RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

I. INRODUCTION Respiratory System is a system of organs sub serving the functions of respiration and in air-breathing vertebrates consisting typically of the lungs and their nervous and circulatory system supply and the channels by which these are continuous with the outer air. It contains organs that are involved in breathing. This includes the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs. Also known as the respiratory tract. It is also a system of the body responsible of taking in O2, and excreting CO2, and regulating the relative composition of the blood. And most of all, respiratory system is the biological system of any organism that engages in gas exchange of any organism that engages in gas exchange. Even trees have their respiratory system, taking in carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen during the day, consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide constantly. II. FUNCTIONS

A. Gas exchange The cellular respiration involves the breakdown of the organic molecule that produces ATP Carbon dioxide is also generated by cellular metabolism and must be removed from the cell. The animals have organ system involved in the facilitating this exchange as well as the transport of gases o and from exchange areas. The process continues simultaneously as carbon dioxide leaves the cell the oxygen will enter the cell. 1

III. STRUCTURE AND RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS

A. Gills The gills greatly increased the surface area for gas exchange. It occurs in the variety of animals groups including the arthropods, annelids, fish, and amphibians. The gills convolute outgrowths containing blood vessels covered by a thin layer of epithelial layer. They are organized in a series of plates namely; internal as in crabs and fish and external to the body as in some amphibians. B. Tracheal System/Trachea Terrestrial animals have their respiratory surfaces inside the body and connected to the outside in series of tubes. This tube carries air directly to cells for gas exchange. The spiracles are small openings at the body surface that lead to trachea. The tracheoles are the smaller tubes of the trachea. The trachea will not function well in the animals whose body is longer than 5 cm. C. Lungs It is ingrowths of the body wall in animals and connect to the outside by a series of tubes and small openings. Not entirely the sole property of vertebrates, some terrestrial snails have a gas exchange structures similar to those of frogs.

2 IV. Humans Respiratory System The flow of the air fro, outside the body to the lungs begins with the nose, which is divided into left and right nasal passages. Air is filtered, and passed through the nasal cavity. Filtering prevents airborne bacteria, viruses, other potentially disease causing substance from entering in the lungs, where they may cause infection. Like the nasal passages, the pharynx has the epiglottis that prevents food from entering the trachea. A protrusion in the cartilage called the Adams apple sometimes enlarges in males during puberty, creating a prominent bulge visible on the neck. While the primary role of the larynx is to transport air rough the trachea, it also serves other functions. It plays a primary role in producing sound; it prevents food and fluid from the entering the air passage to cause choking; and its mucous membranes and ciliabearing cells help filter the air. The cilia in the larynx waft airborne particles up to forward the pharynx to be swallowed. Breathing is the process of moving oxygen-rich into and out of the lungs. Respiration refers to all of the processes involved in getting the oxygen tissues, including the breathing, diffusion of oxygen from the lungs to the blood, transport by the blood, and diffusion from the blood to the tissues. Air passes from the larynx into the trachea, a tube about 12-15 cm (about 5 to 6 inches) long located just below the larynx. The trachea is formed of 15 to 20 C-shaped cartilage lies at the back of the trachea open, enabling air to pass freely at all times. The open part of C-shaped cartilage lies at the back of the trachea, and the ends of the C are connected by the muscle tissues.

3 The base of the trachea is located at the little below the neck meets the trunk of the body. Here the trachea is located a little below the neck meets the trunk of the body. Here the trachea branches into two tubes, the left and right bronchi, which deliver air to the left and the right lungs, respectively. Within the lungs, the bronchi branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The trachea, bronchi, and the first few bronchioles contribute to the cleansing function of the respiratory system, for them too, are lined with the mucous membranes and ciliated cells move mucus upward the pharynx. The alveoli deliver oxygen to the circulatory system and remove carbon dioxide.

4 V. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN ANIMALS The movement of an oxygen-containing medium so to contacts a moist membrane overlying blood vessels. The diffusion of oxygen from the medium into the blood. Also, the transport of oxygen to the tissues and cell of the body. Diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the cell. And lastly, Carbon dioxide follows a reverse path. Most animals have body systems specialized to obtain oxygen from the surroundings and convey it to all body parts, while usually getting rid of waste carbon dioxide at the same time. These are called respiratory systems. Typically, they link to a circulatory system. This is based on a circulating medium, usually a body fluid known as blood, which conveys the oxygen. Rather than carrying the oxygen in dissolved form, this fluid may contain substances specialized to attach to oxygen, termed respiratory pigments. The medium is kept flowing or circulating by some form of muscular pump, commonly called the heart. External respiration is the interchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surroundings and the organisms body, often called breathing. Internal respiration is the interchange of gases taking place inside the body, between the blood and tissues.

More complex animals have, as part of the respiratory system, specialized organs to increase the area of exposure between the

circulating fluids to the external medium. These are often called gills in aquatic creatures and lungs in land animals.

5 VI. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory System can bring up different kinds of illness and diseases to us that have the possibility resulting in the damage or destruction of once health. Some of the Respiratory diseases are the ff.: Asthma, Asthma is disease wherein there is a interference in the passage of the air through the membrane lined tubes that serve the lungs. The lining of the bronchi become congested and swollen, and unusual amount of mucus is secreted within the tubes. The 2nd one is the Bronchiectasis. This is a condition that occur usually in the lower Part of the lungs, became pockets in which chronic infection persist with formation of pussy sputum. The 3rd one is the Bronchitis is the myriads of germ lurks in the nose and the throat, ready to find air passages and cause trouble. Usually they occur in complication of a common cold. The 4th one is the Pneumoconiosis. It is a chronic fibrous of the lungs, caused by inhaling irritating dusts. The 5th one is the Pneumonia. The delicate of the lung tissues becomes acutely infected. Several kinds of germs and viruses can cause the infection. The 6th one is the Rhinitis. It is an inflammatory lesion involving mucous membrane of the nose. The 7th

one is the Acute Pharyngitis. It is febrile information of the throat. Lastly, is the Laryngitis. It is manifested by hoarseness or complete loss of the voice and by severe cough. 6 VII. SUMMARY Most animals have body systems specialized to obtain oxygen from the surroundings and convey it to all body parts, while usually getting rid of waste carbon dioxide at the same time. These are called respiratory systems. Typically, they link to a circulatory system. This is based on a circulating medium, usually a body fluid known as blood, which conveys the oxygen. Rather than carrying the oxygen in dissolved form, this fluid may contain substances specialized to attach to oxygen, termed respiratory pigments. The medium is kept flowing or circulating by some form of muscular pump, commonly called the heart. External respiration is the interchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surroundings and the organisms body, often called breathing. Internal respiration is the interchange of gases taking place inside the body, between the blood and tissues. In simpler aquatic animals the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, diffuse in and out of tissues near the surface, and the medium carries them to and from more distant internal cells. Respiratory system is a system in the body that is responsible in the breathing process. Without the respiratory system there would be no oxygen hat can supply the body in order fir us to breathe. Different

species have their own unique structures that are used for the breathing mechanism.