2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report

FOREWORD
Brussels, June 2011
Europe is in the midst of a dramatic energy transition, away from fossil fuels, and in some cases also from nuclear power, to renewable energy. Bioenergy is the major renewable energy source, accounting for almost 70 percent of European renewables, and showing steady growth. This development didnt start with the 20-20-20-goals formulated in 2007, or the Renewable Energy Directive adopted in 2009. Already before these goals were in place renewable energy sources had almost doubled their production from the early 1990.ies. The national action plans presented by the EU member states will further stimulate this development, particularly for the slow starters. A requirement for success is, however, that the governments come forward with strong incentives, not only for power production and for the transport sector, but in particular for the heating sector. We need a price on carbon dioxide emissions, a common European carbon tax, to give the extra push for conversion of heating from fossil fuels to biomass. Bioenergy statistics are often poor in quality, compared to statistics for fossil fuels and electricity. This is certainly true for small scale and local use of wood for energy, but also for industrial use. AEBIOMs staff has done a tremendous job compiling existing statistics from a large number of sources. During the last years, a number of EU projects have given us new statistics as well as projections for the future. Statistics are not dry numbers. Good statistics presented in a clear way help us to understand what is going on around us, and to paint the big picture. Finally I would like to congratulate you to have some interesting reading a head and ask you to help us in our efforts to keep up the trend and continuously increase the use of Bioenergy. Your support and action is important - become an Aebiom member!
Gustav Melin President Aebiom
Table of Contents
1 General information ................................................................................. 1
1.1 1.2 Glossary.......................................................................................................................... 3 Energy content, calorific value, specific weight ................................................................ 6
Liquids ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Solid fuels: ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Gaseous fuels ................................................................................................................................ 10
1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3
1.3 1.4
Transformation coefficients, average yields ................................................................... 10 C02 emissions ................................................................................................................ 11
2 Introduction .............................................................................................13
2.1 2.2 Biomass for energy ....................................................................................................... 13 RES Directive................................................................................................................. 14
3 Overview about the European Energy System ..........................................16

3.1 3.2 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 16 Bioenergy balance in Europe ......................................................................................... 18
Gross inland consumption ............................................................................................................. 19 Final energy consumption ............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.1 3.2.2
3.3
Targets for biomass/ bioenergy according to AEBIOM .................................................... 25
Biomass supply.........................................................................................27 4.1 4.2 General overview .......................................................................................................... 27 Biomass for agricultural land and by-products ............................................................... 28
Energy crops .................................................................................................................................. 34 Agricultural by products ................................................................................................................ 38 Forestry biomass ........................................................................................................................... 40 Forestry residues ........................................................................................................................... 46
4.2.1 4.2.2
4.3
Biomass from forestry ................................................................................................... 40
4.3.1 4.3.2
4.4 4.5
Biomass from waste sector............................................................................................ 47 Other ............................................................................................................................ 50

Paper and pulp mills ...................................................................................................................... 50 Contribution of peat to the European energy system .................................................................. 51
4.5.1 4.5.2
5 Heat from Biomass ..................................................................................53

5.1 5.2 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 53 District Heating and Cooling .......................................................................................... 55
6 Electricity from biomass ...........................................................................59

6.1 6.2 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 59 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) .................................................................................. 60
7 Biofuels for Transport ..............................................................................63

7.1 Bioethanol and biodiesel ............................................................................................... 63
8 Pellets ......................................................................................................69
8.1 8.2 8.3 Pellets Production ......................................................................................................... 69 Pellets trade ................................................................................................................. 72 Pellets consumption...................................................................................................... 75
9 Biogas......................................................................................................79
9.1 9.2 9.3 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 79 Biogas for electricity...................................................................................................... 82 Biogas for heat .............................................................................................................. 83
10 Overview about the National renewable energy action plans ..................84

10.1
10.1.1 10.1.2
Energy, bioenergy and other renewable ..................................................................... 84

Gross final energy consumption .................................................................................................... 84 contribution expected from bioenergy in EU27 in 2020 ............................................................... 85
10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5
Biomass supply .......................................................................................................... 87 Electricity sector ........................................................................................................ 89 Heat sector ................................................................................................................ 93 Transport sector ........................................................................................................ 95
1. ABA Austria 2. ValBiom Belgium 3. EUBA Bulgaria 4. BGBIOM Bulgaria 5. Croatian Biomass Association 6. CZ Biom Czech Republic 7. INBIOM Denmark 8. DI Bioenergy Denmark 9. EBA Estonia 10. FINBIO Finland
11. FBE France 12. BBE Germany 13. CARMEN Germany 14. HELLABIOM Greece 15. ITABIA Italy 16. AIEL Italy 17. STBA Italy 18. IrBEA Ireland 19. LATbio Latvia 20. LITBIOMA Lithuania
21. NL-BEA The Netherlands 22. NOBIO Norway 23. POLBIOM - Poland 24. CEBIO Portugal 25. SK-BIOM Slovak Republic 26. ADABE Spain 27. APPA Spain 28. AVEBIOM Spain 29. SVEBIO- Sweden 30. REA United Kingdom
Contact details are available on the AEBIOM web site: www.aebiom.org
GENERAL INFORMATION
Table 1.1 Country abbreviations and key general statistics Total 2 Area (km ) EU 27 AT BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Germany Denmark Estonia Greece Spain Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Sweden Slovenia Slovak Republic United Kingdom 4.281.550 83.870 30.528 111.002 9.251 78.865 357.104 43.098 45.227 131.982 505.365 338.420 505.365 93.034 70.285 301.323 65.300 2.586 64.589 316 37.355 312.679 91.909 238.391 450.295 20.273 49.037 244.101 Population (1000 inhabitants) 499.700 8.355 10.750 7.607 797 10.468 82.002 5.511 1.340 11.260 45.828 5.326 64.367 10.031 4.450 60.045 3.350 494 2.261 414 16.486 38.136 10.627 21.499 9.256 2.032 5.412 61.595 GDP/inhabitants 1 PPS ( ) 23.600 28.800 27.200 9.700 23.200 19.000 27.300 27.700 14.800 22.300 24.500 26.100 25.300 14.900 30.900 24.000 12.500 63.000 11.400 18.400 30.700 14.300 18.500 10.700 28.400 20.600 16.900 27.400 Inflation ( ) % 1 0,4 0,0 2,5 0,2 0,6 0,2 1,1 0,2 1,3 -0,2 1,6 0,1 4,0 -1,7 0,8 4,2 0,0 3,3 1,8 1,0 4,0 -0,9 5,6 1,9 0,9 0,9 2,2
2
Unemployment rate (% of civilian working population) 9,4 4,7 8,2 8,6 6,2 7,5 7,4 7,2 15,6 10,2 19,0 8,8 9,9 10,7 12,9 8,4 15,9 4,9 19,9 7,2 4,4 9,0 10,2 7,6 8,9 6,5 14,4 7,8
(1) (2)
Purchasing power standard Harmonized indices of consumer prices
Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report
Table 1.2 Symbols and abbreviations Symbol , . % AEBIOM blank BTL ca. CEPI CHP CO2 DH DME EE E85 EEA EREC ESU ETBE FAME FAO GCV / n.a. Meaning Decimal separator Thousand separator Not applicable, does not exist Per cent Euro European Biomass Association Data not available Biomass to Liquid Circa = approximately Confederation of European Paper Industries Combined Heat and Power Carbon Dioxide District Heating Di-Methyl Ether Energy efficiency Fuel with ethanol content of 85 % European Environmental Agency European Renewable Energy Council Economic Size Unit Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Food and Agriculture Organisation Gross Calorific Value Symbol GDP GIC h IEA IRENA J Kg oe m m.c./MC MSW NCV Nm ODS ORC PV RES RME solid m toe UAA VAT W Meaning Gross Domestic Product Gross Inland Consumption Hour International Energy Agency
International Renewable Energy Agency
Joule Kilogram oil equivalent Cubic meter Moisture content Municipal solid waste Net Calorific Value Normal m Organic dry substance Organic rankine cycle Photovoltaic Renewable Energy Sources Rape Methyl Ester Solid cubic meter Ton of oil equivalent Utilized agricultural areas Value Added Tax Watt
Table 1.3 Decimas prefixes 10 10 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 18 10

1
Deca (da) Hecto (h) Kilo (k) Mega (M) Giga (G) Tera (T) Peta (P) Exa (E)
10 -2 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 10 -15 10 -18 10
-1
Deci (d) Centi (c) Milli (m) Micro () Nano (n) Pico (p) Femto (f) Atto (a)
Table 1.4 General conversion factor for energy to from 1 MJ 1 kWh 1 kg oe 1 Mcal 1 MJ 1 3.6 41.868 4.187 1kWh 0.278 1 11.63 1.163 1 kg oe 0.024 0.086 1 0.1 Mcal 0.239 0.86 10 1
1.1
GLOSSARY
Biodiesel Biodiesel is a methylester derived from vegetable oils or animal fats by the process of trans-esterification. Biodiesel has similar properties as fossil diesel and can be blended with fossil diesel or used as pure biofuel. Bioethanol Bioethanol is an alcohol C2H5OH derived from sugar by fermentation. The crops used for the production of ethanol for energy purposes contain sugar (like sugar beets or sugar cane) or starch like cereals or corn. In the latter case starch is hydrolyzed to sugar and then fermented to alcohol. . The conversion of lignin or cellulose to sugar is a more complicated process and subject to research in pilot plants. These technologies are summarized under the term advanced biofuels. Biomass The biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste Biofuels Biofuels means liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass Bioliquids Bioliquids means liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling, produced from biomass Biogas Biogas is a gas containing 50-70% biomethane. It is produced by micro-organisms under anaerobic conditions from different sources of wet biomass such as manure, fresh crops, and organic waste. The process of biogas production takes place in landfill sites and also in swamps and other places in the nature, where organic matter is stored under anaerobic conditions. Black liquor Wood consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and to 30-35% of lignin, which cannot be used to produce pulp and paper. Black liquor is a recycled by-product formed during the process of chemical pulping of wood in the papermaking industry. In this process, lignin is separated from cellulose, with the latter forming the paper fibres. Black liquor is the combination of the lignin residue with water and the chemicals used for the extraction. It plays an important role as bioenergy carrier in the paper and pulp industry. An example: A pulp mill consuming 1 million m wood per year can use 0.03-0.04 Mtoe primary energy in the form of black liquor. By-products and waste of the forest- and wood industry Further wood based fuels are by-products of the forest- and wood industry such as: Bark, saw dust, demolition wood, branches, tops and other wood waste. CO2eq (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent) Carbon dioxide equivalent is the standard unit for comparing the global warming potential of any greenhouse gas over a specified period of time. In this way, the relative severity of all greenhouse gas emissions can be evaluated in terms of one agreed reference point.
CHP (Combined Heat and Power) Combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration is a technology used to improve energy efficiency through the generation of heat and power in the same plant, generally using a gas turbine with heat recovery. Heat delivered from CHP plants may be used for process or space-heating purposes in any sector of economic activity including the residential sector. CHP thus reduces the need for additional fuel combustion for the generation of heat and avoids the associated environmental impacts, such as CO2 emissions. Energy crops Energy crops are those annual or perennial plants that are specifically cultivated to produce solid, liquid or gaseous forms of energy, including transportation biofuels. These can be traditional crops such as oilseeds, (rape, soybean, sunflower) cereals (wheat, barley, maize) sugar beet and new dedicated perennial energy crops only planted for energy purposes such as short rotation coppices (willows, poplars) miscanthus, red canary grass and others. Economic Size Unit For each activity (enterprise) on a holding, or farm (e.g. wheat, dairy cows or vineyard), a standard gross margin (SGM) is estimated, based on the area (or the number of heads) and a regional coefficient. The sum of all margins, for all activities of a given farm, is referred to as the economic size of that farm. The economic size is expressed in European Size Units (ESU), 1 ESU being equal to 1 200 euros of SGM. Final Energy Consumption Gross final consumption of energy means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry, transport, households, services including public services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including the consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission. Note: According to the understanding of AEBIOM (taking into account the phrasing in the template of the RES Directive) the share of RES electricity will be calculated in the following way:
national gross electricity production without grid losses +imports exports

Fire wood Fire wood is the oldest form of woody biomass, yet in many European countries it is still the most used biomass. The production and the use of firewood is labour intensive, explaining why firewood has lost market shares in the past. New firewood boilers complying with high environmental standards, new technical development of producing firewood and the increasing price of fossil fuels lead to a renaissance of firewood as heating fuel in some regions Gross Calorific Value (GCV) The gross calorific value is the total amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel when it is burned completely with oxygen and when the vapor produced during combustion is condensed to liquid water. GCV includes the heat of condensation and is therefore independent upon the moisture content Gross Inland Consumption (GIC) Gross inland consumption is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated using the following formula: Primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes exports bunker (i.e. quantities supplied to sea going ships)
Net Calorific Value (NCV) The net calorific value (or lower heating value LHV) is the amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel, when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when the water contained in the fuel is transformed to vapor and not condensed to water again. This quantity therefore does not include the heat of condensation of any water vapor. The net calorific value of a given biomass depends on the content of dry matter (excluding minerals) and moisture. The higher the moisture content and minerals content (giving ashes) the lower the net calorific value. Organic Waste (renewable) Renewable organic waste is the term used to describe those wastes that are readily biodegradable, or easily broken-down with the assistance of micro-organisms. Organic wastes consist of materials that contain molecules based on carbon, the carbon coming from the atmosphere via the green plants. This includes food waste and green waste. Pellets Wood pellets are a clean, CO2 neutral and convenient fuel, mostly produced from sawdust and wood shavings compressed under high pressure using no glue or other additives. They are cylindrical in shape and usually 6-10 mm in diameter. The average length is about 10-30 mm. Furthermore, due to their high energy content the convenient delivery and storage features, pellets are the ideal fuel for fully automatic small scale heating systems. With a rapidly growing share in the market, they are a key technology for increasing biomass utilisation in Europe. In the last few years pellets are increasingly used in power plants for co-firing. Pellets are also an excellent way of using local resources thus making a concrete contribution to environmental protection and climate change prevention. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) (Also solid recovered fuel or specified recovered fuel) RDF is produced by shredding and dehydrating municipal solid waste (MSW). It consists largely of organic components of municipal waste such as plastics and biodegradable waste. RES = Renewable Energy Sources energy from renewable sources means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases Round wood Wood in its natural state as felled, with or without bark. It may be round, split, roughly squared or in other 3 forms. Normally measured in m . Ton of oil equivalent (toe) The ton of oil equivalent is a conventional standardized unit for measuring energy, defined on the basis for a ton of oil with a net calorific value of 41 868 kJ/kg. Utilised agricultural area (UAA) Total arable land,permanent grassland, land used for permanent crops and kitchen gardens. The UAA excludes unutilised agricultural land, woodland and land occupied by buildings, farmyards, tracks, ponds, etc. Wood chips The importance of wood chips as heating fuel is increasing rapidly due to competitive prices and automatic heating systems based on wood chips. Wood chips are either produced as by-products from saw mills and other wood industries or from logs coming directly from the forests; in the latter case their price is higher. High
quality wood chips can only be produced from optimal raw material with a minimum diameter of five centimetres. Smaller diameters cause more ash, which means less convenience for the customer operating the wood chip heating system. Rotten and musty wood, dirty wood, demolition wood, shrubs with small branches and whole trees are not suitable to produce high quality wood chips for small wood chip heating systems. Such raw materials can, however, be used to produce lower quality wood chips for larger biomass district heating plants.
1.2
ENERGY CONTENT, CALORIFIC VALUE, SPECIFIC WEIGHT
1.2.1
LIQUIDS
Table 1.5 Average net calorific value, energy content NCV (GJ/m) toe Diesel Biodiesel* Rape oil Gasoline Ethanol
used for biodiesel production
Density (t/m)
NCV (GJ/t) 41,868
1 m = x toe
1 t = x toe
35,4 32,8 34,3 31,9 21,2
0,83 0,88 0,915 0,748 0,794
42,7 37,3 37,5 42,7 26,7
0,85 0,78 0,82 0,76 0,51
1,02 0,89 0,9 1,02 0,64
*also called RME for rapeseed methyl ester or FAME for fatty acid methyl ester. Calorific value can change according to raw material Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001
1.2.2 SOLID FUELS:

Table 1.6 Net calorific value, moisture content and energy density for different biomass fuels Net calorific value, dry content kWh/kg (moisture content 0%) (qp,net,d) 5,28-5,33 5,83-6,39 5,14-5,56 5,28-5,33 5,26-5,42 5,14-5,56 5,14-5,28 5,14-5,56 5,14-5,56 4,78-5,17
Fuel
Moisture content w-% (Mar)
Net calorific value, as received=actual value kWh/kg (qp,net,ar) 0,60-2,77 2,22-3,06 1,38-2,50 4,44-5,00 4,60-4,90 1,94-3,06 3,72-4,03 1,67-2,50 1,94-2,78 3,70-4,70
Bulk density 3 kg/loose m
Energy density (MWh/loose 3 m)
Ash content, dry, %
Sawdust Bark, birch Bark, coniferous Plywood chips Wood pellets Steam wood chips Lof wood (oven-ready) Logging residue chips Whole tree chips Reed canary grass (spring harvested) Reed canary grass (autumn harvested) Grain Straw, chopped Miscanthus, chopped Straw pellets Olive cake (olive pomace) Olive cake (olive marc)
45-60 45-55 50-65 5-15 7-8 40-55 20-25 50-60 45-55 8-20
250-350 300-400 250-350 200-300 550-650 250-350 240-320 250-400 250-350 70
0,45-0,70 0,60-0,90 0,50-0,70 0,9-1,1 2,6-3,3 0,7-0,9 1,35-1,95 0,7-0,9 0,7-0,9 0,3-0,4
0,4-0,5 1-3 1-3 0,4-0,8 0,2-0,5 0,5-2,0
1,0-3,0 1,0-2,0 1,0-10,0
4,64-4,92 4,8 4,83 5,0 4,83 4,9-5,3 4,9-5,3
20-30 11 12-20 8-20 8-10 55-70 <10
3,06-3,81 4,30 3,80-4,20 3,86-4,06 4,30-4,40 1,00-3,10 4,30-4,70
80 600 80 110-140 550-650 800-900 600-650
0,2-0,3 2,6 0,3-0,4 1,72-2,19 2,4-2,8 1,46-1,64 2,6-2,9
5,1-7,1 2 5 2,0-3,5 5 2-7 2-7
1kWh/kg = 1 MWh/ton = 3.6 GJ/ton Source: EUBIONET Biomass fuel supply chains for solid biofuels
Calculation of net calorific value as received (CEN/TS 15234) The net calorific value (at constant pressure) as received (net calorific value of the moist biomass fuel) is calculated according to equation:
qp,net,ar=qp,net,d x [(100 Mar)/100] 0,02443 x Mar qp,net,ar qp,net,d Mar

0,02443 is the net calorific value (at constant pressure) as received [MJ/kg] is the ner calorific value (at constant pressure) in dry matter [MJ/kg] (net calorific value of dry fuel) is the moisture content as received [w-%, wet basis] is the correction factor of the enthalpy of vaporization (constant pressure) for water (moisture) at 25C [MJ/kg per 1 w-% of moisture)
Table 1.7 Typical moisture content of biomass fuels and corresponding calorific values as received GCV
Moisture content (%)
NCV toe/t 0,17 kWh/kg 1,6 GJ/t 5,76 toe/t 0,14
kWh/kg 2
GJ/t 7,2
Green wood direct from the forest, freshly harvested Chips from short rotation coppices after harvest Recently harvested wood Saw mill residues, chips etc Wood, dried one summer in open air, demolition timber Wood, dried several years in open air Pellets Wood, dry matter Cereals as stored after harvest, straw, hay, miscanthus after harvest Silomaize Rape seed Chicken litter as received
60%
50-55% 50% 40%
2,5 2,6 3,1
9 9,36 11,16
0,21 0,22 0,27
2,1 2,2 2,9
7,56 7,92 10,44
0,18 0,19 0,25
30%
3,4
12,24
0,29
20% 8-9% 0% 13-15% 30% 9% 68% To compare with:
4 4,7 5,2 4
14,4 16,92 18,72 14,4
0,34 0,4 0,45 0,34
7,1 2,6
25,6 9,6
0,61 0,22
Hard coal Brown coal Peat Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001; AEBIOM
8,06 4,17 2,8
29 15 10
0,69 0,36 0,24
The energy content of one ton of wood depends primarily upon the moisture content and not on the wood species. This is not true on volume basis. The energy content of 1 m wood depends upon the species, the water content and the form of the wood (logs, fire wood pieces, chips etc.). In the practical use the NCV is of greater importance than the GCV, because normally the energy needed to evaporate the water is not used. This energy needed to evaporate 1 kg of moisture is around 2,44 MJ (0,68 kWh). The GCV is only of importance in combustion plants, where the vapour is condensed and therefore this energy can be used. The NCV of a given biomass fuel depends mainly on the mass, measured in units such as tons or kg and the moisture content. The moisture content is defined as follows: m: total weight of a given biomass d: weight of the dry matter of this biomass (after completely drying) Moisture content, m.c. in % = 100 d/m x 100 As it can be seen in table 1.8 the energy content per unit volume differs between different shapes for the same specie. Table 1.8 Examples for weight and energy content (NCV) for 1 m wood at different water contents, species and shape of the wood
Species Spruce Spruce Spruce Spruce Beech Beech Beech Average figures Average figures for different species Average figures for different species
Shape Solid wood Solid wood Stapled wood Chips Solid wood Solid wood Stapled wood Chips Pellets Solid wood Chips
m.c. in % 0 40 25 40 0 40 25 40 9 35 35
t/m 0,41 0,64 0,33 0,22 0,68 0,96 0,5 0,34 0,69 0,75 0,3
GJ/m 7,7 6,6 4,5 2,3 12,6 9,2 6,3 3,2 10,8 7,2 2,9
kWh/m 2.130 1.828 1.245 640 3.500 2.547 1.739 892 3.300 2.000 800
Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001
1.2.2.1 FREQUENTLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT UNITS OF SOLID BIOMASS
1 PJ = 0.278 TWh = 0.024 Mtoe = 139.000 m solid wood = 5.900 ha SRC* 1 TWh = 3.6 PJ = 0.086 Mtoe = 500.000 m solid wood = 21.400 ha SRC
1 Mtoe = 41.868 PJ = 11.63 TWh = 5.8 Mm solid wood = 248.500 ha SRC 1 Mm solid wood = 0.172 Mtoe = 7.19 PJ = 2 TWh = 42.800 ha SRC
1 Mha SRC = 4 Mtoe = 168.3 PJ = 46.8 TWh = 23.4 Mm solid wood *SRC = short rotation coppices, assumption 9 t dry matter/year and ha.
1.2.3 GASEOUS FUELS

Table 1.9 Net Calorific value and density of gaseus fuels NCV kWh/Nm 9,9 6 NCV MJ/m 36 21,6 NVC toe/1000m 0,86 0,52 Density kg/Nm 0,73 NCV kWh/kg 13,6
Natural gas Biogas (60% methane) Biomethane (upgraded biogas)
9,5
36
0,86
0,73
13
1.3
TRANSFORMATION COEFFICIENTS, AVERAGE YIELDS
Transformation coefficients from biomass to final energy The following coefficients describe the quantity of final energy in terms of toe that can be produced on the basis of one ton of different forms of biomass and different conversion technologies. Biodiesel: conversion technology: transesterification 1 t rape seed 0,4 t rape seed oil 0,4 t biodiesel 0,45 m RME = 0,35 toe These figures are valid for big installations.
Ethanol : conversion technology: alcoholic fermentation 1 t corn (14% m.c.) 0,382 m ethanol = 0,194 toe 1 t wheat (14% m.c.) 0,378 m ethanol = 0,192 toe 1 t sugar beet (16% sugar content) 0,107 m ethanol = 0,054 toe 1 t sugar cane ( 14% sugar content) 0,085 m ethanol = 0,043 toe
Biogas: conversion technology: anaerobic fermentation 1 t silo maize (30% dry matter) 180 m biogas 110 m biomethane = 0,088 toe 25% of this biogas is needed as energy source for the fermentation 1 t sugar beet (23% organic dry matter) 170 m biogas 100 m biomethane = 0,08 toe 1 t cattle manure (8-11% org. dry matter) 25 m biogas 15 m biomethane = 0,012 toe 1 t pig manure (7% organic dry matter) 20 m biogas 12 m biomethane = 0,01 toe
10
1 t poultry manure. (32 % organ. dry matter) 80 m biogas 48 m biomethane = 0,04 toe 1 t organic waste from households 90m biogas 55 m biomethane = 0,05 toe 1 t glycerine (100% organic dry matter) 840 m biogas 500 m biomethane = 0,4 toe
Advanced biofuels: 1 t wood (dry matter) = 0,2 t BTL = 0.2 toe 1 t wood (dry matter) = 0,2 t ethanol
2 1
1 Choren Industries, www.choren.de 2 NILE project, www.nile-bioethanol.org
1.4
C0 2 EMISSIONS
Table 1.10 CO2 emissions for stationary combustion in the energy industries (1000 kg of CO2 per TJ on a net calorific basis) CO2
Fuel
Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids Motor Gasoline Gasoline Aviation Gasoline Jet Gasoline
Default Emission Factor 73,3 77 64,2 69,3 70 70 71,5 71,9 73,3 74,1 77,4 63,1 61,6 73,3 80,7 73,3 97,5 73,3
Lower 71,1 69,3 58,3 67,5 67,5 67,5 69,7 70,8 67,8 72,6 75,5 61,6 56,5 69,3 73 69,3 82,9 68,9 48,2 72,2 72,2
Upper 75,5 85,4 70,4 73 73 73 74,4 73,7 79,2 74,8 78,8 65,6 68,6 76,3 89,9 76,3 115 76,6 69 74,4 74,4
Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas/Diesel oil Residual Fuel Oil Liquefied Petroleum Gases Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Refinery Gas Paraffin Waxes White Spitir ans SBP
57,6 73,3 73,3
11
Other Petroleum Products Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Oil shale and Tar Sands Brown Coal Briquettes Patent Fuel Coke Coke Oven Coke and Lignite Coke Gas Coke
73,3 98,3 94,6 94,6 96,1 101 107 97,5 97,5 107 107 80,7
72,2 94,6 87,3 89,5 92,8 90,9 90,2 87,3 87,3 95,7 95,7 68,2 37,3 37,3 219 145 54,3 73,3 110 72,2 100 95 80,7 84,7 95 59,8 59,8 67,1 46,2 46,2 46,2
74,4 101 101 99,7 100 115 125 109 109 119 119 95,3 54,1 54,1 308 202 58,3 121 183 74,4 108 132 110 117 132 84,3 84,3 95,3 66 66 66
Coal Tar Derived Gases Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnance Gas Oxigen Stell Furnance Gas
44,4 44,4 260 182 56,1 91,7 143 73,3 106
Natural Gas Municipal Waste (non-biomass fraction) Industrial Wastes Waste Oils Peat Solid Biofuels Wood/Wood Waste Black Liquor Other Primary Solid Biomass Charcoal Biogasoline Biodiesels Other Liquid Biofuels Landfill Gas Sludge Gas Other Biogas Municipal Wastes (biomass fraction)
112 95,3 100 112 70,8 70,8 79,6 54,6 54,6 54,6
Other nonfossil fuels
Gas Biomass
Liquid Biofuels
100
84,7
117
Source: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
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2 2.1
INTRODUCTION BIOMASS FOR ENERGY
Bioenergy refers to renewable energy coming from biological material using various transformation processes such as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis or fermentation. Conversion paths:
Biomass originates from forest, agricultural and waste streams. Forest and wood-based industries produce wood which is the largest resource of solid biomass. Biomass procurement logistics from forest to bioenergy plants are subject to major improvements. The sector covers a wide range of different biofuels with different characteristics - wood logs, bark, wood chips, sawdust and more recently pellets. Pellets, due to their high energy density and standardised characteristics, offer great opportunities for developing the bioenergy market worldwide. Agriculture can provide dedicated energy crops as well as by-products in the form of animal manure and straw. Available land can be used for growing conventional crops such as rape, wheat, maize etc. for energy purposes or for cultivating new types of crops such as poplar, willow, miscanthus and others. Biodegradable waste is the biomass that can cover several forms of waste such as organic fraction of municipal solid waste, wood waste, refuse-derived fuels, sewage sludge, etc.
Each biomass resource has different characteristics in terms of calorific value, moisture and ash content, etc. that requires appropriate conversion technologies for bioenergy production. These conversion routes use chemical, thermal and/or biological processes.
Biomass
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2.2
RES DIRECTIVE
Beside the RES (20%) and renewable energy for transport targets (10%), the directive sets the national renewable energy targets for all 27 members of the EU. The member states had to adopt national renewable energy action plans with binding targets for heating and cooling, electricity and transport biofuels from renewables by 3O June 2010 at the latest. It was up to member states, however, to decide on the mix of contributions from these sectors to reach their national targets, choosing the means that best suit their national circumstances. Nevertheless, each member state will have to achieve at least a 10% share of renewable energy (primarily biofuels) in the transport sector by 2020. For more information about the National Renewable Energy Action Plans, see chapter 9. Table 2.1 National targets for the RES Directive Target for share of RES in final consumption of energy in 2020 34% 13% 16% 13% 13% 30% 25% 38% 23% 18% 18% 13% 16% 17% 42% 23% 11% 10% 14% 15% 31% 24% 14% 25% 20% 49% 15%
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom
14
Besides these binding targets (Annex 1A of the Directive), the member states should also fulfil interim renewable energy targets given by these trajectories (Annex 1B of the Directive): S2005 + 0,20 (S2020 S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2011 to 2012; S2005 + 0,30 (S2020 S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2013 to 2014; S2005 + 0,45 (S2020 S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2015 to 2016; S2005 + 0,65 (S2020 S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2017 to 2018,
S2005 and S2020 are the respective shares of the member state in 2005 and 2020. According to this formula, two thirds of the overall effort has to be done from 2015 until 2020. The interim targets are only indicative, but the failure of meeting them will mean that the country has to resubmit its national action plan. The failure to achieve the binding national RES target by 2020 gives the right to the Commission to initiate the proceedings at the European Court against that member state.
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3 3.1
OVERVIEW ABOUT THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM GENERALITIES
The analysis of the future development of renewable energy sources is based on the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC) 45% by 2030 published in May 2011. Table 3.1 Contribution of Renewable Energy Technologies to final energy consumption (Mtoe) 2020 2005 Wind Hydro * PV Bioenergy Geothermal Solar Thermal CSP Ocean Total RES Total share of RES (%) 6 29 0,2 60 1,1 0,7 0 0,09 96 8,5% 2010 14,7 29,8 1,7 82,2 2,4 1,4 0,09 0,09 132,3 11,3% 2015 25,8 30,6 4,5 103,8 4,1 3 0,8 0,8 173,4 14,3% Baseline 42,5 31,8 7,2 134,5 7,5 6,3 1,7 0,5 232 19-20% Advanced 55,1 34 11,5 145 17,5 10,5 2,2 0,7 276,3 23-24% 2025 Baseline 64,2 32,5 21,9 184,5 17,6 37 5 1,3 364 30% Advanced 75 33,9 27,5 200,5 30,1 46 8,5 3,4 424,9 35% 2030 Baseline 86 33 36,6 236 28,4 68 8,4 2 498,4 41-42% Advanced 95 34,2 44 255 42 81 15 6 572,2 47-48%
Source: EREC, 45% by 2030
*excluding pumped storage
Table 3.2 Contribution of Renewable Electricity Demand (TWh) 2020 2005 Wind Hydro * PV Bioelectricity Geothermal CSP Ocean Total RES Total share of RES (%) 69 337 2 67 6 0 1 481 14,7% 2010 171 346 20 114 6 1 1 659 20% 2015 301 356 52 169 7 9 9 902 2526%
Baseline Advanced
2025
Baseline Advanced
2030
Baseline Advanced
495 370 83 323 11 20 6 1217 33-34%
641 393 134 251 38 25 8 1490 39-42%
746 378 255 262 42 59 15 1757 44-45%
872 395 320 314 118 99 39 2157 54-55%
998 384 426 292 74 98 24 2296 55-57%
1105 398 506 377 198 173 70 2827 67-69%
*excluding pumped storage
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Table 3.3 Contribution of Renewable Heating Technologies to the heat demand (Mtoe) 2020 2005 Bioheat Solar thermal Geothermal Total RES-H * Total share of RES (%) 51 0,69 1 52,29 9% 2010 58,8 1,4 1 62,1 11% 2015 70,2 3 9 76,7 13% Baseline 86,5 6,3 6 99,4 17-19% Advanced 87 10,5 8 111,7 21,5% 2025 Baseline 127 37 15 178 32-33% Advanced 133 46 39 199 35-36% 2030 Baseline 169 68 24 259 47-49% Advanced 178 81 70 284 52-54%
*excluding aerothermal and hydrothermal heat pumps
Table 3.4 Contribution of Renewable Heating Technologies to the heat demand (Mtoe) 2005 Biofuels Total RES Fuels Total share of RES (%) 2,9 2,9 0,9% 2010 13,6 13,6 4,3% 2015 19,1 19,1 5,9% 2020 Baseline Advanced 28 36 28 8,6-9% 36 11,2-12% 2025 Baseline Advanced 35 40,5 35 11% 40,5 13% 2030 Baseline Advanced 42 45 42 13,6% 45 15%
Table 3.5 Development of GHG emissions by sector in the EU 27 (Mtoe)
Total energy
Industrial processes
Solvent and other product use 13,7 13,1 13,0 12,7 12,9 12,9 12,8 12,5 12,3
Agriculture
Waste
Total emissions
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
3.962,1 4.046,2 4.013,2 4.095,5 4.088,5 4.062,3 4.049,9 3.978,0 3.907,0
412,7 400,2 397,1 404,7 416,4 420,2 420,7 434,5 409,7
500,7 492,1 487,1 480,8 481,2 475,2 471,7 472,3 471,8
173,1 165,4 161,5 155,1 149,5 146,1 144,7 141,5 138,9
5.062,3 5.117,0 5.071,8 5.148,7 5.148,5 5.116,7 5.099,8 5.038,8 4.939,7
Source: Eurostat
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Table 3.6 GHG emissions of the energy sector in the EU27 (MT of CO2 Eq) Manufacturing and construction 684,1 677,5 652,1 659,4 654,8 646,3 642,5 629,7 608,8
Energy industries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1502,4 1534,7 1556,4 1609,6 1596,9 1587,5 1594,4 1606,3 1527,7
Transport 915,4 928,3 940,7 949,5 968,7 967,6 974,4 979,4 961,8
Other sector 738,4 788,5 749,0 765,6 761,2 757,2 738,3 666,3 714,1
Total energy 3962,1 4046,2 4013,2 4095,5 4088,5 4062,3 4049,9 3978,0 3907,0
Excluding international bunkers and LULUCF (Land - Use Land Use Change and Forestry) emissions Source: European Environment Agency.
3.2
BIOENERGY BALANCE IN EUROPE
Biomass as an energy carrier can only be understood within the framework of the total energy system. Therefore, in this chapter basic information about the European energy consumption and the role of RES and biomass is presented. Please refer to chapters 5, 6 and 7 for more detailed information for different bioenergy sectors. Most of the statistics are obtained from Eurostats online database. Especially for biomass (and its versatile use for energy) understanding the energy balance method used by Eurostat is essential. It works as follows (simplified structure):
Primary biomass Import Export Gross inland consumption Input to electricity and CHP Input to DH Bioelectricity
Eurostat structure
Biomass Heat Electricity Transport
Final energy consumption
Derived heat
Biomass for households and services
Biomass for industry Biofuels
18
Renewable electricity from biomass and waste is directly given in Eurostat as well as biofuels for transport. Heating is the sum of "biomass and wastes" (as defined by Eurostat) available for industry, households and services and biomass derived heat from CHP and heating plants. Note that due to the methodology of Eurostat part of the inorganic waste is also included in the overall figures for biomass, thus leading to slightly higher figures for biomass than in reality.
3.2.1 GROSS INLAND CONSUMPTION

Gross final energy consumtion is defined in Directive 2009/28/EC as the sum of: - final energy consumption, i.e. energy delivered to industry for manufacturing processes, to the transport sector, including international aviation, and to other sectors (households, services, agriculture, etc) - consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat generation (own use by plant), - losses of electricity and heat in transmission and distribution.
Table 3.7 Gross inland consumption by fuel in the EU27 (Mtoe) All fuels 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1.724,2 1.762,7 1.759,1 1.802,9 1.824,6 1.825,2 1.825,7 1.807,8 1.801,7 1.702,7 Solid fuels 320,7 321,9 320,9 331,9 329,7 318,3 325,0 329,0 305,3 267,9 Oil 661,2 675,3 670,3 675,0 678,4 667,9 674,2 658,6 658,4 622,8 Natural gas 393,7 404,4 405,9 425,9 435,7 445,9 437,9 432,5 440,7 416,7 Nuclear 243,7 252,5 255,4 256,8 260,1 257,3 255,3 241,2 241,9 230,7 Renewables 98,2 101,4 99,8 107,8 116,2 120,9 129,1 143,1 144,2 152,6
Source: Eurostat
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Figure 3.1 Gross inland consumption of renewable 1995-2008 in EU27 (stacked, Mtoe)
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 59,5 Mtoe 2009 104,7 Mtoe Wind energy Hydro Power Geothermal Solar energy Biomass and waste
Source: Eurostat
The consumption of RES has significantly increased in recent years. While hydro power stagnates solar and wind energy show impressive growth rates, but starting from a relatively small market share. Biomass is by far the most important source of RES energy in Europe. Biomass represented 68,6% of the consumption of RES in the EU, remaining stable compared to the previous year .
Table 3.8 Gross inland consumption of renewables in the EU 27 (Mtoe) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Renewables 98,2 101,4 99,8 107,8 116,2 120,9 129,1 143,1 144,2 152,6 Biomass and waste 59,5 60,4 62,1 67,8 72,5 77,5 83,5 91,8 98,2 104,7 Solar 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,7 2,4 Geothermal 3,4 3,6 3,9 5,3 5,3 5,3 5,5 5,7 5,7 5,8 Hydro Power 30,4 32,0 27,1 26,3 27,8 26,4 26,5 26,6 28,1 28,1 Wind Energy 1,9 2,3 3,0 3,8 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,9 10,2 11,4 Biomass share
60,6% 59,6% 62,2% 62,9% 62,4% 64,1% 64,7% 64,2% 68,1% 68,6%
Source: Eurostat Note that the waste part of biomass also includes non-organic material (due to the methodology of Eurostat).
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3.2.2
FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Table 3.9 demonstrates that the industry has reduced its energy consumption, while households consume almost the same amount of energy as ten years ago. The growing demand of the transport sector changed the picture in the past decade. Table 3.9 Final energy consumption by sector in the EU27 (Mtoe) Year Total Mtoe 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1.120,1 1.144,4 1.131,8 1.171,7 1.186,2 1.192,5 1.193,3 1.166,8 1.175,2 1.113,6 Industry Mtoe 329,3 328,6 325,2 338,8 336,5 332,8 326,0 324,7 315,8 269,4 % 29,4 28,7 28,7 28,9 28,4 27,9 27,3 27,8 26,9 24,2 Transport Mtoe 341,3 344,2 347,6 352,4 363,5 367,3 375,0 380,3 377,9 367,6 % 30,5 30,1 30,7 30,1 30,6 30,8 31,4 32,6 32,2 33,0 Households/Services Mtoe 449,3 470,9 458,8 479,9 486,1 492,4 492,2 461,7 481,4 476,5 % 40,1 41,1 40,5 41,0 41,0 41,3 41,2 39,6 41,0 42,8
Source: Eurostat
Table 3.10 Final energy consumption by fuel in the EU27 (Mtoe) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 All fuels 1.120,1 1.144,4 1.131,8 1.171,7 1.186,1 1.192,5 1.193,3 1.166,8 1.175,2 1.113,6 Solid fuels 61,6 58,8 55,2 55,1 55,5 54,3 55,0 54,8 53,5 43,3 Oil 482,2 493,6 487,2 494,5 498,9 500,1 498,6 486,1 486,8 462,6 Natural gas 255,3 263,7 260,1 275,2 275,4 275,3 268,2 256,7 261,0 246,4 Electricity 216,3 222,9 223,5 229,4 234,1 237,5 242,5 244,5 245,5 233,7 Derived heat 43,8 46,6 45,2 54,7 57,1 58,9 58,9 49,8 49,4 48,4 Renewables 48,2 48,1 48,3 50,6 52,6 54,6 58,4 62,6 67,4 70,1
Source: Eurostat
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Note that in the previous table renewables are counted without electricity and derived heat from renewable sources due to the methodology of Eurostat! At EU level, in absolute terms, total gross final energy consumption fell from 1193,3 Mtoe in 2006 to 1113,6 Mtoe in 2009, while consumption of renewable energy rose from 58,4 Mtoe in 2006 to 70,1 Mtoe in 2009, i.e. an average increase of 7,3% per year in the period 2006 to 2008. As it can be seen in the following graph, the total share (gross final energy consumption) in final energy consumption was 10.3% in the EU-27 in 2008; the remaining was covered through the use of conventional fuels such as natural gas or oil products. The renewable energy share in final energy consumption was used for the production of heat (5.5%), electricity (4%) and for transport fuels (0.8%) The greater use of renewable energy and the lower overall final energy consumption in 2007 and 2008 compared with 2006, raised the share of renewable energy from 8.9% in 2006 to 10.3% in 2008. This share varies significantly among Member States.
Figure 3.2 EU27 breakdown of gross final energy consumption in 2008 5,5% 4,0% 0,8% renewable energy for heating Electricity from renewable energy Renewable energy for transport 89,7% Conventional fuels
Source: Eurostat
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Table 3.11 Final energy consumption in the EU27 in 2009 (Mtoe) Final Energy Consumption Total Mtoe EU-27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Final Energy Consumption Biomass Mtoe Share of Biomass
1.113,6 26,2 34,5 8,6 1,9 24,3 14,7 2,7 24,0 155,5 213,2 20,5 16,4 11,8 120,9 3,9 4,4 4,0 0,4 50,4 60,9 18,2 22,1 10,6 4,6 88,9 31,6 137,5
83,68 4,15 1,23 0,69 0,03 1,84 2,43 0,61 6,95 12,43 15,73 0,96 1,03 0,24 3,45 1,05 0,76 0,07 0,00 1,47 4,80 2,87 3,91 0,58 0,46 4,63 8,92 2,38
7,51% 15,84% 3,57% 8,02% 1,58% 7,57% 16,53% 22,59% 28,96% 7,99% 7,38% 4,68% 6,28% 2,03% 2,85% 26,92% 17,27% 1,75% 0% 2,92% 7,88% 15,77% 17,69% 5,47% 10,00% 5,21% 28,23% 1,73%
Source: Eurostat and AEBIOM calculations
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Table 3.12 Bioenergy balance in Europe in 2008 (ktoe)

Primary energy Production 6. Input to power plants 7. Input to heating plants 1. Final use by industry 2. Final use by households/ services 3. Biofuels for transport 4. Bioelectricity 5. Derived heat 1+2+3+4+5 = Final energy consumption 4/6 = Efficiency for electricity (4+5)/(6+7) = Efficiency for electricity and heat
Import
Export
Gross inland consumption
EU27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
102.315 4.699 1.704 711 17 2.256 2.528 742 7.677 13.651 23.473 970 1.520 224 4.451 1.509 837 66 0 2.733 5.186 3.143 3.914 697 490 5.567 9.931 3.620
5.854 767 542 0 13 101 518 0 70 394 25 6 66 43 849 11 74 37 0 838 157 0 111 46 15 315 0 857
2.690 470 175 23 0 299 81 104 92 56 150 0 88 0 101 382 101 0 0 386 0 18 4 78 0 84 0 0
105.228 4.980 2.071 688 30 2.061 2.966 632 7.655 13.989 23.348 976 1.499 268 5.152 1.110 802 102 0 3.085 5.344 3.127 3.979 655 505 5.798 9.931 4.476
34.912 1.488 1.215 0 0 358 1.347 6 2.645 2.168 10.482 34 669 38 2.602 23 46 50 0 2.165 945 438 6 140 76 1.521 3.494 2.956
4.046 371 0 1 0 69 403 93 305 234 791 0 6 0 0 138 169 0 0 184 51 0 23 37 6 0 1.164 0
20.423 827 513 27 7 394 165 118 3.320 1.988 3.544 264 99 139 243 129 83 0 0 136 826 1.395 208 299 75 1.496 3.863 267
35.583 1.872 243 658 9 1.123 1.045 414 1.310 7.309 5.363 610 553 37 1.584 816 442 16 0 306 3.080 1.164 3.570 53 326 2.181 1.038 463
10.598 422 114 4 14 111 13 0 75 2.291 3.543 69 165 53 723 2 61 37 0 320 441 132 107 126 22 610 352 790
9.274 398 343 0 1 125 337 3 909 506 2.482 16 176 14 647 4 6 9 0 571 297 183 2 46 25 347 962 864
7.802 636 15 1 0 85 875 79 1.335 332 799 0 34 0 255 101 164 6 0 137 158 0 18 52 12 0 2.708 0
83.680 4.155 1.228 690 31 1.838 2.435 614 6.949 12.426 15.731 959 1.027 243 3.452 1.052 756 68 0 1.470 4.802 2.874 3.905 576 460 4.634 8.923 2.384
26,56% 26,74% 28,22% 34,99% 25,00% 51,59% 34,38% 23,36% 23,68% 48,30% 26,32% 36,20% 24,86% 16,82% 12,90% 18,74% 26,38% 31,47% 41,87% 34,39% 32,55% 32,58% 22,82% 27,52% 29,24%
43,83% 55,62% 29,45% 100,00% 49,25% 69,25% 82,92% 76,08% 34,90% 29,10% 48,30% 31,13% 36,20% 34,66% 65,14% 79,04% 30,74% 30,15% 45,72% 41,87% 69,18% 55,13% 44,83% 22,82% 78,78% 29,24%
Source: Eurostat, AEBIOM calculation of efficiency
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Figure 3.3 Bioenergy balance in 2008 (ktoe) and AEBIOM targets* for 2020 (Mtoe)
Primary biomass 102 315 ktoe Import 5 854 ktoe Gross inland consumption 105 228 ktoe Losses 13 790 ktoe Bioelectricity 9 274 ktoe Derived heat 7 802 ktoe Export 2 690 ktoe
Targets 2020
220 Mtoe
Biomass in 2008
Input to electricity and CHP 34 912 ktoe Input to DH 4046 ktoe
20 Mtoe
(227 000 GWh)
14 Mtoe
Biomass for industry Biomass for households and services 35 583 ktoe 20 423 ktoe
Biofuels 10 598 ktoe
32 Mtoe 30 Mtoe
80 Mtoe
* RHC platform
3.3
TARGETS FOR BIOMASS/ BIOENERGY ACCORDING TO AEBIOM
The RHC-Platform expects biomass use to more thatn double by 2020 and to reach around 370 Mtoe of primary energy in 2050 (table 3.13), mostly to meet heat demand (231 Mtoe total contribution to heat demand in 2050) By 2020 the biomass supply should be increased significantly to meet the demand of all sectors of heat, electricity and transport biofuels. Such developments in the biomass supply should be realised taking into account the need for the other sectors like food as the priority for agriculture and materials production. Table 3.14 shows the expectation abailability of future biomass as derived by the biomass experts in the RHCPlatform. The greatest contribution to increasing the biomass supply is due to energy crops, by-products from agriculture and the use of forest logging residues.
25
Table 3.13 Summary of biomass/bioenergy targets (Mtoe) 2007 93,2 4,2 1,9 98,4 33,3 3,3 0 35,0 18,6 8,8 (102) 53,6 7,7 7,9 78,0 2020 200 20 220 65 10 5 80 30 20 (227) 110 14 32 175 2030 270 30 300 80 20 10 115 35 35 (404) 150 32 45 261 2050 330 40 370 95 15 30 130 45 56 (645) 175 56 70 357
Primary biomass Imports Exports Gross inland consumption Input to Electricity and CHP Input to DHC Input to Biofuels 2G/Biorefineries Biomass use by households and services Biomass use by industries Total electricity (TWh) Total biomass for heat Total bioheat (or derived heat) Total biofuels Total final energy consumption from biomass Source: RHC platform
Table 3.14 Expectation of biomass supply in 2020-2030-2050. 2007

Surface (Mha) Agriculture Energy crops By-products Other Forestry Residues Industry byproducts Waste Imports Total 5,2 18 54 10 2 98 20 40 65 32 20 220 25 5,2 Biomass (Mtoe) 10 4
2020
Surface (Mha) 20 Biomass (Mtoe) 43 20
2030
Surface (Mha) 25 Biomass (Mtoe) 75 30 5 55 65 40 30 300
2050
Surface (Mha) 30 Biomass (Mtoe) 129 30 15 55 66 35 40 30 370
Source: RHC platform
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4 4.1
BIOMASS SUPPLY GENERAL OVERVIEW
In order to understand the future role of bioenergy in Europe, it is important to analyze the potential of biomass. The following tables deliver basic data to understand the European situation for this issue. There are three sectors relevant for biomass: agriculture, forestry and waste. Under these main sectors there are categories of dedicated biomass production such as biofuel crops, agricultural byproducts or primary and secondary forestry residues. The figures below summarize the relative contribution every category can make to the total EU biomass potential and the contribution of every country in the whole EU potential. Forest (41%) and waste (38%) sectors can contribute the lion share of the potential. The remaining 21% may come from the agricultural sector and is scattered over many different small categories. Within the agricultural group the largest contribution may come from straw, dedicated cropping and prunings. Figure 4.1 Summary of present EU biomass potential (Ktoe) over categories
1% 6% 3%
dry manure wet manure
7% 0% 3% 1% 12%
straw verge grass prunings animal waste organic waste industry paper cardboard waste common sludges dedicated cropping
26%
12% 4%2%
23%
Additional harvestable roundwood primary forestry residues black liquor
Figure 4.2 Overview of total EU potential per country

SK 1% SI 1% BE 1% BG 2% CZ 2% UK 7% AT 3% DE 15% DK 1% EE 1% EL 1%
SE 8% RO 5% PT 2% PL 7% NL 3% LV 1% LT 1%
ES 5% FI 7% IT 13% HU 1% FR 11%
Source: Biomass Futures Project
27
Table 4.1 shows the production potential for biomass in the EU 25 as calculated by the European Environmental Agency (EEA). The figures for EU 27 can be estimated as 10% higher. The main growth is seen in the sector of waste and residues and energy crops from agriculture.
Table 4.1 environmentally compatible bioenergy potential (Mtoe) in the EU25. 2003 Total Wood direct from forest Wastes and residues Energy crops from agriculture 69 67 2 2010 187 43 100 44 2020 228 43 100 85 2030 284 55 102 122
Source: EEA: How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment
4.2
BIOMASS FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND AND BY-PRODUCTS
Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) represents 38 % of the whole EU-27 territorial area. The share of UAA in the total area varies greatly from country to country, from only 2% in Latvia or 7 % in Finland and Sweden to 65 % in the United Kingdom. As part of UAA, arable land represents almost one quarter of the whole EU-27 territory. Denmark has the highest share of arable land (57 %). Permanent grassland represents 14 % of EU-27 territory. While more than 45 % of the land in Ireland and the United Kingdom is used for permanent grassland, extreme northern and southern countries (Finland and Cyprus) have less than 1 % of their land under permanent grassland. Land under permanent crops represents less than 3 % in the EU-27. However, several southern European countries have a higher share of land under permanent crops: 10 % in Spain, 9 % in Greece and Italy and 8 % in Portugal).
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Table 4.2 Agricultural land use, 2009 UAA-utilized ag. areas (Mha) EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden The Netherlands United Kingdom 178,44 3,17 1,37 5,10 0,15 3,54 2,69 0,80 2,30 29,39 16,90 3,82 5,78 4,19 13,33 1,83 2,69 0,13 0,01 15,62 3,68 13,74 1,93 0,47 23,10 3,06 1,92 17,71 38 38 45 46 14 45 63 15 7 54 47 30 62 60 44 2 41 51 33 50 40 62 39 24 16 7 52 65 24 16 28 28 10 33 57 11 7 33 33 16 48 16 24 2 29 24 25 38 12 39 28 9 16 6 28 23 Land under permanent crop Land under permanent grassland
UAA
Arable land
(% of Total land area) 3 1 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 9 2 0 9 0 0 1 4 1 8 2 0 1 10 0 2 0 14 21 16 16 0 12 5 4 0 18 13 2 11 44 11 10 11 26 0 10 19 20 11 14 16 1 22 42
Source: Eurostat Statistical pocketbook 2010
The following graph shows that there has been a tendency for a decrease in the number of holding in the last years (the reduction has reached 6.5% between 2005 and 2007). The results for 2007 show that 76 % of the 7.31 million agricultural holdings over 1 ESU in 2007 are held by 6 MS: Italy (19 %), Poland (15 %), Spain (13 %), Romania (12 %), Greece (10 %) and France (7 %).
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Figure 4.3 Total number of agricultural holdings* in EU27

Others 1.082 UK 178 PT 181 DE 348 FR 491 PL 1.128 IT 1.383
8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 2003 2005 2007 7.932.390 7.822.700 7.310.750
EL 711 RO 866 ES 939
Source: Eurostat Statistical pocketbook 2010
*With at least 1 ESU
When comparing the average UAA per holding the countries show a very high discrepancy. The average UAA per holding in Czech Republic is 100 times bigger than in Malta. The average size of a holding for EU27 is 22 ha. Apart from the countries with the highest UAA per holding (UK, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and the Czech Republic) there is a general tendency for an increase of average area of the farms, related mainly with the decline in the number of holdings.
30
Table 4.3 Utilised Agriculture Area per holding in 2007 UAA per holding in 2007 (ha) EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden The Netherlands United Kingdom 12.6 19.3 28.6 6.2 3.6 89.3 59.7 38.9 33.6 52.1 45.7 4.7 6.8 32.3 7.6 16.5 11.5 56.8 0.9 6.5 12.6 3.5 28.1 6.5 23.8 42.9 24.9 53.8
Source: European Commison (Eurostat and Agriculture and Rural Development DG), FAO and UNSO
In the EU-27, the main crops grown on arable land are cereals (including rice). Cereals are followed by forage plants, the volume of which varies considerably from country to country, due to different natural conditions, production and consumption behaviour, historical reasons, etc. Vegetable and fruit crops are becoming increasingly important in terms of food consumption and of value. The following table delivers basic information about the main crops in member states in 2009.
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Table 4.4 Harvested production of some of the main crops in 2009 (1000 tonnes) Area Under Crops (1000 t) Cereal (total incl. rice) EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 295828 5144 3221 5273 57 7832 10200 879 4261 70000 49748 4820 13571 2384 15892 1663 3806 189 2089 29827 1057 14934 3330 533 17833 5249 22036 Field peas and others 1394 35 4 7 0 52 14 8 11 550 166 6 33 29 3 50 1 6 33 0 29 12 1 165 50 132 Sugar beet 110992 3083 4569 0 3038 2011 559 33146 25550 902 708 45 3308 0 682 5735 10849 137 685 899 262 4089 2406 8330 Rape 21399 171 42 231 1128 637 136 140 5562 6307 565 29 51 209 416 18 12 2497 572 387 10 29 302 1951 Sunflower 6934 71 1301 61 1676 57 16 1306 280 4 14 1083 187 0 876 2
Source: Eurostat Statistical pocketbook 2010 France, Germany and Poland together produce approximately half of the cereals in the EU-27. For field peas production, France accounts for 39 % of the EU-27, followed by Germany and Spain (approximately 12 % each). For sugar beet and rape seed, France and Germany are the largest producers, together accounting for 54 % and 55 % of EU-27 production. Most of the sunflower seed production is concentrated in Eastern Europe. Even if the largest producer is France (24 % of EU-27 production), Hungary and Bulgaria (19 % each) and Romania (16 %) represent together more than half of EU production.
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As shown in Figure 4.4, wheat is the cereal most grown in the European Union, with a production level of approximately 139 million tones, which represents almost half of all cereal production. Barley and grain maize production levels are similar (62 and 58 million tonnes respectively).
Figure 4.4 Production of cereals, EU27, in 2009 (%, based on tones) Others 11,5% Rice 1,0%
Grand maize 19,5%
Barley 21,0% Wheat 47,0% Source: Eurostat Statistical pocketbook 2010 A comparison between 2008 and 2009 shows that EU27 production of cereals (excluding rice) fell by 6.46%, although the production of cereals remained 6.5% higher than in 2000. Table 4.5 Area, yield and production of total cereals (excl. rice) Area (1000 ha)
EU 27 AT BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK 2006 57.021 777 330 1.544 65 1.532 6.702 1.494 280 1.046 6.198 1.153 9.031 2.836 280 3.575 963 29 512 219 8.381 348 5.073 962 96 740 2.857 2007 56.985 811 330 1.527 44 1.580 6.572 1.448 292 1.018 6.143 1.168 9.072 2.762 279 3.701 1.003 29 522 222 8.353 284 5.100 982 99 784 2.860 2008 60.281 841 363 1.706 44 1.559 7.039 1.498 309 1.166 6.609 1.251 9.662 2.915 314 3.794 1.022 31 544 243 8.599 338 5.174 1.082 107 799 3.273 2009 835 345 31 1.542 6.908 1.488 316 1.143 5.909 1.203 9.357 2.885 293 3.215 1.104 30 541 228 8.583 278 5.343 1.032 101 769 2006 46,7 57,4 83,2 35,7 10,3 41,7 64,9 57,8 22,1 34,6 29.6 32,9 68,2 51,0 74,7 52,6 19,3 56,1 22,6 79,8 26,0 29,3 31,0 42,9 51,3 39,6 72,8
Yield (100 kg/ha)

2007 45,5 58,7 84,5 20,8 14,6 45,3 61,8 56,8 30,1 36,9 38.8 35,4 65,5 34,9 71,9 50,8 30,1 52,1 29,4 73,1 32,5 31,6 15,3 51,5 53,6 35,6 67,7 2008 52,1 68,3 91,0 40,9 14,6 53,7 71,2 60,4 27,9 43,3 35.2 33,8 72,8 58,1 76,0 53,2 33,5 61,0 31,0 84,8 32,2 34,3 32,4 48,2 54,4 51,0 74,2 2009 61,6 96,4 18,2 50,8 72,0 68,0 27,8 40,3 28.7 35,4 74,7 47,0 58,7 49,4 34,5 62,0 30,8 91,5 34,8 32,3 27,8 50,9 52,8 43,3 2006 266.444 4.460 2.742 5.512 67 6.386 43.475 8.632 619 3.623 18.368 3.790 61.613 14.460 2.090 18.787 1.858 162 1.159 1.750 21.776 1.020 15.741 4.128 494 2.929 28.805
Production (1000 t)
2007 259.114 4.758 2.787 3.171 64 7.153 40.632 8.220 880 3.762 23.820 4.137 59.382 9.643 2.006 18.811 3.017 148 1.535 1.623 27.143 898 7.789 5.058 532 2.793 19.354 2008 314.004 5.748 3.307 6.977 64 8.370 50.105 9.041 862 5.043 23.269 4.229 70.378 16.938 2.384 20.201 3.422 190 1.689 2.063 27.664 1.159 16.750 5.211 580 4.078 24.282 2009 293.697 5.144 3.324 5.273 57 7.832 49.748 10.117 879 4.609 16.934 4.261 69.862 13.561 1.721 15.892 3.806 189 1.663 2.089 29.827 898 14.864 5.249 533 3.330 22.036
Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010
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The following table shows the EU cereals trade balance. Table 4.6 EU imports and exports in agricultural products Products Total cereals Sugar IMPORTS (1000 t) 2007 2008 20467 3086 20607 3308 EXPORTS (1000 t) 2007 2008 18787 1496 27944 1364
2006 11882 2487
2009 9319 3056
2006 24011 6153
2009 26779 1488
Source: European Commission (Eurostat and Agriculture and Rural Development DG)
4.2.1
ENERGY CROPS
Biomass produced from fields consists of residues (straw, etc.) and specifically cultivated crops (for example, miscanthus, poplar, willow, reed canary grass, rapeseed and maize). The European Commission (2008) calculated that 17,5 mln hectares of land would be required to reach the 10% biofuels target, which would amount to about 10% of the total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) in EU27. The area needed for food production in the EU27 is calculated to be about 111 million ha of arable land and about 69 million ha of permanent grassland. Taking into account the increase of the population in the near future and considering a moderate diet (mixed vegetable-animal products) 62% of the arable land would be needed to feed the population of EU27. Therefore, according to this calculation, we could use 10-30% of arable land for bioenergy crops in EU27.On the other hand, there are also a number of energy crops that can potentially be grown on marginal land (i.e. land that is not suitable for food production) to provide feedstocks for bioenergy, non-food products and biofuels (micanthus, swithgrass, sweet sorghum) In Europe, it is estimated that we have approximately 5.5 million hectares of agricultural land on which dedicated bioenergy cropping takes. Practically all of this land is used for dedicated biofuel cropping mostly oil crops (82% of the land used for biomass production). These are processed into biodiesel; the remainder is used for the production of ethanol crops (11%), biogas (7%), and perennials go mostly into electricity and heat generation (1%). An overview of the potential for bioenergy cropping is given in the Figure 4.5. This regional distribution of dedicated cropping patterns is based on the assumption that the bioenergy crops are distributed over regions in the same proportion as similar crops are used for feed and food purposes.
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Figure 4.5 Biofuel cropping situation in the EU27 (average 2006-2008 situation)
According to the map at present dedicated cropping is only important in a selection of EU countries of which France and Germany are the most important. Significant areas of oil crops for biodiesel are also found in the UK, Poland and Romania. Dedicated cropping with perennials is still taking place at a very small scale. The countries that have the largest areas are Finland (reed canary grass), Sweden (willow, reed canary grass), UK (mainly miscanthus and willow), and Poland. According to investigations of AEBIOM and ENCROP project (www.encrop.net) about 85.000 ha land were used for short rotation forests and other energy crops for combustion purposes in 2008.
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Table 4.7 Woody energy crops in the EU27 in 2008 Hemp Austria Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Lithuania Poland Spain Sweden UK Total 390 19.480 390 780 13.000 4.000 - 7.000 25.500 32.500 6.600 7.300 10.000 17.000 21.500 28.700 550 5.000 - 9.000 300 6.000 18.700 500 300 - 1000 1.500 300 2.000 7.500 2.500 Reed Canary grass Willow Poplar Miscanthus 250-400
Source: ENCROP project and AEBIOM estimations. The following table shows the potential of energy crops from agriculture under different price assumptions The figures might be 10% higher including Bulgaria and Romania.
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Table 4.8 Potential of energy crops by Member State (EU27), assuming high/low energy prices and high yields (Mtoe)
High energy prices 2010 EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden The Netherlands United Kingdom 46,9 0,6 0,1 0,8 0,4 0,4 1,9 2,6 5 0 1,2 0 4,1 0,4 2 14,5 0,7 0,2 0 7,8 0,6 0,2 3,4 2020 95,7 1,4 0,1 1,3 0,1 1,1 1,8 7,8 13,7 1,7 2,2 0,1 8,9 1 5,6 24,1 0,8 0,6 0,1 12,9 1,1 0,5 8,8 2030 142,3 2,1 0,1 1,6 0,1 1,3 1,3 17 23,4 2,2 3,1 0,1 15,2 1,5 7,9 30,4 0,8 1,2 0,2 16 1,4 0,7 14,7 2010 43,8 0,6 0,1 0,8 0,4 0,4 1,9 2,7 1,8 0 1,2 0 4,1 0,4 2 14,5 0,7 0,2 0 7,8 0,6 0,2 3,4
Low energy prices 2020 78,2 1,4 0,1 1,3 0,1 1,1 1,8 3 1 1,7 2,2 0,1 8,9 1 5,6 24,1 0,8 0,6 0,1 12,9 1,1 0,5 8,8 2030 104,8 2,1 0,1 1,6 0,1 1,3 1,3 1,6 1,3 2,2 3,1 0,1 15,2 1,5 7,9 30,4 0,8 1,2 0,2 16 1,4 0,7 14,7
Source: Estimating the environmentally compatible bio-energy potential from agriculture; EEA Technical Report No. X/2007
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4.2.2 AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS 4.1.2.1 MANURE

The primary source of biogas from anaerobic digestion is manure from animal production, mainly from cattle and pig farms. In the EU-27 more than 1500 mill tonnes of animal manure are produced every year. When untreated or managed poorly, manure becomes a major source of ground and fresh water pollution, pathogen emission, nutrient leaching, and ammonia release. If handled properly, it turns out to be renewable energy feedstock and an efficient source of nutrients for crop cultivation. The potential from manure is expected to be roughly the same in 2020. However for both, dry and wet manure, it is expected a stronger concentration in a limited number of regions. Table 4.9 Total energy potential from manure (ktoe) in EU in 2004 and 2020 Wet manure (ktoe) 2004 2020 6941.1 5928.5 Dry manure (ktoe) 30328.3 31299.4
4.1.2.2 AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
In agriculture the main sources of residues come from arable crops in the form of straw and from maintenance of permanent crop plantations like fruit and berry trees, nuts, olives, vineyards, and citrus. The theoretical amount of resources of straw for energy purposes can be calculated from the yield per hectare and the amount of hectares of grain with deduction of loss and the amount of straw used in agriculture. The results show that the total straw potential amounted to 16.475 ktoe in 2004 but is expected to increase to 28.272 ktoe in 2020. This increase is likely to be related to an increase of straw producing crops for which land will be used in 2020.
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Figure 4.6 Economic and environmentally sustainable straw potentials in 2004 and 2020 (KTOE)
Not only straw but also other primary residues from agriculture are expected to deliver a large potential. Woody material from prunnings and cuttings in plantations like soft fruit, citrus, olives and vineyards should be mentioned. The results show that especially in the south of Europe this by-product could be an important resource. The total EU potential could amount to 6734 KTOE per year. The largest potential is delivered by vineyards and olives because of their large extent.
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4.3
BIOMASS FROM FORESTRY
Forests provide a livelihood for millions of workers, entrepreneurs and forest owners, and contribute significantly to the economic growth, especially in rural areas. Forests are not only an important source of raw materials for forest-based industries, but they also provide energy. In the majority of Member States, wood and wood waste was the main renewable energy resources. Wood and wood waste accounted for more than three quarters of gross inland energy consumption from renewable in 2009 in Estonia (97%), Lithuania (87%), Poland (83%), Finland (82%, Latvia (80%) and Hungary (78%) The lowest shares in 2009 were recorded in Cyprus (16%), Italy (23%), the United Kingdom (27%) and Luxembourg (28%). The area covered by forest continues to increase and over the past 20 years, forests have increased by 5% approximately 0.3 % per year - although the rate varies substantially between countries. We can make use of this asset for energy without compromising its other functions; indeed only sixty percent of the net annual increase in forest available for wood supply is currently harvested in the EU.
4.3.1 FORESTRY BIOMASS

In 2010, forest and other wooded land covered almost 178 million hectares in the EU27, or around 40% of its lans area. In the EU27, three quarters of forest area was available for wood supply in 2010. Around 60% of the EUs forests are in private hands, with about 16 million private forest owners. Private forest holdings have an average size of 13 hectares, but the majority of privately-owned forests are smaller than five hectares. Nevertheless, forest ownership in the EU is changing and forest owners are becoming less dependent on forestry as a main source of income. It means that, increasingly, the EUs forests are owned by urban dwellers, who may have different management objectives, compared with traditional rural forest holders. Public forest ownership dominates in most of the eastern and south-eastern EU MS. The average size of public forest holdings is more than 1000 hectares, with considerable variation among countries.
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Table 4.10 Basic forest resources

Forest and other wooded land in 2010 (1000ha) Ownership of forest (%) in 2005 Public in 2005 Private in 2005 % of total forest area Forest available for wood supply Of which (in million m3 over back) Growing Increment Fellings stock Roundwood production (1000m underbark) Total in 2008 Fuelwood in 2008 Industrial roundwood in 2008
3
EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom
177.758 4.006 706 3.927 387 2.657 591 2.350 23.269 17.572 11.076 6.539 2.029 789 10.916 3.467 2.240 88 0 365 9.337 3.611 6.733 1.933 1.274 27.748 31.247 2.901
42,3 19,6 44,1 97,0 47,0 75,6 26,6 38,5 32,4 24,4 52,8 77,5 59,4 64,0 35,0 53,9 66,1 44,8 100,0 50,4 82,7 7,3 94,3 51,5 24,5 30,0 30,6 34,6
57,6 80,4 55,9 0,9 59,3 24,4 68,8 61,5 67,6 75,6 47,2 22,5 40,6 36,0 65,0 46,0 33,8 55,2 0,0 49,6 17,3 92,7 5,7 48,5 75,5 70,0 69,4 65,4
75 83 95 73 11 88 98 86 85 86 95 55 85 74 91 84 98 81 91 50 77 92 92 54 66 83
21.750 1.107 164 435 3 738 112 398 2.204 2.453 3.466 170 259 74 1.285 584 408 0 0 56 2.092 154 0 478 390 784 2.651 340
768 25 5 15 0 23 6 11 91 94 107 5 11 4 33 18 11 1 0 2 68 19 34 13 9 46 96 21
484 24 4 8 0 18 2 6 59 64 60 2 7 3 13 12 9 0 0 2 41 14 17 10 3 17 81 11
419.907 21.795 4.700 6.071 20 16.187 2.786 4.860 50.670 56.827 55.367 1.261 5.276 2.232 8.667 8.806 5.594 353 0 1.117 34.273 10.866 13.667 9.269 2.990 17.027 70.800 8.425
85.428 5.024 700 2.692 7 1.880 1.106 1.152 4.705 29.176 8.561 754 2.561 52 5.673 598 1.382 21 0 290 3.804 600 4.150 555 928 2.600 5.900 558
334.479 16.772 4.000 3.379 13 14.307 1.680 3.708 45.965 27.651 46.806 507 2.715 2.180 2.994 8.207 4.213 332 0 827 30.470 10.266 9.517 8.714 2.062 14.427 64.900 7.867
Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010 Eurostat
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Six Member States had more than half of their land area covered by forest and other wooded land in 2010: Finland (77%), Swaden (76%), Slovenia (63%), Latvia (56%), Spain (55%) and Estonia (54%). The lowest shares were found in Malta (less than 0.5%), the Netherlands (11%), Ireland and the United Kingdom (both 12%) and Denmark (14%). The largest present round wood production is in Sweden, France, Germany and Finland, but also in smaller countries like Austria, Czech Republic and Latvia have a large present production. It should be mentioned that most of this production is going to wood-industry for non-energetic use. Primary forestry residues (e.g., logging residues, early thinnings and extracted stumps) will be available proportional to the amount of round wood harvested. The regions with a relatively large contribution to the primary forest residues are concentrated inFrance, Italy, Finland, Germany and Sweden. This potential is generally much smaller than the additional harvestable potential.
Figure 4.7 Wood flow in EU27
Source: VTT, EUBIONET
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Table 4.11 Country summary of potentials from forestry and from primary residues Current roundwood production (ktoe) Additional harvestable roundwood (ktoe) Primary forestry residues (ktoe)
Country EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom
74156,3
3193,6 839,1 878,1 1,9 3090,4 324,1 927,9 7952,4 10330,4 10812,6 332,8 1001,2 448,5 1447,4 1987,3 1042,3 52,3 0,0 194,0 6611,4 1177,3 2397,3 1734,9 559,4 2768,5 12428,9 1622,3
53649,9
2031,4 70,4 555,9 13,1 483,1 110,8 1242,6 5088,5 6064,8 7321,3 1142,6 982,5 75,2 13018,5 781,8 679,7 148,4 0,0 90,2 1243,6 0,0 3543,9 101,9 1205,1 1442,5 4904,8 1307,3
24890,9
802,0 138,7 381,0 1,0 875,8 85,1 202,3 2635,8 2495,5 4398,7 91,8 346,2 60,5 2813,1 430,3 303,4 29,5 0,0 27,0 1223,9 325,0 896,6 414,6 147,3 953,6 4322,6 489,6
Source: Biomass Futures Project In the following table the total forest potential is compared to the present renewable energy production. The total forest potential is considered as total present round wood production plus additional harvestable wood potential and plus primary forestry residues (domestic potential). It can be seen that countries like Denmark, The Netherlands and Portugal base their large wood processing industry on imported wood. Contrary, there are countries like Slovenia, Slovakia,Italy, Sweden or UK with a large growth potential in use of wood. Finally, other countries like Austria, Belgium and Spain are already using a large part of their potential for energetic uses.
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Table 4.12 Total and relative production of renewable energy from wood and wood residues and total forest potential in 2007 Production of renewable energy from forestry (ktoe) 68.206 Total forest potential (ktoe) 152.697 % renewable production from total potential 44,7%
EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom
3.930 649 709 1.948 1.441 731 7.149 9.234 10.578 1.005 1.146 169 1.707 1.532 732 16 n.a. 524 4.550 2.808 3.304 484 429 4.206 8.441 784
6.027 1.048 1.815 16 4.449 520 2.373 15.677 18.891 22.533 1.567 2.330 584 17.279 3.199 2.025 230 n.a. 311 9.079 1.502 6.838 2.251 1.912 5.165 21.656 3.419
65,2% 61,9% 39,1% 0,0% 43,8% 277,2% 30,8% 45,6% 48,9% 46,9% 64,1% 49,2% 28,9% 9,9% 47,9% 36,1% 7,0% n.a. 168,4% 50,1% 186,9% 48,3% 21,5% 22,4% 81,4% 39,0% 22,9%
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One aspect of a sustainable forest is to avoid the over-exploitation. It means that a stable wood stock should be permanently ensured in the forest. Such forest is a carbon neutral forest. In European forests this objective is over achieved as it can be seen in the following figure. The forest area and the wood stock are significantly increasing year after year with a sequestration of roughly 400 million tons of CO2 annually. Thus the European forest is not only producing wood for different purposes but is also an important pool for storing carbon.
3
Figure 4.8 Forest area (million ha) and growing stock volume (billion m )
160 140 120

Forest area (million ha)
144,6 18,7
151,0 20,8
155,6 22,2
24 21
Growing stock volume (billion m3)
18 15 12 9 6 3 0
100 80 60 40 20 0
1990
Growing stock volume
2000
2005
Forest area
Source: Rautinen A. and al.
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4.3.2 FORESTRY RESIDUES
Forestry residues will be available proportional to the activity in the wood industry. Futhermore, these forestry residues are already accounted for in the current round wood production. This implies that they cannot be summed up, but their quantification is very interesting as their use as feedstock for bioenergy is more likely than the use of roundwood as feedstock because its a by-product from wood processing and its use is more competitive. Secondary forest residues in wood wastes include mostly, according to Eurostat, the following categories: manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture, manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials, manufacture of paper and paper products, printing and reproduction of recorded media, manufacture of furniture, jewelry, musical instruments, toys, repair and installation of machinery and equipment. The shares of these categories to the total production levels are estimated in the following table. Countries with the largest wood waste production are Finland by far followed at some distance by France, Austria, Sweden, Poland and Germany.
Table 4.13 Wood wastes according to Eurostat Environmental Data Centre on Waste (NACE_R2 categories list) Country EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Secondary forest residues in wood wastes (ktons) 38.829,3
4.782,1 458,8 260,4 156,5 11,3 1.140,8 8.880,6 5.332,6 2.607,9 100,3 259,9 84,7 1.671,7 64,1 131,1 31,2 0,129 382,5 2.882,8 1.253,8 1.513,6 537,1 339,8 432,5 4.042,5 1.461,9
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4.4
BIOMASS FROM WASTE SECTOR
Waste management has a twofold involvement in climate change. On one hand it is the source of climate change gases (e.g. CH4 from landfilling, CO2 from incineration and recycling). On the other hand it provides raw materials and avoiding processes that consume primary resources. Presently recycling of waste is already a relevant source of secondary raw materials. In 2005 around 95 million tonnes of waste have been recycled in the European Union. This means that 37% of the municipal solid waste has been recycled in EU27, 18% has been incinerated and 45% has been landfilled. However,the recycling rate differs significantly between the Member States: the recycling rate of Poland is 7% and the rate of Netherlands according to the same source is 63%. The following figure summarises the share of general waste management options (recycling, incineration, landfilling) in the Member States and for EU27.
Figure 4.9 Municipal waste treatment in2009
Source: CEWEP based in Eurostat data.
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Table 4.14 Energy recovery waste (tonnes) in 2008 Waste for energy recovery (ktonnes)
EU 27
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Germany Denmark Estonia Greece Spain Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Sweden Slovenia Slovak Republic United Kingdom Source: Eurostat
81.600 3.904,3 4.452,5 94,3 8,0 555,7 23.315,9 3.319,5 257,2 135,1 2.551,8 9.630,9 12.055,8 766,5 103,6 2.459,0 194,0 38,3 18,2 0 2.455,5 3.121,7 1.431,8 1.247,4 8.411,2 313,7 586,3 170,8
The following map shows the number of plants per country in Europe and the amount of waste thermally treated in those plants (in tonnes).
48
Figure 4.10 Waste-to-Energy plants in Europe operating in 2008 and termally treated waste in millions tons/year
Source: CEWEP.
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4.5
OTHER
4.5.1 PAPER AND PULP MILLS 4.4.1.1 BLACK LIQUOR

Black liquor is the spent cooking liquor from the kraft process when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers. The pulp industry creates an important amount of secondary residues in the form of black liquor. This by-product of pulp mills is almost completely used for energy production in the pulp and paper industry. The paper and pulp industry uses more than 350 Mm wood; one part of this wood the lignin fraction (black liquor) and also other by-products such as bark are used to produce energy: heat and electricity. More than 20% of the total contribution of bioenergy is produced in the paper and pulp industry. Table 4.15 Estimated black liquor production Black liquor production (ktons)
Country EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom
60.582,1 3.216,6 1.083,5 233,4 1.073,7 110 234,6 16.144,5 4.298,5 4.384,6 712,6 190 1.706,6 3.034,2 243,8 818,8 267,2 4.242,7 17.336,4 1.249,7
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4.4.1.2 BIOMASS USE IN PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Table 4.16 Raw materials used in papermaking in CEPI countries (kt) 2008 47.564 1170 48.624 16.889 114.247 2009 41.047 1207 44.941 14.421 101.616 Share of total % 40,4 1,2 44,2 14,2 100,0 % Change 2009/2008 -13,7 3,2 -7,6 -14,6 -11.1
Woodpulp Pulp other than wood Recovered paper Non-Fibrous Materials Total Raw Materials
Source: CEPI, key statistics 2009 The energy supply of paper and pulp industry is largely based on biomass use, in the form of black liquor (dominating bark and other wood residuals) as can be seen in the following graph. Table 4.17 Biomass use as fuel in paper and pulp mills (Mtoe) 2008 Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Total 11 CEPI Countries 0,75 0,28 4,39 1,15 2009 % of fuel consumption in 2009 48,57 54,64 74,68 55,96 24,76 0,28 3,64 72,68 73,62 35,96 91,59 54,34
1,03 0,006 0,02 0,37 0,94 0,59 5,01 14,57
0,74 0,27 3,34 0,97 1,03 0,01 0,02 0,27 0,96 1,00 4,94 13,55
Source: CEPI -Confederation of European paper industry, 2010
4.5.2 CONTRIBUTION OF PEAT TO THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM

Peat is an intermediate fuel, part way between the biomass of which it was originally composed and the fossil fuel (coal) that it would eventually become, given appropriate geological conditions. Peats intermediate status has been recognised by the IPCC, which has reclassified it from a fossil fuel to a separate category (peat) between fossil and renewable fuels. Peat is not recognized as biomass by the European Commission and therefore is also not considered a renewable source of energy. However, peat is an important source of energy for many northern European countries and is often co-fired with biomass. Peat has many applications. In the energy field, it is used as a fuel for the generation of electricity and heat, and directly as a source of heat for industrial, residential and other purposes. At the present time, the principal producers (and consumers) of fuel peat are Ireland, Finland and Sweden. Despite the widespread distribution of peat resources,
51
consumption for energy purposes outside Europe is essentially negligible. Global consumption is around 17 million tonnes per annum, derived from a very small proportion of the total area of peatland: in the EU, only some 1 750 km2 (0.34% of total peatland) is used for energy peat production. Only six countries have a significant peat for energy industry in EU27: Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Sweden. The total use of fuel peat in EU was about 3,3 Mtoe (in 2006) of which 45% is used for CHP (Combined heat and power) production and 38% for production of condensing power. The share of peat in district heating was about 10% and in residential heating about 8% of the total. Around two million people were supplied with heating energy from peat. Table 4.18 Primary production, imports, exports and gross inland consumption of peat for energy in 2009 (ktoe) Primary production 12.854 328 2.771 25 53 8.965 702 Imports 586 0 0 0 0 116 435 Exports 73 13 0 7 7 45 0 Gross inland consumption of peat for energy (in 2008) 3.255 65 864 2 11 1.939 366
EU 27 Estonia Ireland Latvia Lithuania Finland Sweden
Source: Eurostat
The average annual (2006-2009) use of fuel peat in EU is about 3735 ktoe (43.4 TWh) of which 44% is used for CHP (Combined heat and power) production and 38% for production of condensing power. From the total use about 8% is used in district heating and about 10% in residential heating (Figure 4.9). Figure 4.11 Peat use in different categories in EU (ktoe)
304
377 CHP Condensing power
1402 1653
District heat Residential heat
Source: VTT report Peat industry in the six EU member states, updated 2010
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5 5.1
HEAT FROM BIOMASS GENERALITIES
Biomass used for heat covers 55% of all renewable energy sources. Biomass for heat holds a large potential as a source of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emission reductions. In the figure below, it can be seen that the EUs official scenarios for renewable energy supply assume heat and power production from biomass to be more than double from todays level of 800 TWh in 2020. Figure 5.1 Heating potential by renewable energy source in EU
Source: RHC platform
AEBIOM calculates the share of heat as part of the final energy consumption. About 48% of the final energy demand is heat. According to this data households are the biggest consumer of heat, followed by industry and services. Heat comprises of space heating, hot water and heat for industrial processes. Table 5.1 Final energy consumption in the EU27 in 2007 and contribution of heat (Mtoe) Sector Industry Households Commerce Services & Agriculture Transport Total Source: AEBIOM calculation Final energy in Mtoe Mtoe 323 285 173 377 1158 Of which heat % Mtoe 55% 178 86% 245 76% 132 0% 0 48% 554
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The sale of new heating household systems is well documented for some countries but reliable data on the existing stock of biomass fired boilers and stoves is especially hard to come by. Therefore, AEBIOM has gathered the following data from many different sources and we want to point out that there are slight contradictions between different data sources.
Table 5.2 Solid fuel boilers in Europe in 2008 (number of pieces) Solid Fuel Boilers Fossil Fuel/ Universal EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 5.000 120.000 100 30.000 15.000 4.600 400 200 11.000 400 24.000 4.000 700 2.500 5.200 200 600 3.200 700 200 100 100 300 100 2.000 100 400 900 1.200 700 900 800 100 100 200 200 47.000 35.000 1.400 2.200 1.700 1.600 1.000 100 23.000 3.500 200 7.000 14.000 5.000 700 600 1.400 18.000 16.000 500 2.000 600 5.800 900 2.400 300 600 600 1.300 3.000 100 1.700 3.000 200 900 6.000 22.000 50 300 1.000 1.700 500 200 50 30 50 1.200 100 600 200 277.300 1.400 100 10.000 Logwood 111.700 7.300 800 1.500 Woodchips 16.100 5.000 Pellets 56.850 11.500 400 300 Others 50.130 300
Source: Data from various sources and AEBIOM estimation The Lot 15 EuP preparatory study on solid fuel small combustion installation (SCIs) done by the European Commission, DG TREN, has stimated the general market shares of majority of appliances subjected to analysis in this study. It can be seen in the following figures that these shares will not change significantly.
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Figure 5.2 Market share changes for different appliances
Source: EuP Preparatory Study Lot15
5.2
DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING
District heating enables the large scale use of renewable energy sources, while at the same time reducing the demand of primary energy and reducing greenhouse emissions. While having an average market share of 10 percent in Europe, it is particularly widespread in North, Central and Eastern Europe, where market shares often reach 50 percent and more. On average, over 80 per cent of heat supplied by district heating originates from renewable energy sources or heat recovery (i.e. from electricity production or industrial processes). The Directive on the promotion of renewable energies is expected to have a strong impact on the heating and cooling sector as ir addresses for the first time in Community law not only electricity bur also the heating and cooling markets. After 2014, the Directive indicates that Member States shall allow for ( new and renovated buildings) minimum levels of renewable energy sources to be supplied by District Heating and Cooling networks using a significant proportion of renewable energy sources.
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Table 5.3 District heating and cooling statistics in some EU member states in 2007 Total installed DH capacity (MWth) 7.500 1.800 36.070 17.266 2.760 150 412 5 79 40 32 17 55 540 104 48 140 42 20.390 17.442 57.000 445 5.129 8.263 5.325 1.400 62.752 53.200 22.411 1.900 Annual turnover in the DH sector (Mio.Euro) 810 (2006) 87 2.840 2.500 63.866 mill. EEK 1.370 1.246 16.000 15,47 200 317 292 164,7 2.240 940 100 29 bjn. Sekr. Total district heat delivered (TJ) 60.828 9.119 144.773 102.806 26.042 108.360 80.078 267.171 1.879 3 199 Mm 24.390 28.678 21.264 11.313 425.000 67.050 12.244 169.200 15.450 49% 13% 0,26% 28,70% 50% 3,60% 4,8% 47% 29,60% 9,29% 55% 2,82% 29% % of DH used to satisfy heat demand in the residential and services and other sectors 18% (residential only) 9,50%
Number of DH utilities Austria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Slovenia Sweden Switzerland 588 (2006) 9 655
(heat producer)
450
Source: Euroheat and Power
Figure 5.3 Energy supply composition for District Heat generated in 2009
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% - Recycled heat - Others
- Direct Renewables
Source: Euroheat and Power
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Table 5.4 District heat deliveries in the EU27 in 2007 and combustible RES used in DH. Heat Sales in 2007 Mtoe EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 72,72 1,46 0,00 0,00 3,47 2,47 0,63 2,60 1,92 6,41 0,05 1,08 0,00 N.A. 0,59 0,69 0,00 0,51 10,20 0,00 1,61 0,35 0,29 4,06 0,00 Heat sales per capita in 2007 toe/capita 0,15 0,18 0,00 0,00 0,33 0,45 0,48 0,49 0,03 0,08 0,00 0,11 0,00 N.A. 0,26 0,20 0,00 0,01 0,96 0,00 0,30 0,18 0,01 0,25 0,00 4% 17% 28% 12% 27% 10% 18% 15% 16% 5% 2% 4% 47% 8% 20% 0.1% 17% Combustible RES for DH in 2007 Biomass Waste
Source: Euroheat & Power 2009, Eurostat 2009
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5.2.1 DISTRICT COOLING

All over Europe the demand for cooling, especially in new buildings with high standards, is growing and therefore the market for District Cooling is enlarging. The cooling market is dominated presently by packaged air conditioning systems and the cooling related consumption is embedded in electricity consumption. It can be estimated that approx. 260 TWh of electricity are currently consumed for cooling in Europe. Given the rapid increase of cooling demands, the potential for savings is enormous. However, there is a need for more reliable statistics and an estimation of the biomass share in district cooling is not yet possible.
Table 5.5 District Cooling capacity and production in some MS Country Austria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Poland Slovenia Sweden DC capacity (MWth) DC production (ktoe)
15 30 1,5 121 620 185 8 145 97 1 -
0,6 2,6 4,8 81,1 17,5 0,7 5,2 55,3
Source: Euroheat & Power 2009
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6 6.1
ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS GENERALITIES
The European Union primarily uses fossil fuels to produce its electricity (52.3% in 2009). Over the past decade, biomass power output has been the second driver (after wind energy) for renewable electricity growth. Biomass electicity output has increased by 13.5% on average since 1999, which equated to an additional contribution of 78.3 TWh. The development of solid biomass and biogas sectors has been particularly significant, as they have made an additional contribution of 44,1 TWh and 20,7 TWh respectively. Biomass electricity generation is based on three fuel types: solid biomass, biogas and biodegradable fraction of MSW. Figure 6.1 Structure of electricity production in 2009 in EU27
Geothermal; 0,2% Wind; 4,1% Nonrenewable waste; 0,6%
Biomass; 3,4%
Solar; 0,5%
Hydraulic; 11,1%
Fossil; 52,3%
Nuclear; 27,9%
Source: ObservER, Renewable origin of electricity production, Edition 2010 Figure 6.2 Growth rate 2008-2009 in EU27 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
-3,2% 10,4% 95,9%
16,0%
11,6% -1,3% -4,3% -5,0% -8,7%
0 -0,2
Source: ObservER, Renewable origin of electricity production, Edition 2010
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Table 6.1 Electricity production (TWh) by biomass in 2009 in EU27 Electricity production (TWh) by biomass
Biomass
Solid biomass share Biogas share Liquid biomass share Municipal waste share
109,0 63,3 25,5 4,2 15,9
Source: ObservER, Renewable origin electricity production, Edition 2010
6.2
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP)
The two-thirds of input energy lost globally in traditional power generation (see figure 6.3) represent significant missed opportunities for savings on both energy costs and CO2 emissions. Implementing co-generation does not, in itself, increase the power supply for a given plant; rather it increases overall energy efficiency by supplying useful heat alongside useful electricity. By making more efficient use of fuel inputs, co-generation allows the same level of end-use energy demand to be met with fewer energy inputs. When these energy inputs are fossil-based, this leads not only to less reliance on these CO2- generating fuels, but also preserves such exhaustible materials for applications where they can less easily be substituted. Co-generation is, thus, a low-carbon energy solution.
Figure 6.3 Energy flows in the global electricity system (TWh)
Source: International Energy Agency
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The share of electricity produced by cogeneration processes in the EU-27 rose to 11 % in 2008, a moderate increase of 0.5 percentage points from 2004. Large differences can be observed amongst Member States (see figure below) with variations of the shares between 0.3 % in Cyprus and 46.1 % in Denmark. Between 2004 and 2008, Romania recorded the highest decrease in its CHP share from 26.4 % in 1998 to 9.6 % in 2008. For the same period, Slovakia reported an increase of 8.7 percentage points and in 2008 its CHP share reached 24 %.
Figure 6.4 Combined heat and power generation, 2008 (% of gross electricity generation)
Source: Eurostat, Pocketbook Energy, transport and environment indicators
At present, installed CHP capacity in the EU-27 is about 95 GWe, which accounts for about 11% of electricity demand. As a fuel, natural gas dominates the CHP market (about 40%), followed by coal at 27%. Renewables, mainly biomass, but also combustible waste, are becoming increasingly important having reached 10%. CHP systems have significant penetration in the EU industry, producing approximately 16% of final industrial heat demand. CHP plants, which produce heat and electricity concurrently, account for almost 63% of EU-27s bioenergy production from solid biomass.
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Table 6.2 Fuel input to CHP plants in the EU-27 in 2007 Fuel input into CHP (ktoe) EU-27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Solid fuels 34,6% 11,4% 1,5% 55,7% 83,5% 55,0% 23,4% 60,9% 3,7% 89,1% 1,6% 4,4% 0,5% 0,0% 0,9% 0,7% 0,0% 6,3% 14,7% 91,1% 0,0% 52,1% 86,6% 24,1% 31,8% 7,6% 4,1% Oil and oil products 5,9% 9,0% 2,5% 5,0% 1,7% 3,6% 4,5% 0,4% 0,1% 0,6% 8,8% 2,1% 19,1% 100,0% 2,2% 16,7% 0,0% 0,2% 2,5% 2,9% 33,9% 6,2% 0,4% 1,8% 1,9% 7,4% 2,1% Natural gas 38,4% 38,6% 65,0% 34,4% 4,4% 21,9% 46,1% 31,6% 93,1% 0,6% 77,0% 56,2% 67,9% 0,0% 93,8% 78,6% 89,9% 82,0% 70,7% 2,5% 23,8% 40,8% 9,6% 9,8% 20,0% 5,3% 69,9% Other fuels 9,2% 13,9% 22,2% 4,9% 6,5% 3,2% 11,0% 0,0% 2,6% 9,5% 12,7% 14,9% 7,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 8,1% 6,9% 1,6% 4,7% 0,9% 0,2% 63,1% 2,4% 7,0% 21,6%
Renewables 11,9% 27,2% 8,9% 0,0% 4,0% 16,3% 15,0% 7,0% 0,6% 0,3% 0,0% 22,3% 5,2% 0,0% 3,0% 4,0% 10,1% 3,4% 5,1% 1,9% 37,7% 0,0% 3,3% 1,2% 43,9% 72,8% 2,4%
200.922,03 5.617,66 3.511,04 2.720,46 9.329,32 7.616,80 31.503,79 573,23 518,30 2.087,51 9.921,66 9.033,16 23.729,35 7,17 477,69 941,05 97,93 2.493,55 0,00 13.979,66 36.027,53 2.534,16 5.288,05 1.533,39 5.803,96 12.207,42 5.763,35 7.607,25
Source: European Environmental Agency
The highest share of biomass in CHP plants are in Scandinavia (Sweden, Finland and Denmark), in France, Austria and Portugal. Usually solid biomass CHP plants are located in countries of considerable forest industry thus woody biomass is the predominant fuel. Regarding scales, smaller capacities (<1 MWe) exist in central Europe, while larger plants (>20 MWe) are located in Northern Europe. Important growth is assumed in biomass-based CHP, mainly in district heating (DH) but also in industry. The assumption is that biomass CHP installations represent approximately 2/3 of the total installed capacities of biomass based power plants.
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7 7.1
BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORT BIOETHANOL AND BIODIESEL
Over the last decade, significant changes were observed in the fuel mix consumed by the EU-27 transport sector. In 2008, gas/diesel oil accounted for 52 % of the total, an increase of almost 10 percentage points from 1998. Over the same period, in absolute terms, motor spirit consumption decreased by 26 % between 1998 and 2008. On the other hand, the consumption of all other fuels increased. Gas/diesel oil consumption recorded a 39% increase, kerosenes consumption grew by 33 % and the consumption of biofuels grew 26 times. Table 7.1 Final energy consumption in transport in 2009, by fuel (ktoe).
All products (ktoe) EU-27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Source: Eurostat 367.636 8.628 11.131 2.927 6.615 5.194 61.736 744 4.693 9.218 37.837 50.400 42.289 1.019 1.027 1.501 2.488 4.785 245 15.104 16.569 7.340 5.363 1.765 2.379 4.807 8.534 53.298
Share of biofuels in total final energy consumption in transport (%) 3,92% 6,93% 3,02% 0,20% 3,70% 0,23% 5,70% 0,00% 2,07% 0,93% 3,34% 5,79% 3,25% 1,67% 0,58% 4,33% 1,89% 2,86% 0,00% 3,17% 4,68% 3,11% 3,47% 1,98% 8,45% 2,48% 5,74% 2,19%
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It has been a growth of 18.7% in biofuel consumption for transport in the EU between 2008 and 2009. It means that European biofuel use for transport reached the 12 Mtoe (4% share of biofuels consumed in road transport in the EU in 2009). Which is, however, long way short of the 18 Mtoe goal for 2010. Figure 7.1 Evolution of the European Union (EU27) biofuels consumption for transport thend (ktoe)
Source: Eurobserver, Biofuels Barometer 2010 Figure 7.2 Breakdown of total EU 2009 biofuel consumption for transport by biofuel type and energy content
Vegetable oil 0,9%
Biogas 0,3% Bioethanol 19,3%
Biodiesel 79,5%
Source: Eurobserver, Biofuels Barometer 2010
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Table 7.2 Biofuels consumption for transport in the European Union in 2009 (ktoe)
2009 Bioethanol EU27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2.339,24 64,24 37,57 0 0 51,09 3,91 79,32 455,93 581,68 0 64,48 19,73 118,01 1,12 14,09 0,74 0 138,65 136,04 0 53,27 6,82 1,86 152,19 199,44 159,00 Biodiesel 9.616,13 424,90 221,25 6,18 15,02 119,81 0,243 66,28 2.055,55 2.224,35 57,44 119,30 54,26 1.048,98 3,57 37,77 39,91 0,583 228,88 568,99 231,47 131,32 55,04 27,99 894,33 159,77 822,87 Other 137,25 13,37 88,37 0,49 35,01 Total consumption 12.092,62 502,52 258,82 6,18 15,02 170,90 4,15 145,60 2.511,49 2.894,40 57,44 183,79 73,99 1.167 4,69 51,86 41,15 0,58 367,53 705,04 231,46 184,60 61,86 29,85 1.046,52 394,23 981,87
Source: Eurobserver, Biofuels Barometer 2010 The EU-biofuels directive from 2003 set a goal of 5.75% green fuel of total fuel consumption in Europe by 2010. However, most MS are a long way from this target.
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Table 7.3 Capacity and production of biofuels in 2009 in EU MS Country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Capacity (million tons) 0,707 0,700 0,435 0,020 0,325 0,140 0,135 0,340 2,505 5,200 0,715 0,168 0,080 1,910 0,136 0,147 0,008 1,936 0,580 0,468 0,307 0,247 0,100 3,656 0,212 0,609 Production (million tons) 0,310 0,416 0,025 0,009 0,164 0,233* 0,024 0,220 1,959 2,500 0,077 0,133 0,017 0,737 0,044 0,098 0,001 0,323 0,332 0,250 0,029 0,101 0,090 0,859 0,233 0,137
* including Sweden Sources: European commission/national biofuels reports, UFOP/European Biodiesel Board In Europe most biofuel used in transport is essentially sourced from biodiesel (see graph below) which accounts for 79.5% of the total energy content, as opposed to 19.3% for bioethanol. The vegetable oil fuel share is becoming negligible (0.9%) and for the moment the biogas fuel share is specific to Sweden and a few places in Germany. Advanced biofuels are under development in different research and pilot plants in Europe but are not yet on the market.
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The following table shows the production of biodiesel and bioethanol in 2009.
Table 7.4 Biofuel production in the EU member states in 2009 Biodiesel (kt) 9.046 310 416 25 9 164 233 24 220 1959 2539 77 133 17 737 44 98 0 1 323 332 250 29 101 9 859 137 Biodiesel (ktoe) 8.050,9 275,9 370,2 22,3 8,0 146,0 207,4 21,4 195,8 1.743,5 2.259,7 68,5 118,4 15,1 655,9 39,2 87,2 0,0 0,9 287,5 295,5 222,5 25,8 89,9 8,0 764,5 121,9 437 70 118 165 150 1,6 72 15 30 4 1250 750 112 175 Bioethanol (kt) 3.673 180 143 Bioethanol (ktoe)
EU27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus CzechRepublic Denmark/Sweden Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovania Spain UnitedKingdom
2350,72 115,2 91,52 0 0 71,68 112 0 2,56 800 480 0 96 1,024 46,08 9,6 19,2 0 0 0 105,6 0 0 75,52 0 279,68 44,8
Source: EurObserv'ER Biofuels Barometer 2010
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Since diesel has been the dominating fuel in final road transport consumption in the EU over the past decade, biofuel production has largely been focused on biodiesel. Biodiesel continued to be the leading biofuel in the EU with 79.5% of biofuel production in the year 2009. However, European production of biodiesel only rose by 16.6% in 2009. This is well below the previous year-on-year growth rate recorded (35.7%).
Figure 7.3 EU Biodiesel Trade Balance (extra-EU trade only)
Source: Article International bioenergy tradeA review of past developments in the liquid biofuel market ( Patrick Lamers, CarloHamelinck, Martin Junginger, Andr Faaij)
Table 7.5 Types of feedstock for biodiesel production in the EU-27 Feedstock Rapeseed Sunflower Soybean Palm Others 2005 84% 13% 1% 1% 1% 2006 70% 4% 18% 3% 6% 2007 66% 4% 17% 7% 5% 2008 64% 5% 16% 7% 8%
Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, May 2008 ; Soy consumption for feed and fuel in the EU, Profundo.
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PELLETS
8.1
PELLETS PRODUCTION
Table 8.1 Pellets production in EU27 (kt) Country EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2005 2.628 450 187 71 270 240 110 200 1.100 2006 3.520 617 134 121 470 300 110 280 30 1.458 2007 5.782 700 13 27 149 383 190 1.100 79 12 15 600 130 108 329 108 100 115 95 1.400 129 2008 6.294 625 485 27 168 70 240 1.460 15 15 700 120 378 111 117 163 1.405 194 2009 6.669 695 223 299 346 1.600 81 550 400 900 1.575 2010 9.241 850 286 40 223 180 381 300 495 1.750 33 162 27 600 223 133 120 410 430 157 117 154 120 1.645 138
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009; EPC
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Table 8.2 Pellets production capacity in EU27 (Kt) Country EU27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2005 4.169 460 15 400 450 385 0 200 110 300 1.400 2006 6.643 793 60 370 300 560 900 0 300 540 120 125 416 0 87 75 1.716 2007 8.583 902 215 23 118 370 380 1.995 77 70 700 125 545 214 165 160 2.032 176 2008 11.283 978 550 62 258 349 438 1.392 2.333 110 70 750 313 130 644 241 142 435 2.200 245 2009 13.694 1.100 550 62 258 349 438 700 1.040 2.500 77 125 70 750 313 120 130 644 875 241 142 165 500 2.300 245 2010 14.845 1.200 550 70 300 313 485 650 1.040 2.600 87 200 78 725 744 153 130 640 875 260 142 185 700 2.500 218
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009
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Table 8.3 Pellet producers
Country
Number of producers
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom EU27
29 7 25 14 12 6 27 61 47 5 10 2 27 11 4 6 8 25 15 21 14 4 39 80 15 499
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009
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8.2
PELLETS TRADE
Figure 8.1 Major wood pellet markets in Europe in 2009 (Kt)
2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000
Production
Import
Consumption
Export
Source : Sikkema, Steiner, Junginger, Hiegl, Hansen and Faaij, 2011. In BioFPR 5(3): 250-278
Table 8.4 Pellets export to EU27 2009 10 9 75 54 520 73 10 379 18 42 6 30 535 1,771 2010 9 63 90 44 926 95 21 4 396 26 25 15 57 736 2,523
Argentina Australia Belarus Bosnia Canada Croatia New Zealand Norway Russia Serbia South Africa Switzerland Ukraine USA total import to EU27 Source: Eurostat
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Table 8.5 Pellets export within EU27 2009 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxemburg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom trade within EU27 Source: Eurostat 159 119 11 72 20 300 146 59 350 33 0 2 194 74 7 67 81 123 62 46 75 59 98 6 2,164 2010 285 47 8 100 112 391 195 66 554 13 0 4 448 157 13 113 143 240 139 63 81 138 67 67 3,445 DK, SE, EE, DE DK, IT FR BE DK, IT DK, SE, UK AT, IT HU, IT IT FR, PT DK DK, SE Main target country IT FR IT AT, DE, IT DE, SE DK, SE DK, SE BE, DE, IT AT, DK, IT,SE IT
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Table 8.6 Pellets imports Import from outside EU27 2009 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxemburg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom EU27 Source: Eurostat 792 11 0 0 1 55 0 205 3 1,771 0 2 68 0 210 511 2,523 909 29 18 1 0 107 2 63 1 132 5 47 2 326 2010 1 172 0 4 327 6 11 1 88 2 0 153 4 28 Import within EU27 2009 202 128 0 5 602 40 3 102 53 26 3 365 4 2 5 167 50 24 0 2 2 2 332 42 2,164 2010 284 159 1 10 1,250 45 7 142 167 42 7 662 5 16 3 27 6 64 3 2 3 13 486 40 3,445 total imports 2009 204 453 0 6 734 45 50 102 71 27 4 472 5 66 5 960 61 24 0 3 57 2 537 45 3,935 2010 285 330 1 14 1,576 51 18 143 255 43 7 815 9 44 3 936 35 64 3 4 71 13 696 551 5,968
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8.3
PELLETS CONSUMPTION
Table 8.7 Total consumption of pellets in EU27 (kt) Country EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 9.817 660 920 12 3 1600 213 400 1200 11 10 30 850 39
3.835
303
4.603
392
6.028
450
7.021
513
818 59 40 240 n.a. n.a. 270 n.a. 487 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.490 n.a.
730 892 100 90 470 n.a. 33 340 540 486 30 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.685 n.a.
735 993 n.a. 135 600 1,31 6 567 n.a. 705 32 0,01 102 4 1.715 n.a.
920 n.a. n.a. n.a. 900 n.a. n.a. 850 312 912 35 25 n.a. 10 1.850 760
20 913
300 10 25
18
112 95 2200 176
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009 Table 8.8 Pellets consumption for heat/power in Europe (kt)
Consumption sectors Heat Power Only these countries are included: Source: EPC
2009
2010
1520 5025 AT, BE, DE, FI, FR, HU, IT, PT, SE
1520 5284 AT, BE, DE, FI, FR, HU, IT, PT, SE
The leading countries in the use of pellets were Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Germany and Austria.
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Table 8.9 European markets for residential pellet heating 2005 2008 (kt) Country Germany Italy Sweden Austria Latvia Belgium Netherlands Poland Romania Spain United Kingdom Denmark Finland France Greece Hungary Ireland Slovenia 2005 2006 2007 2008
240 270 590

275
470 340 609

340
600 567 635

450
900 850 700

513
40 36 25 309 59 40 -
540 30 37 30 469 80 90 33 -
35 40 32 0,01 3,5 505 135 1,305 0,004 5,467 102
312 120 37 35 25 10 10 -
Source: Pro Pellets Austria ;Pelletsatlas 2009
As the following table and graph demonstrate the annual number of installed new pellets boilers is steadily increasing year by year, with Italy having the strongest growth over the last years. The main reasons for the growth in those countries are due to financial support programs for private households (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Denmark) and/or high taxes on heating oil (Italy, Sweden) and electricity (Denmark). Please note that different sources than in the previous tables were used here and therefore the data varies. In any case more reliable statistics for small scale heating in Europe are needed.
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Table 8.10 Totally installed small scale pellet boilers in the leading countries 2001-2008
Country
Small Boilers
2003
22.000 2.950 39.000 2.120 1.300 10.200 18.150 100.000 170.000 54.700 6.200
2004
28.000 5.250 50.000 3.000 2.000 13.050 27.250 125.500 295.000 67.200 8.400
2005
36.900 9.550 282 1.671 42.000 3.500 22.050 44.000 385.000 25 76.000 10.600
2006
47.400 15.190 1.100 6.972 46.000 9.800 35.550 70.000 605.000 100 110.000 14.000
2007
51.300 16.940 47.000 10.000 19.100 45.050 83.000 740.000 650 116.000 -
2008
62.400 19.990 50.000 105.000 1.000 -
2009
22.000 5.512 24.889 21.000 >70.000 122.500 988.676 3.000
2010
26.000 23.000 137.000 1.138.676 6.000
Austria
Stoves Small Boilers
Belgium
Stoves
Denmark Finland
Small Boilers Small Boilers Small Boilers
France
Stoves
Germany
Small Boilers Small Boilers
Italy
Stoves
Spain
Small Boilers Small Boilers
Sweden
Stoves
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; AIEL; Pelletsatlas 2009, EPC
In some countries pellets are used to produce electricity in order to comply with the directive on RES electricity
Table 8.11 Pellets use in power plants in Europe 2005-2008 (kt)
Country Netherlands Belgium Sweden United Kingdom Denmark
2005 451 815 432
2006 449 700 820 289
2007 665 700 800 344
2008 876 800 800 750 -
2009 820 700 -
2010 820 700 -
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas 2009, EPC
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Based on the target 20% RES and on the sub-target 25% RES heat and on the assumption that one third of the additional biomass for heat is provided by pellets ca 50 Mt pellets would be needed in 2020, adding the use in power plants the total demand for pellets might be between 50 to 80 Mt. Table 8.12 Scenario pellets consumption 2020 Mt 2000 2008 2020 Source: AEBIOM 1,4 6,3 50 80 Mtoe 0,56 2,50 20 -32
Overview of world wide pellet production and woody biomass availability Figure 8.2 Pettets production (Mt) and woody biomass availability
Source : Sipil, VTT; Pyry
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9 9.1
BIOGAS GENERALITIES
Biogas production has the advantage of reconciling two European Union policies: Renewable Energy Directive and the European organic waste management objectives in European regulations that require Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste disposed of in landfills and to implement laws encouraging waste recycling and recovery. These policies have prompted a number of Member States to encourage biogas production. The biogas sector is gradually deserting its core activities of waste cleanup and treatment and getting involved in energy production: 8.3 Mtoe of primary biogas energy and 25.2 TWh of biogas electricity were produced in 2009 in EU. Across the European Union, the sectors progress is as clear as daylight, as in 2009, primary energy growth leapt by a further 4.3%. Table 9.1 Primary production of biogas in the EU 27 in 2008 and 2009 (ktoe) 2008 Sewage sludge gas 952,8 384,7 208,6 45,5 3 48,8 19,7 21,9 33,7 1,5 56,3 20,2 59,4 5,1 10,9 8,1 8,0 0,00 3,1 9,5 0,0 2,2 1,70 0,90 0,00 0,00 2009 Sewage sludge gas 1003,7 386,7 249,5 45,2 5,0 48,9 10,0 18,9 33,7 2,1 60,0 20,0 58,0 12,2 10,7 8,1 10,3 0,0 3,0 14,8 0,0 2,7 2,10 0,90 0,70 0,00
Countries EU25 Germany United Kingdom France Italy Netherlands Spain Austria Czech Republic Belgium Sweden Denmark Poland Greece Finland Ireland Hungary Portugal Slovenia Slovakia Luxembourg Latvia Lithuania Estonia Romania Cyprus
Landfill Gas 2891,1 291,7 1416,9 379,3 339,8 44,4 157 4,8 29,4 46,7 32,9 6,4 34,2 28,3 34,1 25,9 2,1 0,00 8,2 0,2 0,0 6,6 0,40 2,00 0,00 0,00
Other biogas 4155,3 3553,1 0,0 28,3 67,2 132,5 26,6 147,8 27,0 39,4 13,3 67,2 2,6 0,2 0,0 1,4 11,7 23,0 2,7 0,6 9,2 0,0 0,90 0,00 0,60 0,20
Total 7999,3 4229,5 1625,4 453,1 410,0 225,7 203,2 174,5 90,0 87,6 102,4 93,8 96,1 33,6 45,0 35,4 21,8 23,0 14,1 10,3 9,2 8,8 3,00 2,80 0,60 0,20
Landfill Gas 3001,6 265,5 1474,4 442,3 361,8 39,2 140,9 4,9 29,2 44,3 34,5 6,2 35,5 46,3 30,6 23,6 2,8 0,0 8,3 0,8 0,0 7,0 1,30 2,00 0,10 0,00
Other biogas 4340,7 3561,2 0,0 38,7 77,5 179,8 32,9 141,2 67,0 78,2 14,7 73,4 4,5 0,2 0,0 4,1 17,5 23,8 11,0 0,7 12,3 0,0 1,20 0,00 0,50 0,20
Total 8346,0 4213,4 1723,9 526,2 444,3 267,9 183,7 165,1 129,9 124,7 109,2 99,6 98,0 58,7 41,4 35,8 30,7 23,8 22,4 16,3 12,3 9,7 4,70 2,80 1,30 0,20
Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010
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Figure 9.1 Primary biogas energy production per inhabitant for each European Union country in 2009 (toe/1000 inhab.)
European Union Romania Cyprus Lithuania Estonia Portugal Poland Slovakia Hungary Spain Laatvia Greece Italy Finland Ireland France Slovenia Belgium Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Denmark Austria Luxembourg United Kingdom Germany
16,7 0,1 0,2 1,4 2,1 2,2 2,6 3 3,1 4 4,3 5,2 7,4 7,7 8 8,1 10,9 11,5 11,7 12,4 16,2 18 19,7 24,5 27,8 51,5 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010
Germany has opted to develop agricultural methanisation plants by encouraging the planting of energy crops. As a result of this strategy, Germany is the leading European biogas producer, alone accounting for half of European primary energy output (50.5% in 2009) and half of biogas-sourced electricity output (49.9% in 2009). Table 9.2 Germany biogas statistics at a glance End of 2009 Number of plants (there of feeding biomethane) Installed electric capacity (MW) Household supplied with electricity from biogas (m) Turnover in Germany () Jobs Export rate in % Cultivated area for biogas (hectar) Source: German Biogas Association 4.984 (30) 1.893 3,5 4,44 m 16.000 10 650.000 End of 2010 6.000 (50) 2.280 4,3 4,70 m 19.000 16 750.000 Forecast for 2011 6.800 (80) 2.560 4,9 4,71 m 20.000 23 810.000
80
Based on different studies and the experience of member countries the realistic potential for biogas until 2020 can be calculated for the EU 27 as follows: AEBIOM assumes that 25 Mio ha agricultural land (arable land and green land) can be used for energy in 2020 without harming the food production and the national environment. This land will be needed to produce raw materials for the first generation fuels, for heat, power and second generation fuels and for biogas crops. In the AEBIOM scenario 15 Mio ha land is used for first generation biofuels (wheat, rape, sugarbeet, etc.) 5 Mio ha for short rotation forests, miscanthus and other solid biomass production and 5 Mio ha for biogas crops On this basis the potential for biogas in 2020 is estimated as follows:
Table 9.3 Biogas potential for 2020 in the EU27 2020 Origin(according to template for National Renewable Energy Action Plans) Potential Billion m Biomethane Assumed percentage of use until 2020 62% Primary energy Billion m Biomethane 36,4 Primary energy Mtoe 31,3
Agriculture Agricultural crops directly provided for energy generation (5% of arable land; calculation in annex) Agricultural by-products / processed residues straw Manure rest (landscape management) Waste Biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste including biowaste (biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants) and landfill gas Biodegradable fraction of industrial waste (including paper, cardboard, pallets) Sewage sludge Total
58,9
27,2
100%
27,2
23,4
31,7 10,0 20,5 1,2 19,0
28% 5% 35% 40% 50%
9,2 0,5 7,2 0,5 9,5
7,9 0,4 6,0 0,4 8,2
10,0
40%
4,0
3,4
3,0 6,0 77,9
50% 66% 59%
1,5 4,0 45,9
1,3 3,4 39,5
The realistic potential of methane derived from animal manure and energy crops and waste lies in the range of 40 Mtoe in 2020 as compared to a production of 5,9 Mtoe in 2007. The use of catch crops for biogas production was not considered in the calculation and offers an additional potential.
Source: AEBIOM biogas roadmap 2009
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9.2
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY
Biogas energy is mainly recovered in the form of electricity (table below). In 2009, 25.2 TWh was produced from biogas, which is an increase of 17.9% on 2008. The bulk of biogas electricity (53.4%) is produced in methanisation plants, followed by landfills (37.2%) and water treatment plants (9.4%). Increasingly cogeneration plants produce this electricity and, at the same time, also supply heat.
Table 9.4 Gross biogas electricity output in the European Union in 2008 and 2009 (GWh) 2008 Countries EU Germany United Kingdom Italy Netherlands France Austria Spain Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Poland Greece Ireland Hungary Portugal Slovenia Luxembourg Latvia Sweden Finland Slovakia Lithuania Cyprus Estonia Romania Electricity plants CHP Total Electricity plants 2009 CHP Total
17.365 8.837 4.845 1.291 83 606 557 540 174 63 2 0 171 110 0 63 10 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 9 1
3.992 1.142 460 309 651 95 45 44 159 204 297 252 20 17 68 8 46 44 37 30 29 14 9 12 0 0
21.356 9.979 5.305 1.600 734 700 602 584 333 267 299 252 191 127 68 71 56 44 40 30 29 15 9 12 9 1
20.397 11.325 5.065 1.374 82 671 602 479 175 242 1 0 184 100 0 73 10 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 10 1
4.773 1.237 527 366 833 175 36 48 287 200 324 319 34 17 95 10 59 53 42 34 31 20 15 12 0 0
25.170 12.562 5.592 1.740 915 846 638 527 462 441 325 319 218 117 95 83 69 53 45 34 31 21 15 12 10 1
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9.3
BIOGAS FOR HEAT
Table below shows the heat production in the European Union. This was 173.8 ktoe in 2009, which is 8.3% up on 2008. This figure only includes the heat sold to heating networks, no the heating produced that is used in the process itself.
Table 9.5 Biogas heat output in the European Union in 2008 and in 2009 in the transformation sector (ktoe) 2008 Heat plants only Germany Denmark Finland Poland Italy Sweden Austria Belgium Luxembourg Netherlands Czech Republic Slovakia Slovenia Romania Lithuania Latvia Hungary EU 27 8,2 5,4 21,8 0,4 0 10,9 4,3 0,2 0 0 0 0,6 0 0,5 0 0 0 52,2 CHP plants 10,9 19,5 1 21,7 16,4 8 5,3 7 6 2,5 3,8 3,3 2 0,2 0,4 0,5 0,02 108,3 Total heat 19,1 24,8 22,8 22,1 16,4 18,8 9,5 7,2 6 2,5 3,8 3,9 2 0,6 0,4 0,5 0,02 160,5 Heat plants only 15,2 4,6 18,7 0,5 0 6,5 5,3 0,2 0 0 0 0,6 0 0,5 0 0 0 52 2009 CHP plants 15,4 21,8 1,2 19 19,4 9,2 5,3 8,1 6 5,3 4 3,4 2,6 0,2 0,5 0,4 0,02 121,8 Total heat 30,6 26,4 19,9 19,5 19,4 15,7 10,5 8,4 6 5,3 4 4 2,6 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,02 173,8
83
10 OVERVIEW ABOUT THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY ACTION PLANS

By June 2010 all the Member States (MS) were required to submit national renewable energy action plans (NREAP). These plans, prepared in accordance with the template published by the Commission, provide detailed roadmaps of how each MS expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their final energy consumption. These NREAP are indeed giving the main framework that gives trajectories and plans that will be followed up by the Commission in the coming 10 years. AEBIOM has compiled data from all these NREAPs, focusing in bioenergy sector, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the bioenergy development in all EU countries, allowing easy comparison for further analysis. It has been also considered the additional information in response to the Commissions questions. However, the data have been entered into the database manually, therefore, although checked, it is possible that typing errors have occurred. The original NREAP documents remain the authentic versions and are available in http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm
10.1 ENERGY, BIOENERGY AND OTHER RENEWABLE
10.1.1 GROSS FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The Renewable Energy Directive addresses various subjects related to the development of renewable energies in the European Member States, among others the legally binding share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. The NREAPs all provide projections for gross final energy consumption in the period 2010 2020. Most MS have specified two scenarios: a reference scenario and an additional energy efficiency scenario. In the reference scenario the EU-27 target of 20% renewable energy in the year 2020 is not being met; this is a logical result of the fact that all projections have been designed to meet the target for the additional energy efficiency scenario. On the other hand, the gross final energy consumption according to these two scenarios for some MS has been reduced in order to compensate for a relatively large share of aviation in their gross final consumption of energy. This results in a value after aviation reduction in which the overall renewable share increase by 0.1% point. In conclusion, for the purpose of calculating the overall renewable share the relevant parameter is the gross final energy consumption in a reference scenario and after aviation reduction. In this graph it can be seen that in 2020 the overall share of renewable, under these specifications, will reach 20.7%.
84
Figure 10.1 Total gross final energy consumption in the energy efficiency scenario in EU27 and contribution from renewable sources (RES)
1400 1200 1000 Mtoe 800 600 400 200 0 8,5% 2005 11,6% 2010 20,7% 2020 1162 1184 1180 Gross final energy consumption RES
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands
The consumption of RES has significantly increased in recent years. On average this projection results in a growth for overall renewables of approximately 12% for the period 2005 - 2020. Biomass is by far the most important source of RES energy in Europe. Figure 10.2 RES in EU27 and contribution from bioenergy
300 250 200 Mtoe 150 100
244
RES
137 99
56,5% 62,3%
Out of which bioenergy
50 62,0% 0 2005
2010
2020
10.1.2 CONTRIBUTION EXPECTED FROM BIOENERGY IN EU27 IN 2020

Bioenergy is considered as the gross final energy consumption, made up of the sum of bioelectricity, biomass for heat, bioheat and transport biofuels. According to the NREAPs, biomass delivered in 2010 more than 85 Mtoe to the EUs energy consumption, with 12% electricity, 16% as transportation fuels and 72% as heat. Heating will continue being by far the most important sector for bioenergy in 2020. Taking into account that heat covers more than half of the final energy consumption in Europe, biomass should be a key sector for EU members to meet the 2020 targets.
85
Figure 10.3 Estimation of total contribution expected from bioenergy in EU27
Total contribution of bioenergy in 2010 in EU27: 85,3 Mtoe

Transport Electricity 12% 16%
Total contribution of bioenergy in 2020 in EU27: 138,3 Mtoe

Transport 21% Electricity 14%
Heat 72%
Heat 65%
Table 10.1 Estimation of total contribution expected from bioenergy (ktoe)

Bioelectricity 2005 EU27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 5.936 243 154 0 0 62 279 3 831 328 1206 8 0 10 402 4 1 4 0 433 125 170 0 3 10 228 651 783 2010 9.737 406 259 0 3 166 324 21 696 378 2818 22 168 30 743 6 13 6 1 514 518 206 0 52 26 388 914 1060 2015 14.344 415 512 56 7 414 519 30 850 902 3619 43 193 76 1179 57 65 17 12 1148 851 289 0 116 54 513 1177 1229 2020 19.697 443 949 75 12 531 761 30 1110 1476 4253 108 286 87 1615 105 105 29 12 1431 1223 302 0 147 58 861 1441 2249 Biomass for heat and bioheat * 2005 52.522 3033 477 724 4 1374 1759 505 5490 9153 7260 951 0 183 1655 1114 686 19 0 609 0 2507 3166 358 445 3477 7013 560 2010 61.782 3415 682 734 18 1759 2245 612 4990 9953 9092 1012 812 198 2239 1020 663 23 1 684 3911 2179 2794 447 415 3583 7978 323 2015 72.882 3463 1178 929 24 2248 2526 626 5810 12760 10388 1128 829 388 3521 1147 879 50 2 778 4227 2339 2931 576 495 4060 8622 958 2020 89.756 3607 2034 1073 30 2517 2643 607 6610 16455 11355 1222 1277 486 5670 1392 1023 83 2 878 5089 2322 3876 690 526 4950 9426 3914 2005 2.821 35 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 403 1742 1 5 1 179 3 4 1 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 258 144 nm Biofuels 2010 13.819 330 329 30 16 243 31 1 220 2715 3429 107 144 134 1016 39 55 42 0 307 966 281 224 82 41 1703 340 996 2015 19.460 370 497 115 22 438 247 35 420 2925 3070 386 250 299 1748 39 109 81 0 567 1327 429 363 137 79 2470 528 2510 2020 28.859 490 789 196 38 623 261 89 560 3500 5300 617 506 481 2480 46 167 216 0 834 1902 477 489 185 192 3500 716 4205
86
* Biomass for heat means the energy content of biomass before conversion (considered as final energy when used in households, services and industry), while bioheat is the energy content of heat after conversion (considered as final energy in DH and CHP plants).
Figure 10.4 Estimation of bioenergy contibution in electricity, heat and transport sector in 2020 in EU27
140000 120000 100000

Ktoe
124.000
89.756
AEBIOMs estimation NREAP
80000 60000 40000 20000 0

Electricity Heat Transport
32.000 28.859 20.000 19.697
* AEBIOM estimation, RHC vision document- Biomass for heating and cooling
10.2 BIOMASS SUPPLY

By 2020 the biomass supply in Europe should increase to meet the demand of all sectors of heat, electricity and transport biofuels, rising from around 84 Mtoe in 2006 to around 129 Mtoe in 2020. Forest and forest based industries are contributing the most to the biomass supply, and this should still be the case in 2020 (more than 53% of biomass supply), however the biggest increase should come from agriculture. Both increases show that the potential for the further development of bioenergy in Europe is big.
87
Table 10.2 Estimated biomass domestic supply in 2006, 2015 and 2020 (ktoe)
Biomass from forestry 2006 EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 2015 2020 Biomass from agriculture and fisheries 2006 2015 2020 2006 Biomass from waste 2015 2020 2006* Total biomass supply 2015** 2020**
60.094 3.725 814 736 9 1.536 1.252 7.078 11.029 9.792 729 594 122 880 728 23 462 4.173 2.731 1.200 453 442 2.800 8.205 582
65.088 3.588 732 830 5 2.529 922 6.980 13.455 12.218 164 587 170 1.600 684 49 376 2.002 2.946 1.560 979 324 3.261 9.128 -
72.692 3.870 869 892 5 2.716 1.006 8.060 15.229 11.966 164 639 258 4.000 612 107 559 2.081 2.894 1.800 1.222 333 3.783 9.628 -
15.420 337 87 0 1 32 515 67 1.193 7.357 202 43 60 1.033 10 8 461 7 817 152 0 1.712 617 709
29.183 420 1.670 130 1 286 621 279 3.005 7.847 1.268 654 598 2.600 159 25 5 1.201 1.763 302 1.586 2.180 0 2.262 322 -
40.555 730 1.030 169 2 358 705 397 4.210 9.133 1.659 1.135 1.397 6.500 335 39 5 2.050 2.929 326 1.604 2.194 0 3.240 408 -
9.397 52 368 59 1 76 561 2 137 1.345 955 33 0 8 711 16 0 227 99 1.391 20 0 378 764 2.196
12.190 100 561 64 7 113 632 160 1.890 2.126 36 0 235 940 55 23 5 2.198 1.151 163 0 64 0 743 926 -
16.366 150 536 84 12 183 704 2 196 2.290 2.317 36 0 435 2.350 70 27 5 2.677 1.758 236 0 90 1 1.006 1.202 -
84.913 4.114 1.269 795 11 1.644 2.328 2 7.283 13.567 18.104 964 637 190 2.624 728 49 470 4.861 2.837 3.408 625 442 4.890 9.586 3.487
106.462 4.108 2.963 1.024 13 2.928 2.175 7.419 18.350 22.190 1.468 1.241 1.002 5.140 898 97 10 3.775 4.916 3.411 3.146 3.223 324 6.266 10.376 -
129.614 4.750 2.435 1.145 19 3.257 2.415 2 8.653 21.729 23.416 1.859 1.775 2.090 12.850 1.017 173 10 5.286 6.768 3.456 3.404 3.506 334 8.029 11.238 -
* Gross inland consumption ** Primary biomas

88
Figure 10.5 Estimated primary biomass in 2020
250.000 20.000
Imports
200.000
Ktoe
150.000
100.000
200.000 129.614
50.000
0 NREAP AEBIOM*
* AEBIOM estimation, RHC vision document- Biomass for heating and cooling
10.3 ELECTRICITY SECTOR

Bioelectricity is expected to represent 19,5% of all renewable electricity in 2020 and it is expected to increase by 116 TWh between 2010 and 2020
1400 Figure 10.6 Estimation of total contributionof RES (installed capacity, gross electricity generation) expected in electricity for EU 27 1200 1000 TWh 800 600 400 200 0 450 15,3 % 2005 18% 2010 19,2% 2015 19,5% 2020 627 865 1175 Renewables in electricity sector out of which biomass
On average 70% of bioelectricity should be produced from solid biomass and 24% from biogas in 2020.
89
Table 10.3 Estimation of total contribution of RES (installed capacity, gross electricity generation) expected in electricity sector in 2020 (GWH)
Total renewable electricity 2010 EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 627898 45383 4663 3879 68 5072 12412 604 22660 87369 104972 7838 2843 5866 66791 3036 876 256 15 10636 10618 22751 0 5481 4510 84034 83635 31630 2020 1175742 52377 23120 7537 1175 11679 20595 1913 33420 155284 216935 27269 5597 13909 98885 5191 2958 780 433 50317 32400 35584 0 8000 6126 150030 97258 116970
Out of which biomass 2010 113249 4720 3007 2 30 1930 3772 241 8090 4391 32778 254 1955 347 8645 72 147 70 9 5975 6028 2400 0 610 298 4517 10632 12330 2020 229078 5147 11038 871 143 6171 8846 346 12910 17171 49457 1259 3324 1006 18780 1226 1223 334 135 16639 14218 3516 0 1710 676 10017 16754 26160 2010 76706 4131 2580 1306 3578 3930 4506 17498 73 1870 28 4758 8 98 25 5103 5700 1092 0 540 150 3719 10513 5500
Solid 2020 159556 4530 9575 514 3294 6345 7860 13470 24569 364 2688 687 7900 642 810 190 85 11975 10200 8074 0 850 309 7400 16635 20590 2010
Biogas 2020 63028 581 1439 357 143 2871 2493 270 3701 23438 895 636 319 6020 584 413 144 50 4664 4018 525 0 860 367 2617 53 5570
Bioliquids 2010 8633 36 33 4120* 1450 1758 0 1170* 0 0 0 0 65 0 0 65 0 2020 12753 36 25 6 8 4780* 1450 4860 0 1523* 0 0
28720 553 393 2 30 624 194 40 935 13829 181 85 320 2129 64 50 44 9 872 328 138 0 70 148 799 53 6830
* Finland and Portugal have listed black liquor as bioliquid in their National Action Plans.
90
Table 10.4 Projected total biomass electricity generation [Gwh] for the period 2005-2020, all biomass input categories
2005 EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 69041 2823 1791 0 0 721 3243 33 9660 3819 14025 94 0 116 4675 41 7 46,1 0 5041 1451 1976 0 32 114 2653 7571 9109
2010 113249 4720 3006,9 2 30 1930 3772 241 8090 4391 32778 254 1955 347 8645 72 147 70 8,68 5975 6028 2400 0 610 298 4517 10632 12330
2015 166821 4826 5952,4 656 84 4820 6035 346 9880 10496 42090 504 2250 887 13712 664 761 200 139,8 13350 9893 3358 0 1349 623 5962 13693 14290
2020 229078 5147 11038,5 871 143 6171 8846 346 12910 17171 49457 1259 3324 1006 18780 1226 1223 334 135,48 16639 14218 3516 0 1710 676 10017 16754 26160
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Table 10.5 Calculated average annual growth for generation from biomass electricity [%/year] for four periods, all biomass input categories 2005-2010 11,2 10,8 21,8 3,1 48,8 -3,5 7,3 18,5 22 24,5 13,1 11,9 83,8 8,8 3,5 33 4 80,3 21,2 11,2 7,1 6,2 2010-2015 8,1 0,4 14,6 218,5 22,9 20,1 9,9 7,5 4,1 14 5,1 14,7 2,9 20,6 9,7 55,9 38,9 23,4 74,3 17,4 10,4 6,9 98,2 17,2 15,9 5,7 5,2 3 2015-2020 6,6 1,3 13,1 5,8 11,2 5 7,9 0 5,5 10,3 3,3 20,1 8,1 2,5 6,5 13 10 10,8 -0,6 4,5 7,5 0,9 7,2 4,9 1,6 10,9 4,1 12,9 2010-2020 7,3 0,9 13,9 83,6 16,9 12,3 8,9 3,7 4,8 12,2 4,2 17,4 5,5 11,2 8,1 32,8 23,6 16,9 31,6 10,8 9 3,9 45,8 10,9 8,5 8,3 4,7 7,8
EU 27 (average) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK
Figure 10.7 Estimated bioenergy consumption in electricity sector in 2020 in EU27
27,5% Gross final consumption of electricity 300126 ktoe Bioelectricity 6,56 % 69,6% 5,5% solid biomass biogas bioliquids
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10.4 HEAT SECTOR

Biomass for heat and bioheat are expected to be increased by 27 Mtoe between 2010 and 2020 Figure 10.8 Estimation of total contributionof RES expected in heating and cooling for EU 27
120 100 80 Mtoe 60 55 40 20 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 90,5 % 86,9 % 77,6% 82,9 % 68
111 Renewables in heating and cooling sector out of which biomass
85
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands For renewable heating and cooling the largest share in the year 2020 is from biomass (77.6%), notably solid biomass (69.2%).
Figure 10.9 Estimated bioenergy consumption in heat sector in 2020 in EU27
Biomass from heat and bioheat 18% Gross final consumption of energy in the heating and cooling sector 502059 ktoe
90%
5% 5%
solid biomass biogas bioliquids
93
Table 10.6 Estimation of total contribution (final energy consumption) expected from biomass in heating and cooling sector (ktoe)
EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK
Biomass 52.523 3.033 477 724 4 1.374 1.759 505 5.490 9.153 7.260 951 183 1.655 1.114 686 19 0 609 2.507 3.166 358 445 3.477 7.013 560
2005 solid biogas 47.689 600 3.025 8 475 2 724 0 4 0 1.351 1.714 505 5.450 9.067 6.794 951 176 1.629 1.113 685 16 540 1.785 0 357 401 3.441 6.992 493 23 45 0 40 86 154 7 26 1 1 3 69 10 0 1 0 36 21 67
bioliquid 1.134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 313 0 0 0 713 0 43 0 65 -
Biomass 61.783 3.415 682 734 18 1.759 2.245 612 4.990 9.953 9.092 1.012 812 198 2.239 1.020 663 23 1 684 3.911 2.179 2.794 447 415 3.583 7.978 323
2010 solid biogas 56.718 1.476 3.400 15 669 9 734 0 16 2 1.706 2.178 612 2.710 9.870 7.516 1.012 812 188 2.206 1.013 657 19 0 573 3.846 1.514 2.793 443 415 3.550 7.961 305 53 59 0 30 83 912 0 10 26 7 6 5 1 111 65 10 1 4 0 33 17 18
bioliquid 3.643 0 4 0 0 0 8 0 2.240 0 664 0 7 0 0 655 0 0 0 65 -
Biomass 72.883 3.463 1.178 929 24 2.248 2.526 626 5.810 12.760 10.388 1.128 829 388 3.521 1.147 879 50 2 778 4.227 2.339 2.931 576 495 4.060 8.622 958
2015 solid biogas 66.156 2.657 3.447 16 1.138 26 916 13 20 5 2.137 2.426 626 3.300 12.500 8.389 1.128 800 362 3.404 1.109 851 39 0 604 3.996 1.515 2.919 540 483 3.997 8.607 904 110 92 0 30 260 1.312 0 26 83 38 28 12 2 174 231 23 10 36 0 63 14 54
bioliquid 4.093 0 14 0 0 0 8 0 2.470 0 688 0 33 0 0 801 2 12 0 65 -
Biomass 89.757 3.607 2.034 1.073 30 2.517 2.643 607 6.610 16.455 11.355 1.222 1.277 486 5.670 1.392 1.023 83 2 878 5.089 2.322 3.876 690 526 4.950 9.426 3.914
2020 solid biogas 80.993 4.416 3.591 16 1.947 55 1.053 20 24 6 2.350 2.470 607 3.940 15.900 8.952 1.222 1.225 453 5.254 1.343 973 70 0 650 4.636 1.484 3.845 630 497 4.850 9.415 3.612 167 165 0 60 555 1.692 56 33 266 49 50 13 2 228 453 37 20 60 0 100 11 302
bioliquid 4.416 0 32 0 0 0 8 0 2.610 0 711 0 150 0 0 801 11 28 0 65 -
94
Table 10.7 Calculated average annual growth for energy from biomass heat [%/year] for four periods, all biomass input categories 2005-2010 EU 27 (average) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 4,5 -1,4 0,6 2,2 -10,4 5,2 3,6 2,5 2 24,3 3,7 1,2 4 1,8 32,5 4,4 2,4 3,3 1,9 28,3 -2,8 2 1,6 6,2 -1,7 -0,7 4,8 3,6 2,4 7,4 0,3 34,2 5,1 5 3,9 -1,9 1,7 4,6 1,3 2010-2015 3,6 0,3 11,5 4,8 5,7 5 2,4 0,5 3,1 5,1 2,7 2,2 0,4 14,4 9,5 2,9 5,8 16,3 17 6,5 1,6 1,4 2015-2020 4,3 0,8 11,5 2,9 4,5 2,3 0,9 -0,6 2,6 5,2 1,8 1,6 9 4,6 10 3,4 3,1 10,2 -4,9 9,2 3,8 -0,1 2010-2020 3,9 0,5 11,5 3,9 5,1 3,6 1,6 -0,1 2,9 5,2 2,2 1,9 4,6 9,4 9,7 3,2 4,4 13,2 5,5 7,8 2,7 0,6
10.5 TRANSPORT SECTOR

Following table shows the contribution of the renewable transport energy carriers. Biofuels are expected to be increased by 15 Mtoe between 2010 and 2020, this should represent more than 88% of the renewable energies used in transport by 2020. Following graph also presents the share of renewables in transport according to the Directive definition. For the year 2020 the target largely surpasses the target of 10%: a share of 11.3% is being reached.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot
95
Table 10.8 Estimation of total contribution expected from each renewable energy technology in 2020 in the transport sector (ktoe) Total renewables energies EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 32.715 856 886 205 38 691 290 90 600 4.062 6.140 634 535 519 2.899 83 170 226 37 905 2.018 535 551 207 203 3.855 1.008 4.472 Renewable electricity 3.110 272 97 5 0,56 19 29 0,6 40 402 667 16,5 24 37 369 6 2 10 37 71 50 58 52 17 10 351 198 267
Biofuels 28.859 490 789 196 38 623 261 89 560 3.500 5.300 617 506 481 2.480 46 167 216 834 1.902 477 489 185 192 3.500 716 4.205
Hydrogen 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Others 743 94 0 4 0 49 0 0,3 0 160 173 0 5 0,9 50 31 0 0 0 0 66 0 6 5 0 4 94 0
96
Figure 10.10 Estimated bioenergy consumption in transport sector in 2020 in EU27
9% 9%
of which advanced biofuels (Art. 21)*
Biofuels Biofuels Hydrogen Gross final consumption of energy in the transport sector 314792 ktoe Renewable electricity Others
* Art 21 of RES directive (2009/28/EC) According to NREAPs data, biodiesel has the largest contribution in 2020 (66%), followed by bio-ethanol (22%).
Figure 10.11 Contribution of bioethanol and biodiesel in the transport sector in EU27
25000
21575
20000
15000
ktoe 10951 Bioethanol 7283 Biodiesel
10000
5000
528
2368
2869
0 2005 2010 2020
97
Table 10.9 Estimation of total contribution expected from biofuels in 2020 (ktoe) of which advanced biofuels (Art 21) 2.622 0 127 162 37,8 244 131 0 180 0 572 0 22 0 350 33 0 0 13 155 176 8 105 55 0 252 0 0
Biofuels EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 28.859 490 789 196 38 623 261 89 560 3.500 5.300 617 506 481 2.480 46 167 215 0 834 1.902 477 489 185 192 3.500 716 4.205
98
Table 10.10 Projected total bioethanol in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020
2005 EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 528 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 144 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 28 0 0 0 113 144 18
2010 2794 54 37 0 0 50 13 0 70 550 639 43 34 40 148 14 13 5 168 279 0 15 4 232 251 135
2015 4840 61 47 15 3 91 95 14 120 550 996 256 106 90 374 19 30 9 218 334 24 30 8 301 358 692
2020 7121 80 91 42 15 128 94 38 130 650 857 414 304 139 600 18 36 23 282 451 27 75 19 400 465 1743
2020 [%] 100 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 2 9 12 6 4 2 8 0 1 0 4 6 0 1 0 6 7 24
99
Table 10.11 Projected total biodiesel in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020
2005 EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 2378 35 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 328 1598 1 0 1 179 3 3 1 0 15 0 0 0 145 9 57
2010 10802,7 276 292 30 15,7 193 18 1 150 2165 2790 64 110 94 868 25 42 37 139 687 281 67 37 1471 89 861
2015 14258,8 309 449 100 19,8 347 152 21 300 2375 2074 130 144 209 1374 20 79 72 350 993 405 107 72 2169 170 1818
2020 21250,2 410 698 154 23,2 495 167 51 430 2850 4443 203 202 342 1880 28 131 193 552 1451 450 110 174 3100 251 2462
2020 [%] 100 2 3 1 0 2 1 0 2 13 21 1 1 2 9 0 1 1 3 7 2 1 1 15 1 12
100
Table 10.12 Projected other biofuels in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020
2005 EU 27 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK 199 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0
2010 211 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0
2015 269 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 35 1 1 27 10 0 0 26 0 0 1 67 0
2020 780 94 0 4 0 49 0 0 0 160 173 to 261 5 1 50 31 0 0 66 0 5 4 94 0
2020 [%] 100 12 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 21 28 1 0 6 4 0 0 8 0 1 1 12 0
101
102
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FOREWORD

Brussels, June 2011

Gustav Melin President Aebiom

1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3

Transformation coefficients, average yields ................................................................... 10 C02 emissions ................................................................................................................ 11

3 Overview about the European Energy System ..........................................16

Targets for biomass/ bioenergy according to AEBIOM .................................................... 25

Biomass from forestry ................................................................................................... 40

Biomass from waste sector............................................................................................ 47 Other ............................................................................................................................ 50

5 Heat from Biomass ..................................................................................53

6 Electricity from biomass ...........................................................................59

7 Biofuels for Transport ..............................................................................63

10 Overview about the National renewable energy action plans ..................84

Energy, bioenergy and other renewable ..................................................................... 84

10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Contact details are available on the AEBIOM web site: www.aebiom.org

Purchasing power standard Harmonized indices of consumer prices