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http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Acid_dew_point
In many industrial combustion processes, the flue gas is cooled by the recovery of heat from the hot flue gases before they are emitted to the atmosphere from the final flue gas stack (commonly referred to as a chimney). It is very important not to cool the flue gas below its acid dew point because the resulting liquid acid condensed from the flue gas can cause serious corrosion problems for the equipment used in transporting, cooling and emitting the flue gas.
1 Chemistry and mechanism 1.1 Sulfuric acid dew point 1.2 Other acid dew points 1.2.1 Sulfurous acid 1.2.2 Nitric acid 1.2.3 Hydrochloric acid 2 Prediction of acid dew points 2.1 Predicting the sulfur trioxide content of flue gases 3 References
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http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Acid_dew_point
Given a flue gas composition, its acid dew point can be predicted fairly closely. As an approximation, the sulfuric acid dew points of flue gases from the combustion of fuels in thermal power plants range from about 120 C to about 150 C (250 to 300 F).
Calculated sulfuric acid dew points of typical combustion flue gases, as a function of SO3 content, and water vapor content [4]
The nitrogen in flues gases is derived from the combustion air as well as from nitrogen compounds contained in the combustion fuel. Some small amount of the nitrogen is oxidized into gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and some of that gas phase nitrogen oxide then combines with water vapor to form gas phase nitric acid (HNO3): H2O + NO2 H2NO3 water + nitrogen dioxide nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Some flue gases may also contain gaseous hydrochloric acid (HCl) derived from chloride compounds in the combustion fuel. For example, municipal solid wastes contain chloride compounds and therefore the flue gases from municipal solid waste incinerators may contain gaseous hydrochloric acid which will condense into liquid hydrochloric acid if those flue gases are cooled to a temperature below the acid dew point of hydrochloric acid.
These equations can be used to predict the acid dew points of the four acids that most commonly occur in typical combustion product flue gases: Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dew point:[5][6] (1) or this equivalent form:[2][4][7] (2) Sulfurous acid (H2SO3) dew point:[2][7][8] (3)
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dew point:[2][7][8] (4) Nitric acid (HNO3) dew point:[7][8] (5) where: = The acid dew point temperature for the indicated acid, (K) = Partial pressure, (atm for equation 1 and mmHg for equations 2, 3, 4 and 5) Compared with published measured data, the acid dew points predicted with equations 3, 4 and 5 are said to be within 6 kelvins, and within 9 kelvins for equations 1 and 2.[2]
1. David A. Lewandowski (2000). Design of Thermal Oxidation Systems for Volatile Organic Compounds, 1st Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-410-3. Available here (http://books.google.com/books?id=L-lKUWd-QOwC&printsec=frontcover& dq=intitle:Design+intitle:of+intitle:Thermal+intitle:Oxidation+intitle:Systems+intitle:for+intitle:V olatile+intitle:Organic+intitle:Compounds& hl=en&ei=wNOTTNWtEISdlgftvKmoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) in Google Books. 2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 John J. McKetta (Editor) (1997). Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Volume 61, 1st Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-2612-X. Available here (http://books.google.com/books?id=RNXyYP8EA2EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=0-8247-2612x&hl=en&ei=z9GTTITsJoOglAect_2qCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) in Google books. 3. W.M.M. Huijbregts and R. Leferink (2004). "Latest Advances in the Understanding of Acid Dewpoint Corrosion: Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking in Combustion Gas Condensates" (http://www.hbscc.nl/pdf/56%20ACMM%20Condensate%20%20SCC.pdf) . Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 51 (3): 173 - 188. 4. 4.0 4.1 Condensing Economizer Article (http://www.condexenergy.com/Condensing_Economizer_Article.pdf) 5. F.H. Verhoff and J.T. Banchero (1974). "Predicting Dew Points of Gases". Chemical Engineering progress 78 (8): 71 - 72. 6. R.R. Pierce (1977). "Estimating Acid Dewpoints in Stack Gases". Chemical Engineering 84 (8): 125 - 128. 7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 V Ganapathy (1993). Steam Plant Calculations Manual, 2nd Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-9147-9. See Table 2.9 on . page 94. Available here (http://books.google.com/books?id=b_gTbFeHuiEC&printsec=frontcover& dq=intitle:Steam+intitle:plant+intitle:calculations+intitle:manual+inauthor:Ganapathy&hl=en&ei=ktKTTKuzIMLflge6h5mnCg& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) in Google Books. 8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Yen Hsiung Kiang (1981). "Predicting Dewpoints of Gases". Chemical Engineering 88 (3): 127.
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http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Acid_dew_point
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