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Cooperative Corporation
(Called in some states: Mutual Benefit Corp.)
For-Profit Corporation Ex: Dunmire, Tennessee SubChapter S Ex: White Buffalo Farm, CO
SubChapter T Ex: ?
501 (d) Religious and Apostolic Associations. Ex: East Wind in Missouri, The Farm in Tennessee, & Hutterites.
(Used by 94 communities as of 1990.)
501 (c) (2) Title Holding Corporation for Exempt Organizations. Ex: Hawk Hill, Missouri
501 (c) (3) Religious, Educational, Charitable, Scientific, Literary Organizations. Ex: Ananda, California
501 (c) (7) Social and Recreation Clubs. Ex: Shenoa, California
Deed or Declaration of Trust: Grantor(s) - create the trust Trustee(s) - manage the trust Beneficiary(ies) - those who have access to the trust property.
(Deeds of trust are not used in land trusts or community land trusts, but a community could use a business or estate trust.) Ex: Dancing Rabbit used a form of Deed of Trust for land purchase.
Note: Dotted line indicates that a particular form of organization may incorporate via another legal structure.
Any community can function communally, but legally enforced common ownership requires 501 (d), (c) (3) or (c) (2) structures. State non-profit structures can be privatized. Communal Communities Group Marriage Communities Monastic Societies
Second draft: Allen Butcher, 1997 PO Box 1666, Denver, CO 80201
Explaining Intentional CommunityA.
Can be any structure [but rarely 501 (d) or (c) (7)]. Land trusts are most often non-profit, some with 501 (c) (3) or (c) (2).
For-profits, subchapter S, partnerships, cooperative corporations, homeowners associations, limited liability companies.(Non-profits can
privatize by amending their Articles of Incorporation.)
1. Community (non-resident brd- Collective Communities, such as: Cohousing Communities of-drctrs) & Private Land Trusts. Housing Cooperatives 2. Communal/Collective Com(a Collective Community can munities (include a communal agree to function communally; core group & other members its structure remains collective) who hold private property). Allen Butcher4thWorld@consultant.comwww.CultureMagic.orgNovember, 2006 11
The classification structure presented below is appropriate to all forms of human community: villages, neighborhoods, cities and nation-states, as well as to intentional communities. Only a few of the many factors used to describe different communities, and of the many relationships between these factors, are presented here. Each aspect of culture or classification system presented in the figure (rounded boxes) may be described by one or more continua (squared boxes). Some of these aspects then combine with each other in specific cultural patterns as in the Leadership Matrix and the Ownership/ Control Matrix, at the bottom center of the diagram.
Some of the classification continua (especially the political) combine with others to explain certain cultural patterns, and some of these have common names (such as "commonwealth," "communal," and "capitalism"). Each cell in the Leadership Matrix and in the Ownership/Control Matrix represents a different form of communitarianism, or specific ways to describe different forms of human community.
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THE COMMUNITARIAN CONTINUUM
Intentional Community Circumstantial Community
CLASSIFICATIONS of COMMUNITARIANISM
Sociological Classifications
Location: Rural, Suburban, Urban.
Historical Classifications
Longevity: Months vs. Centuries.
Psychological Classifications
Developmental Changes: Movement along continuas or between cells of the classification matrices. See below.
Ownership/Control Matrix
Common EcoOwnership nomic Diversity Consensus Control Democratic Control
Egalitarian Communalism Egalitarian CommonWealth
Private Ownership
Egalitarian Collectivism
Strong Religious Pluralism w/ Spirit. Ldrsp. w/ Majority Majority Rule Politics Rule Politics
Economic Democracy
Authoritarian Control
Totalitarianism
Authoritarianism
Plutocratic Capitalism
Interpersonal Relationships: Open & Changing, vs. Rigid & Stable. Also: Forms of group process.
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS *
Egalitarian Collectivism Economic Democracy Plutocracy
POLITICAL ECONOMY The Ownership/Control Matrix Mixed Private Common Economy Ownership Ownership Consen- Egalitarian CommuEgalitarian Commonwealth sus nalism Control Democratic Democratic Democratic Commonwealth Communalism Control Authoritarian Control
Totalitarianism Various Elitist Systems
A. Allen Butcher, Fourth World Services, 1999, PO Box 1666, Denver, CO 80201-1666 Exchange systems material from: Tomas H. Greco, New Money for Healthy Communities, 1994, PO Box 42663, Tucson, AZ 85733
*This diagram presents only systems that include production and consumption (business and domestics), excluding consumption-only distribution systems such as the balance-of-preferences system of the double-blind matrix, rationing, gifting, etc. Also, see right for different political/economic systems. Note that three forms of control (in Political Economy) correspond with three Economic Systems, below. Quota minimum work requirement Variable Credit Hour Per Credit
Managerial and Committee Structures without labor credit accounting (Israeli Kibbutz, some monasteries) Anti-Quota hour per credit labor reporting with no minimum requirement
SHARING SYSTEMS Decentralized, Locally-Based Economies (Egalitarian) Communalism (shared common property) Anarchism (mix of private and common property) Collectivism (shared private property) Labor Credit Accounting (These time-based economies are tax-exempt.)
System-Wide Labor Budgeting (Twin Oaks) Work-area requirements w/ sub-quotas, no budgeting (East Wind, Acorn)
Exchange systems are used for trade among communities using sharing systems (labor exchange and commodities trades). However, joint income-generating businesses among communities are sharing systems.
Scrip Certificates of Indebtedness (tax anticipation notes, credit vouchers, trade scrip, payroll warrants, moratorium certificates, clearing house certificates, merchandise bonds) Demurrage Currency negative interest money (stamp scrip) Monetary Currencies (specie or coin, paper, electronic funds)
Indirect Barter Commodities as mediums of exchange (tobacco, chocolate, wampum, precious metals & stones) Commercial Barter (International Reciprocal Trade Assoc., National Assoc. of Trade Exchanges) Local Currencies (Ithaca Hours, Berkshire Farm Preserve Notes, Railway Notes, tokens, chits, etc.) Local Exchange Trading System (LETS) Credit and debit accounts within the system equal zero (Green Dollars) Labor Exchange Ruled tax-exempt by the IRS as these timebased economies are not considered to be commercial exchanges. (Time Dollars, Service Credits)
EXCHANGE SYSTEMS Market Economies (Libertarian) Barter (exchange of private property) Capitalism (Keynesian vs. liberalism) Cooperatives (economic democracy)
Sharing systems are used within market economies for governmental programs (corporate welfare and other transfer payments) and in tax-exempt organizations (charities).
Some local currencies, LETS and Time Dollar programs, although decentralized, are moving toward trade between programs (Community Way, etc.).
Funded Currencies assets in reserve are exchanged for the currency (constant currency, gold standard)
Non-Funded Currencies no (or minimal) assets are held in reserve, currency is redeemable only in market (IOUs, Federal Reserve Notes) Fractional Reserve Banking and Multiple Deposit Creation Absolutism, Aristocracy, Autocracy, Communism, Despotism, Dictatorship, Fascism, Feudalism, Gerontocracy, Kleptocracy, Matriarchy, Monarchy, Oligarchy, Patriarchy, Plutocracy, Slavery, Theocracy, Totalitarianism
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See: www.culturemagic.org/TimeBasedEconomics.html And: Communal Economics. Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World. Christensen, Karen and David Levinson (editors). Sage Publications, 2003.
Sharing Theory: Rational Altruism Mutual Advantage Intentional Hand Multi-Faith Reciprocity Ethic and the Spirit of Communalism
Exchange Theory: Rational Self-Interest (Adam Smith) As economic systems are merely Comparative Advantage (David agreements made, changing between exchange and sharing economies simply Ricardo) Invisible Hand (Adam Smith) involves removing our consent from one system and giving it to the other. Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Max Weber) Each is described by opposing theories.
Economic Consent
Communal Theory
Trusterty Theory refers to what is held in common (attributed to the 19th Century anarchist theoriest, Peter A. Kropotkin). In land trust theory, society has the responsibility to manage trusterty, or all natural resources. In communal theory, trusterty refers to all community property owned by groups and used by individuals. Entrusting communal resources to individual members is consistent with the communal value of sharing because: The Communal Privacy Theory states that increasing levels of privacy, afforded by entrusting additional resources or powers to members, does not reduce the communitys level of communalism as long as the equity or ultimate responsibilty and power remains shared under communal ownership and control. The Communal Sharing Theory states that the greater the experience people have of sharing among themselves, the greater will be their commitment to the community thus formed.
From: Classifications of Communitarianism-Sharing, Privacy and the Ownership and Control of Wealth. Time-Based Economics - common property system, with varying levels of private property or no private property. Plenty Paradigm - Sharing Economies Participatory form is communalism. Authoritarian form is communism. Service credit systems coordinate only non-income producing labor, while labor credit systems integrate both domestic services and income-producing labor in the time economy. Communal distribution: planning and budgeting, rationing, first-come-firstserved, to each as needed, seniority, chance (roll of dice), the double-blind preferences matrix. Debt-Based Economics - private property system, with common property in tax-exempt organizations and government property. Scarcity Paradigm - Exchange Economies Participatory form is capitalism. Authoritarian form is fascism. Monetary systems may be either funded (backed by reserves:gold) or non-funded (Federal Reserve Notes). In fractional reserve banking the system of multiple deposit creation requiring a 10% reserve, increases a $100 loan to $1,000 via lending (money from nothing) thus the term debt-based. Time is used in presentvalue (time-value) of money in interest / inflation rates.
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Fourth World Services Providing information for a lifestyle balancing our personal needs with those of society and nature
Fourth World This term is used: In political/economic theory as any decentralized, self-governed society maintaining a locally based economy. By the United Nations for the least developed countries. In Hopi prophecy as our current era of environmental decline. Fourth World Services provides information necessary for the building of a lifestyle which respects the integrity of the natural world, which supports the development of a socially responsible culture, and which affirms the inherent worth and dignity of every person.
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Fourth World Services, P.O. Box 1666, Denver, CO 80201-1666 (303) 333-8671
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