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INDORE

A Report on INDUSTRIAL TRAINING GANDHINAGAR THERMAL POWER STATION

Submitted by SURBHI KHANDELWAL (0812EX081058)

Submitted to: R.K.PAL (Industrial Training In charge)

Electrical and Electronics Department MEDI - CAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT INDORE 453331 2011

2 MEDICAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, INDORE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that: Surbhi Khandelwal (0812EX081058)

Have completed her training work in detail at GANDHINAGAR THERMAL POWER STATION as per syllabus and have submitted a satisfactory report on this project as a partial fulfillment towards the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS From Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal

INTERNAL EXAMINER: EXAMINER: Signature.

EXTERNAL Signature.

MEDICAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, INDORE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

RECOMMENDATION
This is to recommend that:

Surbhi Khandelwal (0812EX081058)

Have completed her training work in detail at GANDHINAGAR THERMAL POWER STATION as per syllabus and have submitted a satisfactory report on this project as a partial fulfillment towards the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS From Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal

Training Guide: Signature. Prof. R.K.PAL

Head of Department: Signature. Prof. Sanjiv Jain

DIRECTOR Signature. Dr. S. K. Somani

CONTENTS

Cover Page Certificate Recommendation Training certificate Chapter No. Subject 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I II III IV Page No.

Brief Introduction of Organization..05 Machines/Equipments used Working & Specifications...06 Selection of site for thermal power station..08 Different cycles involved09 Process description..14 Plant layout.18 Conclusion28

INTRODUCTION

Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited (GSECL) was incorporated in August 1993 and is registered under the Companies Act, 1956. Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) satisfies most of the power demand of whole Gujarat state. TPS of Gandhinagar is one of the most prestigious power stations across the state of Gujarat and is situated at the bank of the river Sabarmati, with the capacity of 870MW. It is mainly constructed to meet the power need of North Gujarat and to ameliorate voltage condition of grid system. It consists of 5 generating units; 2 units of 120MW each and 3 units of 210 MW each. It thus contributes to a total of 870 MW of generation. The plant is categorized into several departments like Electrical Maintenance dept., Coal plant Electrical maintenance, Testing and Switch yard. TESTING Dept. keeps a check on different electrical and physical parameters of the machines for their faithful operation. The main objective of this department is to replace all the Electrostatic and Electromechanical relays by Numerical relays. Coal Plant Electrical Maintenance: This dept. supplies the coal brought in wagons to different units as per the requirement. The coal is brought in wagons and is emptied by wagon trippers in the hoppers and is crushed and pulverized. The powdered coal is sent to different boilers by conveyor belts. Protection and Switchgear: A 220KV switchyard is installed with various circuit breakers and relays used for the system protection. Nowadays Numerical relays are used for protection purposes as it is more flexible, provides multiple functions and have self checking and communication facility. Their objective is to replace SF6 circuit breakers by spring type circuit breakers.

IMPORTANT EQUIPMENTS USED IN THERMAL POWER STATION

Different Equipments are used in Thermal Power Station. Mainly they are grouped as:-

Mechanical Equipments:a) Boiler Furnace and Steam Drum

b)

Super Heater-Radiant Super Heater & Convection Super Heater.

c) Economizer. d) Air Pre heater. e) Pumps. f) Condenser-Jet Condenser & Surface Condenser.
g)

Prime Mover-Impulse Turbine & Reaction Turbine.

Electrical Equipments:a) Alternator. b) Exciter.

c) d)

Transformer-Main Transformer, Station Auxiliary, & Unit Auxiliary. Switch Gear-Circuit Breaker, Relays, Switches, & Control Devices.

PLANT RATED PARAMETERS

S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

PARAMETERS LOAD MVAR FREQUENCY GENERATER HYDROGEN PRE. MAIN STEAM PRE. HRH TEMPRETURE HW LEVEL CONDENSER VACCUM DEARETOR LEVEL INSTRUMENT AIR PRE. CST LEVEL DRUM LEVEL FURNASNACE DRAFT TOTAL STEAM FLOW TOTAL F.W FLOW TOTAL COAL FLOW MILL A FEED RATE MILL B FEED RATE MILL C FEED RATE MILL D FEED RATE MILL E FEED RATE

RATINGS 203.01MW 15.51MVA 49.67Hz 3.46Kg/cm2 528.43C 532.31C 522.65MMWCL -0.90Kg/cm2 2331.27MMWCL 6 Kg/cm2 8286.27MWCL 6.59 Kg/cm2 -8MMWCL 685.66 TPH 706.3 8TPH 131.96 T/Hr 0.00 T/Hr 35.37 T/Hr 34.87 T/Hr 33.14 T/Hr 26.84 T/Hr

CAPACITY RELATED PARAMETERS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

TOTAL CAPACITY OF GTPS CAPACITY OF BOILER STEAM PRESSURE SUPER HEATER TEMPRATURE REHEAT PUMP COAL HANDLING PLANT CAPACITY ASH HANDLING PLANT CAPACITY RADIAL WELL CAPACITY CHIMNEY HEIGHT COOLING TOWER HEIGHT COOLING TOWER CAPACITY COOLING WATER PUMP CAPACITY

1240MW 380 TONNE/HOUR 136 Kg/cm2 540 C 540 C 250 TONNE/HOUR 45 TONNE/HOUR 9 MILLION GALLON/ DAY 96m 118.6m 3590Kg/cm2 250 mVhr

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

NO.OF COOLING WATER PUMPS CAPACITY OF CONDENSER CAPACITY OF SERVICE WATER CAPACITY OF CLEARIFIER CAPACITY OF STEP UP X'MER STEP UP RATIO CAPACITY OF UNIT AUXILLARY STEP DOWN RATIO

9 261 Kg/cm2 500 m3 2700 m3 140MVA 15.7KV/220KV 15MVA 13.8KV/6.6KV

SELECTION OF SITE FOR THERMAL POWER STATION 1. SUPPLY OF WATER:A large quantity of water is required in thermal power plant. It is required for the following reasons: It raises the steam in the boiler. For cooling purposes such as in condensers. As a carrying medium such as in disposal of ash. For drinking purposes.

The efficiency of direct cooled plant is about 0.5% higher than that of the pant in which cooling towers are used. This means a saving of about Rs.7.5 lakhs per year in fuel cost for a 2000 MW station.

2. REQUIREMENT OF LAND:The land is required not only for setting up of the plant but also for other purposes such as staff colonies, coal storage, ash disposal etc. cost of land adds to the final cost of the plant. So it should be available at a reasonable cost. Land should be a good bearing capacity since it has to withstand about 7kg/cm2.

3. TRANSPORTATION FACILITY:The land and rail connections should be proper and capable of talking heavy over dimensioned loads of machines etc. To carry coal, oil etc. which are daily requirements, we need these transport linkages.

4. LABOUR SUPPLIES:Both skilled and unskilled labours should be available at cheaper rates near the site of the plant.

5. ASH DISPOSAL:Ash is the main waste product of the thermal power plant. Hence some suitable means for disposal of ash should be applied. Ash can be used for brick making near the plant site. Otherwise wasteland should be available near the plant site for disposal of ash.

6. DISTANCE FOR POPULATED AREA:Since most of the modern generating stations employ pulverized fuel residues and fumes from them are quite harmful. Therefore the site for the plant should be away from the populated area.

DIFFERENT CYCLES IN POWER PLANT

We can divide this process in various cycles as follows:-

1. AIR CYCLE Secondary air: For burning anything we need air. In the Boiler we need air to burn oil
and coal to heat up water for forming steam to run turbine. For air we normally have two F.D fans (forced draft). These Fans are sucking air from the atmosphere. The air so sucked is passed through SCAPH (steam coil air pre heater) for primary heating .Than this air is passed though air Pre heater. Here the air is heated up with the help of flue gases temp. After the air heating at pre heater it comes to wind box and thereafter goes to boiler for burning the fuel.

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Primary air: This air is also sucked from the atmosphere by primary air fans. These fans
may be two in numbers or individually one for each coal mill. The air sucked by the fans goes to 2/3rd portion of air pre heaters. After the air being heated up at air pre heater comes to coal mills and from here the mixtures of coal and air goes to boiler furnace. This way the primary air has two functions. Being used as carrier of coal mill up to boiler and after reaching to boiler furnace it takes part in combustion.

2. OIL CYCLE Light diesel oil: Initially the boiler furnace is lit up using L.D.O coming from Gujarat
refinery by road tankers with help of pumps these tankers filled up of LDO are emptied in LDO tank .from the tank the LDO is pumped to boiler furnace at elevations AB from four corners. Here it burns in the furnace with the help of igniters.

R.F.O (residual fuel oil): As the LDO is costly one so after achieving some temp and
pressure the LDO is replaced by HDFO. This RFO oil is also coming from Gujarat refinery by railways. After oil reaches to TPS, it is heated up with the help of steam. After the oil being heated up, the same is transferred to FRO tank. In order to maintain the temperature of the RFO the carrier lines are supported by heat tracing lines which may be by steam or electrical heaters.

3. COAL CYCLE
In order to generate power to tune the need of MW daily we need Metric tonnes of coal which comes from far away coal Mines situated in M.P/Bihar/Orissa etc. First the coal wagons through Railway track comes to wagon trippler. Here the wagon is rotated with the help of wagon trippler by turning it down to 180. From here the coal comes down to big hoppers below ground level. From the hopper the coal with help of conveyor belts is taken to primary crusher. Here the coal is crushed to a very small size. The Coal after Primary crusher goes to secondary crusher. Here the coal is crushed to very small size of about 0.1mm.

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4. WATER AND STEAM CYCLE

For generating power to about 660MW we need a lot of water and the same is arranged from river Sabarmati from three French well. Each well is having three pumps of 200KW each. The water pumped, mainly divides to three parts (1) to overhead tank to meet with colony requirement. (2) For the makeup of cooling water (C.W. system) and the (3) major part is stored in a big sump. At the sump some primary alum chlorine treatment is given to the water and then the water is taken to D.M water is than coming to CSTs situated very near to boiler for filling up the boiler and thereafter making up the water losses initially the boiler drum filled up with water to its half (4) level. From boiler drum the water goes to water walls, here the water is initially heated up and the steam formed in the water wall goes to upper half of the boiler drum from upper half of the boiler drum the stem goes to super heater (14) no. from the final 14 no. super heater the steam coming out is known as superheated steam having a pressure of 155kg/cm2 and temperature of 540
0

C (210MW size). This steam is

taken to turbine through steel pipe line to run the HP turbine. The turbine is mainly divided in three parts. The main steam roils the HP turbine and after its energy being utilized in rolling the turbine the CRH (cold reheat) steam is taken back again to re heaters in boiler turbine and from here it goes to LP turbine. For LP turbine the steam in condenser is collected in hot well. From hot well the water is pumped to various heaters and finally reaches to de aerator. In the de aerator the dissolved air is separated out and the water collected at the bottom of the de aerator comes to the suction side of feed pumps. These pumps are of very high rating to pump the water from 00 to 54m level. From boiler feed pump discharge water goes to boiler drum through HP heaters and economizers. And this way the whole water and steam cycle continues.

5. T.G.CYCLE:
By generating the steam in boiler we run turbine to 3000RPM to rotate the generator rotor. The generator rotor is charged by exciter rotor to generate flux and flux is cut in the stator windings and EMF is produced and this is called electricity. The Power generated is: P=3VI cos 30 = 1.732* 15.75KV * 9050Amps *0.85 = 210MW.

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The power generated is at the voltage of 15.75 KV. For transmitting it to various sub-stations it is stepped up to 220KV by generating transformer (GT). After stepping up the voltage the power comes to 220KV bus bars & from here through 220KV double circuit lines it is transmitted to various substations.

6. C.W.CYCLE (Circulating Water/Cooling Water):

As mentioned above after rolling turbine (LP) steam is dumped to condenser for converting in to water. The condenser is mainly divided in four part e.g. left, right, top and bottom in the condenser there are thousands of steel tubes and gets cooled down to water. Whereas cold water coming from the bottom of the cooling tower duly pumped by CW pumped comes inside steel tubes of the condenser get heated up. This hot water inside the condenser tubes from bottom left and right side of the condenser come to top R and L side of the condenser and then taken to the cooling from getting cooling the hot water falls from the height of about 8m duly spread in to fine showers and gets cooled down. The cooling effect is due to very high height of the cooling tower which creates a natural draft (air circulation) At top of the cooling tower air pressure remains low where as at bottom of the cooling tower it is (air pressure ) high. Thus air blow/flows from bottom to top side of the cooling tower and water falls from top to bottom and gets cooled down by coming in contact of air circulating.

7. FLUE GASES CYCLE:

As already mentioned earlier for forming steam we have to burn oil and coal in the boiler furnace with the help of Primary and secondary air. After coal burning smoke is formed. This is known as flue gases are coming out from the Boiler contains CO2, SO2, and huge quantity of ash particles as the quality and contains about 40% ashes. As already mentioned in coal cycle daily for generating power to about 660MW we need coal to about 8500m. and as just mentioned the ash contained are about 40% we have to separate the ash of about 2600m from the flue gasses coming out from the boiler 1st the flue gasses are coming to economizer. Here the feed water is heated up by conduction method. Thereafter the flue are coming to air pre heater A&B here the flue gasses temp is utilized for heating primary and secondary air. After this from outlet/discharge side the flue gasses enters to ESP. here the ash particles contain in

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the flue gasses are separate out and pure smoke with the help of ID fan is thrown to atmosphere through chimney . The ash particle separated out in ESP falls in the bottom hoppers of ESP with the help of rapping mechanism. From the hoppers the ash collected is brought to the ash plant with the help of vacuum & here in ash plant the ash is mixed with water & slurry is formed.

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PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is known as thermal power station. Steam is produced in the Boiler by utilizing the heat of coal, Lignite, oil or gas combustion. Steam is then expanded in the prime mover (i.e. steam turbine) and is condensed in a condenser to be fed into the boiler again. The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. This type of power station is suitable where coal and water available in abundance. As per energy conversion as shown in figure a, chemical energy of fuel is converted into heat energy in the furnace and water is converted into steam in boiler. Now in steam turbine heat energy is converted into mechanical energy. Alternator coupled with steam turbine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

BOILER
Boiler is a device meant for producing steam under pressure. Steam boilers are broadly classified into fire tube and water tube types. Generally water tube boilers are used for electric power station. If the hot combustion gases are restricted to inside the tubes and the tubes are surrounded with water the boiler is a fire tube boiler while if the arrangement is opposite, i.e. water is inside the tubes and hot gases are outside the tubes, the boiler is water type. Fire tube boilers have low initial cost, are more compact but are more likely to explode. Further, because of water volume being more and circulation being poor they cannot meet quickly the changes in steam demand. For the same output the outer shell of fire tube boiler is much larger than that of a water tube boiler. Water tube boilers have less weight of metal for a given size and are less liable to explosion, produce higher pressure, are easily accessible and can respond quickly to changes in steam demand. Tubes and drums of water tube boilers are smaller than those of fire tube boilers, whereas the maximum working pressure in a fire tube boiler is limited to only 17kg/cm2.

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The steam is super heated in a super heater before passing through the boiler to the prime mover. The flue gas is burned in the furnace of the boiler. For efficient combustion enough air has to be supplied by natural F.D. fans. Heat is produced owing to combustion of the fuel. The gases products of combustion give most of their heat to the water in the economizer tubes. The gases then pass through an air heater arrangement thus providing initial heat to the air before it is admitted to the furnace. Finally the flue gases pass out to the atmosphere through the chimney. Arrangement for feeding fuel to the boiler furnace is discussed in a subsequent section. Air is supplied through the F.D. fans below the grate. The ash pits receive the burnt fuel in the form of clicker and ash. As stated earlier the flue gases after leaving the boiler damper flow through the economizer, air pre heater, I.D. fans to the chimney. Water tube boilers are available in a number of different designs. They may be straight or bent tubes, longitudinal or cross drum, horizontal, vertical or in inclined tube, forced or natural circulation, single or multi drum etc. The most important consideration in the design of water tube boiler is the circulation of water within the tubes. Special designs of boilers using high steam pressures employ forced circulation while most of the conventional water tube boilers depend upon natural circulation of water through the tubes.

STEAM DRUM
The boiler drum contains both steam and water, the former being tapped from the top of the drum whereas highest concentration of dry steam exists a number of accessories such as water level indicators, feed water regulators, safety valves, blow down valves, soot blowers, automatic alarms, pressure gases, etc., are usually fitted on the boiler. The use of these devices assists in adequate control and operations of the boiler as also in safety against accidents. Each unit is having separate boilers for supplying steam to steam turbine. Each boiler is of natural circulation type and capable of generating 383 tones of steam per hour.

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SUPER HEATER
The function is to super heat the steam to the desired temperature. By removing the last traces of moistures (1 to 2%) from the saturated steam coming out of the boiler and by increasing its temperature sufficiently above saturation temperature there is an overall increase in cycle efficiency. Decides, too much condensation (exceeding 12%) in the last stages to the turbine is available.

ECONOMISER
The economizer is a feed water heater driving heat from the flue gases discharge from the boiler. The justifiable cost for economizers depends in the total gain in efficacy. In turns, this depends on the gas temperature out of the boiler and feed water temperature to the boiler. Regenerative cycle inherently gives height of feed water temperature. Therefore the adoption of economizers must be studied very carefully. A boiler producing between 10 to 100 tons of steam per hour operating at 30% or more loads should be evaluated for possible retrofitting with an economizer. The cost benefits depends upon the boilers size of fuel used an exhaust gas temperature. It has been estimated that about 1% of fuel cost can be saved for every 6 C rise in the temperature of the boiler feed water. Saving up to maximum 20% can be achieved by incorporating economizer where boiler operation is very efficient. When more heat is available, that can be used in increasing the sensible heat of the feed water or pass in through an air heater, however, in most economizer, the feed water's not heated higher that to within 25 C of the temperature corresponding to the saturation temperature of steam in the boiler thus preventing steam formations in the economizer.

AIR PREHEATER
The heat carried with the flue gases coming out of economizer are further utilized for preheating the air before supplying to the combustion chamber. It has been found that an increase of 200 C in the air temperature increases the boiler efficiency by 1%.

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The air heater is not only considered in terms of boiler efficiency in modern power plants, but also as a necessary equipment for supply of hot air for drying the coal in pulverized fuel system to facilitate grinding a satisfactory combustion of fuel in the furnace. The use of Pre heater is much economical when used with pulverized fuel boiler because temperature of the fuel gases out is sufficiently large and high temperature (250 to 350) is always desirable for better combustion. Air heater are usually installed on steam generator that burn solid fuel but rarely on gas or oil fired units by contrast, economizer are specified for most boilers burning liquid or gas or coal whether or not an air heater is provided.

DEAERATOR
A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be devoid of air and other dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal. Generally, power stations use a deaerator to provide for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the boiler feed water. A de aerator typically includes a vertical, domed de aeration section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the de aerated boiler feed water storage tank. There are many different designs for a de aerator and the designs will vary from one manufacturer to another

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PLANT LAYOUT

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CONDENSER
Steam after expansion through the turbine goes through the condenser the use of condenser improves the efficiency of power plant by decreasing the exhaust pressure of the steam blow atmosphere, another advantage of condenser is that countenanced steam can be recovered and this provides a source of good and pure feed water to the boiler there by reducing considerably the water softening plant capacity.

Cooling water for condensing steam in the condenser is quite large in quantity; therefore a source of water capable of supplying water throughout the year is essential. Generally water from river is taken for this purpose by means of circulating water pumps after use, the warm water is returned to the river. If a plentiful supply of water is not available water has to be cooled and used again.

In the later case water is first obtained from a tube well or some other source and stored in a tank. From the tank it is pumped into the condenser. Generally a centrifugal pump is used for this purpose. The water there absorbs the latent heat from the exhaust steam and gets warm; the warm water is passed to a spray pond or a cooling tower.

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TURBINE Steam Prime Mover

The steam turbine has several advantages over the stem engine as a prime mover. It has a higher thermodynamic efficiency since steam can be expanded to a lower final temperature that is possible in a steam engine. The basic construction of steam turbine is simple. There is no need to piston rod mechanism and slide values; no flywheel is needed. Also a steam turbine can be build involved maintenance of a steam turbine is comparatively much simple. Problem of vibration is also much less high operating speed result in a lower weight of rotating parts for the same power. Each turbine is of the horizontal close coupled, tandem compounded, reheat & impulse type designed for stop value steam conditions of 147kg/cm2 & 540 the high pressure cylinder. The turbine has a continuous maximum economical rating of 210MW of unit no.3 at the generator terminals at 300RPM steam is extracted from suitable stages of the expansion to provide for 6 stages regenerative feed heating, with a final feed water temp of 230 0 C. The turbine is a single axis machine, suitably compounded so that the expansion of the steam takes place in three cylinders one high pressure, one intermediated pressure. & one low pressure cylinder. Commercial turbines use series combination of impulse and reaction types is because steam can be used more efficiently by using impulse and reaction blade on the same shaft. The steam expanded through the turbine from a high pressure at the throttle valve to back pressure corresponding to a vacuum of 71 to 73.5cm Hg or an absolute pressure of 5 to 2.5cm Hg. In Power Plant three stages of Turbine are used for efficient usage of steam.
0

C steam exhausting from

(1) (2) (3)

High Pressure Turbine. Intermediate Pressure Turbine. Low Pressure Turbine.

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The main steam rolls the HP turbine and after its energy being utilized in rolling the turbine, the cold steam is taken back to re heater in boiler for reheating. The steam so heated in re heater is known as HRH (hot reheat), it comes to the IP turbine and from here it goes to the LP turbine. From the LP turbine the steam is dumped to condenser to convert it into water.

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TURBINE INSIDE THE POWER PLANT

ALTERNATOR
Most of turbo alternators in centre power stations are 2-pole, corresponding to speed of 3,000 rpm for 50Hz operational and 36,000 rpm for 60Hz operation. Largest available size of turbo alternators have cylindrical rotors and therefore avoid critical speed. The rotor and stator of a turbo-alternator may be air-cooled in size up to 40MW. Above this rating it is usually more economical to cool the rotor and stator by hydrogen. Besides, hydrogen cooling offers a number of other advantages.

For turbo-alternators having rating above 150MW hollow stator conductors may be employed, cooling of such conductors depending upon the size of the machine. Turbo alternators are usually rated at 11KV, 3-phase star connection of stator windings being universal. Standard frequency of generation is 50Hz. For large power systems higher
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voltages are employed since with higher voltage rating there is more expenditure and insulation becomes a more serious problem. Moreover in any case step up power transformer is to be used for stepping up the generation voltages for transmission.

COAL HANDLING PLANT

In any Thermal Power plant, electrical power is generated by rotating a rotor of a generator with help of steam turbine. For, this steam is produced by heating water. Water can be heated by burning coal, diesel, oil, or natural gas. Heat can also be obtained by fusion as nuclear energy. In Gujarat Electricity Board's Gandhinagar Thermal Power Plant Station coal is used for heating water for getting steam. For generating 1MW Power, normally 15.556m coal is required, one train approximately bring about 1080km. to the plant. Quantity of coal required depends upon quality or grade of coal.

Certain specifications of coal are as under:

Grade of coal

Lower Limit of Calories (Values in kilocalories/kg.)

A B C D E F

7200 5600 4900 4200 3300 2400

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Relevant Data of Coal

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Total Moisture
Total Moisture in Monsoon Volatiles Fixed Carbon Ash G. H. No. Density

7% 17% 23% 43% 27% 55 800kg/m

In India Coal India Limited and its subsidiary Western Coal Fields organize mining of coal and selling through their regional offices.

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SWITCH YARD
The components are listed as follows. In order of arrangement from, power line to utility

Equipments:-

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (6)

Lightning Arrestor. Relays. Circuit Breakers Insulators Isolators Earthing Switch Transformers

LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:
Light is one of the most serious cause of over voltage. If the power equipment especially at door Sub Station is not protected the over voltage causes burning of insulation. Lightning is a huge spark causes by electric discharge taking place between clouds, within the clouds and earth. 1. Rod gap 2. Horn gap 3. Multi gap

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Relays
An electrical device to initiate a part of an electrical installation or to operate an alarm signal in the event of abnormal condition or a fault.

Secondary Indirect Acting Relays

This group of relays includes practically all kinds of relays for e.g. current, voltage, power impedance reactance frequency whether minimum or maximum.

Secondary Direct Acting Relays

A group of over current and under voltage designed to operate instantaneously or with time lag these are primarily relays of electromagnet type, which are built into C.B. operating mechanisms.

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ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER PLANT:

A portion of the steam generated can be used as a process steam in different industries Steam engines and turbines can work under 25 % of overload continuously Fuel used is cheaper Cheaper in production cost in comparison with that of diesel power stations They can easily respond to load change.

Functions held in Power Plant

Maintenance and operating costs are high. Long time required for erection and putting into use. A large quantity of water is required. Great difficulty experienced in coal handling. Presence of troubles due to smoke and heat in the plant.

DISADVANTAGES:

1.COAL FLOW

2.STEAM FLOW

3.WATER FLOW Unavailability of good quality coal.

Maximum of heat energy lost. Problem 4.ASH HANDLING of ash removing.

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CONCLUSION

Summer training helped me to realize the importance of each and every subject. For an electrical engineering student the working at the power plant is must. It was my pleasure that I got chance to be trained at the thermal power plant. This training enabled me to supplement my study with a practical plant bias having vital orientation with industry. I got introduced to the whole generation process of electric power. I got knowledge of the various equipments used in the protection system. I got introduced to the latest technologies used in the controlling.

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