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DAMS
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3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
A dam is an impervious barrier built across a watercourse to store water for several purposes:
water supply, creating head (energy generation), forming a lake, sediment control, flood control, recharging of groundwater, etc.
Therefore, detailed survey should be carried out to ensure that the relative weights of advantages over disadvantages are higher.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 4/101
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
Dams can be classified into a number of different categories depending upon the purpose of classifications. A classification based on the type and materials of construction:
Gravity Dams
Concrete gravity dams Prestressed concrete gravity dams Roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dams
Arch Dams
Constant-angle arch dams Constant-center arch dams Variable-angel, variable-cemter arch dams
Buttress Dams
Flat-slab buttress dams Multiple-arch buttress dams
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
Gravity Dams
Concrete gravity dams Pre-stressed concrete gravity dams Roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dams
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
Arch Dams
Constant-angle arch dams Constant-center arch dams Variable-angel arch dams Variable-center arch dams
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
Buttress Dams
Used mainly in wide valleys, it consists of an impermeable wall, which is shored up by a series of buttresses to transmit the thrust of the water to the foundation. Flat-slab buttress dams Multiple-arch buttress dams
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3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
Buttress Dams
Flat-slab buttress dams
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
Buttress Dams
Multiple-arch buttress dams
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
Embankment (Fill) Dams
Earth-fill dams
Simple embankment Zoned embankment Diaphragm type embankment
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
A classifications based on purpose, such as
storage diversion flood control hydropower generation
12/101
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
13/101
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
A classification based on dam height: According to the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD):
Large Dam Large Dam if height > 15 m if 10 m < height < 15 m reservoir storage > 106 m3 crest length > 500 m height > 50 m height < 10 m
3. DAMS
Classification of Dams
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Parts of Dams
A dam is composed of the following structural components
Body forms the main part of a dam as an impervious barrier. Reservoir is the artificial lake behind a dam body. Spillway is that part of a dam to evacuate the flood wave from the reservoir. Water intake is a facility to withdraw water from a reservoir. Outlet facilities are those appurtenances to withdraw water from the reservoir to meet the demands or to discharge the excess water in the reservoir to the downstream during high flows.
sluiceways, penstocks, diversion tunnels, bottom outlets, and water intake structures
Others: Hydropower station, site installations, roads, ship locks, fish passages, etc.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 17/101
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Planning of Dams
There are commonly three steps in the planning and design:
reconnaissance survey, feasibility study, and planning study.
In reconnaissance surveys, the alternatives, which seem infeasible without performing intensive study, are eliminated. Feasibility Study:
Estimation of water demand Determination of water potential Optimal plans Determination of dam site
Topography Geologic information Foundation conditions Flood hazard
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 19/101
3. DAMS
Planning of Dams
Feasibility Study:
Determination of dam site (contd)
Spillway location and possibility Climate Diversion facilities Sediment problem Water quality Transportation facilities Right of way cost
20/101
3. DAMS
Planning of Dams
Planning Study:
Topographic surveys Foundation studies Details on materials and constructional facilities Hydrologic study Reservoir operation study
21/101
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Details of dam construction are beyond the scope of this course. The principal steps to be followed during the construction of any type of dam briefly:
Evaluation of time schedule and required equipment. Diversion of river flow Foundation treatment
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow
Diversion of the river flow is may be accomplished in one of the following ways 1. Water is diverted through a side tunnel or channel.
(Applicable for low flow depths ~1.5 m) Diversion by side tunnel or channel
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 24/101
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
Typical cross-section of earth cofferdams
f: free board f=0.2(1+h) h: flow depth (meters) G=z/5 + 3 (meters) Cofferdams should be constructed during the low flow season. For fill type dams, embankment cofferdam may be kept in place as part of the embankment (e.g. Keban Dam and Ataturk Dam). For concrete dams, embankment cofferdam should be demolished after the dam has been constructed.
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
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3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
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3. DAMS
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3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
2. Water is discharged through the construction, which takes place in two stages. This type of diversion is normally practiced in wider valleys.
Two-stage diversion
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 30/101
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
Two-stage diversion
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 31/101
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
A cofferdam on the Ohio River, Illinois, USA, built for the purpose of constructing the lock and dam.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 32/101
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
Selection of a proper diversion scheme is based on the joint consideration of
hydrologic characteristics of river flow, type of dam and its height, availability of materials, characteristics of spilling arrangements.
The optimum design is based on cost minimization. The cost analysis is carried out for various sizes of diversion tunnels or channels to determine the corresponding total costs. The optimum tunnel diameter or bottom width of a lined trapezoidal channel is then determined according to the minimum total cost of the facility.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 33/101
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Foundation Treatment
Foundation treatment for dams is essential
to achieve less deformation under high loads, to decrease permeability and seepage, to increase shearing strength, and to satisfy slope stability for the side hills.
Highly porous foundation material causes excessive seepage, uplift and considerable settlement. Such problems can be improved by a grouting operation. In this operation, the grout mix is injected under pressure to decrease the porosity, and hence to solidify the formations underlying the dam and reservoir.
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3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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Gravity Dams
Gravity dams are satisfactorily adopted for narrow valleys having stiff geological formations. Their own weight resists the forces exerted upon them. They must have sufficient weight against overturning tendency about the toe. The base width of gravity dams must be large enough to prevent sliding. These types of dams are susceptible to settlement, overturning, sliding and severe earthquake shocks.
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Concrete gravity dams area built of mainly plain concrete to take compressive stresses.
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Concrete gravity dams have lower maintenance and operation costs compared to the other types of dams. In the design of these structures, the following criteria should be satisfied:
Dimensions of the dam are chosen such that only compressive stresses develop under all loading conditions. The dam must be safe against overturning, shear and sliding.
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
In the construction of concrete gravity dams special care is required for the problems due to shrinkage and expansion.
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Forces Acting on Gravity Dams
The weight: Wc= dead load Hydrostatic forces:
Uplift Force:
: uplift reduction coefficient Moment arm of Fu=B(2h1+3h2) / 3(h1+h2) Actual uplift pressures are determined by pressure gauges installed at the bottom of the dam.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Forces Acting on Gravity Dams
Sediment Force:
s: submerged specific weight of soil Ka: active earth pressure coefficient according to the Rankine theory. Ka = (1-sin)/(1+sin)
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Forces Acting on Gravity Dams
Earthquake Force:
Fd = kWc
k: earthquake coefficient
F = Qu
obtained using momentum equation Free body diagram. Forces acting on a concrete gravity dam
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 42/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Forces Acting on Gravity Dams
Wave Force may be considered for wide and long reservoirs.
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
Stability analyses are performed for various loading conditions The structure must prove its safety and stability under all loading conditions. Since the probability of occurrence of extreme events is relatively small, the joint probability of the independent extreme events is negligible. In other word, the probability that two extreme events occur at the same time is relatively very low. Therefore, combination of extreme events are not considered in the stability criteria.
Floods (spring and summer) Ice load (winter). No need to consider these two forces at the same time.
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
Usual Loading
Hydrostatic force (normal operating level) Uplift force Temperature stress (normal temperature) Dead loads Ice loads Silt load
Unusual Loading
Hydrostatic force (reservoir full) Uplift force Stress produced by minimum temperature at full level Dead loads Silt load
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
The ability of a dam to resist the applied loads is measured by some safety factors. To offset the uncertainties in the loads, safety criteria are chosen sufficiently beyond the static equilibrium condition. Recommended safety factors: (USBR, 1976 and 1987)
F.S0: Safety factor against overturning. F.Ss: Safety factor against sliding. F.Sss: Safety factor against shear and sliding.
However, since each dam site has unique features, different safety factors may be derived considering the local condition.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 46/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
The factor of safety against overturning:
F .S0 =
Mr M0
where Mr: total resisting moment about the toe. M0: total overturning moment about the toe.
where f: coefficient of friction between any two planes V: vectorial summation of vertical forces. H: vectorial summation of horizontal forces.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 47/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
The factor of safety against sliding and shear: F .S ss = f V + rA s
F .S ss =
f V + cA
where A: Area of the shear plane, s: shear strength of concrete r: factor to express max allowable average shear stress r=0.33, 0.50, and 1.0 for usual, unusual, and extreme loading, respectively. f: coefficient of friction between any two planes V: vectorial summation of vertical forces. H: vectorial summation of horizontal forces.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 48/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam or the internal stress in the dam body must be compressive:
=
V A
Normal stress
Mc I
Bending or flexural stress Base pressure distribution
where : vertical normal base pressure A: Area of the shear plane, M: net moment about the centerline of the base (M = V.e) e: eccentricity ( B / 2 x ) c: B/2 I : Moment of inertia (B3/12) V: vectorial summation of vertical forces.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 49/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam or the internal stress in the dam body must be compressive:
In order to maintain compressive stresses in the dam or at the foundation level, the minimum pressure min 0. This can be achieved with a certain range of eccentricity.
V Mc A I
min =
V V e B / 2 V 6e = 1 0 3 A B B B / 12
min 0 can be achieved if e B/6 Full reservoir max at the downstream face Empty reservoir max at the upstream face
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam or the internal stress in the dam body must be compressive:
Tension along the upstream face of a gravity dam is possible under reservoir operating conditions.
z = 1.0 (if there is no drainage in the dam body) z = 0.4 (if drains are used) P: hydrostatic pressure at the level under consideration
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
Concrete gravity dams have varying thickness. Hence the inclined compressive stresses parallel to the face of the dam need to be computed.
For a concrete gravity dam with slopes of 1V:mH at the upstream face and 1V:nH at the down stream face, the major principle compressive stresses, iu (parallel to the upstream face) and id (parallel to the downstream face) are obtained from the static equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction as: (Fy=0)
where u and d vertical normal compressive stresses and pu and pd hydrostatic pressures at the upstream and downstream faces, respectively. 52/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
Internal horizontal and vertical shear stresses at the upstream and downstream faces are obtained by equating the total moment to zero as (MA=0, MB=0):
where hu, hd, vu, and vd are the horizontal and vertical internal shear stresses at the upstream and downstream faces, respectively.
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
The maximum compressive stress, max ,must be smaller than a certain fraction of the compressive strength of concrete, c, and foundation material, f.
Unconfined compressive strength, f for foundation materials
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams (contd)
Stability Criteria
Excessive care must be taken during the filling of the reservoir. Initially 1/3 of the dam height may be filled first. After waiting for several weeks and assuring that the dam is safe, further filling is performed. Since safety levels change with respect to upstream water depth, gravity dams must be analyzed for various operating levels and empty reservoir cases, separately. For the empty reservoir case, the overturning tendency must be checked with respect to the toe and heel, separately. The stability against sliding may be improved by providing a cut off wall in the foundation at the upstream side.
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3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Prestressed Concrete Gravity Dams
In a prestress concrete dam, forces are applied to the dam before the reservoir is filled in order to counter undesirable stress that would develop in the absence of the prestressing forces. For prestressing, either small-diameter high-tensile wires or hightensile steel bars can be used.
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Arch dams are thin concrete structures.
Gokcekaya, Oymapinar, Karakaya, Gezende, and Berke dams in Turkey.
Gokcekaya Dam
Berke Dam
Karakaya Dam
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Arch dams: Oymapinar Dam, Turkey
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Arch dams are thin concrete structures. Stability of an arch dam is based on its self weight and its ability to transmit most of the imposed water loads into the valley walls. At the sites of arch dams, the side formations and foundations should be very stiff to resist the applied load. For effective arching action, the radius of the arch should be as small as possible. They are formed by concrete blocks having base dimensions of approximately 15 m by 15 m and height of 1.5 m Reinforcement is not generally required in thick arch dams because it increases the cost drastically. Arch dams have normally higher structural safety than conventional gravity dams.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 61/101
3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Types of Arch Dams
Arch dams are classified according to geometric characteristics of the valley where they are adopted. Arch dams are classified according to the location of the center and magnitude of the central angle
Constant-center (variable angle) arch dams are suitable for medium-high dams in U-shape valleys. They have single curvature in plan with vertical upstream face.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 62/101
3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Types of Arch Dams
Variable-center (constant angle) arch dams are suitable for V-shape valleys.
Radius of the arc reduces with respect to depth. So arching action is more pronounced at low depths. Since these types of dams are normally thinner than constant-center dams, they are more elastic and safer.
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Types of Arch Dams
Variable-center (variable angle) arch dams are composed of the combination of two types described above.
Load distribution in vertical direction governs the cross-sectional shape of the dam. This type has a pronounced double curvature They utilized the concrete strength more compared the other types resulting in thinner and more efficient structure. However, tensile stresses may develop in the dam body.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering
Gokcekaya Dam
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Types of Arch Dams
Variable-center (variable angle) arch dams
Gokcekaya Dam
3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
Structural design of an arch dam requires the determination of load distribution in the dam body using the trial load method and applications of the theory of elasticity and the theory of shells. Structural design is beyond the scope of this course. Simplified design:
The determination of the thickness at any elevation of an arch dam whose crest elevation has already been determined in the hydrologic design step.
In the arch dams, the total load is shared by arch and cantilever actions and transmitted to the sides and foundation, respectively. Therefore, the base width of arch dams is usually much narrower than that of concrete gravity dams having almost the same height. Hence, the effect of uplift pressure can be ignored.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 66/101
3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
However, effect of temperature stresses should be checked to ensure that they are smaller than tensile strength. Near the crest of the dam, most of the loads taken by arches and transmitted to the side abutments. Near the bottom of the dam, cantilevers take most of the load and transmit to the foundation.
Gokcekaya Dam
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
In the following analysis, the water thrust induced by hydrostatic pressure is assumed to be taken by arch action only and transmitted to the sides.
The differential force acting on a differential element having a central angle of d is dFv= P r d The vertical component of this force is dF'v= P r d sin
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
Integration of this force along the arc length gives the total horizontal force, Hh.
2
Hh = 2
a 2 2
where h: the height of the arch rib relative to the reservoir surface r: the radius of arch a: the central angle
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
The equilibrium of forces in ydirection involves
where R: the reaction offered by the sides against the transmission of water thrust. As observed from the R = hr, the reaction at the sides is directly proportional to the arc radius at a given height. Therefore, narrow valleys having stiff geological formations and small r-values are suitable for arch dams.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 70/101
3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
If the thickness of the arch rib, t, is relatively small as compared with r, there is small difference between the average and maximum compressive stresses in the rib and R/t. The required thickness of the rib is then
t=
hr all
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
The volume of concrete per unit height of a single arch rib across a canyon of width of Ba is V=Lt where L is the arch length which is equal to ra (a in radians). Inserting the values of L and t into the equation above
V=
h 2 r a all
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
The optimum central angle a for a minimum volume of arch rib can be determined as 13334 by differentiating V with respect to a and equating the result to zero. This is the reason why a constant-angle arch dam can be design to require less concrete than a constant-center dam. In practice, the central angles of arch dams vary from 100 to 140. However, the formwork of a constant-angle dam is more difficult.
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3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Design of Arch Dams
The optimum central angle a for a minimum volume of arch rib can be determined as 13334 by differentiating V with respect to a and equating the result to zero. This is the reason why a constant-angle arch dam can be design to require less concrete than a constant-center dam. In practice, the central angles of arch dams vary from 100 to 140. However, the formwork of a constant-angle dam is more difficult.
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3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Buttress Dams
A buttress dam consists of a sloping slab. Depending on the orientation of slab, a buttress dam may be classified as
flat-slab buttress dam multiple-arch buttress dam
Elmali Dam
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3. DAMS
Buttress Dams
Flat-slab buttress dams
3. DAMS
Buttress Dams
Multiple-arch buttress dams
3. DAMS
Buttress Dams
Some advantages of buttress dams over conventional gravity dams:
They can be constructed on foundations having smaller bearing capacity then required for gravity dams. Since they have thinner slabs, possibility of development of vertical cracks is less. Problems encountered during the setting of concrete are reduced. Unless a mat foundation is used, uplift forces are negligibly small because of hollow spaces provided between the buttresses. Ice pressures are also small as the ice sheet slides up the inclined slab.
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Therefore, clay mixed with sand and fine gravel is used as a core. Core must be compacted in thinner layers with fairly accurate moisture control. Compacted asphalt may also be used as an economical core material in case of loose foundations. Asphalt can absorb earthquake shocks effectively.
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3. DAMS
The flow rate, q, between two flow lines can be expressed using the Darcy law as
h q = KAi = KD L Kh q = N N
K: the hydraulic conductivity i : the hydraulic gradient h: head loss (h/N) N : number of equipotential drops N: the number of stream tubes
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3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Ba: the span width at the crest B0.15: the span width at 15% of the dam height above the base t0.45Ht: the dam thickness at 45% of the dam height above the base.
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3. DAMS
Greater freeboards are required for embankment dams since they are susceptible to erosion at the downstream face due to overtopping from their crest. The required side slopes of concrete gravity dams are determined from stability analyses. The maximum downstream slope of gravity dams is 45. Side slopes of embankment dams are determined on the basis of seepage and slope stability analyses.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 95/101
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
96/101
3. DAMS
Excessive scours at the downstream of Keban Dam have resulted in serious foundation stability problems (depth of approx 30 m).
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 97/101
3. DAMS
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
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3. DAMS
Continuous inspection and monitoring are required to assess the safety level of the dam throughout the lifetime.
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