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First you should recognize the series as (x^n)*(1/n). 1/n is divergent, and therefore
you should realize that the series is either conditionally convergent or divergent.
To find the convergence values (or if the series is divergent) we must use the
D'Alembert's Ratio Test which is: Abs( Un+1/Un)<1 if convergent ---
ABS=Absolute Value of
Now we must find out whether or not n/(n+2) converges or diverges. We can use
the ratio test again to find the convergence of n/(n+2):
Going back to equation (1), this means that Abs (x)<1. Which means -1<x<1. To
find out if 1 or -1 converge we put them back into the original equation: x^n/n. If
x=1 then the series becomes 1/n which is divergent (you should memorize this) by
the integral test. BUT if x=-1 then series becomes an alternating harmonic series
(1+-1/2+1/3+-1/4…) which you should memorize as convergent (the alternating
harmonic series is convergent because an+1<a for all n and lim n->∞ an =0).
2. For the second question you must use the Lagrange error bound theorem (this is
difficult), and you should realize that if e^x≈ 1+x+ (x^2)/2… then:
e^.5x≈1+x^.5+x/(2^0.5)
The Lagrange formula is too difficult to type out so you must look in your text book
or ask your math teacher. But if you plug in the correct parameters you will have an
equation that is: Rn<max Abs(1/8e^0.5/3!) which is equal to 0.034348…. which is
answer B.
3.a. Basically just write the (Maclaurin) power series for 1/(x-1).
f(x)=(1-x)^-1 f(0)=1
f’(x)=-(1-x)^-2 f(0)=1
f’’(x)=2(1-x)^-3 f(0)=2
etc…
3.b) Since you know that series is x^n then you can use the ratio test to find its
convergence. I won’t go over the minor steps of the ratio test because I already
explained them in an earlier question.
Using the ratio test you’ll end up with Abs(xnx/xn )<1 which simplifies to Abs(x)<1;
therefore -1<x<1. BUT we must remember to go back and plug in for x=1 and x=-
1. We then find that x=-1 oscillates between -1 and 1 and therefore diverges (like
the sine curve) and when x=1 the series is exponential and so diverges as well.
Therefore the final solution (excuse the pun) is -1<x<1.
3.c. ) Use the same idea as question 3a. Just write the Maclaurin series:
f(x)=-(x-1)-2 f(0)=-1
f’(x)=2(x-1)-3 f(0)=-2
f’’(x)=-6(x-1)-4 f(0)=-(3!)
etc…
3.d. Same idea here as 3b. Just use the ratio test and basic algebra to simplify:
In this case you’ll end up with: Abs[x2*(n+1/n)]<1. Lim n->∞ of (n+1/n) is equal to 1.
So therefore you have Abs(x2)<1; therefore -1<x<1. Placing x=1 in the original
equation, we see that the series tends to negative infinity. If x=-1 in the original
equation the series becomes a prime example of a convergent alternating series
(you may apply the alternating series test to be doubly sure which is an+1<a for all n
and lim n->∞ an =0).
4. a) I not very sure but I would suppose that the question asks to rewrite it in terms
of partial fractions (like what we do for integration).
(x-5)/[(x-2)(x+1)]=A/(x-2) +B/(x+1)
x-5=A(x-1)+B(x-2).
4.c. Sorry I’m not sure what to do from here. Maybe you have to add both series and
then find the ratio test but then you’ll have to work through an algebraic mess. I
think that I misunderstood the previous question and didn’t do “partial functions”
properly. Sorry about that.
5. b. Just replace the Maclaurin series from above into the equation.
((e^(x/2))-1)/ x =>[(1+0.5x+(0.25x^2)/2+(x^3)/(8*3!))-1]/x
This becomes:
[0.5x+(0.25x^2)/2+(x^3)/(8*3!)]x
As a final tip I suggest you buy and learn how to use a Ti-89 which has some not
very well known functions which can the Taylor series of any function, and it can
also do partial fraction integration +many more things. A builder is only as good as
his tools and the ti-89 is the best. Just my 2cents.