Pge.

494 1-5 Daniel SJ Park

1. A Cosmos is the universe, or anything that is anything at all, and is harmonious with existence. It is the largest
tree ever.
2. a. We use triangulation to find the distance of an object if we cannot measure it. It is a system where we draw a
triangle of which we know the base of from point A to point B. we then measure what degree the angle is from
point A and B, and then we scale it down and draw it. When the line intersects we know what the distance is due
to the scaled version.
b. We need the distance from Point A to B, and then scale it down to draw, and then the degree of the object from
Point A and Point B.
3.a. A “light year” is the distance light travels in a year which is 63 240AU or 9.46057752 * 10^12 km.
b. “Light years” measures inter-stellar distances, they use Light years to measure things where the AU is not great
enough.
4. The Cepheid Variables is a type of star that changes size and brightness (which means they pulsate). They go
through this change phase over an exact and predictable period of time. Therefore if you can figure out the
brightest moment of the cycle, you can see if one star is brighter or not in its peak and the one that is darker is
farther away.
5.a. 570 000 / 63 240 = 9.01.
b. 9.46*10^12 * 8 600 000 = 813*10^19
Pg. 456
1. An astronomical unit is basically the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Since the KM unit is too inefficient in
measuring interplanetary distances we use this new unit of measurement. 1AU is 149,599,000 Mars’ distance is
1.5 AU approximately for the distance from the Sun to Mar is 228,000,000.
2. The sun’s diameter is approximately 110 times bigger than that of the earths. The Sun’s diameter is 1.4 million
km.
3. There are 2 planets that are closer to the sun that Earth which are Mercury and Venus, and the planets that are
farther than the Earth are Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, Uranus and the Dwarf which was once classified as a
planet, Pluto.
4. It’s rotational axis is tilted 90 degrees which means it’s orbit is vertical rather than the normal orbit of
horizontally. It is also a planet like Saturn, Jupiter, and Neptune which has a ring of dusts, and objects.
5. Comets are basically large chunks of ice, and dust particles that orbit the sun but sometimes get thrown off by
the gravity of a large object, i.e. Jupiter, and slowly orbit the sun leaving a trail of evaporated gas behind it away
from the sun due to it being pushed away by the solar winds. Asteroids are large metallic or rock chunks that orbit
something, not specifically the sun. As for meteors they are smaller rock or metallic chunks that orbit a certain
object and hit the Earth, and as for the objects that make it to the ground they are meteorites.
6. Most of the planets in orbit of the sun are circular, while the orbital track of Pluto is an oval, so it is sometimes
intersects with the orbit track of Neptune and goes even closer to the sun than Neptune at certain times of the
year.
7. There is evidence of polar ice caps, dried up stream marks, and water vapors in the atmosphere. There is also
certain evidences that there may be frozen water under the surface of mars.
Pg. 502.
1. a. A galaxy is a system which is usually comprised of gases, dusts, vapors, stars, planets, and other objects
as such and there are billions upon billions of galaxies that we know of so far in the universe, there is a
theory that there are more galaxies in the universe its just that there hasn’t been enough time for the light
to have traveled to us.
b. At first humans thought that the there was only the planets and stars, but then they discovered the milky
way, a single galaxy, our galaxy and then they discovered another galaxy, and then searched for more until
they discovered billions and billions, revealing that the universe is bigger by an unimaginable amount.
2. There are Globular star clusters, and open star clusters. The two differ in the amount of stars and the
distribution of them in the clusters. Globular clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars, as for open
clusters contain about fifty to a thousand which is much smaller.
3. Using the Cepheid Variables astronomers measured the distance of the stars in the galaxy and then they
measured the distance of the close stars and farther out stars and figured out that we are at the very near
edge of the galaxy, 25 000 light years away from the center and the whole diameter of the galaxy is 75
000 light years.
4. We are almost at the edge of our galaxy, and the galaxy isn’t a sphere like pattern rather a pin wheel on a
flat plain. There are so many debris and objects that are blocking our view of the center but we are able
sort of tell what’s in the center using other methods of observations such as thermo, radio scans etc…
5. The name of the spiral Galaxy closest to the Milky way is the Andromeda galaxy which is 2.5 million
light years away and contains more than 300 Billion stars.
6. Elliptical galaxies the most common type have the characteristic of a football and contain almost no
interstellar dust or gas. The second most common type of galaxies is our own type, Spiral galaxies these
look like flat pinwheels of which the arms contain dusts, gases stars and such. The least common type the
Irregular galaxies are made up of a bunch of young and old stars in a gas and dust environment. These
types of galaxies have no shape and just contain whatever that is in it, they tend to be smaller and less
common than the two other kinds.