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NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

TOPICS OBJECTIVES SULPHURIC ACIDS POLYMERS COMPOSITE MATERIALS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer. Evaluate the uses of composite materials. Appreciate various synthetic industrial materiala.

(H4SO4)

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID 1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily obsorbed by plant. 2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte. 3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon. 4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component materials.

2H2SO4 (l) + Ca3(PO4)2 (s)

Ca(H2PO4)2 (l) + 2CaSO4 (s)

2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O (l)

2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

(NH4)2SO4(aq )

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

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1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process 2. The process contain three stage STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur i. Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO2. S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g)
sulphur

ii. sulphur dioxide is dried and purified. STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide i. The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over vanadium(V) oxide V2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphur trioxide SO3. 2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g) ii. The optimum used are a) Temperature:450-500C b) Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres c) Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is possible. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the converter. STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid i. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4. SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l)
Oleum

H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq) ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water. SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq) iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction is vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

The Contact Process Sulphu r Oxyge n In the converter S(s) + O2(g)SO2(g) Oxyge 2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Temperature: 450-500C Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide

SULPHUR
ENVIRONMENTAL

SO2(g) + H2SO4(aq)H2S2O7(l) H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq) Outline Of Contact process

Unreacted 2%so2 is flowed back to converter together with oxygen

DIOXIDE POLLUTION

AND

1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless and poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell. 2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution. 3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic, H2SO3. In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic. SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq) 4. Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Acid rain and environmental pollution

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 WHAT ARE POLYMER

1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined together repeatedly are called polymer. 2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer. 3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation. 4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber. 5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional polymerisation. 6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation. Some Common Addition Polymers

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Name(s) Polyethylene low density (LDPE) Polyethylene high density (HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) different grades Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) Polystyrene (PS) Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan)

Formula (CH2-CH2)n

Monomer ethylene CH2=CH2 ethylene CH2=CH2 propylene CH2=CHCH3 vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl vinylidene chloride CH2=CCl2 styrene CH2=CHC6H5 acrylonitrile CH2=CHCN

Properties soft, waxy solid rigid, translucent solid

Uses film wrap, plastic bags electrical insulation bottles, toys

(CH2-CH2)n

[CH2CH(CH3)]n (CH2CHCl)n (CH2CCl2)n [CH2CH(C6H5)]n (CH2CHCN)n

atactic: soft, elastic similar to LDPE solid carpet, isotactic: hard, upholstery strong solid strong rigid solid pipes, siding, flooring

dense, high-melting seat covers, films solid hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents high-melting solid soluble in organic solvents toys, cabinets packaging (foamed) rugs, blankets clothing non-stick surfaces electrical insulation lighting covers, signs skylights latex paints, adhesives requires vulcanization for practical use

Polytetrafluoroeth tetrafluoroethyl resistant, smooth ylene (CF2-CF2)n ene solid (PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) methyl [CH2methacrylate C(CH3)CO2C CH2=C(CH3)C H3]n O2CH3 hard, transparent solid

(CH2vinyl acetate Poly(vinyl acetate) CHOCOCH3) CH2=CHOCOC soft, sticky solid (PVAc) H3 n cis-Polyisoprene natural rubber [CH2isoprene CH=C(CH3)- CH2=CHCH2]n C(CH3)=CH2 soft, sticky solid

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Polychloroprene (cis + trans) (Neoprene)

[CH2CH=CClCH2]n

chloroprene CH2=CHCCl=CH2

tough, rubbery solid

synthetic rubber oil resistant

Uses of synthetic polymers

Natural polymers

Monomer amino

acid

Monomer glucose Eg: in starch and cellulose

Monomer isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3 diene) Eg: in latex

Eg: in muscle, skin, silk, hairs, wools, and furs

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 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1. Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials: a. They are cheap, light-weight and translucent. b. They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped. c. They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator. d. They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and chemical attacks. 2. There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer: a. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution. b. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment. c. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes. d. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of nonrecyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

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WHY USE SYNTETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE?

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION RESULTING FROM THE DISPOSAL OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

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 WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer. 2. Some common composite materials are: a. Reinforces concrete b. Superconductor c. Fibre optic d. Fibre glass e. Photochromic glass

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COMPOSITE MATERIAL

COMPONENT
concrete

PROPERTIES OF COMPONENT
hard but brittle low tensile strengh

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
stronger higher tensile strength does not corrode easily cheaper can be moulded into shape can withstand very high applied force can support very heavy load Conducts electricity without resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen Reduce refraction of light Control the amount of light passed through it auto. Has the ability to change colour and become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light Low material cost Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre Can transmit electronic data or signal, voice and image high tensile strength moulded and shaped inert to chemicals light, strong, tough non-flammable impermeable to water resilient flexible

USES
construction of road rocket launching pads high-rise buildings

Reinforced concrete steel strong in tensile strength expensive can corrode Insulator of electricity

Superconductor

Cooper(ll) oxide Yttrium oxide Barium oxide Glass

Magnetically levitated train Transformer Electric cable Computer parts Information display panels Light detector device Car windshields Optical lens

Transparent Not sensitive to light

Photochromic glass

Silver chloride or silver bromide Glass with low refraction index

Sensitive to light

Transparent Does not reflect light rays

Transmit data using light waves in telecommunication s

Fibre optics Glass with higher refractive index glass high density strong but brittle non-flexible light flexible inflammable elastic but weak

Fibre glass

polyester plastic

car bodies helmets skies rackets furniture

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Chapter 9 Manufacture Substances in Industry. (2007, January 7). Retrieved August 28, 2011, from chem2u.blogsppot.com. Dr Norebani Abdullah, N. H. (2005). Matriculation Chemistry Semester 1. Subang Jaya, Selangor: Penerbit Higher Learning.

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