Problem 2

Problem 2a
Definition of the arrays This command creates a 3x3 matrix full of zeros. This is equivalent to the command DIMENSION in fortran, for example.
delta = MatrixForm@Array@ - &, 83, 3<DD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The nested do loops will put the ones in the right place
Do@ Do@ If@i j, delta@@i, jDD = 1D, 8j, 1, 3<D, 8i, 1, 3<D MatrixForm@deltaD 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

The following do loops will do the requested sum and put the result in the variable a
a = 0.; Do@ Do@ a = a + delta@@i, jDD * delta@@i, jDD, 8j, 1, 3<D, 8i, 1, 3<D; a 3.

Problem 2b
Definition of the arrays This alternative command creates a 3x3x3 array full of zeros. Note that this software (Mathematica) displays it as a matrix of vectors, which is certainly a valid interpretation of a rank-3 tensor.
epsilon = MatrixForm@Table@0, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<, 8k, 3<DD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The following assignments will put the 1s and -1s in the right places

HW1F11Solution.nb

epsilon@@1, epsilon@@3, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@1, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@3,

2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2,

3DD 2DD 1DD 2DD 3DD 1DD

= = = = = =

1; 1; 1; - 1; - 1; - 1;

MatrixForm@epsilonD 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

The following do loops will do the requested sum and put the result in the variable b
b = 0.; Do@ Do@ Do@ b = b + epsilon@@i, j, kDD * epsilon@@k, j, iDD, 8k, 3<D , 8j, 3<D, 8i, 3<D; b - 6.

Problem 2c
Definition of the arrays This command creates a 3x3x3 array full of zeros. Note that this software (Mathematica) displays it as a matrix of vectors
epsilon = MatrixForm@Table@0, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<, 8k, 3<DD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The following assignments will put the 1s and -1s in the right places
epsilon@@1, epsilon@@3, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@1, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3DD 2DD 1DD 2DD 3DD 1DD = = = = = = 1; 1; 1; - 1; - 1; - 1;

HW1F11Solution.nb

MatrixForm@epsilonD 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

The generic vector a will be defined directly in the next step

a = 8a1, a2, a3<;

Note that the index notation expression has a free index; therefore, it represents the generic component of a vector. That implies that the output put be placed inside a vector. The following do loops will do the requested sum and put the result in the vector c.
c = 80, 0, 0<; Do@ Do@ Do@ c@@iDD = c@@iDD + epsilon@@i, j, kDD * a@@jDD * a@@kDD, 8k, 3<D , 8j, 3<D, 8i, 3<D; c 80, 0, 0<

Note that the answer must be zero regardless of the value of the components of the vector a, since the expression given is index notation for the cross product of a with itself, which is well-known to be equal to a zero vector.

Problem 2d
Definition of the arrays This command creates a 3x3x3 array full of zeros. Note that this software (Mathematica) displays it as a matrix of vectors
epsilon = MatrixForm@Table@0, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<, 8k, 3<DD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The following assignments will put the 1s and -1s in the right places
epsilon@@1, epsilon@@3, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@1, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3DD 2DD 1DD 2DD 3DD 1DD = = = = = = 1; 1; 1; - 1; - 1; - 1;

HW1F11Solution.nb

MatrixForm@epsilonD 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

This command creates a 3x3 matrix full of zeros

delta = MatrixForm@Table@0, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<DD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The nested do loops will put the ones in the right place
Do@ Do@ If@i j, delta@@i, jDD = 1D, 8j, 3<D, 8i, 3<D MatrixForm@deltaD 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Note that the index notation expression has a free index; therefore, it represents the generic component of a vector. That implies that the output put be placed inside a vector. The following do loops will do the requested sum and put the result in the vector d.
d = 80, 0, 0<; Do@ Do@ Do@ d@@kDD = d@@kDD + delta@@i, jDD * epsilon@@i, j, kDD, 8k, 3<D , 8j, 3<D, 8i, 3<D; d 80, 0, 0<

Note that the answer must be a zero vector, given the substitution properties of the delta.

Problem 2e
Definition of the arrays This command creates a 3x3x3 array full of zeros. Note that this software (Mathematica) displays it as a matrix of vectors

HW1F11Solution.nb

epsilon = MatrixForm@Table@0, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<, 8k, 3<DD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The following assignments will put the 1s and -1s in the right places
epsilon@@1, epsilon@@3, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@1, epsilon@@2, epsilon@@3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3DD 2DD 1DD 2DD 3DD 1DD = = = = = = 1; 1; 1; - 1; - 1; - 1;

MatrixForm@epsilonD 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

This command creates a 3x3 matrix full of zeros

delta = MatrixForm@Table@0, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<DD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The nested do loops will put the ones in the right place
Do@ Do@ If@i j, delta@@i, jDD = 1D, 8j, 3<D, 8i, 3<D MatrixForm@deltaD 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

The following do loops will do the requested sum and put the result in the scalar e.

HW1F11Solution.nb

e = 0; Do@ Do@ Do@ Do@ e = e + epsilon@@i, k, sDD * epsilon@@m, k, sDD * delta@@i, mDD, 8s, 3<D , 8k, 3<D, 8m, 3<D, 8i, 3<D; e 6

Problem 3
Definition of the array
Sm = 88200., 550., - 120.<, 8550., 400., 275.<, 8- 120., 275., - 300.<<; MatrixForm@SmD 200. 550. - 120. 550. 400. 275. - 120. 275. - 300.

Find the characteristic equation

Det@Sm - l * IdentityMatrix@3DD 9.565 106 + 492 525. l + 300. l2 - l3

Obtain the roots, which are equal to the principal values.

SolveA9.565`*^6 + 492525.` l + 300.` l2 - l3 0, lE 88l - 555.5550903965119`<, 8l - 19.67149390163511`<, 8l 875.2265842981469`<<

The principal directions can be found from the null space of the matrix Sm-lI for each value of l. Using the smallest principal value first:
NullSpace@HSm - H- 555.5550903965119`L * IdentityMatrix@3DLD 880.46889, - 0.482751, 0.739658<<

Now the intermediate principal value:

NullSpace@HSm - H- 19.67149390163511`L * IdentityMatrix@3DLD 88- 0.634835, 0.398041, 0.662229<<

Finally, the maximum principal value:

NullSpace@HSm - H875.2265842981469`L * IdentityMatrix@3DLD 880.614106, 0.780073, 0.11983<<

Many software packages have direct commands for this, which can certainly be used, e.g.,
In[14]:= Out[14]=

Eigensystem@SmD 88875.227, - 555.555, - 19.6715<, 880.614106, 0.780073, 0.11983<, 80.46889, - 0.482751, 0.739658<, 80.634835, - 0.398041, - 0.662229<<<

Now, one can deal with the invariants. The first invariant is the trace, and the equality proposed in the problem statement indeed holds:

HW1F11Solution.nb

Tr@SmD 300. - 555.5550903965119` + - 19.67149390163511` + 875.2265842981469` 300.

The second invariant is the sum of the principal minors, and the equality proposed in the problem statement also holds. The code shown below will calculate the sum of all subdeterminants obtained by removing the row and column of the each of the diagonal components of the matrix
Det@Table@Sm@@i, jDD, 8i, 2, 3<, 8j, 2, 3<DD + Det@Table@Sm@@i, jDD, 8i, 1, 2<, 8j, 1, 2<DD + Det@Table@Sm@@i, jDD, 8i, 1, 3, 2<, 8j, 1, 3, 2<DD - 492 525. - 555.5550903965119` * - 19.67149390163511` + - 555.5550903965119` * 875.2265842981469 + - 19.67149390163511` * 875.2265842981469` - 492 525.

The thrid invariant is the determinant, and the equality proposed in the problem statement also holds:
Det@SmD 9.565 106 - 555.5550903965119` * - 19.67149390163511` * 875.2265842981469` 9.565 106