Walter Konhäuser

VL-Nr. 0432 L 600

 Content

3 GSM

3.1 General overview

3.2 Architecture

3.3 The Radio Interface

3.4 Signalling

3.5 Radio Resource Management

3.6 Network Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 2 © Siemens, 2003

Reasons for introduction of GSM systems

Ø Governments, operators and suppliers have strong

interests in the introduction of a standard for mobile
communication systems for voice and data

Ø High subscriber capacity

Ø Improved grade of service quality

Ø Fully automatic international roaming

Ø Early demand in some countries

Ø Universal interfaces for compatibility purpose

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 3 © Siemens, 2003

 GSM/MoU obligations

1982 Foundation of GSM

1986 Field trails

End 1987 Final drafts of all essential recommendations

Early 1988 Call for tenders

Mid 1988 Final drafts of all other recommendations

1988 Contracts

1991 Pre-Commercial operation

1992 Commercial operation

until 1993 Service for all capitals and major airports

until 1995 Service for all traffic routes between capitals

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 4 © Siemens, 2003

Basic factors influencing the layout of
Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

Spectrum Cost
Efficiency Effectiveness

Optimum
Cellular
Systems

Traffic
Capacity
(Erl)

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 5 © Siemens, 2003

 Features

Ø Fully digital transmission

Ø Enhanced frequency economy

Ø Privacy

Ø Improved hand-held viability

Ø Flexible configuration of networks and services

Ø International compatibility

Ø Enhanced services

Ø Based on field-proven EWSD technology

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 6 © Siemens, 2003

 Services

Ø Basic services
• Telephony
• Emergency call
• Short message service
• Fax Group 3
• Data up to 9600 bit/s

Ø Supplementary services
• Closed user group
• Multiparty service
• Call forwarding
• Call hold/call wait
• Calling/connected line identification
• Subscriber controlled input
• Barring of calls
• Advice of charge

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 7 © Siemens, 2003

 Content

3 GSM

3.1 General overview

3.2 Architecture

3.3 The Radio Interface

3.4 Signalling

3.5 Radio Resource Management

3.6 Network Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 8 © Siemens, 2003

External Interfaces

Operator

GSM

External Users
networks

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 9 © Siemens, 2003

 Subsystem of a GSM-PLMN

GSM-PLMN

Um

A to/from
RSS SSS other
Networks

O O

OMS

RSS Radio Subsystem SSS Switching Subsystem

Um, A, O Interfaces OMS Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Subsystem

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 10 © Siemens, 2003

Public Land Mobile Network
PLMN Components

Mobile- Mobile- Mobile-

Mobile Network Components
Station Station Station

Radio Interface

Base Station Base Station

Mobile Network Components

Base Station

PLMN

Fixed Network:
Gateway
Exchange

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 11 © Siemens, 2003

 Public land mobile network (PLMN)
System architecture
Base station system BSS Switching subsystem SSS Other networks

AC

PSTN
HLR VLR EIR

ISDN
BTS BSC TRAU MSC
Data
networks
Mobile
station OMC-B OMC-S
PLMN

Operation & maintenance centers

AC Authentication center MSC Mobile services switching center

BSC Base station controller OMC-B OMC base station system
BTS Base transceiver station OMC-S OMC switching subsystem
EIR Equipment identification register VLR Visitor location register
HLR Home location register
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 12 © Siemens, 2003
General Definitions
Ø Location Register
To establish a call to a mobile station the network must know where this mobile is
located.

Ø Home Location Register (HLR)

A mobile subscriber is registered at one location register which functions as its home
center for chasrging and billing purposes and for administering its subscriber
parameters.

Ø Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The Visitor Location Register is the location register, other than the HLR, used by an
MSC to retrieve information for e. g. handling of calls to or from a roaming mobile station
currently located in its area.

Ø Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

The MSC constitutes the interface between the radio system and the fixed networks.
The MSC performs all necessary functions in order to handle the calls to and from the
base station.

Ø Base Station Area

The Base Station Area is the part of the network covered my a base station. Every
mobile station in base station area can be reached by the equipment of the base station.

Ø Location Area
The Location Area is defined as an area in which a mobile station may move freely
without updating the location register. A Location Area may include one or several base
station areas.
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 13 © Siemens, 2003
 Structure of an Intelligent Network (IN)

Data - SMS
Communication Interface Base

X.25
Communication Interface
Program Interface Data - SCP
Communication Interface Base

SMS
Service Management System
- Management of data and statistics
CCS 7 Network - Introduction of new services
- Service updates

SCP
Service Cotrol Point
- Data base for service control
• Introduction of new services
SSP • Service authentification

SSP
Service Switching Point
- Service access
- Service processing
User User User
CCS 7: common channel signaling system no. 7
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 14 © Siemens, 2003
Mobilkommunikationssystem als Intelligentes Netz

SMS
MS
Data -
Base MS
Communication Interface Nationale und
Funkfeld Internationale
X.25 Luftschnittstelle
for MS
Communication Interface Funk-
zelle PLMN
Program Interface Data - SCP
Base OAMC
Communication Interface (SMS)
BSS
SMS BSS
Service Management System zu anderen
CCS 7
- Management of data and statistics PLMN
- Introduction of new services
CCS 7 Network - Service updates
Datenbasen
(SCP)
CCS 7 BSS: Base Station System

SCP MS: Mobile Station

Service Cotrol Point MSC: Mobile Services
- Data base for service control
CCS 7 Switching Center
• Introduction of new services
• Service authentification CCS 7: Common Channel
MCP (SSP) MCP (SSP) Signaling No 7
SSP PSTN: Public Switched
Telefone Network
SSP
Service Switching Point OAMC: Operation,
- Service access Administration,
- Service processing Maintenance Center
Fernvermittlungsstellen (oberste Ebene)
Teilneh- Teilneh- Teilneh- PSTN Internationale
mer mer mer Schnittstelle
(User) (User) (User) (national)

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 15 © Siemens, 2003

GSM – PLMN Referenzkonfiguration
22,8 kb/s 16 kb/s 64 kb/s
Sprache
Sprache 13 kb/s 3 + 13 kb/s 64 kb/s
64 kb/s
Daten Daten
22,8 kb/s 16 kb/s 64 kb/s
0,3 kb/s 0,3 kb/s
1,2 kb/s 3,6 kb/s 8 kb/s 1,2 kb/s
8 kb/s 16 kb/s
2,4 kb/s 6 kb/s 3,4 + 12,6 kb/s 2,4 kb/s
16 kb/s
4,8 kb/s 12 kb/s 4,8 kb/s
9,6 kb/s 9,6 kb/s
Sync/Async. Sync/Async.

Luftschnittstelle
Mobile Station (MS)

TE MT MT TRAU MSC
R RFM TRAU-Frame Vermittlungs- Interworking -
F CCU (20 ms) funktion
Funktion = IWF
M (IWE)
BS Base Station
CC Channel Coding
CCU Cannel Coding Unit
Luftschnittstellen- BS- MSC/IWF IWE Interworking Equipment
IWF Interworking Function
Verbindungselement Verbindungselement L2R Layer 2 Relay Function
MSC Mobile Service Switching
CC CC Center
RA RA MT Mobile Terminal
RA Rate Adaption
L2R/RLP L2R/RLP RFM Radio Frequency
Management
GSM-PLMN Verbindungstyp (Connection Type) RLP Radio Link Protocol
GSM-PLMN Verbindung (Connection) TE Terminal Equipment
TRAU Transcoding and Rate
Netzzugangspunkt Netzzugangspunkt Adaption

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 16 © Siemens, 2003

 Microwave: Products/Systems

•• PtP
PtP Radio
Radio Links
Links
•• PmP
PmP Radio
Radio Links
Links
•• WLL
WLL Access
Access Systems
Systems
PtP PmP

BSC BTS
RNC NodeB BTS
MSC NodeB

BTS
OMC NodeB

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 17 © Siemens, 2003

 Content

3 GSM

3.1 General overview

3.2 Architecture

3.3 The Radio Interface

3.4 Signalling

3.5 Radio Resource Management

3.6 Network Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 18 © Siemens, 2003

GSM Multiple Access Scheme (FDMA/TDMA)

Zeitschlitz-
nummer
≈ 0,577 ms
1 Zeitschlitz 7
(156,25 bits)

4 1 TDMA-
Rahmen
≈ 4,615 ms
3 (1250 Bits)

2
Zeit
1

0
Frequenz

200 kHz
Funkkanal

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 19 © Siemens, 2003

Strukturbaum der logistischen (funktionalen)
Kanäle
TCH/FS
Traffic Channel Full rate for Speech
Speech
TCH/HS
TCH Traffic Channel Half rate for Speech
Traffic
Channel TCH/F…
Traffic Channel Full rate for Data
Data
TCH/F…
Logical Traffic Channel Half rate for Data
Channels USC DCCH SDCCH
User Specific Dedicated Stand Alone
Channel Control Channel Dedicated Control Channel
ACCH FACCH
Associated Fast Associated Control Channel
Control Channel SACCH
CCH Slow Associated Control Channel
Control
Channel
UPCH BCCH
User Packet Channel Broadcast Control Channel
BCH FCCH
Broadcast Channel Frequency Correction Channel
SCH
CAC Synchronization Channel
Common
Access Channel PCH
Paging Channel
CCCH RACH
Common Random Access Channel
Control Channel AGCH
Access Grant Channel
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 20 © Siemens, 2003
 Content

3 GSM

3.1 General overview

3.2 Architecture

3.3 The Radio Interface

3.4 Signalling

3.5 Radio Resource Management

3.6 Network Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 21 © Siemens, 2003

Functional planes

Operator User

OAM

CM

MM

RR OAM: Operation,
Administration and
Maintenance
CM: Communication
Transmission Management
MM: Mobility Management
RR: Radio Resource
Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 22 © Siemens, 2003

GSM Signalling Architecture
relay anchor
MS BTS BSC MSC MSC HLR

CM RIL 3 - CC
RIL3: Radio Interface
MAP/D Layer 3

MM RIL3 - MM MAP: Mobile Application Part

RSM: Radio Subsystem
Management
BSSMAP: Base Station System
Management
RR RIL3 - RR
TCAP: Transaction Capabilities
RSM BSS MAP MAP/E Application Part
TCAP SCCP: Signalling Connection
Control Part
LAPD: Link Access Protocol
SCCP SCCP SCCP (LAPDm): for the D-Channel
LAPDm LAPD MTP MTP MTP (Dm-Channel)
MTP: Message transfer part
Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1

Abis - A-
Interface
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 23 © Siemens, 2003
 Protocols and Interfaces

HLR VLR AC EIR

CC MM RF

L2 DT RSS
AP MAP MAP
L1
GSM RSSAP CCS7
TCAP
ISUP
Air SCCP SCCP
Interface SCCP
MTP MTP
X MTP

CCS7 CCS7
BST BSC MSC ISDN
MS line signalling

X.25 X.25

PSTN
OMPR OMC
e.g.
MFC-R2 other
Networks
PLMN
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 24 © Siemens, 2003
Protokollstruktur SSS

MAP CP

TCAP CP

MTP Massage transfer part

LTG (Physikalischem Sicherungs-,
BSSAP Vermittlungsebene)

SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part

(Adressierung und Lenken von
Nachrichten - auch über Grenzen
ISUP LTG eines Netzes)

ISUP ISDN User Part

BSSAP Base Station System Application Part

SCCP C P, L T G (Auf der A-Schnittstelle MSC – BSC)

TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part

(Basis für Transaktions-Abwicklungen)

MAP Mobile Application Part

MTP (Mobilfunkspezifische, transaktions-
CCNC orientierte Nachrichten zwischen
Einheiten der SSS)

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 25 © Siemens, 2003

 Content

3 GSM

3.1 General overview

3.2 Architecture

3.3 The Radio Interface

3.4 Signalling

3.5 Radio Resource Management

3.6 Network Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 26 © Siemens, 2003

Radio Resource Management

The technological field of Radio Resource Management is signalling

GSM signalling is a split in three functional domains:

– Communication Management

– Mobility Management and

– Radio Resource Management

In a cellular system like GSM, a dedicated channel over the radio

interface is provided to the mobile stations only on demand and for
the duration of the call. Therefore two features are needed:

– Dynamic channel allocation (dedicated mode and

idlemode) and

– Handover.

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 27 © Siemens, 2003

RR, MM und CM-Layers
n Radio Resource Management (RR)
The role of the radio resource management layer is to establish and release
stable connections between mobile stations and an MSC for the duration of
a call for instance, and to maintain them despite user movements. It must
cope with a limited radio resource (and the corresponding terrestrial
resources) and share it dynamically between all needs. The functions of the
RR layer are mainly performed by the handover process lies entirely within
the RR layer, part of the functions implemented in the MSC are within the
RR domain, in particular the ones related to inter-MSC handovers.
n Mobility Management (MM)
The machines concerned with mobility management are mainly the mobile
station (and more precisely the SIM inside the mobile station), the HLR and
the MSC/VLR. The management of the security functions are done by the
same machines, and more particularly by the AuC inside the HLR. The BSS
is not concerned with the MM plane.
n Communication Management (CM)
The functions of the communication management layer, or CM layer, consist
in setting up calls between users at their request, as well as of course
maintaining these calls and releasing them. It includes the means for the
user to have some control over the management of the calls he originates or
receives, though the “Supplementary Services”. The variety of the
Communication Management functions makes it easier to describe as three
sub-domains.
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 28 © Siemens, 2003
RR-session and RR connection

anchor MSC relay MSC

MSC MSC

A - Interface
CM transactions

BSC BSC BSC anchor MSC RR-session

relay MSC

Abis - Interface BSC RR-connection

BTS

BTS BTS BTS BTS inter-MSC handover

inter-BSC handover

intra-BSC inter-BTS handover

or change of channel on same BTS

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 29 © Siemens, 2003

 Content

3 GSM

3.1 General overview

3.2 Architecture

3.3 The Radio Interface

3.4 Signalling

3.5 Radio Resource Management

3.6 Network Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 30 © Siemens, 2003

Operation and Maintenance Subsystem

OMS-Tasks

Configuration Management

Fault Management

Performance Management

Security Management

Accounting Management

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 31 © Siemens, 2003

Mobile Markets – Challenges

Market Trends Network Management

Challenge
n Increasing complexity
• Increasing competition MNO Strategy of multi-standard
• Invest in UMTS for OSS mobile networks
• Increasing complexity n Shorter innovation
é Centralisation
• Up-coming data services cycles of network
é Specialisation
• Market consolidation elements & services
é Full automation of
n New NM paradigms
operational process through IP and NG
MNO Challenge é Customer orientation OSS/eTOM
n From network to
service centric
é New service propositions
operations
é Quality of service
n Decrease of Systems
é Customer satisfaction Integration Tax
ê Time-to-service
ê OPEX NG OSS New Generation Operations Services
and Software
eTOM enhanced Telecom Operations Map

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 32 © Siemens, 2003

Business Drivers
Operators’ priorities have changed significantly
Today's focus of operators on CAPEX and availability
will shift towards total cost of ownership

Commercial Operation

Initial Roll-out § Price (CAPEX) + OPEX

§ Network Growth
§ Price (CAPEX)
§ Network Quality
§ Time to Service
§ Network Optimization
& Performance

O&M the decisive differentiator for the manufacturer

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 33 © Siemens, 2003
Economical Solutions

Understand the organization and cost structure

of the mobile operator OPEX
55%
n Analysis of business and operational processes
CAPEX
n Identification of OPEX saving measures 15%
Licence
30%

Efficient operational concepts Network Size

and Complexity
n Excellent mobile network usability ... Process
with intuitive management Automation ...
n Automation of operational processes OPEX
by Self-Optimizing-Networks, Auto-discovery ... GSM GPRS UMTS

Optimal tailored network and service management solutions

meeting mobile operator needs
n Hiding network complexity
n Full service orientation

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 34 © Siemens, 2003

Network Management Landscape

Mobile OSS

OSS Service Service Service

Fulfillment Assurance Billing

Open Interface Interfaces

Policy
Applications
Own Netviewer Radio Switch IP @vantage
Products Commander Commander Manager Commander
Element
Managers
Message
Coordinator
Microwave
Mobile Data IMS
Mobile Core
Mobile Radio
IP and 3rd party
equipment
Enabling Services

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 35 © Siemens, 2003

NetViewer NME

O&M Microwave (SDH, PDH and ATM based products)

n Fault, configuration and performance management
of all SMC microwave links, security
n Different transport technologies: SDH, PDH, ATM
n Full range of payload capacity: 2x2 … 8x155 Mbit/s
n Various topological scenarios
(point-to-point vs. point-to-multipoint; ring vs. tree, ...)
n Friendly and useful graphical user interface (GUI)

Benefits
n Standard platform (MS Windows) reduces
training and operating costs
n Capability to manage the whole microwave
catalogue and 3rd party devices
n Scalability in accordance with the network growth
Managed objects:
SRA family, SRT family, SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SRA L family, SkyWeb P-MP PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode …

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 36 © Siemens, 2003

Radio Commander

O&M Radio (Radio Access Network)

n Fault, configuration, performance, security and
software management
n Future-proof and scalable system architecture
n Value-adding application O&M ToolSet
n Comfortable graphical user interface (GUI)
and command line interface (CLI)
n Open and standardized interfaces, e.g. MCCM

Benefits
n Management of 2G and 3G networks by
one user interface reduces training and
operating costs and saves investment
n Scalability for a quick and cost efficient
Managed objects:
network growth
BTS, BSC, TRAU n Open interfaces for a smooth integration
NodeB, RNC into the multi-vendor environment

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 37 © Siemens, 2003

Switch Commander

O&M Core
n Fault detection and reparation for mobile core technologies
n Configuration, Performance measurements
n Value added applications: Network Configuration
Management (NCM), backup & restore
n Authorization and access control
n Remote access to its graphical user interface (GUI) and
automation tools

Benefits
n Investment protection by management
of 2G and 3G networks with one GUI
n Scalable, adaptable to
network changes and extensions
n Efficiency by customizable user
Managed objects: interface and unified look-and-feel for
e.g. SGSN, MSC
all managed elements.
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 38 © Siemens, 2003
IP Manager

O&M for 3rd party IP/IT based network elements

n Fault, configuration, performance and security management
n Powerful integration of OEM capabilities
n Telnet for mass data configuration
n Value adding applications: e.g. Mprobes, Watchdog
n User friendly and high customizable
graphical user interface (GUI)
n Open and standardized interfaces,
e.g. SNMP Benefits
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol n Increased operating efficiency
through a highly integrated O&M solution
for multi-vendor IP-based network elements
n High scalable (network growth),
high flexible operational area
Managed objects
n Independent rollout schedules and release
(e.g. Gateways, Server, cycles possible
Routers, Firewalls) n Flexible 3rd party integration
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 39 © Siemens, 2003
Middleware-Commander

O&M IN, Charging and IMS

n Fault, configuration, load and security management
real-time performance monitoring, backup&restore
n Future-proof and scalable system architecture (based on Solaris)
n Comfortable graphical user interface (GUI)
n Open standard interfaces (SNMP, FTP, Corba, XML)
n Carrier grade availability (up to 99.95% for 2 node cluster)
SNMP
FTP
Simple Network Management Protocol
File Transfer Protocol
Benefits
CORBA
XML
Common Object Request Broker Architecture
Extended Markup Language
n OPEX reduction due to centralized flexible element
B&R Backup and Restore management and backup&restore for different
network element types
n Scalability: from small up to large networks
n Small-footprint: 1 @vantage Commander manages
Managed objects: whole domain (up to 80 network elements)
Enabling Services,
(e.g. Charging), IP Multimedia n Dual vendor strategy: SUN or FSC for servers
Subsystem, n “2 in 1” configuration: @vantage Commander and
e.g. HSS, CSCF)
B&R server on one host.
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 40 © Siemens, 2003
Message Coordinator

Charging gateway and billing mediation for offline charging

n Multinetwork technology (GSM, GPRS, UMTS)

MessageCoordinator
MSC Billing
n Multivendor capability
SGSN Inter Accounting
n Data collection (FTAM, FTP, GTP´)
GGSN
n GUI with JAVA environment, easy adaptation Call Analysis
Radius
to the customer interfaces and its changes Fraud Detection
MSP
n Auditing
Call Data Records Consolidated CDRs
n Alarming per SNMP (raw)
(Session)
Bill (Service)
(Content)
Benefits
n Investment protection by support of
2G and 3G networks and IP services
Message
Coordinator n Redundancy (acc to 3GPP) to ensure
transmission security
n Comprehensive billing mediation.
Session Service FTAM File Transfer, Access and Management
FTP File Transfer Protocol
Content GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 41 © Siemens, 2003

Mobile OSS – Open Interface Policy

Siemens offers interfaces,

consulting and integration support OSS Systems
Service Service Service
n Northbound interfaces on Fulfillment Assurance Billing

element managers and network elements

FM CM PM
n Interfaces are documented in detail Fault Config Perform.
Mgmt Mgmt Mgmt
Subscriber Mgmt
n Interoperability tests offered
Element
to mobile operators and to OSS vendors ManagerElement
Manager

Network
Elements

Benefits
n Open access to Siemens Network equipment’s northbound interfaces
n Mobile network operators are not restricted to proprietary solutions
n Open interfaces cut integration costs
ICM Berlin 03 2003 Page 42 © Siemens, 2003