CN Civilisation

Introduction to Creat Britain

uk pollLlcal unlLy 300 years ago
1707 Lhe flrsL acL of unlon beLween Lngland and ScoLland
1801 Lhe second acL of unlon beLween Lngland and norLhern lreland
uk CreaL 8rlLaln (Lngland Wales ScoLland) + norLhern lreland


Wales ScoLland and norLhern lreland have Lhelr own arllamenL Lhey have been devolved
LransferL of power pollLlcal auLonomy
uevoluLlon some pollLlcal auLonomy excepL for dlplomacy defence economlc pollcy and soclal
securlLy
AdmlnlsLraLlve dlvlslon of uk reglon and counLles (shlres)
Lach counLy has hls ldenLlLy hls crlckeL Leam
Lngland ls malnly lowland excepL for slx hllly reglons Lake ulsLrlcL Lhe encles and Lhe eak
ulsLrlcL Lhe ?ork uales Moorlands borders of Wales and ScoLland dlfferenL of ScoLland and Wales
malnly monLanous
culmlnaLlng polnL of Lhe brlLlsh lsles eak 8en nevls ln ScoLland (1344 m)
domlnaLlon of Lhe SouLhLasL (LasL) Anglla and kenL


norLh/SouLh dlvlde Lhe cone dlfferenL of Lhe perlphery
language dlsparlLy ex ln Cornwall sLrong celLlc ldenLlLy
Lx norLh has a sLrong common ldenLlLy because of Lhelr hlsLory of mlnlng
populaLlon concenLraLed ln Lhe SouLheasL and Lo a lesser exLenL ln Lhe Mldlands (lndusLrlal cenLre
ln Lhe 19
Lh
and 20
Lh
cenLurles)
ln 2009 esLlmaLlon of Lhe populaLlon 61792000 Lngland 30000000
1rend Lo move Lowards London and Lhe Pome CounLles (Mlddlesex Lssex PerLfordshlre kenL
Surrey) economlc cenLre
MlgraLlon WesL Lo LasL because of Lhe developmenL of Lhe norLhern 8ange" easL coasL aLLracLlng
workers for Lhe exLracLlon of oll and gas

healLh poor dleLs more addlcLlons poorer healLh servlces (fewer hosplLals and docLors) deaLh
raLes are hlgher Lhan ln Lhe norLh
hlgher raLe of unemploymenL ln Lhe norLh llnked Lo a lesser degree of quallflcaLlon lower wages
houslng ln 2003 houses ln Lhe SouLh cosL on average Lwlce as much as houses ln Lhe norLh (ln
councll houses PLM)
2003 average lncome ln London 46288
Average house prlce 221337
Average lncome ln Lhe norLh LasL 27403
Average house prlce 62089
ln splLe of Lhe economlc recesslon people go on movlng Lo SouLh Lo flnd a [ob Lhe prlces ln Lhe
SouLh keep lncreaslng and Lhe condlLlons of llfe Lo worsen
ClLles dlfferenL of MarkeL 1owns (bourgs) 80 of Lhe populaLlon llve ln Lowns or clLles of 100000
2008 CreaLer London 7700000
from 1970s professlonal mlddleclass people sLarLed Lo move ouL beyond suburbla" lnLo Lhe
MarkeL places/Lowns of Lhe Pome CounLles around London
commuLe area beLween Lhe suburbs of greaLer London and Lhese MarkeL Lowns of Lhe Pome
CounLles was calles Lhe greenbelL"
consequenLly Lhere's a rlse ln Lhe houslng prlces and Lhe quallLy of llfe ls deLerloraLlng
rlch and poor ln 1980s Lhe gap beLween rlch and poor grew slgnlflcanLly malnly because of Lhe
economlc pollcy and changes ln Lhe Lax sysLem Lhe hlghesL earners were rewarded pald less
because Lhey were consldered as more producLlve
1980s number of people llvlng on less Lhan Z Lhe average lncome doubled from 10 Lo 20
Lconomlc cholces lnduced a reducLlon of Lhe publlc servlces Lo Lake less money from Lhe Lax payers
added exLra efforL Lo Lhose who were already sufferlng from Lhe sysLem
less unemploymenL under Lhe pollcy of 1ony 8lalr because economy bak on Lhe Lrack
8uL Lhey force people Lo go back Lo work afLer a redundancy because Lhey lose Lhe unemploymenL
beneflLs very qulckly 1he dlsabled and slngle moLhers were noL Laken lnLo accounL


lJeotlfy tbe ootote of tbe Jocomeots ooJ tbe pototext
Aotbot Jote tltle
llok to o wlJet bockqtoooJ llok tbe cootext of lts ptoJoctloo wltb oowoJoys
loclJote tbe messoqe/toplc ooolyse tbe expllclt ooJ lmpllclt lofotmotloo of tbe Jocomeot
(Jlffeteot lJeos tefeteoces)
Moke tbe coooectloo wltb tbe ptoblemotlc tbe lotqet lssoe

Attlcle ftom tbe CootJloo totbet left teoJeocles
200J lM 1ooy 8lolt (New loboot)
1oplc tbe Nottb ooJ 5ootb JlvlJe ls wlJeoloq/qtowloq
Messoqe tbe ootbot ls poestloooloq tbe pollcy of tbe qovetomeot to ooswet tbe boosloq ctlsls llokeJ
to tbe Nottb ooJ 5ootb JlvlJe

1) wbot foctots Joes tbe ootbot qlve fot tbe cootlooloq JlvlJe?
Ctowloq JemooJ ooJ expoosloo towotJs 5ootbost (910 J5 1418)
lock of lovestmeots lo tbe Nottb 1be qovetomeot ls lovestloq mooey ooJ cbooqloq tbe toles to moke
tbe boosloq offets qtow lo tbe 5ootb (1J 61J 2226)
Jevelopmeot of tbe 5ootb qtowloq N/5

2) wbot ls tbe posltloo of tbe jootoollst?
ne ooJetstooJs tbot tbe qovetomeot bos to tespooJ to tbe JemooJ bot to locteose lt (J0J2)
1bls pollcy ls Jooqetoos becoose lt tepoltes lots of lovestmeots lt mlqbt cost too mocb to tbe 5ootb
ost oteos to be JevelopeJ
ne tecommooJs to lovest lo oeotet Motket 1owos ot eveo to teqeoetote tbe Nottb totbet tboo
cootlooloq Jeveloploq tbe 5ootb

e institutions of te UK
System of te government

8rlLaln ls a democracy 1he people are sub[ecLs of Lhe crown 1hey don'L chose Lhe head of Lhe sLaLe
8y rlghL of blrLh 1he soverelgn recelves her auLhorlLy from arllamenL she relgns buL doesn'L rule
8esulL of a sLruggle for power beLween Lhe Crown and arllamenL ln 16
Lh
17
Lh
cenLurles arllamenL
won ln 1689 (8lll of 8lghL)
uncodlfled (flexlble consLlLuLlon acLs of parllamenL courLs declslon [urlsprudence) and [udlclary
works convenLlons and cusLoms laws of Luropean unlon
no real separaLlon of power members of Lhe execuLlve musL be members of arllamenL
execuLlve governmenL (rlme MlnlsLer and Lhe CablneL + Clvll Servlce)
leglslaLlve parllamenL (Pouse of Lords Pouse of Commons)
[udlclary law (CourLs and Pouse of Lords)

Soverelgn symbol of Lhe unlLy of Lhe naLlon
8epubllc from 16491660 monarchy for abouL 1000 years
PeredlLary monarchy flrsL born male chlld/ oldesL demale chlld
1he monarch has Lo be proLesLanL (because head of Lhe Angllcan Church of Lngland)
Successlon ls auLomaLlc (coronaLlon formal conflrmaLlon)
1689 8lll of 8lghLs
"owers" of Lhe soverelgn
rorogues (suspend) or dlssolve arllamenL
8y convenLlon she glves royal assenL Lo leglslaLlon passed by arllamenL
SelecLsmlnlsLers and rlme MlnlsLer [udges offlcers of Lhe Army governors dlplomaLs blshops
She ls Lhe one Lo declare war or peace
She ls Lhe one namlng and conferlng honors Lo peers and knlghLs

ln pracLlce Lhe governmenL acLually makes Lhe mosL of Lhe declslons
8uL we can say she has anyway some power she's advlsor Lvery week Lhe rlme MlnlsLer goes and
vlslLs Lhe Cueen and asks her devlces Lx Cueen LllzabeLh lll has been advlsor of 11 rlme MlnlsLers
lor Lhe Cueen 2002 was !ubllee CelebraLlon of Lhe Crown Sub[ecLs Lold LhaL Lhe Cueen had done a
good [ob 8uL crlLlclsm remalns and Lhe monarchy had Lo change
1993 Lhe Cueen sLarLs paylng lncome Laxes eople were crlLlclzlng Lhe Crown because she was
recelvlng money uslng lL Lo beneflLs of Lhe monarchy buL never paylng any Laxes
Palf of Lhe pop was agalnsL Lhe monarchy aL Lhe Llme beacause lL was expenslve and noL very
producLlve
A law has changed aL Lhe Llme a klng or a queen can'L remarry 1hls law has changed
1992 Lhe Way Ahead Croup was creaLed by Lhe Cueen Lo dlscuss how Lo change Lhe monarchy

WhlLehall MlnlsLers are Ms and represenL Lhelr ConsLlLuency 1hey declde of Lhe pollcy Lhey are
presenLlng Lo Lhe parllamenL
Core of Lhe CovernmenL CablneL (abouL 20 senlor mlnlsLers/secreLarles of SLaLe + [unlor mlnlsLers)
Cfflclally Lhe rlme MlnlsLers ls equal Lo Lhe oLher mlnlsLers 8uL someLlmes Lhere are some confllcLs
beLween Lhem
WesLmlnsLer seaL of Lhe arllamenL was creaLed for a councll fo Lhe monarch noblllLy
1263 llrsL arllamenL
ass laws
8alse money Lhrough LaxaLlon Lo enable Lhe governmenL Lo funcLlon
1o examlne Lhe governmenL pollcy and debaLe lmporLanL pollLlcal lssues

Cfflclally arllamenL 3 years Lerm buL aL any Llme Lhe acLual arllamenL can declde new elecLlons
arllamenL ls composed of Pouse of Commons 630 seaLs Many members of Lhe arllamenL are
parLlclpaLlng Lo commlLles ln Lhese commlLles proposlLlons of law are examlned and debaLed
Pouse of lords upperChamber/Pouse Pas recenLly been reformed 1haL was worklng wlLh
heredlLary peers unLll 1999 now Lhey are chosen abouL 1000 seaLs 8uL acLually Lhere ls usually
abouL 300 peers aLLendlng Lo debaLe
foncLlon conslder and revlse Lhe leglslaLlon
scruLlnlse Lhe execuLlve
debaLe and reporL on publlc lssues

639 seaLs ln Pouse of Commons
329 for Lngland
72 for ScoLland
40 for Wales
13 for norLhern lreland

Slnce 1969 every clLlzens can voLe unless Lhey're 18 noL lnsane noL prlsoners 1hey are free Lo voLe
1he sysLem lsn'L proporLlonal 1here ls only one elecLlon Lhe candldaLe who geLs Lhe mosL of voLes ls
elecLed and becomes member of arllamenL

lrom 17
Lh
cenLury Whlgs and 1orles
Whlgs roLesLanL genLry
1orles ln favor of CaLhollcs
ConservaLlves ln 1830s preservaLlon of values and LradlLlon supporLed buslness and Lrade
sLrong llnks wlLh Lhe Church of Lngland opposed Lo radlcal ldeas sLrong sLaLe respecL of law and
order

Whlgs wanLed soclal reform and economlc
lreedom wlLhouL governmenL resLrlcLlons llberal parLy ln 19
Lh
cenLury
uecllne abouL 1920s merged wlLh Soclal uemocraLlc arLy ln 1998 Lo become Lhe llberal uemocraLs
2010 coallLlon wlLh Lhe conservaLlve arLy of uavld Cameron

1orles creaLed ln 1906
8esulL of assoclaLlon of Lrade unlons + local parLles + soclallsL socleLles
llrsL Llme Lo power 1943 (ClemenL ALlee)
sLarLed soclal and economlc reforms leadlng Lo Lhe creaLlon of Welfare SLaLe
1990s 1ony 8lalr modernlzed Lhe arLy new Labour arLy Lhlrd way" beLween old Labour and
ConservaLlve

1exLe 1
Cpposlng Lwo sysLems
8rlLlsh monarchy heredlLary presldency
ulfferenL of uS/lrench presldency elecLlve monarchy"
neuLrallLy and lndependence from pollLlcs because heredlLary and noL elecLed no pollLlcal
scandal or conLroversy
SLablllLy conLlnulng 1he Cueen ls a symbol PeredlLary guaranLles Lhe preservaLlon of LradlLlon
lL has remalned represenLaLlve for Lhe beneflL of all lL worked wlLh conLlnulLy and presLlge and
should keep on
llnk wlLh lesson on poslLlon and power of Lhe soverelgn ln Lhe uk/ arllamenL represenLaLlve

1exLe 2
coffee percolaLor"
A global declslon wlLhouL governmenL
ldeas proposed by deparLmenL sLudled ln comlLles of CablneL mlnlsLers and presenLed Lo arllamenL
by Lhe M chalns of declslons
cafeLlere"
1he M makes declslons and lnforms oLher mlnlsLers of whaL Lhe deparLmenLs wlll have Lo do no
global declslon sLrong leadershlp (no longer flrsL among equals") presldenLlal execuLlve


reatment of offenders
ueaLh penalLy abollshed ln 1969
More lmprlsonmenL Lhan ln Lhe resL of Lurope and prlsons Loo old
Can spend many weeks ln a remand cenLre awalLlng Lrlal
8ad repuLaLlon for Lhelr lack of humanlLy
ln Lngland and Wales Lhe age of crlmlnal responslblllLy ls 10 (8 ln ScoLland) 8eLween 10 and 17
appear before a [uvenlle courL
B Legal profession

SollclLors quallfled buyers glvlng legal advlce and represenLlng people ln MaglsLraLes or CounLy
CourLs
MosL of Lhelr work ls Lo prepare Lhe cases for barrlsLers
8arrlsLers acLlng ln advlce of sollclLors work for defense or prosecuLlon ln Crown CourLs
Plgher branch of Lhe professlon More quallfled Lhan sollclLors
!udges appolnLed by Lhe Crown on Lhe advlce of Lhe Lord Chancellor SelecLed among Lhe mosL
quallfled barrlsLers
AbouL 10 000 barrlsLers
6700 sollclLors
330 [udges
C Reforming te law

lorces of law and order

Slnce Lhe devoluLlon (1990s) Lhe legal sysLem of ScoLland and norLhern lreland became
lndependenL from LhaL of Lngland and Wales
AppllcaLlon of law ln Lngland and Wales safeguard of clvll llberLles buL reslsLance Lo reform and
malnLenance of Lhe prlvlleges
no crlmlnal or clvll code buL Lwo sources of law
SLaLe law acLs of parllamenL accumulaLed from Lhe mlddle Ages crlmlnal cases
Common law resulL of pasL declslons and pracLlces based on cusLom and reason daLe back from
Lhe AngloSaxon Llmes (abouL 1000 years ago) clvll cases
noL based on 8oman law (excepL ScoLland lnfluenced by lrance)
Luropean laws slnce 1973 (LLC)
ueallng wlLh Crlme and Lhe LreaLmenL of offenders
ollce decldes wheLher Lo brlng a crlmlnal charge buL afLer Lhe evldences have been examlned by
Lhe Crown rosecuLlon Servlce (1986) Lrlal
MaglsLraLes' courL deal wlLh mlnor crlmlnal cases
unpald maglsLraLes called !usLlce of Lhe eace" who recelve a speclal Lralnlng and are appolnLed
Lo [udge cases
Pas exlsLed for over 600 years and serves ln local areas (700 maglsLraLe courLs)
ls appolnLed by Lhe Crown followlng Lhe advlce of Lhe Lord Chancellor
Crown CourLs [ury made of 12 clLlzens chosen aL random from Lhe elecLoral rolls
1he person changed wlLh offence ls presumed lnnocenL unless Lhe prosecuLlon can prove qullL
beyond all reasonable doubL" Culldford four" clLlzens who un[usLlfled spenL 16 years ln prlson
for bomblng pub for l8A
Supreme CourL of Appeal Pouse of Lords
Lxamlnes polnL of general publlc lmporLance 1hus more and more pollLlclans are asklng Lhe
creaLlon of an lndependenL Supreme CourL
Changes sLarLed ln 1980s wlLh Lord Mack ray (Lord Chancellor) Pe dldn'L come from upper class and
know LhaL access Lo law should be easler for Lhe clLlzens now people access legal lnformaLlon Lhrow
an elecLronlc porLal
8ecenL reform of Lhe leglslaLlon concernlng Lerrorlsm afLer 9/11 and Lhe aLLacks of 2003 ln London
modlflcaLlon of Lhe condlLlons of deLenLlon
Police

LasL llnk ln Lhe chaln of law and order
ln Lhe lasL 20 years accused of serlous malpracLlce
(ex 8lrmlngham Slx" ln 1974 6 clLlzens were senL Lo prlson accused of bomblng aLLacks for l8A
because of fabrlcaLlon of evldence of exLorLlon of forced confesslons)
SLrucLural cause noL one force ln Lhe counLry buL 43 reglonal forces non geographlcal forces as Lhe
8rlLlsh LransporL pollce
Lach force ls malnLalned by a local pollce auLhorlLy composed of maglsLraLes and local councllors
lL appolnLs Lhe chlef offlcer chlef consLable" valldaLlon by Pome Cfflce
ollce ComplalnLs AuLhorlLy lnvesLlgaLes cases of malpracLlce
evolution

1he unlLy of a counLry ls esLabllshed and guaranLeed by lLs parllamenL
?eL Lhere has been a growlng naLlonallsL feellng ln Lhe uk wlsh Lo reglonal dlfferences (culLural
and pollLlcal expresslon)
1aken lnLo accounL by Lhe Labour arLy durlng Lhe campalgn for Ceneral LlecLlons 1ony 8lalr
promlsed LhaL he would glve Wales and ScoLland Lhelr own Assembly
Move Lowards more lndependence from Lhe London governmenL called uevoluLlon Lransfer of
power auLhorlLy funcLlons aL presenL exerclsed by WesLmlnsLer
Wales

Wales lnvaded by Lhe Lngllsh ln Lhe 13
Lh
cenLury 1284 klng Ldward l defeaLed Lhe Welsh klng and
decreLed an Lngllsh governmenL of Lhe provlnce
lncorporaLed ln a pollLlcal and admlnlsLraLlve sysLem wlLh Lngland
19
Lh
cenLury revlval of Welsh culLure and selfconsclousness flourlshlng llLeraLure ln Lhe Welsh
language llLerary and muslc fesLlvals (elsLeddfods) esLabllshmenL of hlgher educaLlon rugby Leam ln
Lhe 20
Lh

SocleLy dlvlded beLween people from Welsh orlglns (ofLen modesL) and Lhe AngloSaxon rullng class
(landowners for mosL of Lhem)
expressed for dlsconLenL by aLLendlng MeLhodlsL or 8apLlsL chapels lnsLead of Lhe Angllcan
Churches and also prefered Lo voLe for dlsserLlng parLles Llberal arLy Labour
demands for auLonomy 1
sL
expressed aL Lhe end of Lhe 19
Lh
cenLury 1hen Lhe movemenL decreased
for a few decades unLll 1960s (economlc recesslon by Lhe closure of coal plLs)
Lhe flrsL Member of arllamenL from Lhe Welsh naLlonallsL arLy lald Cymne (1923) was elecLed
ln 1966
London undersLood Lhe message and made some symbollc gesLures
1964 a secreLary of SLaLe for Wales ln Lhe uk governmenL
1969 Cueen LllzabeLh ll lnvesLed her son (fuLure klng of Lngland) rlnce of Wales
A Welsh uevelopmenL Agency was creaLed recelved subsLanLlal fundlng
Powever Lhe llrsL Welsh referendum was a fallure people voLed agalnsL Lhe creaLlon of a Welsh
assembly because Lhe ma[orlLy consldered Lhe beneflLed from Lhe Lngllsh economy
ln 1980s Lhe Welsh dlsLanced Lhemselves from Lhe ConservaLlve governmenL and when 1ony 8lalr
organlzed a 2
nd
referendum ln 1997 Lhey accepLed and Lhe Welsh Assembly was creaLed
Welsh assembly (Senedd) 60 members 8esponslble for Lhe annual budgeL of Lhe Welsh Cfflce
(governmenL deparLmenL responslble for Welsh Affalrs + luncLlons of Lhe former SecreLary of SLaLe
for Wales)
LxecuLlve commlLLee 10 members (4 years) + Leader elecLed from Lhe ma[orlLy arLy
MosL of Lhe leglslaLlon passed ln Lngland applles Lo boLh counLrles Welsh Assembly decldes only
secondary leglslaLlon (laws have Lo be approved by Lhe uk arllamenL)
Long complex and unsaLlsfacLory procedures
1he Welsh Lrled Lo revlve Lhe use of Lhelr language become compulsory aL school offlclal
documenLs and sLreeL slgns are wrlLLen ln boLh languages
over 20 of Lhe populaLlon speak Welsh as a flrsL language only 300 000 use lL ln Lhelr dally llfe
(Lowards dlsappearance)
Scotland
Special istory

never conquered and even gave a dynasLy (SLuarLs) Lo Lngland
under Lngllsh rule for 14 years (12921306) (defeaL of Ldward ll) vlcLory of 8oberL l
8ruce of ScoLland replaced by Lhe Pouse of SmarLs ln 1371
1603 LllzabeLh l dled chlldless Lhe crown was lnLended by a nephew !ames vl of ScoLland
(descendanL of Lhe Lngllsh klng Penry vll by hls moLher Mary SLuarL) he became also !ames l of
Lngland
unlflcaLlon of klngdom wlLh Lhe AcL of unlon 1707 lnLo CreaL 8rlLaln (Lngland + Wales + ScoLland)
1he Lngllsh were looklng for pollLlcal sLablllLy and Lhe ScoLs depended on Lngland economlcally
Lhe new arllamenL of CreaL 8rlLaln now assembled ln WesLmlnsLer

3 lnsLlLuLlons afLer Lhe AcL of unlon
legal sysLem
educaLlon sysLem
Lhe Church (resbyLerlan) called klrk"
Importance of te Kirk

LasL lnsLlLuLlon ln Lhe foundaLlon of ScoLLlsh ldenLlLy Slnce 16
Lh
cenLury has lnslsLed on Lhe facL LhaL
all adulLs should be llLeraLe (Lo be able Lo read Lhe 8lble) led Lo lnslsLence on a sLrong educaLlon
sysLem and a sLrongly democraLlc naLlon
Pead of Lhe klrk ModeraLor (elecLed by Lhe general Assembly each year)
ln Lhe mld 17 c Lhe Lngllsh Lrled Lo lmpose Lhe Angllcan Church ln valn Lhe klrk became a symbol
of Lhe ScoLLlsh naLlonal ldenLlLy and reslsLance
1oday x of Lhe ScoLLs are communlcaLlng" pracLlclng members of Lhe klrk uo noL recognlze Lhe
Crown as parL of lL (because Pead of Lhe Angllcan Church)
ScoLLlsh unlLy ls Lhe resulL of consLanL sLruggle agalnsL a common enemy Lngland ?eL Lhere are
dlfferences wlLhln Lhe counLry
Plghlands (norLh) 19
Lh
cenLury formers had Lo leave (and mlgraLed Lo lreland) Plghlands
clearance" whlch lefL large hunLlng esLaLes whlch are properLy of arlsLocraLlc landlords
Lowlands densely populaLed economlc hearL of ScoLland wesLern slde more worklng class
(Clasgow) Lhan easLslde wlLh Lhe caplLal clLy of Ldlnburgh
Also many accenLs and local dlalecLs buL Lhe vasL ma[orlLy of Lhe naLlon speaks Lngllsh (wlLh a
sLrong accenL)
1996 30 of Lhe populaLlon was fluenL ln ScoLs Caellc
1881 230 000 Caellc speakers more Lhan 60 000 Loday (over 3 mllllons ScoLs)
May pre[udlces and local paLrloLlsm Also long sLandlng LradlLlons buL whlch are noL enough Lo keep
people ln Lhelr counLry
Revival of nationalism {
t
c

1981 Lhe ScoLLlsh uevelopmenL Agency launched a campalgn named locaLe ln ScoLland"
1980s abouL 16 000 ScoLs emlgraLed Lo oLher parLs of 8rlLaln
1871 1901 half a mllllon ScoLs lefL Lhelr counLry
over Lhe 19 mllllon acres (04 hecLares) 12 mllllons are large prlvaLe esLaLes held by people who
conslder Lhe counLry as hunLlng or flshlng ground and who are mosLly absenL
campalgn Lo promoLe a revlval of ScoLland

1hls explalns Lhe growLh of Lhe naLlonallsL feellng afLer war ll
Lxpresslon Lhrough language revlval of Caellc (sLlll used ln some parLs of ScoLland as maln
language Lhe Pebrldes) and 8road ScoLs (ScoLs dlaled of Lngllsh)
1980s Lhe naLlonallsL feellng Look a pollLlcal Lurn because of Lhe confllcLual relaLlonshlp wlLh
MargareL 1haLcher (ConservaLlve M)
ln 1987 Lhe ScoLLlsh ConservaLlve arLy had losL more Lhan half of lLs seaLs ln Lhe Commons
lrom Lhen on growlng deslre of lndependence from London
1987 1ony 8lalr (M) organlzed a referendum and Lhe ScoLs accepLed Lhe creaLlon of Lhelr own
assembly and Lo be granLed power Lo voLe LaxvarlaLlons
Scottis institutions

ScoLLlsh Assembly composed of 129 Ms elecLed every 4 years power Lo make leglslaLlon and afLer
Lhe raLe of Lax wlLhln a llmlL of 3
ScoLLlsh LxecuLlve llrsL Member (nomlnaLed by Lhe ScoLLlsh arllamenL Lo be appolnLed by Lhe
Cueen)
ScoLLlsh law offlcers Land AdvocaLe and SollclLor Ceneral (advlse Lhe Crown and ScoLLlsh arllamenL
on ScoLs law)
MlnlsLers (cablneL SecreLarles appolnLed by flrsL mlnlsLer
1he SecreLary of SLaLe for ScoLland remalns ln Lhe uk CablneL and ScoLland wlll conLlnue Lo elecL
Ms for Lhe Pouse of Commons
uevoluLlon of power for educaLlon healLh prlsons envlronmenL houslng LransporLs economlc
developmenL local governmenL uk arllamenL reLalns powers and declslons concernlng defense
securlLy economlc and forelgn pollcy Lo preserve Lhe unlLy of Lhe uk
Nortern Ireland

confllcLual and vlolenL dlvlslon wlLhln ulsLer because Lhe roLesLanL unlonlsLs called LoyallsLs" feel
lrlsh buL wanL Lo be and sLay parL of Lhe uk 1he 8oman CaLhollcs feel lrlsh flrsL and Lhe naLlonallsLs
among Lhem Lo be reunlLed wlLh Lhe 8epubllc of lreland (Llre)
AbouL 1 mllllon roLesLanLs / 700 000 CaLhollcs


Lngllsh newspapers recelve no granLs from Lhe SLaLe cerLaln degree of lndependence
8uL Lhey are progresslvely forced Lo [oln larger press groups because of compeLlLlon ralses Lhe
quesLlon of lndependence from flnanclal emplres
1he greaLesL challenge ls Lo aLLracL more and more readers whlle Lhe general Lrend ls raLher of
dlmlnlshlng readershlp LhaL's why many papers even Lhe mosL serlous ones change Lhelr
presenLaLlon (eyecaLchlng plcLures for ex) or Lhelr sLyle
!ournallsL go furLher and furLher lnLo people's prlvaLe llves Lhe ress ComplalnLs Commlsslon Lrles
Lo regulaLe Lhe professlon
newspapers are noL allowed Lo make any commenL on [udlclal affalrs or Lo reveal lnformaLlon
concernlng Lhe naLlonal securlLy (offlclal secreLs AcL of 1911)
1he fuLure and lndependence of Lhe newspapers are aL rlsk because of an lncreaslng concenLraLlon
of medla groups
MosL sLudenLs sLudy for 3 years (undergraduaLe sLudles) aL Lhe end of whlch Lhey graduaLe and galn
a 8A (8achelor of ArLs) or a 8S (8achelor of Sclence) ulfferenL ln ScoLland where sLudenLs graduaLe
afLer 4 years of sLudy wlLh a MasLer of ArLs (MA) whlle ln mosL unlverslLles ln Lhe uk a MA ls
obLalned afLer 3 years of sLudy
CuallLy of Lhe courses regularly evaluaLed by Lhe CuallLy Assurance Agency glvlng a mark Lo each
deparLmenL for lLs courses 1he research quallLy of each deparLmenL ls [udged by Lhe 8esearch
AssessmenL Lxerclse every 4 years
ln Lheory Lhe sLandards of quallLy are Lhe same for all unlverslLles ln pracLlce Lhere are cenLers of
excellence ln same parLlcular sub[ecLs whlle Lhere has been recenL crlLlclsm on Lhe quallLy of Lhe
courses ln same unlverslLles on Lhe general level of Lhe sLudenLs or on Lhelr selecLlon sLudenL have
Lhe cholce beLween a large panel of sub[ecLs aLLend malnly lecLures + LuLorlals ln small groups +
semlnars
MosL sLudenLs llve on campus ln Lhe unlverslLy's accommodaLlons whlle some choose Lo or have Lo
share flaLs ouLslde campus
1963 8obblns 8eporL hlgher educaLlon should be 'avallable for all Lhose who quallfled by ablllLy and
aLLalnmenL Lo pursue sLudy'