D04

Seismic isolators with composite neoprene for high
damping bridge and buildings, innovative containment

systems with hysteretic polygonal characteristic and
dissipative systems with silicone oil hydraulic multistage
functional bridges
SEETRANS 2011
Transport Research Opportunities for South East Europe in the EU
12-13 April 2011, Ljubljana - Slovenia
Contact Person: Dr. Ovidiu VASILE
- Project Manager and Member of Acoustics and Vibration Laboratory;
- Tel. +40722172700; E-mail: ovidiu@icecon.ro; URL: http://www.icecon.ro
Organization:
Name: Research Institute for Construction Equipment and
Technology ICECON SA
Type: Research Institute
Country: Romania
City: Bucharest
2
ICECON - Fields of Activity
Research development and construction technical regulations
New materials, technologies, internal systems and equipment, built-in equipment,
technological equipment, town management, environment protection, waste
recycling;
Standards, technical specifications, guidelines, guides of good practice and manuals
according to the European Documents for construction, internal systems and
equipment, town management, environment protection, waste recycling;
National research development and inovation programs: RELANSIN (Grand Prize
CONRO 2003, Excelence Prize), AMTRANS, CALIST, INFRAS, MENER, INVENT,
MATNANTECH, CEEX;
Technical Agrements;
Third party inspection for construction products and equipment, internal systems and
equipment, town management, environment protection, waste recycling;
Specialized services;
Scientific and technic books publishing.
ICECON - QUALIFICATIONS:
ICECON INSPECT third party inspection body accredited by RENAR (Romanian
Accreditation Association)
ICECON TEST first degree testing laboratory for construction products
authorized by the State Construction Inspection, accredited by RENAR
(Romanian Accreditation Association)
Notified at the European Commission as Notified Body no. 1803 / 2007-10-23
7 Technical Commitees within ASRO (Romanian Standard Association)
2 Working Groups within ISO Technical Commitees.
ICECON EXPERTISE OFFER:
Theoretic studies and researches: Constructions, Internal sistems instalations,
Equipment, National programs
Applied studies and researches: Constructions, Internal sistems instalations,
Equipment, National programs
Technical Agrements: Construction products, Internal sistems instalations
products, Built-in construction equipment
Third party inspections
Laboratory tests
Scientific and technic books publishing
Specialized services
5
PROJECT IDEA:
Project objectives:
a) Substantiation and developing of innovative concepts regarding the anti-seismic
systems intended for bridges and viaducts realized as products embedding one,
two or three devices with distinct operating principles. Every system consists of a
neoprene anti-seismic device in connection with a curved spherical or plane
sliding anti-seismic device.
Conception of one device consisting on one elastomeric element and one hydraulic
dissipater in-steps operated, so that the reaction force is monotony increasing
with asymptotic limit parallel to the speed axis.
System consisting of one elastomeric anti-seismic device in connection with one
friction sliding device and one hydraulic dissipater having in-step force variation.
b) The anti-seismic systems that will be conceived and realized should attain high
performances concerning the energy dissipation (over) with the fraction of the
critical damping = 0,50,7, and the elasticity in horizontal plan could be at
controlled values, on the basis of the system configuration parameters related to
the area seismic degree.
c) Determination of innovative solutions realized both by laboratory tests on every
dissipater and on anti-seismic systems constructed in three versions.
d) The technical solutions will be conceived in order to allow attaining of significant
performances in respect to the real systems, as well as to ensure the
technological transfer to the participant companies.

Ideea explanations found in scientific papers
Information on existing partnership:
Technical University for Construction (Romania): has a data base
regarding the earthquakes in Romania, Japan and Italy as well as
testing facilities under static and dynamic regime
Eftimie Murgu University from Resita UEMR (Romania): has
specialists dealing with modeling of dynamic systems and bridge and
railway maintenance
Institute of Solid Mechanics (Romania): specialized in physical and
harmonic modeling of the dynamic processes, of behavior analysis in
case of vibrating and shock devices and equipment. The institute has
personnel specialized in anti-seismic and antivibrating devices basing
on magneto-rheological fluids.
Requirements with respect to additional partners:
analysis and processing of complex signals, and determination of
significant results concerning the earthquake action, specific for different
seismic areas;
performing of structural, functional and parametric analysis under
seismic actions, in different versions of the innovative solutions
previously proposed;
possessing of data specific to the construction and viaducts, based on
significant typologies or specific typology for the individual solutions or
unique design and construction;
possessing of apparata and instrumental means, aiming to measure the
kinematic parameters in case of in situ experiments for bridge and
viaducts structures.
LUCRRILE CELEI DE A V-A CONFERINE A
ACADEMIEI DE TIINE TEHNICE DIN ROMNIA
Craiova, 28-29 septembrie 2010
HYSTERETIC SYSTEMS BEHAVIOR CORRESPONDING
EARTHQUAKE NEOPRENE INSULATORS
POLIDOR BRATU
*
, OVIDIU VASILE
**
*
Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Engineering Faculty of Brila,
e-mail: icecon@icecon.ro
**
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Department of Mechanics,
e-mail: ovidiu_vasile2002@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract. This paper presents the dissipation, as well as damping parameters basing
on the structural analysis of the insulation systems consisting of more antivibrating
elastomeric elements. Thus, the representative cases of hysteretic dissipation for kinematics
and dynamic actions of the external harmonic excitation are analyzed.
Key words: elastomers, damping systems, vibration, hysteretic system.
1. Introduction
The behaviour of neoprene placed as finite elements intended for
insulation and damping of vibration and seismic motions is conditioned by the
following factors:
- geometry, shape and dimensions of the insulator;
- permanent loading for steady static equilibrium under gravity forces
action as well as mounting-installation and operation forces;
- neoprene composition based on natural rubber, smoke black (carbon)
and other fillers;
- vulcanization process based on main parameters, namely pressure,
temperature, duration.
For the same systems intended for supporting and vibration insulation,
the vibration attenuation characteristic represent the capacity of the whole
system to diminish the vibration level transmitted from the source to the fixed
support. The system represents the assembly consisting of the insulator with
parameters k and c, as well as the weight of the moving suspended mass
corresponding to the supporting point. Thus, the attenuation of a damping
parameter is a system characteristic, depending on parameters k, c and m
specific to the calculus model.
Polidor Bratu, Ovidiu Vasile
The dynamic behaviour of the neoprene insulator as a results of the
specific material structure and the corresponding suspended mass, could be a
hysteretic one, so that the product . const h c Z , where h is denoted as
hysteretic coefficient.
Figure 1 illustrates the hysteretic model [1,2].
The dual behaviour of elastomers with hysteretic damping is determined
by the significant proportionality existing between c and k, or between c and m.
Owing this, the critical damping fraction
h ech
] ] { might have two variation
laws as a function of the variation of m and k, respectively.
Fig.1. - Hysteretic model
2. Hysteretic behaviour
Model Rayleigh states the possible linear combination for the inertial and
rigidity characteristics, defining the proportional damping of a system with
more freedom degrees. Thus, if the mass matrix M, rigidity matrix K and
attenuation matrix C are correlated by relation Rayleigh, we have [3]:
K M C E D (1)
where and are positive real numbers.
Using the modal matrix and the transposed matrix
T
, relation (1)
becomes:
) ) ) ) ) ) K M C
T T T
E D
or
* * *
K M C E D (2)
with
*
C ,
*
M and
*
K diagonal matrix having elements
i
T
i i
) ) C C
*
,
i
T
i i
) ) M M
*
and
i
T
i i
) ) K K
*
. We denote
2
* * *
M K , where
] [
2 2
2
*
i
Diag I Z Z .
) (t F
m
k
x
h
) (t F
m
k '
x
) (t F
m '
k
x
h
a. b. c.
h
Lucrrile celei de a V-a Conferine ASTR
For the vibration mode r we have:
2
r r
T
r r
T
r r
T
r
M M C ) ) ) ) ) ) E D
or
2 * * *
2
r r r r r r
M M M E D Z ] (3)
resulting in:
2
2
r r r
EZ D Z ] (4)
For the vibration mode s, we obtain the similar relation:
2
2
s s s
EZ D Z ] (5)
and the algebraic system (4), (5), we obtain:
2 2
2
r s
r s s r
s r
Z Z
Z ] Z ]
Z Z D
, (6)
2 2
2
r s
r r s s
Z Z
Z ] Z ]
E
. (7)
r
r
r
Z
E
Z
D
]
2 2
. (8)
or denoting
r
k
r
Z
E
]
2
and
r
m
r
Z
D
]
2
we have:
m
r
k
r r
] ] ]
(9)
This hysteretic behaviour has sense for the case when the system is
loaded under harmonic dynamic regime with pulsation Z , only. Relation
between the hysteretic damping K or the loss coefficient and the equivalent
critical damping ] is:
p k
c Z
]
Z
K 2
or
: ] K 2 (10)
where
p
Z
: represents the relative pulsation.
In figure 2 the attenuation variation ) (Z ]
r
, ) (Z ]
k
r
and ) (Z ]
m
r
is
represented.
r
]
1
Z
r
Z
s
Z
a. b.
r
]
Z
K C E
r
Z
s
Z
c.
r
]
Z
M C D
s
Z
r
Z
Fig.2. - Attenuation variation
2.1. Behaviour of the hysteretic system with constant mass
Basing on the rigidity variation k and considering k c E , h c Z , we
have [4]:
k
h
k
c

Z
K
h k Z E
where taking into account that : ] K 2 it results in:
K ]
:
2
1
or
p K
Z
]
2
1
For the vibration mode j we have:

a
p
r h ) (
]
p
p
r
2
>
1
3
>
2
k
b
k
r
2
>
1
3
>
2
k
r h ) (
]
j j
p K
Z
]
2
1
(11)
For resonance,
j
p Z we obtain:
K ]
2
1
k
rez
(12)
and for the mode j r z we have:
r
k
rez
p
r h
p ]
Z
]
1
) (
(13)
Function of the variation of k, for each vibration mode r, we have:
r
k
rez
r
k
r h
k
m
]
Z
]
1
) (
(14)
The curve families given by relations (13) and (14) are shown in figure 3.
Fig.3. - Critical damping fraction (constant mass)
2.2. Behaviour of the hysteretic system with constant rigidity
Keeping the mass variation m and the conditions m c D ,
. const h c Z one obtains:
Z
D Z
K
k
m
k
c

or
k
m
k
mp
Z
D
Z
] 2
and
p ] D 2 (15)
p
r h ) (
]
p
a
p
r
1
<
2
2
<
3
3
<
2
1
2
3
m
r h ) (
]
b
m
r
2
<
3
1
<
2
m
1
2
3
From relations m c D and
k
cZ
K we have:
m
k
Z
K D (16)
and together with (15) it leads to relations:
j
m
j
p K
Z
]
2
1
For resonance Z
j
p , we have:
K ]
2
1
m
rez
and for the vibration mode r, we obtain:
r
m
rez
p
r h
p ]
Z
]
1
) (
(17)
Depending of the mass variation m, from relation (22), we have:
i
m
rez
i m
r h
m
k
1
) (
]
Z
] (18)
The graph corresponding to the curve families given by (17) and (18) is
illustrated in figure 4.
Fig.4. - Critical damping fraction (constant rigidity)
3. Conclusion
The behaviour of elastomers forming the anti-seismic and antivibrating
insulators, can be characterized as being dual, depending on the significant
a.
p
h
]
p
1
p
2
p
Z
1
2
k
h
]
k
1
k
2
k
Z
1
2
b.
p
h
]
p
1
p
2
p
Z
1
2
m
h
]
m
1
m
2
m
Z
1
2
physic-mechanical properties of the mechanism of hysteretic dissipation for the
internal energy.
Thus, for the hysteretic damping, the damping force is independent to
the deformation rate, depends on the instantaneous deformation only and
manifests itself with dissipative property in case of motions with stationary
dynamic actions at given pulsation only.
The analysis of elastomers behaviour, under dynamic regime, should
take into consideration the structural system structure as a function of the
freedom degrees, mass distribution, elastic connection distribution and energy
dissipation mechanisms (viscoelastic or hysteretic).
This theoretical and experimental approach has been verified using a
testing facility with one freedom degree and dynamic excitation with
unidirectional inertial perturbing force having the amplitude
2
0 0
Z r m P ,
where r m
0
is m-order moment (static) of the rotation inertial exciting actuator
and
Z
is the perturbing pulsation, under two dynamic test versions, namely:
- keeping constant the mobile mass, with possibility to change the rigidity;
- keeping constant the rigidity and possibility to change the mass.
Fig.5. - System damping
The dual elastomer character is given by the chemical composition and
the vulcanization regime, determining the dual dynamic system behaviour of the
insulators as follows:
a) for the system with constant mass and possibility to change the rigidity,
usually by discrete values, the system damping variation can be
represented by
k
r h ) (
] and
p
r h ) (
] with different laws at rigidity discrete
variation (Fig. 5 a.).
b) for the system with constant rigidity and possibility to change the mass
by discrete values, the system damping variation
m
r h ) (
] and
p
r h ) (
] is
presented in Figure 5 b.
Finally, in order to evaluate the system damping, attention should be
drawn upon the entire material assembly with mass, elastic and hysteretic
dissipation characteristics, so that the dominant damping behaviour proportional
either to the mass or the rigidity could be assessed.
R E F E R E N C E S
[1] Bratu, P., Supporting Elastic Systems intended for machinery and equipment,
Technical Publishing House, Bucharest 1990.
[2] Bratu, P., Rigidity and damping characteristics in case of composite neoprene
systems due to passive vibrations isolation, SISOM 2006, Bucharest, 17 19 May,
2006.
[3] Bratu, P., Base isolation using low frequency special ant seismic systems,
International Symposium Energy dissipation ISBN 973-8132-53-3, Bucharest,
Romania, 2005.
[4] Snowdon, J.C., Vibration and shock in damped mechanical systems, John Wiley
Sous. Inc. New York, London, Sydney, 1968.
COMPORTAREA SISTEMELOR HISTERETICE CORESPUNZTOARE
IZOLATOARELOR ANTISEISMICE DIN NEOPREN
(Rezumat)
Aceast lucrare prezint disiparea, precum i parametrii de amortizare bazndu-se
pe analiza structural a sistemelor de izolare compuse din mai multe elemente
elastomerice antivibratile. Astfel, sunt analizate cazurile reprezentative ale disiprii
histeretice pentru aciunile cinematice i dinamice cu excitaie extern armonic.
Modal analysis of Bechtel viaducts natural frequencies and
eigenvalues
Polidor BRATU
Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology - ICECON S.A.
266 Pantelimon Ave, 021652 Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: icecon@icecon.ro
Nicuor DRGAN
MECMET - Research Center for Mechanical Machines and Technological Equipment
Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Engineering Faculty of Brila
29 Calea Clrailor, 810017 Brila, Romania, e-mail: ndragan@ugal.ro
Ovidiu VASILE
University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Mechanics
313 Splaiul Independenei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: vasile@cat.mec.pub.ro
(Received xxxx; accepted in revised form xxxx-9pt Times New Roman, Italic) - should be written by Editorial Office
Abstract: - This paper proposes an approach of the experimental study of the dynamics of a reinforced
concrete bridge made by a number of twenty U beams and beared by eighty identically neoprene supports
(four bearings for each concrete beam). The experiments were made in site on Transylvania highway, on
the viaduct situated on km 29+602,75 - km 29+801,25 by the specialists from Vibration and Acoustic
Laboratory of the Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology - ICECON S.A.
Bucharest with the help of the Research Center of Machines, Mechanic and Technological Equipments
MECMET from Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. The vibrations of the bridge were caused by passing
with different speeds of a forty tons truck over an obstacle mounted on the bridge surface. The
experimental data were acquainted on three channels (accelerations on the axis x, y and z) by a four
channel data acquisition interface from National Instrument (NI 9233) through the USB port of a PC
workstation. The experimental data were processed by a adequate calculus programme developed on
ICECON S.A. Bucharest on the basis of LabView ver. 8.5 from National Instruments.
Keywords: - modal analysis, FFT analysis, viaduct vibrations
1. INTRODUCTION
The Romanian legislation in force provides
that some experimental tests have to proceed to
verify the structural behavior under static and
dynamic loads from traffic before putting into
operation of the new road bridges. The results
are centralized in a database that allows
processing of information by using various
analytical techniques for checking, adjusting
and expanding set of design assumptions for
calculating. A complete analysis should include
every stage of the dynamic process.
2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON
THE DYNAMIC TEST OF THE VIADUCTS
In order to test the reinforced concrete bridges on
the dynamic loads from the traffic, Romanian
standards provide the technical parameters of the
impact between the structure of the bridge and the
loaded axle of the truck. Figure 1 shows the
simplified model of a 41 tons truck with four axles
used to experimental test in site. The loading and
dimensional characteristics of the truck are shown in
the table 1.
Table 1. Truck axle loads and axle distances
Axle distances d
i
[m] Axle
i
Weight G
i
[kN] d
1
d
2
d
3
1 73
2 72
3 129
4 129
2.0 2.5 1.5
The principle of theoretical method of the impact
forces calculation is to evaluate individual
percussion impacts resulting between each wheel
axle of the truck and the obstacle of height h from
the surface of the bridge.
The figure 2 shows the calculus sketch of the
impact percussions on point B, on normal direction
n
P and on tangential direction
t
P .
G
4
G
3
G
2
G
d d d
1
1 2 3
v
o
Figure 1. Loading sketch of the 41 tons truck
x
y
v
o
C
P
P
M
G
A
B
n
m
t
0
Figure 2. Calculus sketch of the impact
The percussions can be calculate with the next
formulae
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
3
cos
g
Gv
cos
mv
P
t
= = (1)
0 0 0 0
sin v
g
G
sin mv P
n
= = , (2)
where:
0
v is the speed of the truck
G - the axle load
m - the axle mass
g - gravitational acceleration
The impact angle
0
can be calculate with the
next relation:
|
.
|
\
|
=
R
h
arccos 1
0
(3)
Considering that the impact time is t A , the
percussion forces in the point B on the directions Bn
(normal force) and Bt (tangential force) are:
0
0
sin
t
mv
t
P
F
n
n
A
=
A
= (4)
( )
0
0
1
3
cos
t
mv
t
P
F
t
t
A
=
A
= (5)
The percussion forces in B on the directions Bx
(horizontal force) and By (vertical force) can be
calculate as follows:
( )
0 0
0
0
2 0
0 0
1
3

cos cos
t
mv
sin
t
mv
cos F sin F F
t n x
A
+
A
=
= + =
(6)
( )
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
1
3

sin cos
t
mv
cos sin
t
mv
sin F cos F F
t n y
A
+
A
=
= + =
(7)
After calculations, the simplified relations of the
percussion forces in B can be written:
( ) 2 2
3
0 0
0
+
A
= cos cos
t
mv
F
x
(8)
( )
0 0
0
2
3
sin sin
t
mv
F
y
+
A
= (9)
If we consider the relation (3) for the impact
angle
0
, the percussion forces in B become:
|
.
|
\
|
A
= 5 2
3
0
R
h
R
h
t
mv
F
x
(10)
1 2 2 3
3
0
|
.
|
\
|
A
=
h
R
R
h
R
h
t
mv
F
y
(11)
Considering the radius of the wheels of the truck
mm R 600 = , the figures from table 2 show the
values of the percussion forces between the front
axle of the truck ( kg m m 7440
1
= ) and the
standardized obstacle with mm h 40 = , for different
transport speeds. The values for the forces were
calculated for the speeds of the truck: 10km/h,
20km/h, 30km/h and 50 km/h. All values from table
2 were calculated on the hypothesis of constant
speeds
0
v , no traction ( 0 =
m
M in the figure 2) and
an impact time duration of s . t 01 0 = A .
Table 2. Percussion forces for s . t 01 0 = A (front axle)
Percussion force [kN] Speed
0
v [km/h]
x
F
y
F
10 -804.622 2,552.329
20 -1,609.244 5,104.658
30 -2,413.867 7,656.986
50 -4,023.111 12,761.644
3. EXPERIMENTAL TEST. METHOD AND
EQUIPMENT
Dynamic tests were made in site on Romanian
highway A3 (Transylvania highway), on the viaduct
situated on km 29+602,75 - km 29+801,25 (Targu
Mures Cluj road section) by the Research Institute
for Construction Equipment and Technology -
ICECON S.A. Bucharest; the dynamic actions were
generated by a running four axle 41 tons truck over
standardized height h = 4 cm obstacles on the road;
running speeds were 10km/h, 20km/h, 30km/h and
50 km/h.
The experiments were conducted in two different
situation: with traction and without traction (with
disconnected gear clutch) on the axle 2.
The standardized obstacles (STAS 12504-86)
were fixed on the viaduct surface with chemical
anchors (see figure 3).
Figure 3. Truck running over the obstacle
Figure 4. LabView
virtual instrument
The used transducer was a triaxial accelerometer
Bruel&Kjaer type 003 4506 B series 10145, fixed in
the middle sectional plane of arch no. 3 of viaduct
(between P2 and P3 piers); the axis of the transducer
are oriented as follows:
-x axis: parallel with the longitudinal axis of the
viaduct;
-y axis: horizontal transverse axis of the viaduct;
-z axis: parallel with the vertical axis of the
viaduct.
Experimental data processing was performed
with a complex frequency analyzer developed form
of virtual instrumentation based on LabView
software platform ver. 8.5 from National

Instruments. Acceleration signals were recorded in
the form of binary files and analyzed in time domain
and frequency domain (by FFT analysis virtual
instrument).
Figures 5 and 6 show (as an example of using
virtual method instrumentation and analyze of the
vibration parameters) the display of the virtual
LabView analyzer used by the authors to process
the recorded signals from the triaxial accelerometer
Bruel&Kjaer in two cases:
1)impact between tires of the 2-nd axle and the
normal obstacle ( ) mm h 40 = at constant speed of
h / km v 30
0
= with traction;
2)impact between tires of the 2-nd axle and the
normal obstacle ( ) mm h 40 = at constant speed of
h / km v 30
0
= no traction (the gearbox decoupled
from the engine).
At the left side there are the time domain
variation of the accelerations on the axis x, y and z;
at the right side there are the frequency domain (FFT
analysis) of the accelerations.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The dynamic experimental tests have been
performed in September 2009, on the viaduct km
29+602,75 - km 29+801,25 on the Romanian A3
highway on the contractual basis with its contractor
Bechtel.
There were a set of tests, in order to determine
the dynamic response of the viaduct subjected on
traffic actions (shocks, vibration) generated by the
crossing of a heavy truck over two types of
obstacles.
There were sixteen experiments differentiated by:
-four different speeds: h / km 10 , h / km 20 ,
h / km 50 , h / km 50 ;
-two types of traction on driving axle 2: with
traction, no traction;
-two types of obstacles: mm h 4 = (standardized),
mm h 8 = (no standardized);
Figure 7 shows the representations of the
accelerations on the longitudinal direction on time
domain and on frequency domain for h / km 10 ,
mm h 4 = with traction and a total duration of 10
seconds of FFT analysis.
Figure 5. Acceleration - time and frequency domain analyzer ( h / km v 30
0
= with traction)
Figure 6. Acceleration - time and frequency domain analyzer ( h / km v 30
0
= no traction)
Figure 7. Longitudinal acceleration - time and frequency representations ( h / km v 10
0
= with traction)
Figure 8. Lateral acceleration - time and frequency representations ( h / km v 10
0
= with traction)
Figure 9. Vertical acceleration - time and frequency representations ( h / km v 10
0
= with traction)
Table 3. Spectral amplitudes of the viaduct ( h / km 10 , mm h 4 = , with traction)
Direction
Longitudinal X Lateral Y Vertical Z
Frequency
[Hz]
Acceleration
amplitude [m/s
2
]
Frequency
[Hz]
Acceleration
amplitude [m/s
2
]
Frequency
[Hz]
Acceleration
amplitude [m/s
2
]
1.85439710 0.00277870 0.43632873 0.00157861 2.61797238 0.02182016
2.61797238 0.00101257 1.74531492 0.00139880 4.14512294 0.08893210
4.03604075 0.00150578 4.14512294 0.00328516 11.99904008 0.00697046
16.14416301 0.00050625 11.88995789 0.00158535 12.43536881 0.00946318
16.25324519 0.00050838 12.43536881 0.00220311 12.87169754 0.01104032
12.87169754 0.00256224
17.78039575 0.00132513
Figure 10. Lateral acceleration - time and frequency representations ( h / km v 20
0
= with traction)
0
= with traction)
accelerations on the lateral direction on time domain
and on frequency domain for h / km 10 , mm h 4 =
with traction and a total duration of 10 seconds of
FFT analysis. Figure 9 shows the representations of
the accelerations on the vertical direction on time
domain and on frequency domain for h / km 10 ,
mm h 4 = with traction and a total duration of 10
seconds of FFT analysis.
The figures from table 3 show the values of the
significant frequencies of the impact tires-obstacle
( h / km 10 , mm h 4 = with traction, 10 seconds of
FFT analysis) and the accelerations amplitudes on
each direction; these values can be read on the
figure 7, figure 8 and figure 9.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the parameters which were determined,
we can calculate the logarithmic decrement A and
the fraction of critical damping at natural
frequencies (which are significant on the frequency
domain analysis) and their corresponding spectral
amplitudes.
From the table 3, we can conclude that:
-the significant accelerations are on vertical
direction
-the dynamic response of the viaduct is on the
natural frequencies grouped around: 1.8 Hz, 2.6Hz,
4.1Hz, 11.9Hz, 12.8Hz,16.2Hz and 17.8Hz.
It is very important that the time analysis is long
enough so FFT is relevant and realistic. Figure 10
and figure 11 show the representations of
accelerations of the lateral and vertical vibration (the
most important vibrations of the viaduct) on time
domain and on frequency domain for a total duration
of 3 seconds of FFT analysis only.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author acknowledges the support of
ICECON S.A. Bucharest, where the instrumental
laboratory tests have been performed.
REFERENCES
[1] Al. Darabont, I. Iorga, M. Ciodaru, Msurarea zgomotului i
vibraiilor n tehnic, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1983
[2] http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/207574
Concept of dynamic analysis for the movements of the viaduct
provided with elastic bearings
Polidor BRATU
Nicuor DRGAN
Abstract: - This paper proposes an approach of six degrees dynamic model of a rigid-solid with some
types of symmetries. These symmetries lead to simplified mathematical models, which are more easily to
solve. If the rigid-solid is symmetrical beared by triorthogonal elastic links, the mathematical model
becomes still simple and the vibrations are decoupled into four subsystems of movements: side slipping
and rolling, forward motion and pitching, lifting motion, gyration. There are two case study of modal
analysis: for a viaduct with five arches made from reinforced concrete U beam and for an arch (between
two piers of the viaduct) made from four reinforced concrete U beam.
Keywords: - dynamic analysis, structural symmetry, decoupled vibration, modal calculus, reinforced
concrete bridges vibrations
1. INTRODUCTION
The mathematical modeling uses the physical
model of the rigid solid with six degrees of freedom
(6DOF) with a finite number of viscous-elastic
bearings [2], [3], [6], [11]. Dimensional and inertial
characteristics of the rigid solid and rheological
characteristics of the bearings (stiffness and
damping) can be experimentally determined by
direct measurements and by static and/or dynamic
testing.
According to [1], [4], [5], [7] and [8], the
differential equations of the movements of the rigid
solid with viscous-elastic bearings are coupled by
stiffness and damping coefficients. The system of
the equations can be write as follows:
f q C q B q A = + + , (1)
where A is the inertia matrix;
B is the viscous damping matrix (damping
coefficients);
C is the elasticity matrix (stiffness
coefficients);
q / q / q are generalized displacements /
velocities / accelerations vectors;
f is the generalized forces vector.
If the damping coefficients are small, the
differential equations system becomes:
f q C q A = + (2)
Considering the rigid solid no perturbated, the
system of differential equations becomes
0 = + q C q A , (3)
where 0 is the null vector.
If the Cartesian coordinates axis system is central
and principal, the quadratic 6 6 inertia matrix
becomes diagonal
| |
z y x
J , J , J , m , m , m DIAG A = , (4)
where m is the rigid solid mass and
x
J ,
y
J ,
z
J
are the principal inertia moments.
2. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RIGID
SOLID WITH ELASTIC BEARINGS
Considering that the rigid solid has an vertical axis
of symmetry (mass distribution, geometrical
configuration, bearings disposal) and the coordinate
system is central and principal, the inertia matrix is
diagonal. If the elastic bearing system of the rigid
solid is composed from n supports with
triorthogonal stiffness ( )
iz iy ix
k , k , k like in fig. 1,
with the position done by the coordinates
( ) n , i z , y , x M
i i i i
1 = , the elasticity matrix
becomes:
(
=
22 21
12 11
C C
C C
C , (5)
where the component sub matrix have the following
structures and coefficients:
(
(
(
=
_
_
_
iz
iy
ix
k
k
k
C
0 0
0 0
0 0
11
(6)
(
(
(
=
_
_
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
12 i iy
i ix
z k
z k
C (7)
(
(
(

=
_
_
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
21 i ix
i iy
z k
z k
C (8)
( ) |
( ) ( )|
_ _
_
+ +
+ =
2 2 2 2
2 2
22
i iy i ix i ix i iz
i iz i iy
x k y k , z k x k
, y k z k DIAG C
(9)
M
k
k
k
z
x
y
i
ix
iy
iz
Figure 1. Elastic triorthogonal bearing
As the inertia matrix is diagonal, the coefficients
outside the main diagonal of the elasticity matrix C
are the coupling terms of the equations of the system
(3).
Because there are only four non-zero stiffness
coefficients (
51 15
c c and
42 24
c c ), the free
movements of the rigid solid are decoupled into four
subsystems with coupled vibrations.
The mathematical models of the subsystems
with coupled motion equations are as follows:
a)subsystem ( )
y
, X - side slip movement coupled
with rolling movement
( )
= + + +
= + +
_ _
_ _
0
0
2 2
i ix i iz y i ix y y
i ix y ix
z k x k z k X J
z k k X X m

(10)
b)subsystem ( )
x
, Y - forward-back movement
coupled with pitch movement
( )
= + +
= +
_ _
_ _
0
0
2 2
i iz i iy x i iy x x
i iy x iy
y k z k z k Y J
z k k Y Y m

(11)
c)subsystem ( ) Z - up-down movement
0 = +
_ iz
k Z Z m

(12)
d)subsystem ( )
z
- turning movement (gyration)
( ) 0
2 2
= + +
_ i iy i ix z z z
x k y k J (13)
In order to determinate the natural frequencies
and the eigenvalues we use the next notations:
for the pulsations of the no coupled movements of
translation (along the three coordinate axis)
m
k
p
ix
X
_
= (14)
m
k
p
iy
Y
_
= (15)
m
k
p
iz
Z
_
= (16)
for the pulsations of the no coupled movements of
rotation
( )
x
i iz i iy
J
y k z k
p
x
_
+
=
2 2
(17)
M
k
k
k
z
x
y
i
ix
iy
iz
Figure 1 Elastic triorthogonal bearing
( )
y
i ix i iz
J
z k x k
p
y
_
+
=
2 2
(18)
( )
z
i iy i ix
J
x k y k
p
z
_
+
=
2 2
(19)
the dynamic coupling terms for the ( )
y
, X and
( )
x
, Y subsystems
=
=
_
_
i ix
y
i ix
z k
J
z k
m
1
1
2
1
o
o
(20)
=
=
_
_
i iy
x
i iy
z k
J
z k
m
1
1
2
1
|
|
(21)
Considering the relations (14) to (21), the natural
pulsations and the eigenvalues of the decoupled
subsystems can be determinate with the next
calculus formulae:
a)for the subsystem ( )
y
, X
(
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 1
2
2 2
2 2
2 1
4
2
1
o o
y
y
p p
p p SQRT p
X
X ,
#
#
(22)
(
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
2 1
2
2 2
2 2
1
2 1
4
2
1
o o
o
y
y
p p
p p
X
X ,
(23)
b)for the subsystem ( )
x
, Y
|
( )
(
(
(
+
+
=
2 1
2
2 2
2 2
4 3
4
2
1
| |
x
x
p p
p p SQRT p
Y
Y ,
#
#
(24)
|
( )
(
(
(
+
+ =
2 1
2
2 2
2 2
1
4 3
4
2
1
| |
|
x
x
p p
p p
Y
Y ,
(25)
3. CASE STUDY DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF
A VIADUCT MODELLED AS A SOLID RIGID
WITH ELASTIC BEARINGS
Figure 2 shows the elevation and the plan view
for a bridge made from twenty reinforced concrete
beams jointed through a 300 mm thickness
reinforced concrete plate. Each beam is beared on
the piers and on the abutments of the bridge through
four identically viscous-elastic supports made from
neoprene; there a total number of eighty neoprene
bearings for the entire bridge. The simplified model
of the bridge is shown in the fig. 3.
In order to calculate the natural pulsations and
frequencies and the eigenvalues of the bridge
modeled as in the figure 2, the main characteristics
are the next:
Dimensions (as in detailed engineering drawings
and/or measured) lenghtwidthheight [m]:
for U beams: 2 2 28 3 7 1 1 37 . . / . .
for the bridge: 5 2 3 13 200 . .
Stiffness of the neoprene bearings (experimental
measurements):
m / N , k k
x ix
6
10 15 3 = 80 1, i =
m / N , k k
y iy
6
10 15 3 = 80 1, i =
m / N k k
z iz
6
10 650 = 80 1, i =
Masses and inertia: according to table 1
(calculated)
Position of the mass center C against the neoprene
bearings (calculated): mm , h 4 1454 =
Positions of the neoprene bearings on the viaduct
(related to the centered coordinate system Cxyz) as
in detailed engineering drawings see table 2.
Using the relations (14) to (19), the natural
pulsations p and the natural frequencies f
(calculated acc. to [9] and [10]) of the uncoupled
vibrations for the six degrees of dynamic freedom
are shown in the table 3.
natural pulsations and frequencies and of the
eigenvalues for the decoupled subsystems (with
coupled movements) for a bridge section (arch)
composed from four U beams as in figure 4 and
figure 5. As it can see, there are the same values for
pulsations and frequencies like in table 3. That
means, the movements inside the subsystems
( )
y
, X and ( )
x
, Y are almost uncoupled.
Figure 2. Elevation and plan view of the viaduct on the Romanian motorway A3 at KM 29+602,75KM 29+801,25
13,2m
x
y
z
C
Figure 3. The model of the bridge beared on eighty neoprene supports
Table 1. Inertial parameters (central and principal axis system)
Denomination Unit Arch of the viaduct (4 beams) Viaduct (20 beams)
Mass m kg 992,000 4,960,000
Products of inertia Kgm
2
0 = = =
zx yz xy
J J J
x
J Kgm
2
120.53310
6
16.02510
9
y
J Kgm
2
15.13310
6
73.27010
6
Moments
of
inertia
z
J Kgm
2
134.09110
6
16.09210
9
Table 2. Positions of the neoprene bearings
Bearing and coordinates [m]
i x
i
y
i
z
i
i x
i
y
i
z
i
i x
i
y
i
z
i
i x
i
y
i
z
i
1 -5,5 -98,05 -1,45 21 1,1 -58,05 -1,45 41 -5,5 18,05 -1,45 61 1,1 58,05 -1,45
2 -4,4 -98,05 -1,45 22 2,2 -58,05 -1,45 42 -4,4 18,05 -1,45 62 2,2 58,05 -1,45
3 -2,2 -98,05 -1,45 23 4,4 -58,05 -1,45 43 -2,2 18,05 -1,45 63 4,4 58,05 -1,45
4 -1,1 -98,05 -1,45 24 5,5 -58,05 -1,45 44 -1,1 18,05 -1,45 64 5,5 58,05 -1,45
5 1,1 -98,05 -1,45 25 -5,5 -21,95 -1,45 45 1,1 18,05 -1,45 65 -5,5 61,95 -1,45
6 2,2 -98,05 -1,45 26 -4,4 -21,95 -1,45 46 2,2 18,05 -1,45 66 -4,4 61,95 -1,45
7 4,4 -98,05 -1,45 27 -2,2 -21,95 -1,45 47 4,4 18,05 -1,45 67 -2,2 61,95 -1,45
8 5,5 -98,05 -1,45 28 -1,1 -21,95 -1,45 48 5,5 18,05 -1,45 68 -1,1 61,95 -1,45
9 -5,5 -61,95 -1,45 29 1,1 -21,95 -1,45 49 -5,5 21,95 -1,45 69 1,1 61,95 -1,45
10 -4,4 -61,95 -1,45 30 2,2 -21,95 -1,45 50 -4,4 21,95 -1,45 70 2,2 61,95 -1,45
11 -2,2 -61,95 -1,45 31 4,4 -21,95 -1,45 51 -2,2 21,95 -1,45 71 4,4 61,95 -1,45
12 -1,1 -61,95 -1,45 32 5,5 -21,95 -1,45 52 -1,1 21,95 -1,45 72 5,5 61,95 -1,45
13 1,1 -61,95 -1,45 33 -5,5 -18,05 -1,45 53 1,1 21,95 -1,45 73 -5,5 98,05 -1,45
14 2,2 -61,95 -1,45 34 -4,4 -18,05 -1,45 54 2,2 21,95 -1,45 74 -4,4 98,05 -1,45
15 4,4 -61,95 -1,45 35 -2,2 -18,05 -1,45 55 4,4 21,95 -1,45 75 -2,2 98,05 -1,45
16 5,5 -61,95 -1,45 36 -1,1 -18,05 -1,45 56 5,5 21,95 -1,45 76 -1,1 98,05 -1,45
17 -5,5 -58,05 -1,45 37 1,1 -18,05 -1,45 57 -5,5 58,05 -1,45 77 1,1 98,05 -1,45
18 -4,4 -58,05 -1,45 38 2,2 -18,05 -1,45 58 -4,4 58,05 -1,45 78 2,2 98,05 -1,45
19 -2,2 -58,05 -1,45 39 4,4 -18,05 -1,45 59 -2,2 58,05 -1,45 79 4,4 98,05 -1,45
20 -1,1 -58,05 -1,45 40 5,5 18,05 -1,45 60 -1,1 58,05 -1,45 80 5,5 98,05 -1,45
Table 3. Natural pulsations and frequencies (on the six degrees of dynamic freedom)
System Direction X Y Z
x
p [rad/s] 7.13 7.13 102.39 167.67 97.83 11.30

Arch of the viaduct
(4 beams) f [Hz] 1.13 1.13 16.30 26.69 15.60 1.80
p [rad/s] 7.13 7.13 102.39 105.49 97.83 7.34
Viaduct
(20 beams) f [Hz] 1.13 1.13 16.30 16.79 15.60 1.17
Table 4. Modal analyze for an arch (section) of the viaduct (decoupled subsystems)
Subsystem Pulsations Frequencies Eigenvalues
s / rad . p 13 7
1
= Hz . f 13 1
1
= m / rad .000509 0
1
=
( )
y
, X
s / rad . p 83 97
2
= Hz . f 60 15
2
= m / rad .824 128
2
=
s / rad . p 13 7
3
= Hz . f 13 1
3
= m / rad .000002 0
3
=
( )
x
, Y
s / rad . p 67 167
4
= Hz . f 69 26
4
= m / rad .750 379
4
=
( ) Z s / rad . p p
Z
39 102
5
= = Hz . f f
Z
30 16
5
= = decoupled
( )
z
s / rad . p p
z
30 11
6
= =
Hz . f f
z
80 1
6
= =
decoupled
Table 5. Modal analyze for the viaduct (decoupled subsystems)
Subsystem Pulsations Frequencies Eigenvalues
s / rad . p 13 7
1
= Hz . f 13 1
1
= m / rad .000509 0
1
=
( )
y
, X
s / rad . p 83 97
2
= Hz . f 57 15
2
= m / rad .824 128
2
=
s / rad . p 13 7
3
= Hz . f 13 1
3
= m / rad .000002 0
3
=
( )
x
, Y
s / rad . p 49 105
4
= Hz . f 79 16
4
= m / rad .916 149
4
=
( ) Z s / rad . p p
Z
39 102
5
= = Hz . f f
Z
30 16
5
= = decoupled
( )
z
s / rad . p p
z
34 7
6
= =
Hz . f f
z
17 1
6
= =
decoupled
1700
13200
Figure 4. The model of an arch of the viaduct
C C C
C
C
1 2 3
4
13200
1650 1650
4950 4950
Figure 5. The model of an arch of the viaduct (transversal section)
1700
3280
Figure 6. The reinforced concrete U beam (axonometric view)
1640
875 105 400 53
(207)
300 395
155
100
200
400
1200
100
200
Figure 7. The reinforced concrete U beam (transversal section)
3280
1700
O
C
G
C
C
SB
Figure 8. The U beam with concrete cover (transversal section)
natural pulsations and frequencies and of the
eigenvalues for the decoupled subsystems (with
coupled movements) for the entire bridge composed
from five sections (arches) considered being
identical as in figure 3. The movements inside the
subsystems with coupled movements ( )
y
, X and
( )
x
, Y of the viaduct are almost uncoupled.
4. CONCLUSIONS
a)modeling a rigid solid with elastic or viscous-
elastic bearings and symmetries (structural, inertial,
bearings) lead to linear mathematical models more
simple, with differential equations decoupled into
subsystems easier to solve; in this case, we can
highlight the influences of different kinds of
characteristics (dimensions, masses, inertia,
stiffness) on the dynamic parameters of the rigid
solid (natural pulsations/frequencies, eigenvalues);
b)if the physical model of the rigid solid permits
to chose a Cartesian coordinate system which is
central and principal, then the differential equations
of motion are coupled only by the coefficients
outside of principal diagonal of elasticity matrix
(elastic coupling of movements), eventually by the
dissipation coefficients from the viscous damping
matrix if they are significant;
c)comparing the values of the
pulsations/frequencies from the tables 3, 4 and 5, we
can say that the movements inside the subsystems
are almost uncoupled on the directions
( X , Y , Z ,
x
,
y
,
z
); also the values very small or
very big of the eigenvalues can explain the
quasidecoupling of the movements inside of the
subsystems;
d)analyzing the values from table 4 (for the
arches), we can find a group of three natural
frequencies in the domain 1.11.2 Hz, another one
in the domain 15.616.3 Hz and the 6-th frequency
being much more bigger (26.69 Hz); this grouping
of frequencies and the big differences between the
values of domains limits can be explained by the
significant differences between the bearings stiffness
on vertical axis Cz (compression effort) and on
horizontal plane xCy (shear efforts);
e)analyzing the values from table 5 (for the entire
bridge), we can find a group of three natural
frequencies in the domain 1.11.2 Hz and another
three in the domain 15.616.8 Hz; in this case of
simulation, the pitch movement ( )
x
of the viaduct,
which is almost decoupled from the forward-back
movement ( ) Y , has a natural frequency more
smaller than the pitch movement of a single arch
because of a bigger value of the moment of inertia
x
J mainly;
f)the mass characteristics and the moment of
inertia for the entire bridge and for the arches was
calculated on the basis of the sizes of an U beam
(according to fig. 6 and fig. 7) and those of the beam
with the cover of concrete plate of 300 mm
thickness. (fig. 8).
REFERENCES
[1] P. Bratu, Vibraiile sistemelor elastice, Editura Tehnic,
Bucureti, 2000
[2] P. Bratu, Izolarea i amortizarea vibraiilor la utilajele de
construcii, Redacia publicaiilor pentru construcii, Bucureti,
1982
[3] P. Bratu, Sisteme elastice de rezemare pentru maini i
utilaje, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1990
[4] P. Bratu, N. Drgan, L'analyse des mouvements
dsaccoupls applique au modle de solide rigide aux liaisons
lastiques, Analele Universitii Dunrea de Jos din Galai,
Fascicula XIV, 1997
[5] Gh. Buzdugan, L. Fetcu, M. Rade, Vibraii mecanice, Ed.
Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti, 1982
[6] Gh. Buzdugan, Izolarea antivibratorie, Ed. Academiei
Romne, Bucureti, 1993
[7] N. Drgan, Contribuii la analiza i optimizarea procesului
de transport prin vibraii - tez de doctorat, Universitatea
Dunrea de Jos, Galai, 2001
[8] C.M. Harris, C.E. Crede, ocuri i vibraii vol. I-III, Ed.
Tehnic, Bucureti, 1967-1969
[9] D. Inman, Vibration with Control, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.,
New Jersey, 2006
[10] S. Rao, Mechanical Vibrations Fourth Edition, Pearson
Education Inc., New Jersey, 2004
[11] M. Rdoi, E. Deciu, Mecanica, Editura Didactic i
Pedagogic, Bucureti, 1977
Dynamic analysis of the vibrations of the mechanical elastic systems
using virtual instrumentation
Gheorghe PANFILOIU
Danubius University, B-dul Galai nr. 3, 800654 Galai, Romania
e-mail: panfiloiu.gheorghe@univ-danubius.ro
Nicuor DRGAN
Abstract: - The new slogan The software is the tool takes into consideration a new construction
principle for the measuring tools and systems, with a brand new architecture. These systems and tools are
assembled into a virtual space computer programming environment which provides such basic elements
of construction. There is a big advantage of this type of measuring system: each human user can build
himself an unlimited number of instruments intended to process and to analyze experimental data; these
virtual instruments on the basis of dedicated computer applications can meet individual requirements
designated to cover an extended domain of analysis. The function of data acquiring of the equivalent real
instrument is now taking by a new PC peripheral (DAQ - data acquisition interface). The functions of
data conditioning, data analysis and control are completely taken by the existing hardware in the
computer and the software package in question. The current instrument system, as a whole, is designed
and developed as a part of the computer, making possible the direct use of the computing power and the
facilities of the PC. The article presents the virtual instrument developed on ICECON S.A. Bucharest on
the basis of LabView ver. 8.5 from National Instruments. The virtual instrument was used to acquire
and to process some experimental data from the dynamic tests of the Bechtel viaduct at Km
29+602,75Km 29+801,25 on Romanian Highway A3 (Transilvania highway).
Keywords: - dynamic parameters, vibration measurements, virtual instrumentation
1. INTRODUCTION
A virtual instrument can be defined as a complex
software and hardware interface that is implemented
in PCs, so the user can interact with traditional
analysis tools [1], [2].
The virtual instrument can perform the following
functions:
-the function of data collection, executed by
acquisition card DAQ connected directly to the
processor bus; memory registers are accessible
directly on the PCs motherboard to address the cells
I/O on computer memory;
-the function of data control and analysis, which
is completely taken up by the existing hardware and
software in the PC;
-the function to display of the results; the
existence of a graphical unit interface (GUI) driver
permits a much easier handle and control of any
application of virtual instrument.
The virtual instrument panel is displayed on the
computer monitor, which can look just like
traditional instrument panel. Virtual instrument
panel has a background program which simulates the
controls of the real instruments, allowing the
working routines of acquisition, data analysis,
graphic presentation and storage of data or results
files.
Virtual instrument construction is done in
accordance with the users specifications. In order
to do that, the programme uses standard hardware
architectures, proper drivers, specific software
packages and special libraries.
The virtual instrument uses digital tools like
traditional software modules from a large package,
difference being that while traditional instruments
include the software in its ROM memory, the virtual
instrumet uses the computer HDD to do it.
2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE VIRTUAL
INSTRUMENT
In order to analyze the dynamic parameters of
vibration, there were designed and built two virtual
tools:
-one for acquiring and saving acceleration values
taken during experiments;
-second to analyze the acceleration parameters.
The acquisition of vibration analog signals is
made by acceleration transducers (accelerometers).
The analog signals are transmitted to DAQ, which
may be inside (internal) or outside (external) of the
PC. The DAQ performs a signal conditioning and
conversion in the digital format.
Digital values are transmitted directly or through
a cable into a USB port on the PC which is running
the signals acquisition program. The acquisition
program has some features which provides the
opportunity for memorizing information about the
measurement conditions.
Figure 1. Front panel instrument reading acceleration values on three channels
Figure 2. Partial view of the front panel of instrument analysis
Figure 3. Partial view of the virtual instrument block diagram analysis
Figure 4. Front panel display for a data file
Figure 1 shows the front panel of the virtual
instrument designed to acquire the experimental data
from the accelerometers. The values of the vibration
accelerations are shown as evolving over time (time
representation) in the graphs numbered with 1; the
graphs numbered with 2 show the results of FFT
analysis of the acceleration signals from graphs 1. In
the front panel of the virtual instrument, the buttons
from area 3 permit the introduction of additional
information.
Figure 2 shows the virtual instrument for signal
processing. Area 1 can read all data, or only a
portion of the signal, by specifying an offset, in
seconds. Area 2 contains buttons that allow filtering
the input signal indicating the type of filter and
filtration method. Area 3 is the control area of the
instrument which contains buttons that perform the
numeric integration of the input signal of
acceleration; in this way, the virtual instrument can
offer the velocity and the displacement parameters
of the vibration (time representation, frequency
distribution). In the 4th area of the virtual instrument
there are values for the signal (the on-line values
of the accelerations). Area 5 shows the
corresponding signal spectrogram (frequncy
distibution) of the signal displayed in area 4. The
panel of the virtual instrument contains such pairs of
graphs for the all channels DAQ. The button
numbered with 6 allows to store, in another file, the
values corresponding to the cursor number 2 in the
chart, for other data processing. The front panel
cannot fully be displayed on the screen, because
there are a lot of data to be displayed in the virtual
instrument front panel; the window of the instrument
front panel has vertical and horizontal scroll bars
that allow displaying the desired area.
Figure 3 shows a block diagram for the virtual
instrument analysis (partially view). We can see
blocks that allow the filtering and the integration of
the signal and the function to display the processing
results. Block diagram is a while-do block with a
stopping condition (by pressing the Stop button). In
the scketch from fig. 3 there are all other functional
blocks. Colored lines represent different data moved
between functional blocks.
3. THE OPERATION OF THE VIRTUAL
INSTRUMENT
Starting the program is running from the power
button 7 in fig. 2. The push on this button opens a
dialog where the user selects the file containing the
signal to analyze.
Figure 4 shows a part of the front panel after
reading a data file. It is possible to modify the
extremes of the x-axis for any graphic. The resulting
image is automatically extended to the whole area of
the graphic. In this way actually runs a zoom image.
Figure 5. Zoom in a graphic display (time: 0-100 s)
Figure 5 shows a time representation of a signal
between 0 and 100 seconds. Modifing the time
limits, 40 seconds in left and 65 seconds on the
right, fig. 6 shows the appropriate time
representation of the signal between these two
moments of time.
Cursors can be moved to any point in the graphs;
in this case, in the area under the time representation
of the signal graph is shown the corresponding
values of the two axes. Virtual instrument was
designed to be able to save the coordinates of any
point of view graphics in another Excel compatible
file. By using the zoom function of the virtual
instrument, we can view a desired area. By moving
the cursor to the desired point, we can read its
details.
Figure 6. Zoom in a graphic display (time: 45-65 s)
4. CASE STUDY DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
OF THE BECHTEL VIADUCT USING THE
VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
The virtual instrument developed on the basis of
LabView
ver. 8.5 was used to perform the dynamic

tests in site on the viaduct situated on km 29+602,75
- km 29+801,25 on A3 Romanian highway.
The dynamic actions were generated by a running
four axle 41 tons truck over standardized height h=4
cm obstacles fixed on the viaduct surface with
chemical anchors; running speeds were 10km/h,
20km/h, 30km/h and 50 km/h.
The experimental data were acquainted on three
channels (accelerations on the axis x, y and z) by a
four channel DAQ from National Instrument (NI
9233) through the USB port of a PC workstation.
Figure 7 shows the representations of the vertical
acceleration [m/s
2
] of the viaduct in the point where
the transducer was mounted for a period of 10
seconds of signal analysis. In the time representation
from fig. 7a, we can see the acceleration signal when
the the tyres of the truck is passing over the obstacle
(the moment time of the shock is about . sec t 3 )
and the time duration of damping movement
(between . sec t 3 and . sec t 10 ). In the
representation of the signal from fig. 7b, we can see
the frequency response of the viaduct; the significant
natural frequencies resulting after FFT analysis are
about Hz . f 1 4 and Hz . f 6 12 .
Figure 8 shows the representations of the vertical
velocity [m/s] of the viaduct for the same period of
10 seconds as in case of vertical acceleration. The
signal of velocity was calculated by the virtual
instrument through the integration block from the
acceleration signal. As in the vertical acceleration
representation from fig. 7, we can see in the two
graphs of fig. 8 the moment of the shock, the
damping of the vibration period and the natural
frequencies.
After a second operation of numeric
integration, the virtual instrument has obtained the
displacement signal of the vibration of the viaduct.
displacement signal (in time and in frequency). In
the graph from fig. 9a, we can see the evolution in
time of the displacement of the bridge along the
shock moment and the damping period. The diagram
from fig. 9b shows the frequency distribution of the
displacement signal for a 10 seconds time of
analysis.
0
with traction)
Figure 8. Vertical velocity - time and frequency representations ( h / km v 30
0
with traction)
Figure 9. Vertical displacement - time and frequency representations ( h / km v 30
0
with traction)
5. CONCLUSIONS
In comparison with the real measurement
apparatus and/or systems, the different virtual
instrumentation software (LabView from NI U.S.
is not the only software dedicated to virtual
instrumentation [4], [5], [6]) have the following
advantages:
-they can build complex measuring
instruments, which are not possible for physical
instruments;
-they are open systems: the achievement of
virtual instruments may be realized by the sub-
programs provided by the programming
environment, but also by the human programmers
sequences (written in C++, MATHLAB, a.s.o.);
-processing results can be saved in different file
types, allowing export of such data to other
applications;
-graphic module of the instrument allows the
viewer to enable zooms to display the contents of
small details.
The greatest advantage of this type of
measurement tools is that on the same PC can
coexist more virtual instruments using the same
monitor, independently or in relation to each other.
For the LabView software from National
Instruments U.S., we can say that in 2010 the
producer just have developed the fourth generation
of equipment (the version 8.6), which has the
following advantages [3]:
-the executable code programming environment
is optimized for performing computations in parallel
processor cores and the user is able to program the
kernel routing calculations;
-the substantially reducing the number of devices
required for data acquisition and processing;
-the improving the reliability of the virtual
measuring system;
-the existence of rapid decision capabilities and
error correction;
-the improvement of the possibilities of analysis,
displaying and storage of results;
-the possibility of direct connection with
performing numerical analysis programs;
-the reducing of the expenses with experimental
research.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledges the support of
ICECON S.A. Bucharest, where the virtual
instrument were programmed and where the
instrumental laboratory tests have been performed.
REFERENCES
[1] Al. Darabont, I. Iorga, M. Ciodaru, Msurarea zgomotului i
vibraiilor n tehnic, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1983
[2] Snowdon, J.C., Handbook of vibration and noise control, US
Department of the Navy, Report TM 79-75, 1979
[3] http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/207574
[4] http://www.mathworks.com/dsp/
[5]http://www.ptc.com/products/mathcad/signal-processing-
extension-pack
[6]http://www.datatranslation.com/products/dataacquisition/soft
ware/default.asp
Characterization of Dissipation Capacity Based on Parameters of
the System Consisting of Neoprene Anti-Seismic Isolators
Polidor BRATU
Ovidiu VASILE
University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Mechanics
313 Splaiul Independenei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania, e-mail:
vasile@cat.mec.pub.ro
(Received xxxx; accepted in revised form xxxx-9pt Times New Roman, Italic)
Abstract - This paper presents the manner to approach and evaluate the elastic as well as the
damping parameters, in case of a system consisting of elastomeric elements. Thus, the system
elasticity and damping are analyzed on the basis of the individual element parameters in case of four
antivibrating rubber receipts. The elastic and damping parameters are provided with values for all
categories of elements and vibration insulation system.
1. INTRODUCTION
Basing on rubber mixtures, conceived
especially as antivibrating material, typo-
dimensions of insulating elements, components
of antivibrating systems have been designed and
performed. In order to perform as much as
possible accurate evaluation of the system
elastic and damping characteristics, tests under
static and dynamic regime upon antivibrating
elements as well as systems, have been carried
out.
This paper points into evidence the system
characteristics, both elastic and damping, for
two neoprene mixtures AB 22 and AB4a.
2. ELASTIC PARAMETERS
In case of rubber antivibrating elements there
have been plotted the characteristics force-
deformation, under quasistatic regime,
underlining their linear behaviour with a degree
of confidence of about 96%, determined basing
on statistical processing of the experimental
results. Also, for the systems, the equivalent
rigidity factor and the static deformation under
step-increasing loading have been determined.
Thus, it has been possible to compare the
characteristics force-deformation both for the
system and the element.
The equivalent rigidity factors for the
systems have been experimentally determined
under dynamic regime, using special conceived
testing facilities. For both Romanian rubber
mixtures, AB 22 and AB4a, the dynamic
multiplying factors related to the static loading
have been obtained. One can conclude that the
dynamic rigidity value is higher than the static
rigidity for both rubber mixtures. Table 1
illustrates the rigidity factor values under static
and dynamic regime, for these two rubber
mixtures.
Rigidity factor,
(MN/m) Rubber
type
Angle of
repose
(degrees)
Static Dynamic
AB22 0
60
90
2,00
0,75
0,30
2,40
0,90
0,38
AB4a 0
60
90
6,40
2,40
0,80
8,60
2,80
1,00
Table 1. Rigidity factor
3. DAMPING PARAMETERS
The critical damping fraction has been
determined for the antivibrating systems.
In order to find the variation law for the
critical damping fraction , as system parameter,
there have been carried out a large number of
tests upon different batches of antivibrating
rubber elements.
In this respect, the dependency between the
parameter and the eigen pulsation, or variation
of k or m has been approached. Thus, the
following two situations have been analyzed:
a) rigidity variation, by means of the static
rigidity factor, keeping the static loading
constant;
b) step variation loading, keeping the
rigidity constant.
By free vibration analysis for an initial
impulse, it has been found that the instantaneous
displacement signal does not correspond to a
viscoelastic and hysteretic behaviour. Owing
this, it has been adopted the hysteretic analysis
model, providing that the damping can be in one
of the following two situations, namely:
- damping proportional to the mass;
- damping proportional to the rigidity.
If the system has a constant mass and
changes its rigidity by discrete values or
continuously, it results in:
r
r
k
rez k
r h
k
m Z
]
]
) (
(1)
where:
k
r h ) (
] is the critical damping fraction
equivalent to the loss hysteretic coefficient
k
r h rez ) (
2] K for mode r.
r
k - rigidity with discrete value
corresponding to the vibration mode r;
r
m - mass corresponding to the vibration
mode r;
Z - exciting pulsation under steady regime.
r
k
rez
k
r h
p ]
Z
]
1
) (
(2)
If the system has constant rigidity and
variable mass, then:
i
m
rez
i m
r h
m
k 1
) (
]
Z
] (3)
r
m
rez
m
r h
p ]
Z
]
1
) (
(4)
where the index r stands for the vibration mode
r, and index m shows that the mass is variable.
4. HYSTERETIC DAMPING
PARAMETERS
For the assembly consisting of three
neoprene insulation elements, parallel mounted,
loaded under angle T by the dynamic
unidirectional vertical force t sin r m F Z Z
2
0
,
the system could be laid at angles
$
0 T for
compression,
$
60 T for compression
combined with shearing and
$
90 T for
shearing.
An insulator has two neoprene layers, 6 cm
thickness each, diameter 12 cm and shape factor
5 0, S . Two neoprene types basing on natural
rubbers have been used:
- neoprene AB4a with 68
+5
Sh(A); G=1,4
MPa, 44 0,
rez
K loss hysteretic coefficient;
22 0,
rez
] .
- neoprene AB22 with 55
3
Sh(A); G=0,8
MPa, 30 0,
rez
K , 15 0,
rez
] .
The suspended mass is m = 400 Kg, and the
exciting pulsation = 157 rad/s.
For the system with one freedom degree,
modelling the testing facility, the following
motion cases have been adopted:
a) the mass is not constant and changes with
angle
$
0 T ;
$
60 and
$
90 only, meaning that the
rigidity
j
k will be
1
k ,
2
k and
3
k .
In this case, we have the expressions of
h
]
as a function of k and p, under the form:
j
k
rez
k
h
k
m
]
Z
]
1
(5)
j
k
rez
p
h
p ]
Z
]
1
(6)
For AB22 the rigidities are k
1
= 0,3 MN/m,
k
2
= 0,75 MN/m and k
3
= 2 MN/m, and relation
(5) becomes:
j j
k
h
k k
,
5
10 5
400 157
15 0
]
represented by the diagram illustrated in figure
1.a. Pulsations p
1
, p
2
, p
3
are 27 rad/s; 43 rad/s
and 70 rad/s, and the diagram in figure 1.b
is given by relation:
j j
p
h
p p
,
3
10
157
15 0
# ]
Figure 1. Critical damping fraction as a function of rigidity
For AB4a we have k
1
= 6,4 MN/m, k
2
= 2,4
MN/m and k
3
= 0,8 MN/m and relation:
j j
k
h
k k
,
5
10 7
400 157
22 0
]
represented in Figure 1.a, and the eigen
pulsations are 44,7 rad/s; 77,5 rad/s and 26,5
rad/s with relation:
j j
p
h
p p
,
4
10 14
157
22 0
]
represented in Figure 1.b
b) the rigidity k is constant, and the mass m is
discrete variable
When mass is discrete variable in the range
m
1
= 400 Kg to m
s
= 2600 Kg, by adding
gravimetrically calibrated bodies with the
modulus of 200 Kg and 400 Kg, the following
relations could be used:
j
rez
m
h
m
k 1
]
Z
]
j rez
p
h
p ]
Z
]
1
Thus, for the neoprene AB22 with k = 2,4

MN/m and 15 0,
rez
] , we have:
j j
m
h
m
,
m
, , 48 1 1
157
15 0 10 4 2
6

]
j j
p
h
p p
3
10
157
15 , 0
# ]
as in the previous case. By representing these
two functions, for AB22 and AB4a we obtain
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Critical damping fraction as a function of mass
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AB22
AB4a
k
h
] %
k
j
,MN/m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
AB22
AB4a
p
h
] %
p
j
,rad/s
a.
b.
m,Kg
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
m
h
] %
AB4a
AB22
a.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
AB22
AB4a
p
h
] %
p,rad/s
b.
5. CONCLUSION
The dual hysteretic behaviour of neoprene,
by internal damping proportional to the mass or
rigidity could be put into evidence for two
rubber mixtures AB22 and AB4a conceived in
Romania and used by industry.
Thus, function of these two situations, the
system characteristics, as well as their variation
trend can be assessed.
6. REFERENCES
[1] Bratu, P., Elastic system vibration, Technical
Publishing House, ISBN 973-31-1418-9, Bucharest,
2000.
[2] Bratu, P., Supporting elastic systems intended for
machinery and equipment, Technical Publishing
House, Bucharest,1990.
[3] Bratu, P., Rigidity and damping characteristics
in case of composite neoprene systems due to passive
vibrations isolation, SISOM 2006, Bucharest, 1719
May, 2006.
[4] Bratu, P., Base isolation using low frequency
special ant seismic systems, International Symposium
Energy dissipation, ISBN 973-8132-53-3,
Bucharest, Romania, 2005.
[5] Lazan, B.J., Damping of materials and members
in structural mechanics, Pergamon Press, New-York,
1968.
[6] Snowdon, J.C., Vibration and shock in damped
mechanical systems, John Wiley Sous. Inc. New
York, London, Sydney, 1968.
[7] Smith, J., Research of rubber mountings, In
ASME, September 1948.
Highway and Bridge Engineering 2010, International Symposium
Iai, Romnia, December 10, 2010
The energy dissipated inside anti-seismic systems consisting
of neoprene bearings, intended for dynamic isolation
Polidor Bratu
1,2
, Aurelia Mihalcea
2
and Ovidiu Vasile
2,3
1
Engineering Faculty of Braila, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
2
Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology - ICECON S.A., Romania
3
Department of Mechanics, POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest, Romania
Summary
This paper presents the results of tests carried out upon neoprene isolators basing
on both kinematic and dynamic excitation. Also, it presents the method provided by
the standard using a kinematic excitation allowing the determination of viscous
damping.
KEYWORDS: dynamic excitation, kinematic excitation, dissipated energy.
1. INTRODUCTION
The provisions of the European Standard SR EN 15129 specifies the repeatable
technical conditions that should be applied to the testing of neoprene anti-seismic
isolators. Aiming this, the quasistatic testing method is used at low velocity
(periods of about 2-3 minutes) or oligocyclic with frequencies in the range
(0,5 ... 5,0) Hz.
The applied exterior action represents a kinematic excitation under the form
t A x e sin
0
= and the dynamic response corresponds to the linear viscoelastic
system represented by the instantaneous force ) ( ) ( ) ( t x c t kx t Q + = , where k is the
stiffness and c the viscous damping.
Basing on this, the hysteresis loop has been plotted and the parameters k and c have
been determined.
This study puts into evidence that the testing of neoprene isolators subjected to
dynamic exterior actions, the hysteresis loop area changes, so that for the same
isolator different results for the viscous damping could be obtained.
2 P. Bratu, A. Mihalcea, O. Vasile
2. TESTING METHODS DEPENDING ON THE ACTION
NATURE
2.1. Kinematic excitation
Neoprene isolators are provided with interior metallic shims and rubber layers
subjected to shear loading. The shear loading prevails upon the compression one,
assuring a lower stiffness and a higher damping during the seismic shock isolation
process.
For the model illustrated in figure 1, the viscoelastic linear system massless
subjected to exterior kinematic shear loading with the instantaneous displacement
t A x e sin
0
= is put into evidence.
a. b.
Figure.1
The instantaneous viscoelastic force is given by the relation:
) ( ) ( ) ( t x c t kx t Q + = (1)
Where introducing x and x we have:
2
0
2
0
1 ) (
A
x
A c kx Q t Q = = e (2)
Represented in the axis system Q-x as an ellipse having its eigen axis inclined in
respect to the axis system Q-x.
The equivalent critical damping
e
can be determined as:
2
0
2 kA
W
c
e
t
A
= (3)
) (t x
H
k
) (t x
c
Highway and Bridge Engineering 2010 International Symposium 3
where
2
0
A c W
c
e t = A is the loop area, meaning that the energy dissipated over the
cycle for applied kinematic loading;
el
W kA 2
2
0
= is the elastic energy.
One can notice that the dissipated energy
c
W A , for given kinematic actions, has a
linear dependence on c and and parabolic dependence on
2
0
A .
In this case, the average dissipated power related to one cycle
2
0
2
2
1
A c P
c
e = (4)
is represented in figure 2.
Figure. 2
2.2. Dynamic excitation
In case of dynamic excitation t F t F e sin ) (
0
= , with the perturbing force applied
from exterior, the instantaneous displacement response is under the form
) sin( ) ( e e = t A x .
The applied dynamic action can be:
a) t F t F e sin ) (
0
=
where F
0
= const. is the amplitude of the excitation force having a consistent value
for the whole test
b) t r m t F e e sin ) (
2
0
=
where
2
0
e r m is the amplitude of the excitation force depends on . The excitation
is an inertial one, being generated by the rotation of the unbalanced mass m
0
located at the distance r in respect to the rotation axis.
The dynamic models of the massless viscoelastic system are given in figure 3.
P
c
c
a. b.
Figure. 3
2.2.a Dynamic excitation under the form t F F e sin
0
=
For the system illustrated in figure 3a, we have
t F x c kx Q e sin
0
= + = (5)
with the solution
) sin(
1 1
e = t A x (6)
where
A
1
is the displacement amplitude
1
- phase difference between force and displacement
Thus, from (5) and (6) we obtain:
2
0
2
2 2
0
1
1
1
1
1
v e +
=
+
=
k
F
k
c
k
F
A (7)
v
e
= =
k
c
tg
1
(8)
In this case, the hysteresis loop equation is:
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 0
2
0
2
1
1
1
2
v
v
v
+
= +
+
A
x
A
x
F
Q
F
Q
(9)
The dissipated energy
d
W
1
A depends on ) ( ) (
1 1 1
v e A A A = = , so that we have
k
) (t x
c
t F e sin
0
k
) (t x
c
t r m e e sin
2
0
Highway and Bridge Engineering 2010 International Symposium 5
d
P
1
c
c
F
2
2
0
c
F
8
2
0
3 c
k

d
P
1
2
2
0
2c
F
2
3
3
c
k
1
3
3
c
k
3
3
3
c
k
c
3
2
0
2c
F
1
2
0
2c
F
c c =
1
c c
2
1
2
= c c
4
1
3
=
2
0 0
1
1 v
tv
+
= A
F
k
F
W
d
(10)
The dissipated power
d
P
1
, for one cycle is given by the relation:
2 2 2
2 2
0
1
2 e
e
c k
cF
P
d
+
= (11)
with its variation presented in figure 4.
a. b.
Figure. 4
2.2.b Dynamic excitation under the form t r m F e e sin
2
0
=
From the figure 3b, one can write the following equation:
t r m x c kx Q e e sin
2
0
= + = (12)
with
) sin(
2 2
e = t A x (13)
so that, finally, one obtains:
2
2
0
2
1
1
v
e
+
=
k
r m
A (14)
v
e
= =
k
c
tg
2
(15)
The hysteresis loop equation is:
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
1
1
1
2
v
v
v
e
e
+
= +
+
A
x
A
x
r m
Q
r m
Q
(16)
The dissipated energy
d
W
2
A depends on the amplitude ) (
2 2
v A A = :
( )
( )
2
2
2
0
2
1 v
e
tv
+
= A
k
r m
W
d
(17)
The dissipated power is given by the relation:
( )
2 2 2
6
2
0 2
2
1
e
e
c k
r m c P
d
+
= (18)
having the representation in figure 5.
Figure. 5
3. CONCLUSIONS
For the same neoprene element, both kinematic and dynamic excited, the dissipated
energy and the dissipated power, respectively are quantities with significant
differences.
This is the reason why, for the final intended use of the isolator, the most suitable
method, kinematic or dynamic, should be adopted.
References
1. Bratu, P. Elastic systems vibrations, 600 pag., Technical Publishing House, ISBN 973-31-1418-
9, Bucharest, 2000.
2. Bratu, P. Supporting elastic systems intended for machinery and equipment, 260 pag.,
Technical Publishing House, 1990.
3. Bratu, P. Evaluation of the dissipation energy capacity inside damping systems in neoprene
elements, ICSV16, Krakw, Poland, 5 6 July, 2009.
4. Crawford, F.S. Physics. Waves, Vol. III, E.D.P., Bucharest, Romania, 1983.
5. Hristev, A., Mechnics and acoustics, E.D.P., Bucharest, Romania, 1982.
6. Landan, D.L., Lifsi, M.E., Mechanics, Technical Publishing House, Bucharest, 1966.
d
P
2
c
c
1
INSULATION OF VIBRATIONS TRANSMITTED
TO THE CONTROL POST SITUATED
INSIDE THE CABIN OF VIBRATING ROLLERS
INTENDED FOR ROAD WORKS
P. Bratu
1
, A. Mihalcea
2
Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology ICECON S.A.
1
{icecon@icecon.ro}
2
{cinetic@icecon.ro}
Abstract
This paper deals with the matter of insulation of the vibrations transmitted from the vibrating
roller to the control post, basing on the dynamic analysis and taken into consideration the
geometry, inertial and elastic configuration of the vibrating roller. As a result of the dynamic
modelling and the necessary correlations between the functional parameters and the
capability parameters, the working regimes favourable to the operator situated at the control
post inside the cabin, are established. Thus, the elastic parameters of the compacted ground
as well as of the elastic elements intended for connection and damping, located between the
vibrating roller and the machine chassis have been stated.
In case of the researches performed, the eigen resonance frequencies have been
established so that the machine operates under steady post-resonance regime with an
insulation degree greater than 95%.
Keywords: modelling, dynamic analysis, antivibrating insulation
1 Introduction
Dynamic analysis of the vibrating rollers is based on the model of rigid bodies having mutual
linear elastic connections. This study represents an approaching manner with generalization
character for different categories of mobile or stationary equipment, dynamically excited by
harmonic forces.
INTERNOISE 2010 JUNE 13-16 LISBON PORTUGAL
2
Aiming this, the calculus dynamic scheme as well as the behaviour of one vibrating roller
having three freedom degrees and consisting of rigid bodies modelled as punctiform bodies
and equivalent bars are analyzed as a function of the dominant motion type (instantaneous
translation motion and/or instantaneous rotation motion).
2 Dynamic model
The dynamic model for a vibrating compaction machine is illustrated in figure 1.
Figure 1. Dynamic model of the compacting machine
where the characteristic elements have been denoted as follows:
A
1
- the punctiform model of the front vibrating roller;
A
2
- the connection point of the chassis edge to the elastic support with the vibrating
roller;
A
3
- the connection point between the chassis and the rear static roller;
m
1
- the vibrating roller mass;
m - the chassis mass;
J - the chassis inertia moment related to the mass centre C;
m - the static roller mass;
k
1
, k
3
- the rigidity of the medium to be compacted;
k
2
- the rigidity of the elastic system intended for vibration insulation;
a, b - the mass centre position related to the chassis edge, with a + b = l,
where l represents the chassis equivalent length;
x, , x
1
- the generalized co-ordinates for the dynamic system;
x
1
, x
2
,x
3
- the absolute co-ordinates for the system represented by the absolute
instantaneous displacements related to the fixed co-ordinates system with respect
to the ground.
The motion differential equations could be stated basing on the analysis of absolute
displacement of points A
1
, A
2
and A
3
, using second order Lagrange equations under the
form:
F
j
V
j
j j
Q Q
x
E
x
E
dt
d
+ =
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
, j = 1, 2, 3 (1)
3
where
j
V
j
x
V
Q
c
c
= represents the restoration generalized forces;
j
F
j
F
j
x
L
Q
o
o
= - the generalised forces corresponding to the perturbing forces
and for the given system we have:
t sin F F
x
x F
Q e
o
o
0
1
1
1
= = = .
3 Vibration amplitudes
The kinetic and potential energy expressions depend on the generalised co-ordinates x and
by the absolute displacements in points A
2
and A
3
, namely x
2
and x
3
respectively, using the
linear transposition. Thus, by means of the transformation matrix T, the vector q
23
determines
the vector x
23
under the form:
)
`
=
)
`
x
b
a
x
x
1
1
3
2
(2)
or
x
23
= Tq
23
(3)
and further on
q
23
= T
-1
x
23
where
(
+
= =
1 1
1
det
1
a b
b a T
T
T
adj
(4)
Finally we obtain:
( )
2 3
1
bx ax
b a
x +
+
=
( )
3 2
1
x x
b a
+
=
The kinetic energy has the form:
3 2 23
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 2 x x m x m x m x m E + + + = (5)
with the inertia coefficients:
4
( )
( )
( )
( ) | |
( )
( ) J mab
b a
m
b a m J ma
b a
m
J mb
b a
m
m m
+
=
+ ' + +
+
=
+
=
=
2 23
2 2
2 3
2
2 2
1 1
1
1
1
(6)
The potential energy will be of the following form:
( )
2
3 3
2
2 1 2
2
1 1
2 x k x x k x k V + + = (7)
where the elastic elements displacements are
1 1
x = A ,
2 1 2
x x = A ,
3 3
x = A , and the
deformation vector is
T
| |
3 , 2 , 1
A A A = .
As a matrix formulation we have the following expressions:
the kinetic energy
=< E 2 x M , x > (8)
with M representing the inertia matrix positive defined symmetric and non-singular, under the
form:
M
(
(
(
=
3 23
23 2
1
0
0
0 0
m m
m m
m
the potential energy
2V = < , K
0
> (9)
with K
0
the diagonal matrix for the rigidity coefficients defined as K
0
| |
3 2 1
, , k k k DIAG = and
the deformation vector.
the linear transformation correlating the deformations and displacements
= Bx (10)
where B represents the matrix of displacements influence upon deformations, expressed as:
B =
(
(
(
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 1
(11)
By linear transformation (10) one could express the potential energy as a function of absolute
displacements, relating to the vector | |
3 2 1
, , x x x =
T
x , thus:
2V = < Bx, K
0
Bx > (12)
Considering the matrix B fulfils the conditions of a linear operator continuous on Hilbert
space, the adjoint operator can be adopted as matrix B
T
, where T means the transformation
operation for matrix B.
This property can be put into value in the scalar product:
5
2V = < Bx, K
0
Bx > = < x, B
T
K
0
Bx >
where K = B
T
K
0
B is the system rigidity matrix.
Thus we have
2V = < x, Kx > (13)
and the whole system rigidity matrix K results in:
K = B
T
K
0
B =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 1
3
2
1
k
k
k
and
K =
(
(
(
+
3
2 2
2 2 1
0 0
0
0
k
k k
k k k
(14)
For the linear-elastic range, the matrix formulation of the motion equation has the form:
f Kx x M = + (15)
where f is the perturbing forces vector expressed as:
f
T
= [F
0
sint, 0, 0] (16)
with F
0
= m
0
r
2
the static moment of the dynamic unbalanced masses for the vibrator located
in the vibrating roller mass centre, and the exciting pulsation (angular velocity of the
dynamic unbalanced masses).
As an analytical formulation, developing products in the matrix equation (15), the linear
differential equation system is obtained under the form:
( )
0
0
sin
3 3 2 23 3 3
1 2 2 2 3 23 2 2
2
0 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
= + +
= + +
e e = + +
x k x m x m
x k x k x m x m
t r m x k x k k x m

(17)
4 Safety performances
In order to attain the above mentioned objectives the performances parameters must be
determined as follows:
- amplitudes A
2
(), A
3
() for = 314 rad/s have diminished values for the vibrations
transmitted to the machine chassis (see figures 2 and 3);
- synthesis parameters for the transmitted vibrations, expressed under the form:
transmissibility
0
max
12
12
F
F
T = given by relation:
( )
( ) ( )
2
0
2 1 2
12
] [
e
e e
= e
r m
A A k
T (18)
and illustrated in figure 4.
6
vibration insulation degree expressed by relation:
I
12
() = 1 T
12
() (19)
and represented in figure 5.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
2
1
0
1
2
A2 e ( ) 1000
e
Figure 2 - Amplitude A
2
()
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
2
1
0
1
2
A3 e ( ) 1000
e
Figure 3 - Amplitude A
3
()
7
0 100 200 300 400 500
0
0.5
1
T12 e ( )
e
Figure 4 - Transmissibility
0 100 200 300 400 500
0
0.5
1
I12 e ( )
e
Figure 5 Vibration insulation degree
5 Conclusions
In case of vibrating compaction machines, the dynamic analysis is based on the performance
concept stating the necessary requirements, in order to attain the parametric objectives such
as:
a) provision of the technological vibrations parameters aiming to attain the
compaction degree stated by norms or beneficiarys technical specification;
b) elastic system intended for vibration passive insulation so that the parameters of
vibrations transmitted to the operators position, in the cabin, provides the
operators health and safety according to the requirements stipulated in norms.
8
Aiming this, the main requirements converted into performance parameters have been
transposed in this study, in order to provide personnel safety inside the cabin. So, the
variation curves for the parameters reflecting vibration insulation, such as: A
2
= A
2
(),
A
3
= A
3
(), T
12
= T
12
() and I
12
= I
12
() have been plotted. For the vibration pulsation
= 314 rad/s the parameters values correspond to a global insulation degree of about 85 %.
Taking into consideration the model has been experimentally tested, the calculus relations
can be applied in the conception as well as in the technological and logistics management
stages, for different works in this category.
References
[1] BRATU, P., Elastic system vibrations, Technical Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000.
[2] BRATU, P., Vibration insulation and damping in case of construction machinery,
INCERC, Bucharest, 1982.
[3] BRATU, P., Non-linear vibrations, IMPULS Publishing House, Bucharest, 2001.
[4] COWLEY, R.H., MECH, A.M., The tandem vibrating roller: its design and development in
the field of dynamic compaction, Proc.Instr.Mechn.Engs., part 2A, no.3, 1967.
[5] FLOSS, R., Compaction Technology in earthwork, Highway and Transportation
engineering, Bomag GmbH & Co, Germany, 2001.
[6] LEWIS, A.W., Road rollers. Full-scale studies of the performance of plant in the
compaction of soils and granular base materials, Proc.Instr.Mechn.Engs., part 2A, no.3,
1967.
[7] MIHALCEA, A., Viscoelastic supporting szstem consisting of elastomeric composite,
intended for vibration passive isolation, Proceedings of Advanced Composite Materials
Engineering and Advanced in Human Body Protection to Vibrations, vol. 1B, Transilania
University of Braov, Romania, 2008.
[8] MIHILESCU, T., BRATU, P., GORAN, V., Construction machinery, Vol II, Technical
Publishing House, 1985.
[9] SELING, E.T., YOO, T.S., Fundamentals of vibratory roller behaviour, International
Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, 1977.
RJAV vol VII issue 1/2010 17 ISSN 1584-7284
Methods of Simulation for Dynamic Systems with Friction
Cristina OPRIESCU
ICECON Bucureti, Departamentul de Cercetare Timioara
opritescucristina@yahoo.com
Oana PETCOVICIU
Grup Scolar Industrial Aurel Vlaicu Arad, oanapetcoviciu@yahoo.com
Mihai Ilie TOADER
ICECON Bucureti, Departamentul de Cercetare Timioara toader@mec.upt.ro
(Received 18 October 2009; accepted in revised form 10 March 2010)
Abstract: - In this paper the contact/impact between two bodies is accentuated by simulations using the
ANSYS code. In the present study has been selected the ANSYS/LS-DYNA code because it is used in the
simulation of contact/impact. This computer code performs nonlinear transient dynamic analysis of three-
dimensional structures.
Keywords: - friction, contact/impact
1. INTRODUCTION
Friction between two slippery surfaces plays
an important role in the dynamic behavior for a large
number of mechanical systems. Various aspects such
as complex dynamic sliding movement, auto-
excitation and chaotic oscillations are also identified
in the presence of friction in joints and contact
surfaces.
The study of dynamic systems with friction
has a long and rich history. Except some cases, the
effects of friction lead to the incorrect operation of
several systems and require the introduction of
effects - control devices to compensate for friction
phenomena.
The dry friction model of Coulomb is used
for most engineering calculations of the roughness,
but it is difficult to be used for complex applications
because this model neglects the microscopic degrees
of freedom of contract that have a very important
role in various applications. For example, in the case
of mechatronic systems, speed and interval length of
movement become comparable to the length and the
time involved in the microscopic degrees of freedom
of contract. This aspect has led to the development
of new models for phenomenology modeling of
friction and different techniques to compensate for
the unwanted effects of friction.
Modern literature is rich in many
mathematical models of friction. Each of these
models is relevant to one or several operational areas
and phenomenology, depending on interest. To solve
a particular case, a friction model has to be selected,
a model close to reality which is very important.
Depending on the time scale and the length,
friction models in specialized research can be
classified into two categories, which are called
macroscopic models, respectively microscopic
models.
The mathematical model of a mechanical
system with one degree of freedom and with friction
is presented below where the body of a slide mass m
moving on a surface with friction and is coupled by
a spring of elastic constant k which is able to
produce variations in time of the control velocity
with the following form ( ) t v v
a m
+
Figure 1 Mathematical model of the system considered
This system is in agreement with the
dynamic friction model of LuGre. The system is
excited by a high frequency disturbance. Excitation
frequency is very large compared to the natural
frequency or frequency of variation of the velocity
of command. Non- dimensional equation of motion
of the system is given by the following equation
( ) ( ) t t t
*
0
~
,
~ ~
m s f
v f T f F X X + + = + +

( ) X g
Z X
X
d
dZ
*
*
0
o
t
=
and
( ) X
d
dZ
X Z F

*
2
*
1
*
0
~
o
t
o o + + = (1)
where as you can see the non-dimensional sizes are
set out below:
n
te t = non-dimensional time,
) 1 (
0
<< T is the non-dimensional time of excitation
fast.
( )
L m
F
T f
n
f
f
2
0
,
~
e
t = and ( )
( )
L m
ds s v k
f
n
a
s
2
0
~
e
t
t
)
= are fast
and slow signals of superposition (oscillations of
small corrective amplitude) respectively excitations.
m
k
n
= e
L
x
X = ,
L
x
X
n
e
=
,
L
x
X
n
2
e
=

L
z
Z =
with L a length of arbitrary size.
k
0 *
0
o
o = , ( )
2
*
*
1
*
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
v
X
e X
o o ,
n
me
o
o
1 *
1
=
L
v
v
n
d
d
e
=
*
,
n
me
o
o
2 *
2
=
and
( ) ( )
2
*
*
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
s
v
X
c s c
e f f f X g
where
L m
F
f
n
c
c
2
e
= ,
L m
F
f
n
s
s
2
e
= ,
L
v
v
m
m
m
e
=
*
,
L
v
v
n
s
s
e
=
*
.
In the above model X is the structural
macroscopic degree of freedom and Z is the
microscopic degree of freedom of the interface of
friction. These two degrees of freedom are coupled
by the force of friction. The equation of motion (1)
without fast excitation describe the dynamics in two
disparate time scales, unrelated, Z is rapidly
variable. When the time scale of the fast excitation is
different from the time scales of X and Z , can be
the three disparate time scales.
2. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
The experimental study of a model is named
and simulation and is favorite in the situations in
which the study on analytic path is impossible or too
laborious. The model studies is named model of
simulation and is, in most happy case, a
mathematical model. Simulation offers always the
possibility for the study of the model, when the
analytic study is not applicable.
FEM is an efficient method; from this
reason the numerical simulation tends to replace the
experiment from most as the simple cases to the
simulation of the complex attempts.
In the ANSYS cod are available 7 types for
structural analyzed: static analyze; the modal
analyze is use from obtain the natural frequency and
the deformation mod of structures. In the modal
analyze is use the ANSYS WORKBENCH cod;
harmonic analyze; dynamic transient analyze;
spectral analyze; analyze of flamb; explicit
dynamic analyze In the explicit dynamic analyze is
use the ANSYS LS-DYNA program whence is an
explicit dynamic program; it assures the simulation
of problems of non linear analysis, rapid dynamics,
with applications in the simulation of technological
processes of cupping, smiting, lamination, etc.,
simulations with impact.
Use the ANSYS LS-DYNA cod is realized
the simulation for the problem: the rigid body 2
coupled by an elastic spring with the constant k, as
in Figure 2, can move on the surface 1.
Figure 2 The problem studied
Figure 3 Graphical representation of displacement u1,
speed u2 and acceleration u3, the X axis, according to the
time u0
The following the simulation of a particular
node of the rigid body 2 which is graphically
represented by the displacement u1, speed u2 and
acceleration u3, where X-axis, depends on the time
u0 as in Figure 3
In Figure 3 is represent the displacement,
the speed and the acceleration of rigid body 2
whence can move on the horizontal surface 1. The
acceleration have a jump at t=1.38[s] what is
constituted the moment of modification the slip
direction. Since this moment begin the stik-slip
movement then it is amortize.
From the results obtained from this
simulation "von Mises stress" can be obtained
selecting some of these variables at different
moments of time as can be seen in Figure 4 ...
Figure 13.
Figure 4 Initial position
Figure 5 t=1[s]
Figure 6 t=2[s]
Figure 7 t=3[s]
Figure 8 t=3[s]
Figure 9 t=5[s]
Figure 10 t=6[s]
Figure 11 t=7[s]
Figure 12 t=8[s]
Figure 13 t=9[s]
3. CONCLUSIONS
The efficiency of the Finite Element Method
in the numerical simulation, in general, substitutes
the experiment, in many cases and in complex tests.
The choosing of ANSYS LS-DYNA
program is due to the fact that it is the most suitable
for the contact/impact problems of elastic bodies.
The analyzed in this study has a theoretical
character.
The long duration of stick and slip phases
are broken down to short duration of stick and slip
phases and the total relative time of short time
sticking phase increases with the control velocity.
In conclusion the simulation method is
preferred when the analytic study is impossible or
too laborious.
REFERENCES
[1] FAUR N.: Elemente finite, Editura Politehnica, Timioara,
2002
[2] BASARAB-OPRITESCU Cristina, TOADER Ilie Mihai:
Consideraii privind aplicarea analizei modale folosind
programul ANSYS, Sesiune de comunicri tiinifice
SIMEC 2007 Ediia a VI-a, Bucureti 30 martie 2007,
pg.17-22, ISSN 1842-8045
[3] BASARAB-OPRITESCU Cristina, CIOARA Titus: Crack
detection of a structure by impulsive response. test
simulation and experiment, lucrare 175, IMAC XXVI a
conference and exposition on structural dynamics, Rosen
shingle creek resort and golf club Orlando, Florida USA
Conference, 47 february 2008, CD,
http://www.sem.org/app-conf-list1.asp
[4] Cristina BASARAB-OPRIESCU: Simulri numerice
pentru micri cu constrngeri mecanice i ciocniri-tez de
doctorat, editura Politehnica, 2007, ISSN 1842-4937, ISBN
978-973-625-526-7
[5] Oana PETCOVICIU, Cristina OPRIESCU, Mihai Ilie
TOADER: On some condition of contact study with friction
for composite materials, 2
nd
International Conference
Advanced Composite Materials Engineering COMAT
2008,9 11 October 2008, Brasov, Romania, vol.1A,
pg.68-73, ISSN 1844-9336
[6] Cristina OPRIESCU, Oana PETCOVICIU, Mihai Ilie
TOADER: Consideration on the simulation of contact with
friction for rigid bodies, Sesiunea de comunicri tiinifice
a catedrei de Mecanic Tehnic i Mecanisme SIMEC
2009, 27 martie 2009, ISSN 1842-8045, pg.194-197
ICSV16, Krakw, Poland, 5-9 July 2009 1
EVALUATION OF THE DISSIPATION ENERGY
CAPACITY INSIDE DAMPING SYSTEMS
IN NEOPRENE ELEMENTS
Polidor Bratu
Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology ICECON S.A.,
266 Pantelimon, 021652 Bucharest, Romania
This paper presents the approach performed on viscoelastic systems in neoprene tested under
dynamic regime in two distinct cases, as follows:
- system having kinematic excitation and constant amplitude and
- system having dynamic excitation under inertial regime for the perturbing force generation.
Basing on both the dynamic response analysis and the dissipated energy inside the viscous
element it results in evaluation of the mechanical work in two different ways as a function of the
exciting system parameters as well as the viscous force parameter.
This paper shows the different performance ways of the dissipated mechanical work
depending on both the kinematic parameter changing (pulsation, amplitude) and the viscous
damping factor.
1. Introduction
For the damping systems in neoprene elements the elastical and dissipation behaviour both at
compression or shearing under steady dynamic regime is followed. The energy internal dissipation
capacity can be evaluated under steady harmonic dynamic regime at kinematic excitation of the
form as well as at dynamic excitation of the form
or , where is the constant amplitude of the dynamic force and r is the
inertia unbalanced static moment and is the dynamic force pulsation.
The particularity of the viscoelastic systems basing on neoprene is that they are characterized
by the internal loss angle or the hysteresis damping coefficient , where c represents the
viscous damping factor and k the rigidity factor and represents the hysteresis damping
factor.
2. Energy dissipated under kinematic excitation
Evaluation of the internal dissipated energy for a viscoelastic element having neoprene single
layer or more layers (sandwich) basis on Voigt-Kelvin model, mass less with the parameters c, k,
kinematic excitation (see figure 1.a), equivalent to the hysteresis model k, h
(fig. 1.b).
16
th
International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Krakw, Poland, 59 July 2009
2
x x , x x ,
a b
Figure 1
In this case, the unbalanced force inside the material, in the action direction is expressed as:
or
(1)
where
;
The internal force work H (t) is given by relation:
(2)
where replacing (1) in (2) and solving the integrals it results in:
or
(3)
with - the internal dissipated energy.
For the systems in neoprene kinematically excited we find the dissipated energy depends on
both the damping element characteristics - , and the kinematic excitation system characteristics
. In this case, the dissipation capacity for the neoprene element represents a system
characteristic and not a material characteristic.
Figure 2 illustrates the curve family for the dissipated energy as a function of the
current variable and the discrete variable . Also, the discrete variation of k and the continuous
variation of conduct to the curve family represented in Figure 3.
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
4
A
0
[m]
W
d

[
J
]
o=0,1
o=0,6
o=0,4
o=0,3
o=0,2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x 10
4
A
0
[m]
W
d

[
J
]
k=2*10
7
N/m
k=4*10
7
N/m
k=8*10
7
N/m
k=10*10
7
N/m
Figure 2 Figure 3
16
th
3
3. The dissipated energy for harmonic excitation expressed as
3.1 Mass less linear viscoelastic system
Figure 4 presents the dynamic model where the excitation force amplitude is constant, namely
.
x x , x x ,
a b
Figure 4
The linear viscoelastic force under steady regime is given by relation:
(4)
with the instantaneous displacement response under the form:
(5)
(6)
where A stands for the displacement amplitude given by:
(7)
- phase difference between force and displacement under the form:
(8)
From relation (4) we have:
, (9)
and developing relation (5) it results in:
(10)
where introducing (9) we have:
(11)
resulting in the ellipse equation, in the rectangular axis system Q-x, representing the hysteresis loop,
having the form:
(12)
16
th
4
The graph can be provided by the following function:
(13)
where: ; ;
For the discrete variation of and continuous variation of x, we have the hysteresis loop
family represented in figure 5.
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10
-3
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 10
5
x [m]
Q

[
N
]
F
0
=0,25*10
5
N F
0
=0,5*10
5
N F
0
=0,75*10
5
N F
0
=1,5*10
5
N
Figure 5
The dissipated energy is under the form:
or
(14)
Figure 6 and figure 7 illustrate the curve families and respective:
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
d
A

[
m
]
F
0
=10
5
N
F
0
=0.75*10
5
N
F
0
=0.5*10
5
N
F
0
=0.25*10
5
N
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
d
W
d

[
J
]
F
0
=10
5
N
F
0
=0.75*10
5
N
F
0
=0.50*10
5
N F
0
=0.50*10
5
N
F
0
=0.25*10
5
N
Figure 6 Figure 7
3.2 Linear viscoelastic system with mass
The dynamic model for the viscoelastic system having the parameters m, k, c and for the
equivalent hysteretic system with the parameters m, , is represented in figure 8.
16
th
5
c
F
x x ,
m
A
B
k
F
x x ,
m
A
B
k h
a b
Figure 8
For the dynamic equilibrium, under steady regime with , in case of the linear
viscoelastic model we have the equation under the form:
(15)
and for the hysteretic model:
(16)
The dynamic response for the hysteretic model is:
(17)
where
(18)
; (19)
The dissipated energy is of the form:
(20)
The curve family is represented in figure 9, and the curve family in figure 10.
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
f [Hz]
A

[
m
]
o=0.2
o=0.4
o=0.8
o=1
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
x 10
4
f [Hz]
W
d

[
J
] o=0,2
o=1
o=0,8
o=0,4
Figure 9 Figure 10
16
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6
Figure 11 illustrates the curve family and figure 12 the curve family .
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
o
A

[
m
]
f=4 Hz
f=8 Hz
f=12 Hz
f=16 Hz
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
x 10
4
o
W
d

[
J
]
f=4 Hz
f=16 Hz
f=12 Hz
f=8 Hz
Figure 11 Figure 12
4. Energy dissipated for harmonic dynamic excitation under the form
The dynamic model presented in figure 8 has the excitation force leading
to the displacement amplitude and the dissipated energy expressed by the following relations:
(21)
(22)
The curve family is represented in figure 13 and the curve family
in figure 14.
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
f [Hz]
A

[
m
]
o=0.2
o=1
o=0.8
o=0.4
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x 10
4
f [Hz]
W
d

[
J
]
o=0,2
o=1
o=0,8
o=0,4
Figure 13 Figure 14
16
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7
Figure 15 illustrates the curve family and figure 16 the curve family
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
o
A

[
m
]
f=12 Hz
f=8 Hz f=4 Hz
f=16 Hz
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
x 10
4
o
W
d

[
J
]
f=4 Hz f=8 Hz
f=12 Hz
f=16 Hz
Figure 15 Figure 16
5. Conclusion
The dissipation capacity of the damping systems basing on neoprene elements is expressed by
the internal dissipated energy representing a system characteristic and not a material characteris-
tic. This parameter is very important for the evaluation of the damping system capability. Thus,
depending on the excitation, the dynamic response in displacement changes with the amplitude
having as result the dissipated energy dependence on the excitation parameters , under
steady dynamic balanced regime.
Having in regard the above mentioned items, one can conclude the following:
a) in case of the kinematic excitation having odd harmonic displacement and the amplitude
A = const, the dissipated energy is not a function of the pulsation and only depends on the
parameter and the amplitude that can be modified at interest discrete
values;
b) in case of dynamic excitation with steady harmonic forces with constant amplitude
or inertial amplitude , the dissipated energy is a function of the
dynamic response amplitude in displacement as a result of the dynamic equilibrium
for the whole system;
c) the internal energy dissipation capacity for the damping elements in neoprene, in various
constructions represents a system characteristic and not a material characteristic.
As material, the elastomer is characterized by parametric values only stated on reduced scale
samples and not for the whole damping element natural scaled.
REFERENCES
1
W. Baterma, R. Kohler, Elastomere Federung. Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Son, Berlin. Mnchen,
1982
2
P. Bratu, Vibration transmissivity in mechanical systems with rubber elements using
viscoelastic models, Proceedings of 5
th
European Rheology Conference, University of Ljubljana,
Slovenia, 6 - 11 septembrie 1998.
3
P. Bratu, Evaluation of the dissipation effect while performing harmonic dynamic tests upon materials
having variable damping characteristics, Proceedings of INTER-NOISE 2007, Istanbul, Turkey.
4
Y. Jullien, Rduction des vibrations mcaniques sues aux machines. Colloque RILEM Budapest, 1963.
Dynamic Hydraulic Dampers for Earthquake Isolated Structural
Systems
Gavril AXINTI
University Dunarea de Jos of Galati
Research Center for Mechanics of the Machines and Technological Equipments
Calea Calarasilor nr. 29, 810017, Braila, Romania, gaxinti@ugal.ro
Fanel SCHEAUA
University Dunarea de Jos of Galati
Research Center for Mechanics of the Machines and Technological Equipments
Calea Calarasilor nr. 29, 810017, Braila, Romania, fanel_scheaua@yahoo.com
(Received 11 October 2009; accepted in revised form 21 February 2010)
Abstract: - This paper presents some solutions on hydraulic devices such as linear motors with direct
and reverse reaction with the stabilizing role of building movement under the earthquake action. It
emphasizes the possibilities of modelling, analysis and serviceable realization of hydraulic dampers
with two main functions: dissipation of the transmitted energy to a building, on the one hand, and
providing a relatively constant speed with sufficiently low values, on the other hand.
Keywords: - Hydraulic, Damper, Earthquake, Isolation, Building, Energy.
1.INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are natural events that threaten
potential lives, destroys properties and interrupt
services necessary to maintain life and social
relationships.
In conventional seismic design, an acceptable
level of performance of the building during a
seismic action,consists in the ability of the resistance
structure to absorb and dissipate energy in a manner
as stable and as many cycles of application.
Lately, the world, many structures are designed
to withstand seismic action using a relatively new
concept to introduce special devices in resistance
structure designed to absorb and / or dissipate the
energy induced by the seismic action to the
structure.
2.THE DINAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF
STRUCTURES ON A SEISMIC ACTION
Seismic action on a building is on components of
translation after three orthogonal axes (two
horizontal and one vertical). Generally, the seismic
action such as lateral displacements of the structure
nodes, efforts and tensions in the structural elements
is due to both components of the seismic action.
Seismic forces Fx and Fy are considered as the
horizontal components of the action of both seismic
components.The total horizontal effect N1 but not
equal to the seismic action effects considered
separately by the two directions N1x and N1y if a
lateral force calculation.
This is because the calculation methods directly
estimate peak effect.
Peak ground acceleration values for the
horizontal components of seismic motion have no
place at the same time period. In addition, because
of stiffness in general different on the two horizontal
directions, the structure will have its own period of
vibration on two different directions.
Because seismic time response of a structure is
strongly influenced by its own vibration period ,
seismic effects on different components of the
structure will take place at different times.
In conclusion, peak values of the effects on
different components of the seismic action are not
statistically correlated (not recorded at the same time
period). Therefore, when calculation methods are
used to directly determine peak values of seismic
effects, will use a method of combining seismic
effects reflect the fact that those values are not
statistically correlated.
Effects combination on horizontal components of
seismic action can be made as follows:
-Structural response is separately assessed for each
direction of seismic action;
-Peak effect of seismic action represented by the
simultaneous action on two orthogonal
horizontal components, we obtain the
relationship:
2 2
Ed
Edx Edy
E E E = +
(1)
where: Edx
E
- represents effects due to application
of seismic motion on the horizontal axis x direction
chosen for the structure,
Edy
E
represents effects
due to application of seismic motion on the
horizontal axis direction y perpendicular to the axis
x of the structure.
As an alternative method above, effects due to
the combination of horizontal components of
seismic action can be calculated using the following
combinations:
Edx Edy
E 0.3 E +
Edx Edy
0.3E E +
(2)
where + means to combine with.
The sign of each component in the combinations
above will be taken so that the effect of action
considered to be unfavorable.
If that takes into account the vertical component
of seismic motion relations :
2 2 2
Ed
Edx Edy Edz
Edy Edz
Edx
Edx Edy Edz
Edx Edy Edz
E E E E
0.3E 0.3E E
E 0.3E 0.3E
0.3E E 0.3E
= + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
(3)
which Edz
E
represents effects due to application of
vertical component of seismic action.
Vertical component of seismic motion can be
neglected for most of the current.
According to Eurocode 8.2003, vertical
component of seismic motion should be considered
when peak vertical acceleration exceeds 0.25g land
and structure is one of the following characteristics:
- contains elements horizontal openings over 20
m, contains elements in console length of 5 meters,
contains horizontal prestressing elements, contains
poles leaning against the rulers, is isolated at the
base. [1]
Damping is one of many different methods that
have been proposed for allowing a structure to
achieve optimal performance when it is subjected to
seismic, wind storm, blast or other types of transient
shock and vibration disturbances. Conventional
approach would dictate that the structure must
inherently attenuate or dissipate the effects of
transient inputs through a combination of strength,
flexibility, and deformability.
The level of damping in a conventional elastic
structure is very low, and hence the amount of
energy dissipated during transient disturbances is
also very low. During strong motions, such as
earthquakes, conventional structures usually deform
well beyond their elastic limits, and eventually fail
or collapse. Therefore, most of the energy dissipated
is absorbed by the structure itself through localized
damage as it fails
The concept of supplemental dampers added to a
structure assumes that much of the energy input to
the structure from a transient will be absorbed, not
by the structure itself, but rather by supplemental
damping elements.
3. HYDRAULIC DAMPERS
The physical model of a damping element is
shown in Figure 1, and how to do the connection and
how symbolisation is presented in Figure 2:
Figure 1 Construction of hydraulic damper
A damper is achieved as a hydraulic cylinder (1)
with two rooms separated by a piston (2), rooms
filled with a viscous medium (synthetic oil, silicone
oil, suspended particles) is in solidarity with piston
rod (3) and a tube off a crossing of both sides of the
piston rooms.The third room (4) is located inside
the compensation tube and is intended to offset
expansion or contraction under the effect of viscous
heat environment.
Figure 2 Hydraulic damper symbolization
The reversible work to reciprocating traction-
compression, and dynamic behavior depends on the
instantaneous frequency (speed) excitation produced
by the earthquake, mechanical shock or vibration.
Using dissipative energy devices seeks to
improve the behavior of the structure by increasing
the damping, necessary kinetic energy dissipation
that occurs in the structure due to seismic motion.[2]
A general characterization of these devices can
be made in terms of mechanism dependent of:
-displacement
-speed
-acceleration
These devices allow disconnection of
foundations from the superstructure, modify the
dynamic characteristics of the system, protecting
excessive patterns and increase energy dissipation
capacity of the structure under the action of seismic
loads.
Equation of dynamic equilibrium that
characterizes the movement of a structural system in
general is evidenced by:
I D R s
Q ( t ) Q ( t ) Q ( t ) Mq ( t ) + + =
(4)
where are presented generalized system forces; in
particular the relation (4) can be explained as
follows:
R s
Mq( t ) Cq( t ) Q ( q( t )) Mq ( t ) + + =
(5)
were generalized system forces have the following
meaning:
I
Q ( t )
- inertial forces of the system;
D
Q ( t )
- system damping forces;
R
Q ( t )
- system recovery forces - in case of elastic
response:
R q
Q ( t ) K ( t ) =
;
M - system mass;
s
q ( t )
- land acceleration;
C - system damping constant;
K - system stiffness ;
q( t ),q( t ),q( t )
- instant - structural response sizes:
displacements, velocities and acceleration; [3].
Introduction of damper change equation (5) as:
| |
s r
C q( t ) Kq( t ) M q( t ) q ( t ) F 0 + = + + = (6)
where Fr is the force of reaction from the damper.
4.NECESSARY CHARACTERISTIC
OF THE DAMPER
Necessary characteristic is the law of variation of
resistant force according to race of the stem of the
damper. As it is shown in figure (3) the theoretical
characteristics of a strong force sinks without
adjustment, and in figure (4) theoretical
characteristics for sinks feature adjustable resistance
force .
It is noted that this feature is actually dissipated
energy to complete the race of the damper,
according to maximum piston race.
This energy is the area contained within the
parallelogram described power rod resistance.
Figure 3 Theoretical characteristic of hydraulic damper
In case of the force adjustment of the damper, is
observed that the dissipated energy on each cycle of
movement is variable depending on external
commands made by a monitoring system for
dynamic phenomenon.
Force adjustment in the system is achieved by
adjusting the pressure with special pressure
regulators between chambers of damper for the two
directions of movement of the piston (stretching -
compression).
Figure 4 Theoretical characteristic of the damper with
adjustable force
Provided the characteristic of energy dissipation
of damper form in figure (3) with the notation of
figure characteristic is defined as analytical form:
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0 0 0
rez
0; y ( y , y ]
0
0 0 0, 0
0; y ( y ; y ]
2F
y; y ( 0, / 2]
F ; y ( / 2, x ]
2F
F ( y y ); y ( y , y ]
F
F
2F
F ( y y ); y ( y y ]
F
e o
e +o
e o
e o
+ e o
o
=
+ + e + o
(7)
where
0
F dissipation - adjusted force, regulated
pressure multiplied by the surface area of the front
damper piston;
- piston stroke to passive opening pressure
regulator;
y- damper momentarily stroke;
0
y - damper half-stroke . [2]
5.CONCLUSIONS
Using energy dissipative devices seeks to
improve the behavior of the structure by increasing
the damping, necessary dissipation of kinetic energy
that occurs in the structure due to seismic motion.
Structural response is reduced by changing the left
part of the equation. These devices are provided with
special, easy to apply properties.
A general characterization of these devices can
be made in terms of the damping mechanism can be
dependent of displacement, velocity, acceleration or
a combination thereof, referring to amend the
relevant part of the equation of motion.
Both the new construction, and seismic
rehabilitation of existing buildings on them or such
elements should be located so that to exploit the
different dynamic behavior of the parts connected
and improve energy dissipation and damping
response.
When hidraulic dampers are used for seismic or
wind protection, the end result is a predictable
reduction of both stress and deflection in the
structure. Indeed, this simultaneous stress and
deflection reduction is unique to hidraulic dampers.
Optimal performance is dependent on the type of
structure and the level of performance required.
REFERENCES
[1] Stratan, A., Dinamica structurilor i inginerie seismic, Ed.
Orizonturi Universitare, Timioara, 2007;
[2] Axinti, G., -Actionari hidraulice si pneumatice, Editura
Tehnica-Info- Chisinau 2009;
[3] Ghindea, C.,-Studiul unor metode de atenuare a actiunii
seismice asupra constructiilor, Teza de doctorat - U.T.C.
Bucuresti, 2008;
[4] Axinti, G., Axinti, A., S., -Modele numerice pentru
disipatoare hidraulice de energie seismica, Editura Impuls-
Bucuresti - 2008;
[5] Axinti, G., Axinti, A. ,S., Nedelcut, Fl., - Model dinamic
pentru disipatoare hidraulice, The annals of Dunarea de
Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XIV mechanical
engineering, ISSN 1224-5615, 2008;
[6] Axinti, G., Nedelcut, Fl., Axinti, A., S., -Caracteristici ale
legaturilor hidraulice disipative, The annals of Dunarea de
Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XIV mechanical
engineering, ISSN 1224-5615, 2008;
[7] Taylor, D., Duflot, P., Fluid viscous dampers used for
seismic energy dissipation in structures, NY-USA
[8] Constantinoiu, M., Symans, M., Experimental and analytical
investigation of seismic response of structures with
supplemental fluid viscous dampers, Technical report
NCEER - 92 - 0032, National Center of Earthquake
Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY-USA
[9] Ifrim, M., Dinamica structurilor si inginerie seismica,
Editura Didactica si Pedagogica,1984.
[10] Clough, R., W., Penzien, J., Dinamics of structures, Third
edition Inc., Berkeley, USA, 2003
[11] Chopra, A., Dinamics of structures:Theory and applications
to earthquake engineering, Prentice hall, Upper Saddle,
New Jersey, USA, 2001
ICSV16, Krakw, Poland, 5-9 July 2009 1
PASSIVE ISOLATION ELASTIC SYSTEMS
INTENDED FOR SHOCK AND SEISMIC ACTION
Polidor Bratu
Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology - ICECON, sos. Pantelimon
266, 021652 Bucharest, PB 3-33, Romania
This paper deals with new vibration isolation systems intended for vibrations characterized
by low tuning eigen frequency. The damping as well as the elastic characteristics are pre-
sented both for the whole system and its components. Thus, three passive isolation solutions
where the viscoelastic elements consist on antivibrating rubber designated to attain appropri-
ate performances in vibration isolation intended for equipment inside buildings (e.g. electric
generator, air ventilation-conditioning systems) are presented.
1. Introduction
Three passive isolation solutions where the viscoelastic elements consist in antivibrating rubber
are presented. All the elements are identical having cylindrical shape, each element being
characterised by the following parameters: diameter cm d 5 = , height cm h 5 = , shape factor
25 0, = u , rubber hardness A Sh 65 , Young modulus
2
st
N/cm E 540 = , capable compression force
N P 1250 = , axial rigidity coefficient N/cm k 1700
0
= , maximum permissible compression tension
2
a
N/cm ,5 61 = o , maximum permissible specific deformation 15 0,
a
= c , maximum permissible
axial deformation cm , h
a
75 0 = A .
The classic passive insulation solution is characterised by directly supporting of the
equipment 1, having the weight G on the identical elements 2, (see Figure 1) the system being
denoted DSS (directly supporting system).
G
&
Figure 1. Directly supporting system.
The presented innovative solutions are patented and based on the static deflection amplifying
16
th
2
under loading using properties of the elastic linked lever. In this respect, figure 2 illustrates the
simple elastic system - SES basing on the effect of a single lever to amplify the deflection under
loading.
G
&
Figure 2. Simple elastic system.
Figure 3 represents the composed elastic system CES basing on the cumulated effect of two
levers with elastic links between them and the fixed base.
G
&
Figure 3. Composed elastic system
2. Analysis of the vibration passive insulation characteristics
All the passive elastic systems consist in identical antivibrating elements having cylindrical
shape. The total number of the elements, depending on the passive insulation system configuration,
differs as follows: elements N 8
1
= for DSS; elements N 12
2
= for SES; elements N 20
3
= for
CES. The total weight of the supported equipment is N G
4
10 = and the working exciting frequency
is Hz , f 5 12 = or
1
750
= min n .
16
th
3
2.1 Directly supporting system - DSS
The static deformation
st
A given by the equipment dead weight G for the directly supporting
system consisting in
1
N rubber antivibrating elements with individual rigidity
0
k , parallel
connected can be expressed under the form:
1 0
N k
G
st
= A (1)
and the fundamental eigen frequency is given by:
st
DSS
g
f
A t 2
1
0
= (2)
where
2
m/s , g 81 9 = represents the gravity acceleration.
In case N G
4
10 = , N/cm k 1700
0
= , elements N 8
1
= it results in Hz , f 81 5
0
= .
For the equipment working frequency Hz , f 5 12 = in the diagram illustrated in figure 4 one
can obtain the vibration insulation degree 9 0 723 0 , , I < = showing that the passive elastic insula-
tion is dissatisfactory for an imposed performance level 9 0, I
nec
> .
For the elastic model of the directly supporting system, the curve ) ( I I O = has been ob-
tained basing on the analytic function of the insulation degree given by relation:
2
1
1
1
O
= I (3)
where
0
f
f
= O represents frequency or relative pulsation.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x 10
-3
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
X: 0.001587
Y: -475.5
I
z D
A
z
Figure 4. Variation of the insulation degree for DSS
2.2 Simple elastic system - SES
For the system illustrated in figure 2, the equivalent vertical rigidity in case of supporting on
four levers with elastic links, we have:
) (
N k
k
SES
ech
1 2
2
2 0
+ +
=

(4)
and the fundamental eigen frequency is
16
th
4
) ( N
N
f f
DSS SES
1 2
2
1
2
0 0
+ +
=

. (5)
In case of SES with elements N 8
1
= , elements N 12
2
= , Hz , f
DSS
81 5
0
= it results in
1
56 0
2
0
0
+ +
= =

v
,
f
f
DSS
SES
(6)
where
a
b
= represents the coefficient controlling the static deformation multiplying effect for the
first elastic stage of the simple elastic system.
v
O
DSS SES SES
f
f
f
f
0 0
= = (7)
where
SES
O is the relative frequency of SES, f representing the perturbing frequency of the elastic
supported equipment.
For the given situation Hz , f 5 12 = , it results in:
v v
O
15 2 1
81 5
5 12 ,
,
,
SES
= = (8)
where
2
2
62 4
v
O
,
SES
= .
The vibration insulation degree for SES is given by relation:
2
62 4
1
1
1
v
,
I
SES
= . (9)
Figure 5 represents variation of the eigen frequencies ratio v depending on coefficient and
figure 6 represents the variation curve for the insulation degree
SES
I as a function of the controlling
coefficient .
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
X: 0.0157
Y: 0.8592
v
Figure 5. Variation of the relative eigen frequencies for SES
16
th
5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
X: 0.0271
Y: 0.8129
I
z S
Figure 6. Variation of the vibration insulation degree for SES
2.3 Composed elastic system - CES
In case of the system consisting in two levers with elastic links, according to figure 3, the
equivalent rigidity coefficient in the vertical direction is given by relation:
1 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
3 0
+ + + + + +
=
) )( (
N k
k
CES
ech
(10)
where
c
d
= represents the coefficient controlling the multiplying effect for the second elastic
stage.
The relative eigen frequency
DSS
CES
f
f
0
0
= can be written as:
1 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1
3
0
0
+ + + + + +
= =

) )( ( N
N
f
f
DSS
CES
(11)
In case of a two stages system with elements N 8
1
= , elements N 20
3
= , Hz , f
DSS
81 5
0
= , we
have:
1 1 2 1
58 1
2 2 2
+ + + + + +
=

) )( (
,
(12)
The frequency ratio for the composed elastic system is:
v
O
DSS CES SES
f
f
f
f
0 0
= = (13)
where taking into consideration Hz , f 5 12 = and Hz , f
DSS
81 5
0
= it results in:
O
15 2,
CES
= . (14)
The insulation degree for the two elastic stages system is expressed by relation:
16
th
6
2
62 4
1
1
1
v
,
I
CES
= (15)
For the current variable and parametric discreet variation 4 3 2 1 , , , = it results in the varia-
tion curves for the relative eigen frequencies ) , ( = and the insulation degree
) , ( I I
CES CES
= represented in figures 7 and 8.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
)
m=0.75
m=0.5 m=0.25
m=1
Figure 7. Variation of the relative eigen frequencies for CES
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
I
z C
=0.25
=1
=0.75
=0.50
Figure 8. Variation of the insulation degree for CES
16
th
7
3. Conclusions
The performance parameters for the vibration passive insulation systems are the following:
- the equivalent rigidity in the dynamic freedom degree direction;
- the vertical static deformation under the total gravity load;
- the insulation degree in the dynamic freedom degree direction.
The innovative passive insulation systems, patented in Romania, conceived as elastic
structures with one or two stages have the best performances for insulation degrees > 98 %.
While designing these systems, all the resistance and stability conditions must be taken into
account in order to ensure the insulated dynamic equipment operation.
REFERENCES
1
P. Bratu, Elastic supporting systems for machinery and equipment, Technical Publishing
House, Bucharest, Romania, 1990).
2
E.Rivin, Passive Vibration Isolation, ASME Press, New York, 2003.
3
P. Bratu, Analysis of insulator rubber elements subjected to an actual dynamic regime,
Proceedings of the 9
th
International Congress on Sound and Vibration, University Orlando,
Florida, USA, 2002.
4
P. Bratu, Antivibrating systems having amplified deflection under loading, vibration control
and transmissibility, Proceedings of the International Conference of RSA on Sound and
Vibration, Bucharest, Romania, 14 - 17 October 2004.

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