Online Study Guide

Root Canal Anatomy: An Online Study Guide

Abstract
The Editorial Board of the Journal of Endodontics has developed a literature-based study guide of topical areas related to endodontics. This study guide is intended to give the reader a focused review of the essential endodontic literature and does not cite all possible articles related to each topic. Although citing all articles would be comprehensive, it would defeat the idea of a study guide. This section will review articles related to root canal anatomy including classification systems, individual teeth reviews, furcation canals, apical anatomy, dental anomalies, and demographic/geographic analysis. (J Endod 2008;34:e7 e16)

Introduction
The delivery of high-quality clinical care requires a thorough understanding of the endodontic literature. The Editorial Board of the Journal of Endodontics (JOE) has developed this online study guide for endodontists and fellow clinicians interested in endodontics. There are several potential applications for an online study guide. First, an online study guide permits clinicians to focus in on particular areas of endodontics where they can quickly review key papers devoted to one particular topic. For example, this particular study guide provides a summary of key papers in the area of present articles related to root canal anatomy including classification systems, individual teeth reviews, furcation canals, apical anatomy, dental anomalies, and demographic/geographic analysis. Second, a study guide permits speakers to efficiently review background material in preparation for future courses, lectures, or continuing educational events. Third, an online study guide permits students to review key papers in preparation for future examinations or for development of residency seminars. And, fourth, an online study guide permits readers to quickly and efficiently access either the abstract or the entire paper cited in the tables (see Discussion for details).

Correspondence: JOE Editorial Board JEndodontics@UTHSCSA.edu 0099-2399/$0 - see front matter Copyright 2008 by the American Association of Endodontists. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2007.04.011

Methods
One potential problem in developing an online study guide was to provide a summary of major papers that contributed to a given topic area. The inclusion of all possible papers on a given topic would lead to an unwieldy collection that failed to clearly identify key papers in the area. Of course, the exclusion of key papers is also problematic. To address this issue, the JOE Editorial Board developed the overall list of topics to be covered and then for each topic generated an initial tabulation of key historical and contemporary papers on that topic. This list was then sent to two outside reviewers who were both experienced educators and Diplomates of the American Board of Endodontics. These reviewers then recommended additions and deletions of papers to the proposed topic list. In order to maintain currency, the JOE Editorial Board proposes to periodically update each topical study guide using the same peer-reviewed process as described above.

Results
The results of the study guide (1109) pertain to articles related to root canal anatomy including classification systems, individual teeth reviews, furcation canals, apical anatomy, dental anomalies, and demographic/geographic analysis is given in Tables 1 through 6.

Discussion
The journey to clinical excellence requires not only outstanding clinical skills but also that special knowledge that accrues from a study of the endodontic literature. The purpose of the JOE online study guide is to serve as one source for efficiently reviewing key papers that are organized by topic area and presented with the advantages of online Internet technology. Although JOE readers are undoubtedly familiar with many aspects of the Internet, there are special features available at JOE online that provide particular advantages in their application for a study guide. For example, if this particular

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study guide is downloaded as a pdf, it provides a useful but static listing of the cited articles. On the other hand, if the reader navigates to the table of contents page for the online study guide and then clicks on Full Text (Fig. 1), they will be taken to an HTML version of the study guide. This online version of the study guide has special capabilities including the fact that the references are hyperlinked. Thus, the reader can quickly obtain abstracts of nearly all cited papers and can review the entire paper of many of the cited papers
TABLE 1. Classification Systems Ref #
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

with only a few clicks of their mouse (Fig. 2). Thus, combining a study guide with online capabilities provides particular benefits for efficiently reviewing key papers in the endodontic literature. We hope that this study guide will prove useful to you as one source for developing a focused and special base of endodontic knowledge. As always, we are interested in your thoughts on this initiative and how JOE can better serve you, our readers. Feel free to e-mail us at: JEndodontics@UTHSCSA.edu.

Title
Hess W. Formation of root canals in human teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1921;8:70434. Weine FS, Healey HJ, Gerstein H, Evanson L. Canal canfiguration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and its endodontic significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969;28:41925. Schneider SW. A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;32:2715. Pineda F, Kuttler Y. Mesiodistal and buccolingual roentgenographic investigation of 7,275 root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972;33:10110. Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984;58:58999. Vertucci FJ. Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures. Endod Topics 2005;10:329.

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TABLE 2. Individual Teeth Ref # Title
Maxillary anteriors 7. Chohayeb AA. Dilaceration of permanent upper lateral incisors: frequency, direction, and endodontic treatment implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983;55:51920. 8. Mizutani T, Ohno N, Nakamura H. Anatomical study of the root apex in the maxillary anterior teeth. J Endod 1992;18:3447. Maxillary premolars 9. Carnes EJ, Skidmore AE. Configuration and deviations of root canals of maxillary first premolars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:8806. 10. Vertucci FJ, Gegauff A. Root canal morphology of the maxillary first premolar. J Am Dent Assoc 1979;99:1948. 11. Vertucci FJ, Seelig A, Gillis R. Root canal morphology of the human maxillary second premolar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:45664. 12. Bellizzi R, Hartwell GR. Evaluating the maxillary premolar with three canals for endodontic therapy. J Endod 1981;7:5217. 13. Bellizzi R, Hartwell GR. Radiographic evaluation of root canal anatomy of in vivo endodontically treated maxillary premolars. J Endod 1985;11:379. 14. Kartal N, Ozcelik B, Cimilli H. Root canal morphology of maxillary premolars. J Endod 1998;24:4179. 15. Deutsch AS, Musikant BL, Gu S, Isidro M. Morphological measurements of anatomic landmarks in pulp chambers of human maxillary furcated bicuspids. J Endod 2005;31:5703. 16. Willershausen B, Tekyatan H, Kasaj A, Morroquin BB. Roentgenographic in vitro investigation of frequency and location of curvatures in human maxillary premolars. J Endod 2006;32:30711. Maxillary molars 17. Weine FS, Healey HJ, Gerstein H, Evanson L. Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and its endodontic significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969;28:41925. 18. Green D. Double canals in single roots. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;35:68999. 19. Stone LH, Stroner WF. Maxillary molars demonstrating more than one palatal root canal. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981;51:64952. 20. Hartwell GR, Bellizzi R. Clinical study of in vivo endodontically treated mandibular and maxillary molars. J Endod 1982;8:5557. 21. Bone J, Moule AJ. The nature of curvature of palatal canals in maxillary molar teeth. Int Endod J 1986;19:17886. 22. Neaverth EJ, Kotler LM, Kaltenbach RF. Clinical investigation (in vivo) of endodontically treated maxillary first molars. J Endod 1987;13:50612. 23. Weller RN, Hartwell GR. The impact of improved access and searching techniques on detection of the mesiolingual canal in maxillary molars. J Endod 1989;15:823. 24. Gilles J, Reader A. An SEM investigation of the mesiolingual canal in human max. 1st and 2nd molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:63843. 25. Kulild JC, Peters DD. Incidence and configuration of canal systems in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first and second molars. J Endod 1990;16:3117. 26. Christie WH, Peikoff MD, Fogel HM. Maxillary molars with two palatal roots. J Endod 1991;17:804. 27. Fogel HM, Peikoff MD, Christie WH. Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar: a clinical study. J Endod 1994;20:1357. 28. Eskoz N, Weine FS. Canal configuration of the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary second molar. J Endod 1995;21:3842. 29. Peikoff MD, Christie WH, Fogel HM. The maxillary second molar: variations in the number of roots and canals. Int Endod J 1996;29:3659.

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TABLE 2. (Continued) Ref #
30.

Title

Imura N, Hatta GI, Toda T, Fagunde M. Two canals in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars. Int Endod J 1998;31:41014. 31. Stropko JJ. Canal morphology of maxillary molars: clinical observations of canal configurations. J Endod 1999;25:44650. 32. Sempira HN, Hartwell GR. Frequency of second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary molars as determined by use of an operating microscope: clinical study. J Endod 2000;26:6734. 33. Sidow SJ, West LA, Liewehr FR, Loushine RJ. Root canal morphology of human maxillary and mandibular third molars. J Endod 2000;26:6758. 34. Kim-Park MA, Baughan LW, Hartwell GR. Working length determination in palatal roots of maxillary molars. J Endod 2003;29:5861. 35. Deutsch AS, Musikant BL. Morphological measurements of anatomic landmarks in human maxillary and mandibular molar pulp chambers. J Endod 2004;30:38890. 36. Krasner P, Rankow HJ. Anatomy of the pulp-chamber floor. J Endod 2004;30:516. 37. Wolcott J, Isbley D, Kennedy W, Johnson S, Minnich S, Meyers J. A 5yr clinical investigation of second mesiobuccal canals in endodontically treated and retreated maxillary molars. J Endod 2005;31:2624. 38. Cleghorn BM, Christie WH, Dong CCS. Root and root canal morphology of the human permanent maxillary first molar: a literature review. J Endod 2006;32:81321. Mandibular anteriors 39. Rankine-Wilson RW, Henry P. The bifurcated root canals in lower anterior teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1965;70:11625. 40. Madeira MC, Hetem S. Incidence of bifurcations in mandibular incisors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:58991. 41. Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the mandibular anterior teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1974;89:36971. 42. Benjamin KA, Dowson J. Incidence of two root canals in human mandibular incisor teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:1226. 43. Bellizzi R, Hartwell GR. Clinical investigation of in vivo endodontically treated mandibular anterior teeth. J Endod 1983;9:2468. 44. LaTurno SA, Zillich RM. Straight-line endodontic access to anterior teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985;59:4189. 45. Mauger MJ, Schindler WG, Walker WA III. An evaluation of canal morphology at different levels or root resection in mandibular incisors. J Endod 1998;24:6079. Mandibular premolars 46. Vertucci FJ. Root canal morphology of mandibular premolars. J Am Dent Assoc 1978;97:4750. 47. Zillich R, Dowson J. Root canal morphology of mandibular first and second premolars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:73844. 48. Baisden MK, Kulild JC, Weller RN. Root canal configuration of the mandibular first premolar. J Endod 1992;18:5058. Mandibular molars 49. Skidmore AE, Bjorndal AM. Root canal morphology of the human mandibular first molar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;32:77884. 50. Kerekes K, Tronstad L. Morpholometric observations on the root canals of human molars. J Endod 1977;3:1148. 51. Pomeranz HH, Eidelman DL, Goldberg MG. Treatment considerations of the middle mesial canal of mandibular first and second molars. J Endod 1981;7:5658. 52. Weine FS, Pasiewicz RA, Rice RT. Canal configuration of the mandibular second molar using a clinically oriented in vitro method. J Endod 1988;14:20713.

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TABLE 2. (Continued) Ref #
53. 54. 55.

Title
Cunningham CJ, Senia ES. A three-dimensional study of canal curvatures in the mesial roots of mandibular molars. J Endod 1992;18:294300. DeMoor RJG, Deroose AJG, Calberson FLG. The radix entomolaris in mandibular first molars: an endodontic challenge. Int Endod J 2004;37:78999. Calberson FL, DeMoor RJ, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and paramolaris: clinical approach in endodontics. J Endod 2007;33:5863.

TABLE 3. Furcation Canals Ref #

56. 57. 58. 59.

Title
Lowman JV, Burke RS, Pelleu GB. Patent accessory canals: incidence in molar furcation region. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:5804. Burch JG, Hulen S. A study of the presence of accessory foramina and the topography of molar furcations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:4515. Gutmann JL. Prevalence, location and patency of accessory canals in the furcation region of permanent molars. J Periodontol 1978;49:216. Vertucci FJ, Anthony RL. A scanning electron microscopic investigation of accessory foramina in the furcation and Pulp chamber floor of molar teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986;62:31926.

TABLE 4. Apical Anatomy Ref #

60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.

Title
Kuttler Y. Microscopic investigation of root apexes. J Am Dent Assoc 1955;50:54452. Green D. A stereo-binocular microscopic study of the root apices and surrounding areas of 100 mandibular molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1955;8:12981304. Green D. A stereomicroscopic study of the root apices of 400 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1956;9:122432. Green EN. Microscopic investigation of root canal diameters. J Am Dent Assoc 1958;57:63644. Green D. Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1960;13:72833. Burch JG, Hulen S. The relationship of the apical foramen to the anatomic apex of the tooth root. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972;34:2628. Dummer PM, McGinn JJ, Rees DG. The position and topography of the apical constriction and apical foramen. Int Endod J 1984;17:1928. Stein TJ, Corcoran JF. Anatomy of the root apex and its histological changes with age. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;69:23842. Marroquin BB, El-Sayed MAA, Willershausen-Zonnchen B. Morphology of the physiological foramen: I. maxillary and mandibular molars. J Endod 2004;30:3218. Baugh D, Wallace J. The role of apical instrumentation in root canal treatment: a review of the literature. J Endod 2005;31:33340. Jung IY, Seo MA, Fouad AF, Spangberg LS, Lee SJ, Kim HJ, Kum KY. Apical anatomy in mesial and mesiobuccal roots of permanent first molars. J Endod 2005;31:3648.

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TABLE 5. Dental Anomalies Ref # Title
Dens invaginatus 71. Oehlers FAC. Dens invaginatus (Dilated composite odontome). I. Variations of the invagination process and associated anterior crown forms. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1957;10:120418. 72. Oehlers FAC. Dens invaginatus (Dilated composite odontome). II. Associated posterior crown forms and pathogenesis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1957;10:130216. 73. De Smit A, Jansen HWB, Dermaut L. An histological investigation of invaginated human incisors. J Biol Buccale 1984;12:2019. 74. Rotstein I, Stabholz A, Heling I, Friedman S. Clinical considerations in the treatment of dens invaginatus. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987;3:24954. 75. Schwartz SA, Schindler WG. Management of a maxillary canine with dens invaginatus and a vital pulp. J Endod 1996;22:4936. 76. Ridell K, Mejare I, Matssow L. Dens invaginatus: a retrospective study of prophylactic invagination treatment. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001;11:92107. 77. Silberman A, Cohenca N, Simon JH. Anatomical redesign for the treatment of dens invaginatus type III with open apexes. A literature review and case presentation. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137:1805. Dens evaginatus 78. Oehlers FAC, Lee KW, Lee EC. Dens evaginatus (Evaginated odontome)its structure and responses to external stimuli. Dent Pract 1967;17:23944. 79. Yip W. The prevalence of dens evaginatus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:807. 80. Senia ES, Regezi JA. Dens evaginatus in the etiology of bilateral periapical pathologic involvement in caries-free premolars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:4658. 81. Levitan ME, Himel VT. Dens evaginatus: literature review, pathophysiology, and comprehensive treatment regimen. J Endod 2006;32:19. C-Shaped Canals 82. Cooke HG, Cox FL. C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars. J Am Dent Assoc 1979;99:8369. 83. Newton CW, McDonald S. A C-shaped canal configuration in a maxillary first molar. J Endod 1984;10:3979. 84. Bolger WL, Schindler WG. A mandibular first molar with a C-shaped root configuration. J Endod 1988;14:5159. 85. Manning SA. Root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars. Part II C-shaped canals. Int Endod J 1990;23:405. 86. Melton DC, Krell KV, Fuller MW. Anatomical and histological features of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars. J Endod 1991;17:3848. 87. Weine FS. The C-shaped mandibular second molar: Incidence and other considerations. J Endod 1998;24:3725. 88. Chai WL, Thong YL. Cross-sectional morphology and minimum canal wall widths in c-shaped roots of mandibular molars. J Endod 2004;30:50912. 89. Fan B, Cheung GSP, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Bian Z. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: part Ianatomical features. J Endod 2004;30:899903. 90. Fan B, Cheung GSP, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Fan W. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: part IIradiographic features. J Endod 2004;30:9048. 91. Jin G, Lee S, Roh B. Anatomical study of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars by analysis of computed tomography. J Endod 2006;32:1013. 92. Min Y, Fan B, Cheung GSP, Gutmann JL, Fan M. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars Part III: the morphology of the pulp chamber floor. J Endod 2006;32:11559.

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TABLE 5. Continued Ref #
93.

Title

Gao Y, Fan B, Cheung GSP, Gutmann JL, Fan M. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars Part IV: 3-D morphological analysis and transverse measurement. J Endod 2006;32:10625. Other anomalies 94. Lee KW, Lee EC, Poon KY. Palato-gingival grooves in maxillary incisors: a possible predisposing factor to localized periodontal disease. Br Dent J 1968;124:148. 95. Mellor JK, Ripa LW. Talon cusp: a clinically significant anomaly. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970;29:2258. 96. Simon JHS, Glick DH, Frank AL. Predictable endodontic and periodontic failures as a result of radicular anomalies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;31:8236. 97. Mjor IA. The structure of taurodont teeth. J Dent Child 1972;39:45963. 98. Shiloah J, Kopczyk RA. Developmental variations of tooth morphology and periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc 1979;99:62730. 99. Kogan SL. The prevalence, location and confirmation of palato-radicular grooves in maxillary incisors. J Periodontol 1986;57:2314. 100. Lara VS, Consolaro A, Bruce RS. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the palato-gingival groove. J Endod 2000;26:34550. 101. Tamse A, Katz A, Pilo R. Furcation groove of buccal root of maxillary first premolarsa morphometric study. J Endod 2000;26:35963. 102. Schwartz SA, Koch MA, Deas DE, Powell CA. Combined endodontic-periodontic treatment of a palatal groove: a case report. J Endod 2006;32:5738.

TABLE 6. Demographic/Geographic Analyses Ref #

103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109.

Title
Souze-Freitas JA, Lopes SE, Casati-Alvares L. Anatomic variations of lower permanent molar roots in two ethnic groups. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;31:2748. Trope M, Elfenbein L, Tronstad L. Mandibular premolars with more than one root canal in different race groups. J Endod 1986;12:3435. Walker RT. Root canal anatomy of mandibular first premolars in a southern Chinese population. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988;4:2268. Yew SC, Chan K. A retrospective study of endodontically treated mandibular first molars in a Chinese population. J Endod 1993;19:4713. Sabala CL, Benenati FW, Neas BR. Bilateral root or root canal aberrations in a dental school patient population. J Endod 1994;20:3842. Sert S, Aslanalp V, Tanalp J. Investigation of the root canal configurations of mandibular permanent teeth in the Turkish population. Int Endod J 2004;37:4949. Lu T-Y, Yang S-F, Pai S-F. Complicated root canal morphology of mandibular first premolar in a Chinese population using the cross section method. J Endod 2006;32:9326.

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Figure 1. Navigation to HTML version.

Figure 2. Hyperlink to References.

References
1. Hess W. Formation of root canals in human teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1921;8:704 34. 2. Weine FS, Healey HJ, Gerstein H, Evanson L. Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and its endodontic significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969;28:419 25. 3. Schneider SW. A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;32:2715. 4. Pineda F, Kuttler Y. Mesiodistal and buccolingual roentgenographic investigation of 7,275 root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972;33:10110. 5. Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984;58:589 99. 6. Vertucci FJ. Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures. Endod Topics 2005;10:329. 7. Chohayeb AA. Dilaceration of permanent upper lateral incisors: frequency, direction, and endodontic treatment implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983;55:519 20. 8. Mizutani T, Ohno N, Nakamura H. Anatomical study of the root apex in the maxillary anterior teeth. J Endod 1992;18:344 7. 9. Carnes EJ, Skidmore AE. Configuration and deviations of root canals of maxillary first premolars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:880 6.

10. Vertucci FJ, Gegauff A. Root canal morphology of the maxillary first premolar. J Am Dent Assoc 1979;99:194 8. 11. Vertucci FJ, Seelig A, Gillis R. Root canal morphology of the human maxillary second premolar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:456 64. 12. Bellizzi R, Hartwell GR. Evaluating the maxillary premolar with three canals for endodontic therapy. J Endod 1981;7:5217. 13. Bellizzi R, Hartwell GR. Radiographic evaluation of root canal anatomy of in vivo endodontically treated maxillary premolars. J Endod 1985;11:379. 14. Kartal N, Ozcelik B, Cimilli H. Root canal morphology of maxillary premolars. J Endod 1998;24:4179. 15. Deutsch AS, Musikant BL, Gu S, Isidro M. Morphological measurements of anatomic landmarks in pulp chambers of human maxillary furcated bicuspids. J Endod 2005;31:570 3. 16. Willershausen B, Tekyatan H, Kasaj A, Morroquin BB. Roentgenographic in vitro investigation of frequency and location of curvatures in human maxillary premolars. J Endod 2006;32:30711. 17. Weine FS, Healey HJ, Gerstein H, Evanson L. Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and its endodontic significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969;28:419 25. 18. Green D. Double canals in single roots. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;35:689 99.

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19. Stone LH, Stroner WF. Maxillary molars demonstrating more than one palatal root canal. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981;51:649 52. 20. Hartwell GR, Bellizzi R. Clinical study of in vivo endodontically treated mandibular and maxillary molars. J Endod 1982;8:5557. 21. Bone J, Moule AJ. The nature of curvature of palatal canals in maxillary molar teeth. Int Endod J 1986;19:178 86. 22. Neaverth EJ, Kotler LM, Kaltenbach RF. Clinical investigation (in vivo) of endodontically treated maxillary first molars. J Endod 1987;13:506 12. 23. Weller RN, Hartwell GR. The impact of improved access and searching techniques on detection of the mesiolingual canal in maxillary molars. J Endod 1989;15:8 23. 24. Gilles J, Reader A. An SEM investigation of the mesiolingual canal in human max. 1st and 2nd molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:638 43. 25. Kulild JC, Peters DD. Incidence and configuration of canal systems in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first and second molars. J Endod 1990;16:3117. 26. Christie WH, Peikoff MD, Fogel HM. Maxillary molars with two palatal roots. J Endod 1991;17:80 4. 27. Fogel HM, Peikoff MD, Christie WH. Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar: a clinical study. J Endod 1994;20:1357. 28. Eskoz N, Weine FS. Canal configuration of the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary second molar. J Endod 1995;21:38 42. 29. Peikoff MD, Christie WH, Fogel HM. The maxillary second molar: variations in the number of roots and canals. Int Endod J 1996;29:3659. 30. Imura N, Hatta GI, Toda T, Fagunde M. Two canals in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars. Int Endod J 1998;31:410 14. 31. Stropko JJ. Canal morphology of maxillary molars: clinical observations of canal configurations. J Endod 1999;25:446 50. 32. Sempira HN, Hartwell GR. Frequency of second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary molars as determined by use of an operating microscope: clinical study. J Endod 2000;26:673 4. 33. Sidow SJ, West LA, Liewehr FR, Loushine RJ. Root canal morphology of human maxillary and mandibular third molars. J Endod 2000;26:675 8. 34. Kim-Park MA, Baughan LW, Hartwell GR. Working length determination in palatal roots of maxillary molars. J Endod 2003;29:58 61. 35. Deutsch AS, Musikant BL. Morphological measurements of anatomic landmarks in human maxillary and mandibular molar pulp chambers. J Endod 2004;30:388 90. 36. Krasner P, Rankow HJ. Anatomy of the pulp-chamber floor. J Endod 2004;30:516. 37. Wolcott J, Isbley D, Kennedy W, Johnson S, Minnich S, Meyers J. A 5yr clinical investigation of second mesiobuccal canals in endodontically treated and retreated maxillary molars. J Endod 2005;31:262 4. 38. Cleghorn BM, Christie WH, Dong CCS. Root and root canal morphology of the human permanent maxillary first molar: a literature review. J Endod 2006; 32:81321. 39. Rankine-Wilson RW, Henry P. The bifurcated root canals in lower anterior teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1965;70:11625. 40. Madeira MC, Hetem S. Incidence of bifurcations in mandibular incisors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:589 91. 41. Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the mandibular anterior teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1974;89:369 71. 42. Benjamin KA, Dowson J. Incidence of two root canals in human mandibular incisor teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:122 6. 43. Bellizzi R, Hartwell GR. Clinical investigation of in vivo endodontically treated mandibular anterior teeth. J Endod 1983;9:246 8. 44. LaTurno SA, Zillich RM. Straight-line endodontic access to anterior teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985;59:418 9. 45. Mauger MJ, Schindler WG, Walker WA III. An evaluation of canal morphology at different levels or root resection in mandibular incisors. J Endod 1998;24:6079. 46. Vertucci FJ. Root canal morphology of mandibular premolars. J Am Dent Assoc 1978;97:4750. 47. Zillich R, Dowson J. Root canal morphology of mandibular first and second premolars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:738 44. 48. Baisden MK, Kulild JC, Weller RN. Root canal configuration of the mandibular first premolar. J Endod 1992;18:505 8. 49. Skidmore AE, Bjorndal AM. Root canal morphology of the human mandibular first molar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;32:778 84. 50. Kerekes K, Tronstad L. Morpholometric observations on the root canals of human molars. J Endod 1977;3:114 8. 51. Pomeranz HH, Eidelman DL, Goldberg MG. Treatment considerations of the middle mesial canal of mandibular first and second molars. J Endod 1981;7:565 8. 52. Weine FS, Pasiewicz RA, Rice RT. Canal configuration of the mandibular second molar using a clinically oriented in vitro method. J Endod 1988;14:20713. 53. Cunningham CJ, Senia ES. A three-dimensional study of canal curvatures in the mesial roots of mandibular molars. J Endod 1992;18:294 300. 54. DeMoor RJG, Deroose AJG, Calberson FLG. The radix entomolaris in mandibular first molars: an endodontic challenge. Int Endod J 2004;37:789 99. 55. Calberson FL, DeMoor RJ, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and paramolaris: clinical approach in endodontics. J Endod 2007;33:58 63. 56. Lowman JV, Burke RS, Pelleu GB. Patent accessory canals: incidence in molar furcation region. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:580 4. 57. Burch JG, Hulen S. A study of the presence of accessory foramina and the topography of molar furcations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;38:4515. 58. Gutmann JL. Prevalence, location and patency of accessory canals in the furcation region of permanent molars. J Periodontol 1978;49:21 6. 59. Vertucci FJ, Anthony RL. A scanning electron microscopic investigation of accessory foramina in the furcation and pulp chamber floor of molar teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986;62:319 26. 60. Kuttler Y. Microscopic investigation of root apexes. J Am Dent Assoc 1955; 50:544 52. 61. Green D. 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89. Fan B, Cheung GSP, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Bian Z. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: part Ianatomical features. J Endod 2004;30:899 903. 90. Fan B, Cheung GSP, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Fan W. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: part IIradiographic features. J Endod 2004;30:904 8. 91. Jin G, Lee S, Roh B. Anatomical study of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars by analysis of computed tomography. J Endod 2006;32:10 13. 92. Min Y, Fan B, Cheung GSP, Gutmann JL, Fan M. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars. Part III: the morphology of the pulp chamber floor. J Endod 2006;32:11559. 93. Gao Y, Fan B, Cheung GSP, Gutmann JL, Fan M. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars Part IV: 3-D morphological analysis and transverse measurement. J Endod 2006;32:10625. 94. Lee KW, Lee EC, Poon KY. Palato-gingival grooves in maxillary incisors: a possible predisposing factor to localized periodontal disease. Br Dent J 1968;124:14 8. 95. Mellor JK, Ripa LW. Talon cusp: a clinically significant anomaly. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970;29:225 8. 96. Simon JHS, Glick DH, Frank AL. Predictable endodontic and periodontic failures as a result of radicular anomalies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;31:823 6. 97. Mjor IA. The structure of taurodont teeth. J Dent Child 1972;39:459 63. 98. Shiloah J, Kopczyk RA. Developmental variations of tooth morphology and periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc 1979;99:62730. 99. Kogan SL. The prevalence, location and confirmation of palato-radicular grooves in maxillary incisors. J Periodont 1986;57:231 4. 100. Lara VS, Consolaro A, Bruce RS. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the palato-gingival groove. J Endod 2000;26:34550. 101. Tamse A, Katz A, Pilo R. Furcation groove of buccal root of maxillary first premolarsa morphometric study. J Endod 2000;26:359 63. 102. Schwartz SA, Koch MA, Deas DE, Powell CA. Combined endodontic-periodontic treatment of a palatal groove: a case report. J Endod 2006;32:573 8. 103. Souze-Freitas JA, Lopes SE, Casati-Alvares L. Anatomic variations of lower permanent molar roots in two ethnic groups. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971; 31:274 8. 104. Trope M, Elfenbein L, Tronstad L. Mandibular premolars with more than one root canal in different race groups. J Endod 1986;12:3435. 105. Walker RT. Root canal anatomy of mandibular first premolars in a southern Chinese population. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988;4:226 8. 106. Yew SC, Chan K. A retrospective study of endodontically treated mandibular first molars in a Chinese population. J Endod 1993;19:4713. 107. Sabala CL, Benenati FW, Neas BR. Bilateral root or root canal aberrations in a dental school patient population. J Endod 1994;20:38 42. 108. Sert S, Aslanalp V, Tanalp J. Investigation of the root canal configurations of mandibular permanent teeth in the Turkish population. Int Endod J 2004;37:494 9. 109. Lu T-Y, Yang S-F, Pai S-F. Complicated root canal morphology of mandibular first premolar in a Chinese population using the cross section method. J Endod 2006;32:932 6.

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