STUDY OF CRO

AIM: To study the operation of the CRO and to measure the frequency and amplitude of different wave forms from Function Generator. APPARATUS: EQUIPMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. CRO CRO probe Function Generator Connecting Wires

FRONT PANNEL:

INTEN

POSITIONS

POSITION

MODEL GRAPHS: +Vm SINE WAVE 0 -Vm +Vm SQUARE WAVE -Vm +Vm TRIANGULAR WAVE -Vm THEORY: The CRO is an electronic device which is capable of giving a visual indication of a signal wave form. It is widely used for work in research and development works. The waveform of a signal can be studied with respect to amplitude, time period and phase difference by using CRO. DESCRIPTION OF FRONT PANEL CONTROLS: POWER SWITCH:- This is a push button switch to turn ON and OFF the instrument . POWER LAMP:- Glows when power is on. INTENSITY CONTROL:- It is used to adjust the brightness of the waveform. The clockwise rotation increases the brightness FOCUS CONTROL: To obtain maximum trace sharpness ROTATION CONTROL: Allows screwdriver adjustment of trace alignment with regard to the horizontal graticule lines of the CRT AC/GND/DC SWITCH: To select the method of coupling the input signal to the vertical amplifier. AC position inserts a capacitor between the input connector and amplifier to block any DC component in the input signal. GND position connects the amplifier to ground instead of the input connector, so a ground reference can be established. DC position connects the amplifier directly to its input connector, thus passing all signal components on to the amplifier. VOLTS/DIV SWITCH: To select the calibrated deflection factor of the input signal fed to vertical amplifier. 0 0

POSITION CONTROL: For vertically positioning the trace on the CRT screen, clockwise rotation moves the trace upward, counterclockwise rotation moves the trace down. TIME/DIV SWITCH: To select either the calibrated sweep rate of the main timebase, the delay time range for delayed sweep operation or X-Y operation. PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the Function Generator to CRO through probe. 2. Then press the required wave form push button switch on Function Generator. 3. Select required frequency range push button switch(on Function Generator). 4. Adjust the amplitude of the signal to the required level on the Function Generator. 5. And then measure amplitude and time period of the displayed signal on the CRT by using the below formulae: AMPLITUDE = No. of vertical divisions X Position of the volts/div Switch TIMEPERIOD = No. of horizontal divisions X position of the Time/div switch 6. Then convert the time period into frequency 7. Draw the graph for all types of signals by taking time period on X-axis and amplitude on Y-axis. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections should be made carefully. 2. Measurements should be taken without any parallax error. RESULT: How to measure the frequency and amplitude of different waveforms on CRO are Observed.