ID=Products.C_ID
-> ORDER BY Client.City;
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
| Mouse | 3 |
| 1 | A K Ltd | Delhi | 111
| Monitor | 1 |
| 4 | R S P Ltd | Kolkata | NULL
| | NULL |
| Keyboard | 2 |
| Processor | 2 |
+------+---------------+----------+--------
-+-------------+------+
In the result oI LEFT OUTER Join " R S P Ltd " is included even though it has no rows in the
Products table.
RIHT OUTER oin
RIGHT OUTER Join is much same as the LEFT OUTER JOIN. But RIGHT OUTER Join is
used to return all the rows that returned by an INNER Join plus all the rows Irom second table
that did not match with any row Irom the Iirst table but with the NULL values Ior each
column Irom Iirst table. The general syntax oI RIGHT OUTER Join is :
SELECT <column_name1>, <column_name2> FROM <tbl_name> RIHT OUTER
OIN <tbl_name> ON <join_conditions>
In the Iollowing example we are selected every row Irom the Products table which don`t have
a match in the Client Table. Example :
-> RIGHT OUTER JOIN Products
+------+---------------+----------+---------
+-------------+------+
+------+---------------+----------+---------
+-------------+------+
| 1 | A K Ltd | Delhi | 111
| Monitor | 1 |
| Processor | 2 |
| Keyboard | 2 |
| Mouse | 3 |
| NULL | | | 115
| CPU | 5 |
+------+---------------+----------+---------
+-------------+------+
SELF oin
SELF Join means a table can be joined with itselI. SELF Join is useIul when we want to
compare values in a column to other values in the same column. For creating a SELF Join we
have to list a table twice in the FROM clause and assign it a diIIerent alias each time. For
reIerring the table we have to use this aliases.
The Iollowing example provide you the list oI those Clients that belongs to same city oI
CID1.
mysql> SELECT b.C_ID,b.Name,b.City FROM
Client a, Client b
-> WHERE a.City=b.City AND a.C_ID=1;
+------+----------+-------+
| C_ID | Name | City |
+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | A K Ltd | Delhi |
| 5 | A T Ltd | Delhi |
| 6 | D T Info | Delhi |
+------+----------+-------+
we can write this SELF JOIN Query in Subquery like this also :
-> WHERE City=(
-> SELECT City FROM
Client
-> WHERE C_ID=1);
+------+----------+-------+
+------+----------+-------+
+------+----------+-------+

'iews
VIEW is a virtual table, which acts like a table but actually it contains no data. That is based on
the result set oI a SELECT statement. A VIEW consists rows and columns Irom one or more
than one tables. A VIEW is a query that`s stored as an object. A VIEW is nothing more than a
way to select a subset oI table`s columns.
When you deIined a view then you can reIerence it like any other table in a database. A VIEW
provides as a security mechanism also. VIEWS ensures that users are able to modiIy and retrieve
only that data which seen by them.
By using Views you can ensure about the security oI data by restricting access to the Iollowing
data:
O SpeciIic columns oI the tables.
O SpeciIic rows oI the tables.
O SpeciIic rows and columns oI the tables.
O Subsets oI another view or a subset oI views and tables
O Rows Ietched by using joins.
O Statistical summary oI data in a given tables.
CRETE 'IEW Statement

CREATE VIEW Statement is used to create a new database view. The general syntax oI
CREATE VIEW Statement is:
CRETE 'IEW view_name column_list)] WITH ENCRYPTION] S
select_statement WITH CHECK OPTION]
'iew_name speciIies the name Ior the new view. column_list speciIies the name oI the columns
to be used in view. column_list must have the same number oI columns that speciIied in
select_statement. II column_list option is not available then view is created with the same
columns that speciIied in select_statement.
WITH ENCRYPTION option encrypts the text to the view in the syscomments table.
S option speciIies the action that is perIormed by the view. select_statement is used to speciIy
the SELECT statement that deIines a view. The optional WITH CHECK OPTION clause
applies to the data modiIication statement like INSERT and UPDATE statements to IulIill the
criteria given in the select_statement deIining the view. This option also ensures that the data
can visible aIter the modiIications are made permanent.
Some restrictions imposed on views are given below :
O A view can be created only in the current database.
O The view name must Iollow the rules Ior identiIiers and
O The view name must not be the same as that oI the base table
O A view can be created only that time iI there is a SELECT permission on its base table.
O A SELECT INTO statement cannot be used in view declaration statement.
O A trigger or an index cannot be deIined on a view.
O The CREATE VIEW statement cannot be combined with other SQL statements in a
single batch.
Example :
In the Iollowing example we have two table Client and Products. And iI you want to see only
those client records that are active in Products table also means right now they are supplying us
the products. For this we are creating the view by the name oI SuppClient.
+------+---------------+-------
---+
| C_ID | Name | City
|
+------+---------------+-------
---+
| 1 | A K Ltd | Delhi
|
| 2 | V K Associate | Mumbai
|
| 3 | R K India |
Banglore |
| 4 | R S P Ltd |
Kolkata |
| 5 | A T Ltd | Delhi
|
| 6 | D T Info | Delhi
|
+------+---------------+-------
---+
mysql SELECT FRJM Products;
+---------+-------------+------
+
| Prod_ID | Prod_Detail | C_ID
|
+---------+-------------+------
+
| 111 | Monitor | 1
|
| 112 | Processor | 2
|
| 113 | Keyboard | 2
|
| 114 | Mouse | 3
|
| 115 | CPU | 5
|
+---------+-------------+------
+

Example : Create 'iew Statement

mysql> CREATE VIEW Supp_Client
AS
-> SELECT * FROM Client
-> WHERE C_ID IN (
-> SELECT C_ID FROM
Products)
-> WITH CHECK OPTION;
sec)
mysql SELECT FRJM
Supp_Client;
+------+---------------+-------
---+
|
+------+---------------+-------
---+
|
|
| 3 | R K India |
Banglore |
|
+------+---------------+-------
---+
In the Iollowing example we include the WHERE clause with the select statement oI view. Then
MySQL adds this condition to the VIEW deIinition when executing the statement Ior Iurther
restricting the result. Example :
mysql> SELECT * FROM Supp_Client
WHERE City='Delhi';
+------+---------+-------+
+------+---------+-------+
+------+---------+-------+
LTER 'IEW Statement
By the ALTER VIEW Statement we can change the deIinition oI a view. This statement is useIul
to modiIy a view without dropping it. ALTER VIEW statement syntax is similar to CREATE
VIEW Statement and eIIect is same as the CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW. The general syntax
oI ALTER VIEW Statement is :
LTER 'IEW view_name column_list)] WITH ENCRYPTION] S
select_statement WITH CHECK OPTION]
In the Iollowing example we are altering the view deIinition that we have created above. In this
we add one more column by the name oI ProdDetail oI Products table. Example oI Altering the
View Statement :
mysql> ALTER VIEW Supp_Client AS
-> SELECT Client.C_ID,
Client.Name, Client.City,
-> Products.Prod_Detail from
Client, Products
-> WHERE
Client.C_ID=Products.C_ID;
mysql SELECT FRJM Supp_Client;
+------+---------------+----------+---
----------+
Prod_Detail |
+------+---------------+----------+---
----------+
Monitor |
| 2 | V K Associate | Mumbai |
Processor |
Keyboard |
| 3 | R K India | Banglore |
Mouse |
CPU |
+------+---------------+----------+---
----------+
DROP 'IEW Statement
For dropping a view you can use the DROP VIEW Statement. When view is dropped but it has
no eIIect on the underlying tables. AIter dropping a view iI you issue any query that reIerence a
dropped view then you get an error message. But dropping a table that reIerence any view does
not drop the view automatically you have to dropt the view explicitly. The general syntax oI
DROP VIEW Statement is :
DROP 'IEW view_name;
In the Iollowing example we are dropping the view that we have created above. Example oI
Dropping the View Statement :
mysql> DROP VIEW Supp_Client;

mysql SELECT FRJM Supp_Client;
ERRJR 1146 (42S02): Table
'employee.supp_client' doesn't exist

Stored Procedures and Functions

SLored 8ouLlnes (9rocedures and luncLlons) are supporLed ln verslon MySCL 30 SLored 9rocedure ls a seL of
sLaLemenLs whlch allow ease and flexlblllLy for a programmer because sLored procedure ls easy Lo execuLe Lhan
relssulng Lhe number of lndlvldual S
Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions) are supported in version MySQL 5.0. Stored
Procedure is a set oI statements, which allow ease and Ilexibility Ior a programmer because
stored procedure is easy to execute than reissuing the number oI individual SQL statements.
Stored procedure can call another stored procedure also. Stored Procedure can very useIul
where multiple client applications are written in diIIerent languages or it can be work on
diIIerent platIorms but they need to perIorm the same database operations.
Store procedure can improve the perIormance because by using the stored procedure less
inIormation needs to be sent between the server and the client. It increase the load on the
database server because less work is done on the client side and much work is done on the
server side.
CT CD ntax
The general syntax oI Creating a Stored Procedure is :
CRETE PROCEDURE proc_name proc_parameter......]]) routine_body
proc_name : procedure name
proc_parameter : | IN , OUT , INOUT | paramname type
routine_body : Valid SQL procedure statement
The parameter list is available with in the parentheses. Parameter can be declared to use any
valid data type, except that the COLLATE attribute cannot be used. By deIault each parameter
is an IN parameter. For speciIying other type oI parameter used the OUT or INOUT keyword
beIore the parameter name.
An IN parameter is used to pass the value into a procedure. The procedure can be change the
value but when the procedure return the value then modiIication is not visible to the caller. An
OUT parameter is used to pass the value Irom the procedure to the caller but its visible to the
caller. An INOUT parameter is initialized by the caller and it can be modiIied by the
procedure, and any change made by the procedure is visible to the caller.
For each OUT or INOUT parameter you have to pass a user deIined variable because then
the procedure returns the value then only you can obtain it values. But iI you invoking the
procedure Irom the other procedure then you can also pass a routine parameter or variable as
an IN or INOUT parameter.
The routinebody contains the valid SQL procedure statement that can be a simple statement
like SELECT or INSERT or they can be a compound statement written using BEGIN and
END. Compound statement can consists declarations, loops or other control structure.
Now we are describing you a example oI a simple stored procedure which uses an OUT
parameter. It uses the mysql client delimiter command Ior changing the statement delimiter
Irom ; to // till the procedure is being deIined. Example :
mysql> delimiter //
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE Sproc(OUT p1
INT)
-> SELECT COUNT(*) INTO p1 FROM Emp;
-> //

mysql delimiter ;
mysql CALL Sproc(@a);
mysql select @a;
+------+
| @a |
+------+
| 5 |
+------+
CT FCT ntax
The general syntax oI Creating a Function is :
CRETE FUNCTION func_name func_parameter,...]]) RETURNS type
routine_body
Iuncname : Function name
Iuncparameter : paramname type
type : Any valid MySQL datatype
routinebody : Valid SQL procedure statement
The RETURN clause is mandatory Ior FUNCTION. It used to indicate the return type oI
Iunction.
Now we are describing you a simple example a Iunction. This Iunction take a parameter and it
is used to perIorm an operation by using an SQL Iunction and return the result. In this
example there is no need to use delimiter because it contains no internal ; statement delimiters.
Example :
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION func(str
CHAR(20))
-> RETURNS CHAR(50)
-> RETURN CONCAT('WELCOME TO,
',str,'!');
mysql SELECT func('RoseIndia');
+------------------------+
| func('RoseIndia') |
+------------------------+
| WELCJME TJ, RoseIndia! |
+------------------------+
T CD and T FCT ntax
For creating the procedure or Iunction we used the CREATE PROCEDURE , FUNCTION
statement and Ior altering the procedure we used the ALTER PROCEDURE , FUNCTION
statement. Alter Procedure statement is used to change access permissions that preserves by
the procedure. And ALTER PROCEDURE needs the use oI the same encryption and
recompile option as the original CREATE PROCEDURE command. ALTER PROCEDURE ,
FUNCTION statement can be used Ior renaming the stored procedure or Iunction and Ior
changing it characteristics also. We can speciIy the more than one changes also in an ALTER
PROCEDURE , FUNCTION statement. But Ior this you required the ALTER ROUTINE
privilege.
LTER PROCEDURE [ FUNCTION] proc_name [ func_name] characteristic ...]
characteristic: SQL SECURITY DEFINER [ IN'OKER][ COMMENT 'string'
Example :
mysql ALTER PRJCEDURE Sproc SQL
SECURITY DEFINER;
With the ALTER PROCEDURE Statement you can change only the characteristics and iI you
want to change in statement list then you have to DROP the procedure and CREATE again.
D CD and D FCT ntax
DROP PROCEDURE , FUNCTION Statement is used to drop a Procedure or Function. But
Ior dropping them you must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege. II IF NOT EXISTS clause
is available then its prevents you Irom occurring an error when the procedure or Iunction does
not exist its produced only a warning.
DROP PROCEDURE [ FUNCTION] IF EISTS] proc_name [ func_name];
The Iollowing example shows you a syntax oI Dropping procedure and Iunction iI it exists :
Examples :
mysql DRJP FUNCTIJN IF EXISTS func;
mysql DRJP PRJCEDURE IF EXISTS Sproc;
But when you want to drop the procedure and Iunction that does not exists it shows you only a
warning. Examples :
mysql DRJP FUNCTIJN IF EXISTS func;
Query JK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning
(0.02 sec)
mysql DRJP PRJCEDURE IF EXISTS
Sproc;
Query JK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning
(0.00 sec)
C tatement ntax
The CALL statement is used to call a procedure, which has been deIined previously. CALL
can return the values to its caller through its parameters that are declared as OUT or INOUT
parameters. This statement is also used to returns the number oI rows aIIected that a client
program can obtain at the SQL level by calling the ROWCOUNT(). The general syntax oI
CALL Statement is :
CLL p_nameparameter,...]])
The Iollowing example shows you the use oI CALL statement. Example :
mysql delimiter //
mysql CREATE PRJCEDURE Sp1(JUT p VARCHAR(20),JUT
p1 VARCHAR(20),IN p2 INT)
- SELECT Ename,City INTJ p,p1 FRJM Emp WHERE
Eid=p2;
- //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql> CALL Sp1(@Name,@City,1);
mysql> SELECT @Name,@City;
+-------+-------+
| @Name | @City |
+-------+-------+
| Rahul | Delhi |
+-------+-------+
D Compound tatement ntax
Stored Procedure or Functions can contain multiple statement by using the BEGIN...END
compound statement. The general syntax oI BEGIN....END compound statement is :
BEIN statement_list] END
statementlist means a list oI one or more statements but each statements must be terminated
by a semicolon. statementlist is optional means compound statement can be empty.
In the Iollowing example Iirstly we are inserting the record and then we are selecting the
record. Example :
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
10300 | 853 |
10300 | 853 |
15450 | 999 |
20600 | 1111 |
16000 | 1124 |
| 7 | Santosh | Delhi | Designer |
10000 | 865 |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
mysql> delimiter //
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE Proc(OUT p VARCHAR(20),
OUT p1 VARCHAR(20),IN p2 INT)
-> BEGIN
-> INSERT INTO Emp
VALUES(p2,'Suman','Pune','Web
Designer',20000,965);
-> SELECT Ename,City INTO p,p1 FROM Emp WHERE
Eid=p2;
-> END
-> //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql CALL Proc(@Name,@City,8);
mysql SELECT @Name,@City;
+-------+-------+
| @Name | @City |
+-------+-------+
| Suman | Pune |
+-------+-------+
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
Salary | Perks |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
10300 | 853 |
10300 | 853 |
15450 | 999 |
20600 | 1111 |
16000 | 1124 |
| 7 | Santosh | Delhi | Designer |
10000 | 865 |
| 8 | Suman | Pune | Web Designer |
20000 | 965 |
+-----+---------+----------+-------------------+--
------+-------+
DC tatement ntax
The DECLARE statement is used to speciIy the various items. Its allowed only inside the
BEGIN..END compound statements. Declarations must Iollow the order like Cursor must be
declare beIore declaring handlers and the variables and conditions must be declare beIore
declaring either handler or cursors
DECLRE Local 'ariable
The general syntax oI declaring local variable is :
DECLRE var_name,...] type DEFULT value]
DECLARE statement is used Ior declaring the local variables. DEFAULT clause is used Ior
providing a deIault value to the variable but iI this clause is missing then the initial value is
NULL. Local variable scope is limited within the BEGIN..END compound block.
'ariable SET Statement
The general syntax oI Variable SET statement is:
SET var_name expr , var_name expr] ...
In stored procedure SET statement is extended version oI general SET statement and its
implements as part oI the preexisting SET Syntax. It allows an extended syntax oI ja ,
kb... where diIIerent variables types (like local variables, global variables etc) can be
mixed.
SELECT......INTO Statement Syntax
The general syntax oI SELECT....INTO Statement is:
SELECT column_name1,column_name2...] INTO var_name1,var_name2....]
table_expr
This SELECT statement is used to store selected columns into variables. But by this we can
retrieve only single row. The number oI columns and the number oI variable name must be
same in this statement.
In the Iollowing example we are demonstrating you the use oI all above three statement.
Example :
mysql> delimiter //
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE Sproced(OUT p
VARCHAR(20),OUT p1 VARCHAR(20),IN p2 INT)
-> BEGIN
-> DECLARE a VARCHAR(20);
-> DECLARE b INT;
-> SET b=p2;
-> SET a='Dev%';
-> SELECT * FROM Emp WHERE Designation LIKE a;
-> SELECT Ename,City INTO p,p1 FROM Emp WHERE
Eid=b;
-> END
-> //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql CALL Sproced(@Name,@City,5);
+-----+-------+---------+-------------+--------+--
-----+
| Eid | Ename | City | Designation | Salary |
Perks |
+-----+-------+---------+-------------+--------+--
-----+
| 5 | Tapan | Pune | Developer | 20600 |
1111 |
| 6 | Amar | Chennai | Developer | 16000 |
1124 |
+-----+-------+---------+-------------+--------+--
-----+
mysql SELECT @Name,@City;
+-------+-------+
| @Name | @City |
+-------+-------+
| Tapan | Pune |
+-------+-------+
Conditions and Handlers
Some conditions needs speciIic handling and these conditions can be related to errors or may
be general Ilow control inside a routine. Handlers are the methods oI handling conditions that
need to be dealt with. BeIore describing conditions and handlers lets try to produce some
errors. Example :
VALUES(1,'AAA','Delhi','Manager',20000,583);
ERRJR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 1
In the above example MySQL produced an error, ERROR 1062. And the number between the
brackets (23000) is the SQLSTATE that can be the same Ior a number oI errors. nother
example :
VALUES(11,NULL,'Delhi','Manager',20000,583);
ERRJR 1048 (23000): Column 'Ename' cannot be null
But in this example we get a diIIerent error number 1048 but the same SQLSTATE. II these
errors occur in our Iunctions and procedures then they will terminate out programs. To deal
with these conditions we have to create a handler. The general syntax oI Handler is as Iollows:
DECLRE handler_type HNDLER FOR condition_value,...] statement
Firstly we have to use DECLRE Ior creating a handler, handler_type can be oI the
Iollowing like CONTINUE, EIT or UNDO. II we are using CONTINUE the the program
will carry on the process aIter the handler has been called. When we are using EXIT then the
program will end immediately. The UNDO is used on transactional tables to rollback work
carried out up to that point. HNDLER FOR tells the compiler, we are declaring a handler.
Condition_value is used so that the handler Iires when a deIine conditions met. The
statement is section oI code that we want to execute when the handler is Iired.
Now we are creating a simple procedure and in this we are trying to deal with duplicate entry.
In this procedure we are not handling the error. Example :
mysql delimiter //
mysql CREATE PRJCEDURE hproc(JUT p VARCHAR(30))
- BEGIN
- INSERT INTJ Emp
VALUES(1,'aaa','Delhi','Manager',20000,535);
- SET p='Can not Insert';
- END
- //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql CALL hproc(@b);
ERRJR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 1
mysql SELECT @b;
+------+
| @b |
+------+
| |
+------+
In the above example we got the error message but our parameter is empty because error
stopped the procedure. But iI we wouldn`t want that then we must use handler. In the
Iollowing example lets include a handler to the procedure. Example :
mysql delimiter //
- BEGIN
-> DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE
'23000' SET @b=' With Errors';
- INSERT INTJ Emp
- SET p=CJNCAT('Can not Insert ',@b);
- END
- //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql CALL hproc(@c);
mysql SELECT @c;
+---------------------------+
| @c |
+---------------------------+
| Can not Insert With Errors|
+---------------------------+
Now in this example we didn`t get the error message and our parameter also passed out the
value because when the error occurred then handler deal with the problem and continue the
procedure processing.
In the above example we are using a handler to deal with SQLSTATE but the handler can deal
with a set oI diIIerent errors. Now in the Iollowing example we are taking the diIIerent error
numbers but they had the same SQLSTATE that situation we looked at earlier. Example :
mysql delimiter //
- BEGIN
-> DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1062 SET @b='
With Error 1062';
With Error 1048';
-> INSERT INTO Emp
- SET p=CJNCAT('Can not Insert',@b);
- END
- //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql SELECT @c;
+--------------------------------+
| @c |
+--------------------------------+
| Can not Insert With Error 1062 |
+--------------------------------+
mysql DRJP PRJCEDURE hproc;
mysql delimiter //
- BEGIN
With Error 1062';
With Error 1048';
-> INSERT INTO Emp
- END
- //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql SELECT @c;
+--------------------------------+
| @c |
+--------------------------------+
| Can not Insert With Error 1048 |
+--------------------------------+
In the above section we have seen how we can handle various conditions. Additionally
MySQL allows us to deIine our own named conditions. But these conditions only be linked to
SQLSTATE values or mysqlerrorcode. Syntax Ior creating a conditions is as Iollows :
DECLRE condition_name CONDITION FOR condition_value
condition_value can be the SQLSTATE |value| or mysqlerrorcode. In the Iollowing
example we are describing how we can create a condition and how we can use it within a
handler. Example :
mysql delimiter //
mysql CREATE PRJCEDURE condproc(JUT p
VARCHAR(35))
- BEGIN
-> DECLARE duplicate CONDITION FOR SQLSTATE
'23000';
-> DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR duplicate SET
@b=' With Duplicate Error';
-> INSERT INTO Emp
- END
- //
mysql CALL condproc(@c);
- //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql SELECT @c;
+-------------------------------------+
| @c |
+-------------------------------------+
| Can not Insert With Duplicate Error |
+-------------------------------------+
In the Iollowing example we are using error code. Example :
mysql delimiter //
mysql CREATE PRJCEDURE condproc(JUT p
VARCHAR(35))
- BEGIN
-> DECLARE not_null CONDITION FOR 1048;
-> DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR not_null SET
@b=' With Not Null Error';
-> INSERT INTO Emp
- END
- //
mysql delimiter ;
mysql SELECT @c;
+------------------------------------+
| @c |
+------------------------------------+
| Can not Insert With Not Null Error |
+------------------------------------+

Writing Subqueries
A subquery can be deflned as a query wlLhln a query ln oLher words any query resulLs LhaL we reuse ln anoLher
query Subquery ls known as nesLee querles or subselecLs also Subquerles don?L lnclude any new funcLlonallLy buL
Lhe querles are more readable
A subquery can be deIined as a query within a query. In other words, any query results that we
reuse in another query. Subquery is known as nestee queries or subselects also. Subqueries
don`t include any new Iunctionality but the queries are more readable with using subqueries
rather than oI joins.
We will describe you the subqueries with the help oI Iollowing tables :
+------+---------------+----------+
+------+---------------+----------+
| 4 | R S P Ltd | Kolkata |
+------+---------------+----------+
mysql SELECT FRJM Products;
+---------+-------------+------+----------+
| Prod_ID | Prod_Detail | C_ID | price |
+---------+-------------+------+----------+
| 111 | Monitor | 1 | 7000.00 |
| 112 | Processor | 2 | 11000.00 |
| 113 | Keyboard | 2 | 1200.00 |
| 114 | Mouse | 3 | 500.00 |
| 115 | CPU | 5 | 15500.00 |
+---------+-------------+------+----------+
There are 3 basic types oI subqueries in SQL:
O 9recate Subqueres exLended loglcal consLrucLs ln Lhe WPL8L (and PAvlnC) clause
O Sca|ar Subqueres sLandalone querles LhaL reLurn a slngle value Lhey can be used anywhere
a scalar value ls used
O @ab|e Subqueres querles nesLed ln Lhe l8CM clause
All subqueries must be enclosed in parentheses.
Predicate Subqueries
Predicate Subqueries can be used in the HAVING and WHERE clause only because both are
special logical construct. These subqueries must retrieve one column.
O - Subquery

1he ln subquery LesLs lf a scalar values maLch wlLh Lhe slngle query column value ln any
subquery resulL row 1he general synLax ls
Ia|ue_1 -@ - %query_1)
In the Iollowing example we are getting the list oI clients that are available in Products
table also. Example :
mysql SELECT FRJM Client
WHERE C_ID IN
- (SELECT C_ID FRJM
Products);
+------+---------------+-------
---+
|
+------+---------------+-------
---+
|
|
| 3 | R K India |
Banglore |
|
+------+---------------+-------
---+

ln Lhe followlng example we are geLLlng Lhe llsL of cllenLs LhaL are noL avallable ln 9roducLs
Lable also am|e

WHERE C_ID NJT IN
- (SELECT C_ID FRJM
Products);
+------+-----------+---------+
+------+-----------+---------+
| 4 | R S P Ltd | Kolkata |
+------+-----------+---------+

O ;uantfe Subqueres

A quanLlfled subquery can use Lhe all comparlson operaLors for several Lypes of LesLs 1he
general synLax ls
Ia|ue_1 ||||| - | | S, %query_1)

1he comparlson operaLor ls used Lo compare value_1 Lo Lhe slngle query column value from
each subquery resulL row lf we are uslng ALL clause Lhen musL maLch Lhe all rows ln
subquery or subquery musL be empLy lf we are uslng An? or SCML clause Lhen musL maLch
aL leasL one row ln Lhe subquery am|e

mysql SELECT FRJM Client WHERE C_ID=
ANY(SELECT C_ID FRJM Products);
+------+---------------+----------+
+------+---------------+----------+
+------+---------------+----------+

O Exists Subqueries

The EXISTS subquery is used to tests whether a subquery returns at least one row or a
qualiIying row exists. The general syntax is :
Exists query_1)

Any EXISTS subquery should contain an outer reIerence. It must be a correlated
subquery. Example :
- WHERE EXISTS
- (SELECT FRJM Products WHERE
Client.C_ID=Products.C_ID);
+------+---------------+----------+
+------+---------------+----------+
+------+---------------+----------+
Scalar Subqueries
The Scalar Subquery is a subquery which returns a single value. A Scalar subquery can be
used almost anywhere a single column value can be used. The subquery have to reIerence
only one column in the select list. It must not retrieve more than one row. When subquery
retrieve one row then the value oI select list column becomes the value oI the Scalar
Subquery. Example :
mysql SELECT (SELECT Name FRJM Client WHERE
C_ID=1);
+----------------------------------------+
| (SELECT Name FRJM Client WHERE C_ID=1) |
+----------------------------------------+
| A K Ltd |
+----------------------------------------+
mysql SELECT (SELECT C_ID FRJM Products WHERE
C_ID=2) FRJM Client;
ERRJR 1242 (21000): Subquery returns more than 1
row
mysql SELECT (SELECT C_ID FRJM Products WHERE
C_ID=1) FRJM Client;
+------------------------------------------+
| (SELECT C_ID FRJM Products WHERE C_ID=1) |
+------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 1 |
+------------------------------------------+
Table Subqueries
Table subqueries are used in the FROM Clause , replace the table name. These subqueries can
have correlation name also. Example :
mysql SELECT Client.,Price
- FRJM Client, Products
- WHERE Client.C_ID=Products.C_ID
- AND Price1000;
+------+---------------+--------+----------+
| C_ID | Name | City | Price |
+------+---------------+--------+----------+
| 1 | A K Ltd | Delhi | 7000.00 |
| 2 | V K Associate | Mumbai | 11000.00 |
| 2 | V K Associate | Mumbai | 1200.00 |
| 5 | A T Ltd | Delhi | 15500.00 |
+------+---------------+--------+----------+
Using Single 'alue Subqueries
Firstly we will start with a simple query :
mysql SELECT MAX(Price) FRJM
Products;
+------------+
| MAX(Price) |
+------------+
| 15500.00 |
+------------+
The above example retrieve only a single value and its representing the maximum Price oI the
Product. In this example we used a MySQL Function MAX() that Iinds the greatest values in a
speciIied column.
Single value subqueries is used to return a single column value and then they are typically
used Ior comparison. For Example :
mysql> SELECT * FROM Client c,Products p WHERE
c.C_ID=p.C_ID
-> AND p.Price=(SELECT MAX(Price) FROM
Products);
+------+---------+-------+---------+-----------
--+------+----------+
| C_ID | Name | City | Prod_ID |
Prod_Detail | C_ID | price |
+------+---------+-------+---------+-----------
--+------+----------+
| 5 | A T Ltd | Delhi | 115 | CPU
| 5 | 15500.00 |
+------+---------+-------+---------+-----------
--+------+----------+
In the above example we are getting the detail oI products that have the highest price and the
client details also.

MySQL Queries

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