SCHOOL AGE 6-12 YEARS OLD Child 6-12 y/o Middle Childhood School the focus of a school age

age 1st day of regular school is a milestone a sign that the child has entered a new stage of development. Next 6 yrs. gain self confidence as she reads, thinks, talks, plays, and gain in size, speed & coordination. Growth slows down. Scenario of children coming out of school

GROWTH 1. Grows about 1- 3/ yr. & gain 6-8 lbs. doubling average body weight. 2. 10 -12 yrs. girls began a growth spurt gaining about 10 lbs. /yr. Taller & heavier than boys until 12-13. 3. Boys begin their spurt 12-13 y/o & overtake girls. Girls retain more fats & tissue than boys persists to adulthood. Tall children come from countries where there are no malnutrition & infections. Children from affluent homes tend to be larger than those from poor homes. NUTRITION & DENTITION Usually have good appetites Average of 2,400 cal/day Balanced diets include high levels of complex CHO (potatoes, pasta, bread, cereals). Simple CHO from sweets should be minimized. Protein 28 grams 7-10 y/o Myth about sweets hyperactivity negative. Malnutrition 40-60% of children in the world are malnourished mild to moderate.

3-7% is severely malnourished. Affect physical, cognitive & emotional aspects of growth & development. Scored low in verbal abilities Kenya Better nourished children are happier, more active and likely to be leaders. Malnourished more anxious. Schooling as a buffer to ill effects of malnutrition.

Obesity Causes: 1. Inherited tendency

2. Little exercise

3. Too much food

Obesity in adults-HPN, DM & heart diseases. Not use food as a reward for good behavior.

Body Image how one believes one looks / Important at this age.
TOOTH DEVT & DENTAL CARE Primary teeth begin to fall out at 6.

Permanent teeth replace 4 teeth / yr for the next 5 yrs. 1st molar at 6 2nd molar at 13 3rd molar-wisdom teeth early twenties (tooth decay)

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT & PHYSICAL PLAY

10% of school childrens free play on playgrounds consists of rough-and-tumble play, vigorous activity that involves wrestling, hitting & chasing. Diminish rough & tumble play 7-11 when they move into games with rules. (hide & seek; tag)

Health, fitness & safety With vaccines, school age is safe time of life. More TV less exercise

Activities that can be part of their lifetime such as tennis, bowling, running, swimming. BP monitoring every year from 3-through adolescence & increasing aerobic exercise.

Vision & Hearing Problems Tend to be farsighted

Asthma, Aids (Visual & Hearing) Accidental injuries leading cause of death between ages 5-14 more physical activities & less supervision Hit by a moving vehicle; Bicycle accidents; wearing of helmets

THE CONCRETE OPERATIONAL CHILD 1 of 5

Less egocentric Use thinking (mental operations) to solve concrete (actual) problems. Can think logically because they can take multiple aspects of the situation into account rather than focus in only one aspect. Increased ability to understand other peoples points of view & become more flexible in their moral judgments. Cannot yet think in hypothetical terms on what course is rather than what is. Cant yet think abstractly. Better understanding of conversation Different between appearance & reality Relationships between objects Proficient with numbers Able to distinguish fantasy from reality Conversation ability to recognize that the amount of something remains the same even if the material is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or taken away. Tests of conversation deal with width, length, area, volume, no substance Can work out problems in their hands (probably, my interpretation: with their hands or in their heads) Principle of reversibility knows she/he can reverse the transformation & restore the original shape. Decenter focus on more than one relevant dimension, both in length & width (clay). Centers in one dimension (length) while excluding the other (thickness) Conversation depends on neurological maturation On weight= 7 or 8 ; On volume age 12 Classification ability to categorize items enables them to organize, & understand their world. Class Inclusion the ability to see the relationship between a whole & its parts. (more roses than flowers, roses, a sub class of flowers)

Seriation & Transitive Interference

Seriation arrange subjects in a series by placing them in order according to one or more dimensions such as weight lightest to heaviest or color (lightest to darkest) age 7-8 Transitive Interference ability to reorganize a relationship between 2 objects by knowing the relationship between each of them & a third. (sticks)

Number & Mathematics

Counting with their fingers 6 - 7 y/o can count in their heads Can solve simple story problems

Moral Reasoning linked to cognitive growth. Morality of Constraint thinks rigidly about moral concepts. Egocentric. Believe rules cant be changed. Behavior is either right or wrong-any offense deserves punishment, unless they themselves see the offenses. Morality of Cooperation flexibility. Wide range of view points. There is not one unchangeably absolute standard of right & wrong. With experience & maturation, they begin to formulate their own moral code. Memory improves greatly in middle childhood.

Can concentrate longer & can focus on information they need & want, while screening irrelevant information. Metamemory 1. Rehearsal conscious repetition. 2. Organization mentally placing into related groupings or categories 3. Elaboration associate items with an imagined scene or story.

Language able to better understand & interpret communication from others, both oral & written Literacy read & write to express

Peers exert more influence.

Influences on School Achievement 1. Temperament Interest attention & active participation were associated with achievement test scores. 2. Emotional state true to girls; Motor Development in Middle Childhood AGE Selected Behaviors Girls are superior in movement accuracy; boys are superior in forceful, less complex acts. 6 Skipping is possible. Can throw with proper weight shift & step. One-footed balancing without looking becomes possible. Can walk 2-inch-wide balance beams 7 Can hop & jump accurately into small squares. Can execute accurate jumping-jack exercise. 2 of 5

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Have 12-pound pressure on grip strength. Number of games participated in by both sexes is greatest at this age. Can engage in alternate rhythmic hopping in a 2-2, 2-3, or 3-3 pattern. Girls can throw a small ball 40 feet. Boys can run 16 1/2 feet per second. Boys can throw a small ball 40 feet. Can judge & intercept pathways of small balls thrown from a distance. Girls can run 17 feet per second. Standing broad jump of 5 feet is possible for boys; 6 inches less for girls. Standing high jump of 3 feet is possible.
(Source: adapted from Cratty, 1986)

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Motivating Children 1. Extrinsic rewards/punishment 2. Intrinsic praising them for their ability & hard work. Most effective; praises should be given sparingly as it shifts the focus from the childs own motivation to the need to please others. Get involved in childrens lives home & school. Parents, who are educated & put high value on Education, have motivated children Children w/ Special Educational needs 1. Mental retardation significantly subnormal intellectual functioning. I.Q. 70 or less coupled w/ deficient adaptive behavior. Causes: a. Mothers alcohol or substance c. abuse d. b. Hereditary diseases

Problems in pregnancy & child abuse Lead poisoning

2. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Marked by: 1. Persistent in attention 2. Distractibility 3. Great deal of activity at the wrong time & wrong place. Cause neurological, biochemical & environmental factors such as lead. Brain dysfunction in the area where impulses are controlled.

3. 4.

Treated with drugs & behavior modification. Help thru providing structured & routine activities. Break up; work into small manageable activities.

Learning disabilities Gifted children can be a mixed blessing. I.Q. 130 or higher.

Psychosocial Development of the School-Age Child - Developing Self Representational Systems - 7-8 y/o has outgrown the all-or-nothing. Realizes that she can be smart in some subjects & dumb in others. Can weigh other aspects of the situation. SELF ESTEEM According to Erikson, (1982) a major determinant of self esteem is childrens view of their capacity for productive work. The issue to be resolved is: industry versus inferiority. The virtue is competence the view of the self as able to master skills & complete tasks. If they feel inadequate, they may retreat to the protective embrace of the family. If they are too industrious, they may neglect social relationships & turn into workaholics. The Child in the Family

Spend more time away from home yet home & the people who are in it remain the most important of their world. 2nd to parents are grandparents who are warm & supportive, offering affection & enhancing self-worth. Nuclear vs. Extended Families Co-regulation in which parent & child share power, parents oversee but children make moment-to-moment decisions. Social aspects of the childs development of self concept. A cooperation process need for open communication. Children need to monitor their own behavior to adopt acceptable standards. Discipline mostly inductive techniques

FAMILY ATMOSPHERE 1. Structure 2.

More intact family have fewer emotional & psychological problems though not the main key. Socioeconomic status Working mothers more competent, more secure & more in charge of their lives than mothers who are not working.
Self esteem & well being are higher. The more satisfied she is, the more effective she becomes as a parent. 3 of 5

Children live in a more structured set-up, in homes with working mothers. More independent.

PARENTING & POVERTY Parents, who are poor with poor housing or none at all, feel a lack of control in their lives. May lead to anxiety, depression & irritability. They are less affectionate, less supportive of their children & maybe abusive. They discipline inconsistently & become arbitrary. Only pay attention to misbehavior. Children are depressed & have emotional & behavioral problems.

Aggressive behavior due to: 1. Stressful & unstimulating home atmosphere. 2. Harsh discipline. 3. Lack of maternal warmth & social support. 4. Exposure to aggressive adults & neighborhood & violence. May acquire anti-social attitudes, become anxious & shy. ADOLESCENCE (12-13 to early twenties) Begins with puberty the process that leads to a sexual maternity or fertility the ability to reproduce. Maybe the most intense segment of the entire life span. Faces many risks. A time of increasing divergence between majority who are seeking to fulfill a productive life or a minority who will be dealing with major problems. Risks are: early pregnancy & childbearing, shrinking job prospects & high death rates from accidents, homicide & suicide. Behavior patterns: 1. Heavy drinking 2. Drug abuse 3. Sexual & gang activity 4. Motorcycling w/out helmets 5. Use of firearms Adolescent Growth Spurt rapid increase in height & weight at 9 - 14 in boys 10 -16 usually 12 or 13. The spurt lasts about 2 years. Girls at 11-13 are taller, heavier & stronger than boys. After growth spurt, boys are again larger. Age 18, both boys & girls reach their full height. Signs of Sexual Maturity Males production of sperm, sperm in the urine by 15 y/o. Nocturnal emission an involuntary ejaculation of semen. (wet dreams) In connection w/ erotic dreams (spermarche) occurring at age 13. Girls menstruation a monthly shedding of tissue lining of the uterus menarche at about 13 y/o. Genetics, nutrition, physical, emotional & environmental factors affect timing of menarche a symbol transition from girl to woman. Both male & female need complete information about body changes. Puberty rapid growth in height & weight second only to infancy, changes in body proportions & forms & attainment of sexual maturity. In girls: Puberty begins when pituitary gland at base of brain Sends message to the sex glands to increase their secretions of hormones Affected by health, genes & environment Ovaries step up production of the female hormone, estrogen w/c stimulate growth of female genitals & development of breasts In boys: Increase manufacture of androgens specifically testosterone w/c stimulate growth male organs & body hair. Both boys & girls have the two hormones but higher in either hormone. Increase emotionality & moodiness related to increase production of hormones. Girls begin to mature 2-3 years earlier than boys. Girls show pubertal changes 8-10 y/o Boys show puberty changers at 12 or range of 9-16 y/o. Usual sequence of Physiological Changes in adolescence

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Female Characteristics Growth of breasts Growth of pubic hair Body growth Menarche Underarm hair Increased output of oil-and-sweat-producing glands (which may lead to acne) Male Characteristics Growth of testes, scrotal sac Growth of pubic hair Body growth Growth of penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles Change in voice First ejaculation of semen Facial & underarm hair Increased output of oil-&-sweat-producing glands(w/c may lead to acne)

Age of First appearance 7 - 13 7 - 14 9.5 - 14.5 10 - 16.5 About 1 or 2 years after appearance of pubic hair About the same time as appearance of underarm hair Age of First appearance 10 - 13.5 10 - 15 10.5 - 16 11 - 14.5 About the same time as growth of penis About 1 yr after beginning of growth of penis About 2 yrs after appearance of pubic hair About the same time as appearance of underarm hair

Primary Sex characteristics: Sex Organs Female Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Uterus Vagina Male Testes Penis Scrotum Seminal Vesicles Prostate gland

Secondary Sex characteristics: Sex Organs Female Breasts Pubic hair Axillary (underarm) hair Changes in voice Changes in skin Muscular development Increased width & depth of pelvis Male Pubic hair Axillary (underarm) hair Facial hair Changes in voice Changes in skin Muscular development Broadening of shoulders

HEALTH CONCERNS Stem from lifestyle & poverty Ages 12-14 use drugs, abuse alcohol, drive intoxicated, sexually active Exercise fewer physical & emotional problems than sedentary lifestyle Sedentary prone to obesity, DM, osteoporosis & heart disease. Causes of death in adolescents 1. Accidents 2. Homicide 3. Suicide Use of firearms, exposure to violence Depression 10-14 experienced depressed moods Coping problems in dealing w/ change & peer pressure Worry about appearance

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