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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Basis of design 3 Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins 3.1 Bolts, nuts and washers 3.2 Rivets 3.3 Anchor bolts 3.4 Categories of bolted connections 3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets 3.6 Design resistance of individual fasteners 3.7 Group of fasteners 3.8 Long joints 3.9 Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts 3.10 Deductions for fastener holes 3.11 Prying forces 3.12 Distribution of forces between fasteners at the ultimate limit state 3.13 Connections made with pins
1.25
1.25
high strength
they are required for controlled tightening (preloaded bolts)
being the geometry of bolts standardized, the maximum forces and the tightening torques can be collected in tables
shear plane: through the threaded or unthreaded portion of the bolt the resistant area is the tensile area As or the gross area A respectively the ultimate shear stress is about 50% the ultimate strength in tension
direction of force
the material strength is referred to the plates grade d indicates who is the weakest link among: the bolt (compressed) the plate close to the hole (compressed) the global failure of the plate (tension/shear) k1 accounts for the material confinement
direction of force
block tearing
x 0.5
for eccentric loading
n = number of friction surfaces = slip factor ks accounts for the shape of the hole controlled tightening force of high-strength bolts
0.45 prepared and assembled in the workshop 0.30 assembled on construction site
1.2.7 Reference Standard, Group 7: Execution of steel structures EN 1090-2 Requirements for the execution of steel structures
Fs,Rd / Fv, Rd = 0.4 0.7 / 0.5 = 0.56 the ultimate shear strength of bolts is much higher than the friction.
Designing for the slip resistance under service load is more severe than designing for shear strength under the ultimate loads (provided that the shear collapse is not governed by the bearing resistance)
the possible eccentricity between the centroidal and setting out lines
the joints and members should be designed for the resulting moments and forces
welded connections 2 main types for load bearing connections: fillet welds and butt welds
fillet welds
the maximum stress in fillet welds according to the old Italian recommendation CNR 10011 a trimmed sphere
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