Appendix D

BUILDINGS EXEMPTED FROM TORSIONAL WIND LOAD CASES

D1.0 SCOPE The torsional load cases in Fig. 27.4-8 (Case 2 and Case 4) need not be considered for a building meeting the conditions of Sections D1.1, D1.2, D1.3, D1.4 or D1.5 or, if it can be shown by other means that the torsional load cases of Fig. 27.4-8 do not control the design. D1.1 ONE AND TWO STORY BUILDINGS MEETING THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS One-story buildings with h less than or equal to 30 ft, buildings two stories or less framed with light-frame construction, and buildings two stories or less designed with exible diaphragms. D1.2 BUILDINGS CONTROLLED BY SEISMIC LOADING D1.2.1 Buildings with Diaphragms at Each Level that Are Not Flexible Building structures that are regular (as dened in Section 12.3.2) and conform to the following: 1. The eccentricity between the center of mass and the geometric centroid of the building at that level shall not exceed 15% of the overall building width along each principal axis considered at each level and, 2. The design story shear determined for earthquake load as specied in Chapter 12 at each oor level shall be at least 1.5 times the design story shear determined for wind loads as specied herein. The design earthquake and wind load cases considered when evaluating this exception shall be the load cases without torsion. D1.2.2 Buildings with Diaphragms at Each Level that Are Flexible Building structures that are regular (as dened in Section 12.3.2) and conform to the following: 1. The design earthquake shear forces resolved to the vertical elements of the lateral-load-resisting system shall be at least 1.5 times the corresponding design wind shear forces resisted by those elements. The design earthquake and wind load cases considered when evaluating this exception shall be the load cases without torsion. D1.3 BUILDINGS CLASSIFIED AS TORSIONALLY REGULAR UNDER WIND LOAD Buildings meeting the denition of a torsionally regular buildings contained in Section 26.2. EXCEPTION: If a building does not qualify as being torsionally regular under wind load, it is permissible to base the design on the basic wind load Case 1 that is proportionally increased so that the maximum displacement at each level is not less than the maximum displacement for the torsional load Case 2. D1.4 BUILDINGS WITH DIAPHRAGMS THAT ARE FLEXIBLE AND DESIGNED FOR INCREASED WIND LOADING The torsional wind load cases need not be considered if the wind force in each vertical MWFRS element of a building is scaled to be 1.5 times the wind force calculated in the same element under the basic wind load. D1.5 CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 SIMPLE DIAPHRAGM BUILDINGS (H d 160 FT.) MEETING THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS (REFER TO SECTION 27.5.2) D1.5.1 Case A Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings Square buildings with L/B = 1.0, where all the following conditions are satised: 1. The combined stiffness of the MWFRS in each principal axis direction shall be equal, and 2. The individual stiffness of each of the MWFRS in each principal axis direction shall be equal and symmetrically placed about the center of application of the wind load along the principal axis under consideration, and

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CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

Table 1.5-1 Risk Category of Buildings and Other Structures for Flood, Wind, Snow, Earthquake, and Ice Loads
Use or Occupancy of Buildings and Structures Buildings and other structures that represent a low risk to human life in the event of failure All buildings and other structures except those listed in Risk Categories I, III, and IV Buildings and other structures, the failure of which could pose a substantial risk to human life. Buildings and other structures, not included in Risk Category IV, with potential to cause a substantial economic impact and/or mass disruption of day-to-day civilian life in the event of failure. Buildings and other structures not included in Risk Category IV (including, but not limited to, facilities that manufacture, process, handle, store, use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels, hazardous chemicals, hazardous waste, or explosives) containing toxic or explosive substances where their quantity exceeds a threshold quantity established by the authority having jurisdiction and is sufcient to pose a threat to the public if released. Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities. Buildings and other structures, the failure of which could pose a substantial hazard to the community. Buildings and other structures (including, but not limited to, facilities that manufacture, process, handle, store, use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels, hazardous chemicals, or hazardous waste) containing sufcient quantities of highly toxic substances where the quantity exceeds a threshold quantity established by the authority having jurisdiction to be dangerous to the public if released and is sufcient to pose a threat to the public if released.a Buildings and other structures required to maintain the functionality of other Risk Category IV structures.
a

Risk Category I II III

IV

Buildings and other structures containing toxic, highly toxic, or explosive substances shall be eligible for classication to a lower Risk Category if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as described in Section 1.5.2 that a release of the substances is commensurate with the risk associated with that Risk Category.

exceed the member design strength (also called load and resistance factor design). TEMPORARY FACILITIES: Buildings or other structures that are to be in service for a limited time and have a limited exposure period for environmental loadings. TOXIC SUBSTANCE: As dened in 29 CFR 1910.1200 Appendix A with Amendments as of February 1, 2000. 1.1.2 Symbols and Notations Fx A minimum design lateral force applied to level x of the structure and used for purposes of evaluating structural integrity in accordance with Section 1.4.2. The portion of the total dead load of the structure, D, located or assigned to Level x. Dead load. Live load. Roof live load. Notional load used to evaluate conformance with minimum structural integrity criteria.

R S

Rain load. Snow load.

1.3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS 1.3.1 Strength and Stiffness Buildings and other structures, and all parts thereof, shall be designed and constructed with adequate strength and stiffness to provide structural stability, protect nonstructural components and systems from unacceptable damage, and meet the serviceability requirements of Section 1.3.2. Acceptable strength shall be demonstrated using one or more of the following procedures: a. the Strength Procedures of Section 1.3.1.1, b. the Allowable Stress Procedures of Section 1.3.1.2, or c. subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction for individual projects, the Performance-Based Procedures of Section 1.3.1.3.

Wx D L Lr N